krebuli iv tomi - nplgdspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/140919/1/sotsialur_metsnierebata... · 2...

baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo

universiteti

ISSN 1987-7684

socialur mecnierebaTa, biznesisa da

samarTalmcodneobis fakulteti

socialur mecnierebaTa departamenti

!

socialur mecnierebaTa sakiTxebi

IV Tspnfcjt!lsfcvmj!

gamomcemloba `,universali~

Tbilisi 2012

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YDC (uak) 316 (051) s 743

,,socialur mecnierebaTa sakiTxebi“

gamodis 2009 wlidan

redaqtori:

irakli manveliZe

saredaqcio sabWo:

revaz diasamiZe, gusein nizami oRli najafovi (baqo), rezo manveliZe, nanuli maxaraZe, guram Caganava, ia mesxiZe, rusudan keWaymaZe, ineza zoiZe, natalia lazba (pasuxismgebeli mdivani), zaza burkaZe, irakli gorgilaZe.

recenzentebi:

marina itriaSvili ioseb sanikiZe

rusudan beriZe

ISSN 1987-7684

© socialur mecnierebaTa departamenti misamarTi:

saqarTvelo, baTumi, ninoSvilis 35, universitetis II korpusi,

socialur mecnierebaTa deparatamenti #417. E-mail [email protected] Tel: 0422 29 33 46 gamomcemloba `universali~, 2012 Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 222 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]

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Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University

Faculty of social sciences, business and law

Department of Social Sciences

Problems of Social Sciences

IV

PROCEDINGS

Publishing House ,,Universali“ TBILISI-2012

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Problems of Social Sciences

Issued since 2009

Editor:

Irakli Manvelidze

Editorial Board:

Revaz Diasamidze, Huseyn N. Najafov, Rezo Manvelidze, Guram Chaganava, Ia Meskhidze, Nanuli Makharadze, Natalia Lazba, Ineza Zoidze, Rusudan Kechakmadze, Zaza Burkadze, Irakli Gorgiladze.

reviewers:

Rusudan Beridze Marina Itriashvili Ioseb Sanikidze

ISSN 1987-7684

© The Department of Social Sciences

Address: 417, The Department of social sciences, Shota Rustaveli State University, 35 Ninoshvili Street, Batumi, Georgia,

E-mail [email protected] Tel: 042 229 33 46 Publishing House ,,Universali“ Publishing House ,,universali~, 2012 Tbilisi, 0179, I. Chavchavadzis ave.. 19, : 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]

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Батумский Государственный университет имени Шота Руставели

Факультет социальных наук, бизнеса и правоведения

Департамент социальных наук

Вопросы социальных наук

IV

Сборник трудов

Издательство «Универсал» Тбилиси 2012

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Сборник «Вопросы социальных наук» выходит с 2009 года

Редактор:

Ираклии Манвелидзе

Редакционный совет:

Реваз Диасамидзе, Наджафов Гусейн Низами оглы (Баку), Резо Манвелидзе, Нанули Махарадзе, Заза Буркадзе, Иракли Горгиладзе, Гурам Чаганава, Инеза Зоидзе, Наталия Лазба, Иа Месхидзе, Русудан Кечакмадзе.

Рецензенты:

Русудан Беридзе Марина Итриашвили Иосеб Саникидзе

ISSN 1987-7684

© Департамент социальных наук Адрес: Грузия, Батуми, Ниношвили 35, II корпус университета, департамент социальных наук #417. E-mail [email protected] Tel: 0422 29 33 46 Издательство «Универсал», 2012 Тбилиси, 0179, проспект И. Чавчавадзе 19, : 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30

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S i n a a r s i

C o n t e n t s Оглавление

politikis mecniereba

Political science Политическая наука

revaz diasamiZe ruseTis sagareo politikis zogierTi aspeqti XX-XXI saukuneTa mijnaze ...................................................19

Revaz Diasamidze Some Aspects of Foreign Policy of Russia at the turn of the 20/21st Centuries.............................................................................29 Реваз Диасамидзе Некоторые аспекты внешней политики России на рубеже XX-XXI вв. ....................................................................................29 gusein nizami oRli najafovi ,,samxreT kavkasiis” sakiTxis definiciis Sesaxeb ........30

Наджафов Гусейн Низами оглы К вопросу о дефиниции “Южный Кавказ ..................................38 Huseyn N. Najafov On the question of the definition of ,,South Caucasus"..................40

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kaxaber surgulaZe Zvel romSi politikuri brZolis istoriidan ............41

Кахабер Сургуладзе Из истории политической борьбы в Древнем Риме ..................48 Kakhaber Surguladze From History of Political Fights in Ancient Rome.........................49 irakli manveliZe zaza burkaZe saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis sistemis evropuli Taviseburebebi ................................................50

Иракли Манвелидзе Заза Буркадзе Европейские особенности системы международной безопасности .....................................................61 Irakli Manvelidze Zaza Burkadze European peculiarities of international security system .................62 Giorgi Jikvaria The Struggle of the Bulgarian People against the Ottoman Empire ............................................................................................64 giorgi WiRvaria bulgareli xalxis brZola osmaleTis imperiis winaaRmdeg.............................................................70

Гиорги Джиквариа Борьба болгарского народа против Османская империя ..........71

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irakli gorgilaZe zogierTi mosazreba kaspiis zRvis (tbis) statusi irgvliv...................................................................73

Irakli Gorgiladze Political and legal aspects of the Caspian Sea................................79 Иракли Горгиладзе Политико-правовые аспекты Каспийского моря.......................80 nataliaLlazba

politikuri krizisi da konfesionalizmis sakiTxebi maxlobel aRmosavleTSi .................................81

Лазба Наталья Вопросы конфессионализма и политических кризисов на Ближнем востоке ....................................................................87 Natalia Lazba The Questions of Confessionalism and Political Crises in the Middle East.....................................................................................87 gela iremaZe ruseTis sagareo politikuri koncefciis ZiriTadi principebi da mimarTulebebi.........................88

Gela Iremadze The main principles and directions of the concept of the Russian foreign policy....................................................................94 Гела Иремадзе Основные принципы и направления политической концепции внешней политики России .......................................94

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irakli manveliZe natalia lazba evrokavSiris usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politikis samoqalaqo aspeqtebi ................95

Irakli Manvelidze Natalia Lazba Civil aspects of the European security and defense policy ............101 Иракли Манвелидзе Наталия Лазба Гражданские аспекты политики безопасности и обороны Евросоюза......................................................................102 inga cincqilaZe evrokavSiris roli saerTaSoriso krizisebis mogvarebaSi .......................................................103

Inga Tsintskiladze European Union’s role in solving crisis situations worldwide.......................................................................................109 Инга Цинцкиладзе Роль Европейского союза в решении кризисных ситуаций по всему миру ..............................................................109

sociologia

Sociology Cоциология

] ineza zoiZe genderuli aspeqtebi mmarTvelobiT saqmianobaSi............................................................................111

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Инеза Зоидзе Гендерные аспекты в руководящей деятельности ....................116 Ineza Zoidze Gender aspects in leadership ..........................................................116

fsiqologia

Psychology П с и х о л о г и я

rusudan keWaymaZe sikvdili da masTan Seguebis stadiebi............................117

Rusudan Kechakmadze Death and the Dying Process of Adjusting to a Death ...................123 Русудан Кечакмадзе Смерть и стадии приспособления к умиранию .........................124 qeTevan beriZe fsiqologiur Zaladobad klasificirebul monacemTa interpretacia ................125

Кетеван Беридзе Интерпретация данных, классифицированных как психологическое насилие......................................................132 Ketevan Beridze Interpretation of Data which Classified as an Emotional Abuse..............................................................................................133

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firuz bolqvaZe RirebulebiTi damokidebulebis .....................................134 fenomeni

Firuz Bolkvadze The Phenomenon of the Value Attitude .........................................143 Фируз Болквадзе Феномен ценностного отношения ..............................................143 ciala tuRuSi qcevis marTvis strategiebi: ganmamtkiceblebi ..........144

Циала Тугуши Стратегии управления поведения: подкрепление .....................150 TsialaTugushi Building Behavior Management Strategies: Reinforcements ........151 besik cicagi skolis maswavleblebisa da sasporto skolebis mwvrTnelTa sakvalifikacio-saganmanaTleblo mona-cemebis Seswavla aWaraSi ....................................................152

Besik Tcictcagi examination of qualification and training of school teachers and coaches the sports schools of Adjara .......................................157 Бесик Цицаги Изучение квалификационно-образовательных данных преподавателей школ и тренеров спортивных школ Аджарии .............................................................................157

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guram Caganava ganwyobis faqtorebis problema ......................................158

Guram Chaganava The Problems of the Set Factors....................................................168 Гурам Чаганавa Проблема факторов установки....................................................168 guram Caganava mari malaymaZe marita iobiZe individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis empiriuli kvleva kroskulturul WrilSi ..................169

Guram Chaganava Mari Malakmadze Marita Iobidze Empirical Study of Individualism and Collectivism in the Crosscultural Sense ..................................................................181 Гурам Чаганава Мари Малакмадзе Марита Иобидзе Эмпирическое исследование индивидуализма и коллективизма в кросскультурном разрезе...............................181 eTeri varSaniZe yofiTi nevrozebis SemTxvevebis interpretacia........182

Eteri Varshanidze Interpretation of usual neurotically cases .......................................186 Етери Варшанидзе Интерпретация обычных случаев невроза .................................186

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inga bolqvaZe primitiuli izolaciis dacvis meqanizmi ......................187

Inga Bolkvadze Defense Mechanizm of Primitive Isolation ....................................190 Инга Болквадзе Защитный механизм примитивной изоляции ............................190 manana dumbaZe sabavSvo saxlis aRsazrdelebis urTierTobis problemebi..................................................191

Manana Dumbadze Relationship Problems Inmates of Children's Home......................201 Манана Думбадзе Проблемы взаимоотношений воспитанников детского дома................................................................................................201 miranda TurmaniZe mSoblebis gazviadebuli mzrunvelobis problema .................................................................................202

Миранда Турманидзе Проблема преувеличеного опекунства родителей ....................205 Miranda Turmanidze The Problem of de Exeggerated Supervision of the Parents .........206 naTela eminaZe aleqsiTimiis fenomenis kvleva sxvadasxva asakobriv jgufebSi..............................................................207

Natela Eminadze The Alexithymi phenomenon research in different age grouf........212 Натела Еминадзе

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Иследование Адекситимических феноменов в разных вазрастных группах .........................................................213

sazogadoebasTan urTierTobebi da

marketingi

Public Relations and Marketing Связи с общественностью и маркетинг

guranda SamiliSvili brendis fsiqologiuri arqetipis problema..............214

Гуранда Шамилишвили Психологическая праблема архетипа бренда ............................223 Guranda Shamilishvili Psychological Problem of a Brand Archetype...............................225

guranda SamiliSvili sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis roli turistuli kompaniebis marketingul strategiebSi.................225 Guranda shamilishvili The role of public relations in the marketing Strategy of tourism .......................................................................................237 Гуранда Шамилишвили Роль связи с общественностью в маркетинговых с тратегии туристических компании .............................................238

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biznesis administrireba

Business Administration Бизнес Администрирование

ia mesxiZe biznesis Rirebulebaze moqmedi zogierTi faqtori...........240 Ia Meskhidze Some factors affecting business costs.......................................................253 Ия Месхидзе Некоторые факторы, влияющие на стоимость бизнеса......................254

Jurnalistika

Journalism Журналистика

nestan mamuWaZe regionaluri media...............................................................255

Nestan Mamuсhadze Regional media...............................................................................260 Нестан Мамучадзе Региональная медия .....................................................................260

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politikis mecniereba

Political science Политическая наука

revaz diasamiZe

ruseTis sagareo politikis zogierTi

aspeqti XX-XXI saukuneTa mijnaze

gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasasrulis da 90-an

wlebis dasawyisis iseTma movlenebma, rogorebicaa msoflio socialisturi sistemis daSla da ssrk-s dangreva, aramarto Zirfesvianad moSales saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa orpo-

lusiani („bipolaruli“) sistema msoflioSi, aramed Zireu-

lad Secvales rigi calke aRebuli qveynebis mdgomareobac. maT Soris iyo ruseTic.

saxelmwifos, romelmac damoukidebloba praqtiku-

lad miiRo sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis Semdeg, pirvel rigSi mouwia urTierTobaTa damyareba msoflios wamyvan saxel-

mwifoebTan. aq yvela problemas ver gadawyvetda is garemoe-

ba, rom ruseTi cnes ssrk-s samarTalmemkvidred. mas aseve mouwia Tavisi urTierTobebis mogvareba yofil mokavSire-

ebTan msoflio socialisturi sistemis banakidan, rac arc ise ioli aRmoCnda, agreTve praqtikulad mouxda urTier-

Tobebis mogvareba Tavis „axal“ mezoblebTan, ssrk-s yofil mokavSire respublikebTan.

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axladSeqmnili saxelmwifos sagareo politikuri mdgomareoba sruliadac ar hgavda sabWoTa kavSirisas.

SeuZlebeli iyo ekonomikurad gacilebiT susts, mo-

saxleobis raodenobis mixedviT Zalze Semcirebul, terito-

riulad mkveTrad Sekvecil, praqtikulad mokavSireTa ga-

reSe darCenil qveyanas hqonoda ssrk-s droindeli preten-

ziebi. amas daemata elcinis periodis xelmZRvanelobis aSka-

rad mcdari, naklebad gaazrebuli nabijebi qveyanaSi da qveynis gareT da gasagebia, rom saxelmwifos mdgomareoba kidev ufro garTulda. aseT viTarebaSi ruseTis mesveureb-

ma gamosavali imaSi naxes, rom sagareo politikaSi gezi ai-

Res pirvel rigSi aSS-sTan da msoflios kidev ramdenime qve-

yanasTan (germania, safrangeTi, italia,...) daaxloebaze im imediT, rom amgvari politika SeunarCunebda mas gavlenas msoflioSi, SesaZleblobas miscemda yofiliyo im saxelmwi-

foTa Soris, romlebic gankargavdnen msoflio mniSvnelo-

bis procesebs. amave dros ruseTma mkveTrad Seasusta yu-

radReba aramarto ssrk-s yofili mokavSireebisadmi (vietna-

mi, kuba, arabuli qveynebi,...araferi rom ar vTqvaT yofil socialistur qveynebze), aramed yofil mokavSire respubli-

kebisadmic (Tumca, SeiZleba, es gacilebiT naklebad Seexe-

bodes belorusiasa da somxeTs). amgvari viTareba iyo 90-ia-

ni wlebis mTel pirvel naxevarSi. amasTan, mxedvelobaSi ar Tu ver iqna miRebuli is garemoeba, rom „civ omis“ gavlil da masSi didi siZneleebiT gamarjvebul dasavleTis qveynebs sruliadac ar sWirdebodaT axali konkurenti Zlieri, mdi-

dari da ganviTarebuli ruseTis saxiT.1 anu, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom elcinis periodis ruseTis

sagareo politika TiTqmis mTlianad iyo agebuli aSS-s inte-

1 Иванов И.С. Новая российская дипломатия. Десять лет внешней политики страны. М.,2001. С.15

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resebis gaTvaliswinebaze, xSirad ruseTis sazianodac (iu-

goslaviis daSla, ...), magram amas mosalodneli Sedegi ar mohyolia. piriqiT, aSS-s da natos mesveurebma daiviwyes is Tavisi dapirebebi, rac Tavis droze micemuli hqondaT gor-

baCovisTvis da, nawilobriv, elcinisTvis da daiwyes Tavis-

Tvis sasurveli politikis daCqarebuli realizacia,2 ramac ruseTs sakmao siZneleebi Seuqmna. daiwyo ruseTis interese-

bis Seviwroveba aramarto evropasa da msoflios sxva, ufro Soreul regionebSi, aramed aqve, postsabWour sivrceSic. TviT ruseTSi ki iseTi procesebi gaaqtiurda, romlebic aS-

karad mimarTuli iyo qveynis daSlisken. 1996 wlidan, rode-

sac ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrad dainiSna e.primakovi, mdgomareoba Secvlas iwyebs,3 Zireulad ki is Seicvala mxo-

lod imis Semdeg, rac saxelmwifos saTaveSi movida v. putini. axalma prezi- dentma sakmaod seriozuli cvlilebebi Seita-

na aramarto qveynis saSinao cxovrebaSi (SeaCera saxelmwi-

fos dezintegraciis procesi, ganamtkica qveynis marTvis (saxelisuflo) vertikali, SedarebiT meti yuradReba miaq-

cia mosaxleobis socialur mdgomareobas, misi cxovrebis pirobebis Tundac mcirediT gaumjobesebas), aramed mis sa-

gareo politikaSic. 4 msoflioSi ruseTis adgilisa da rolis xelaxalma

gaazrebam qveynis xelmZRvanelobas saSualeba misca SeemuSa-vebina saxelmwifos Semdgomi saqmianobis principebi saer-

TaSoriso asparezze. 2000 wels iqna miRebuli sami umniSvne-

lovanesi dokumenti: „erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia“,

2 История России XX- начала XXI века/А.С. Барсенков, А. И. Вдовин, С.В. Воронкова, под. ред. Л.В. Милова. М.,2009. С.913 3 Казанцев Ю.И. Международные отношения и внешняя политика России (XXвек). Ростов-на-Дону; Новосибирск. 2002. С.331 4 История России XX- начала XXI века/А.С. Барсенков, А. И. Вдовин, С.В. Воронкова, под. ред. Л.В. Милова. М.,2009. С.927-929, 932

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romelic gansazRvravda yvelaze seriozul muqarebs ruse-

Tis interesebisTvis, „samxedro doqtrina“, miZRvnili Tav-

dacviTi mSeneblobis sakiTxebisadmi, „sagareo politikis koncefcia“,5 romelic warmoadgenda qveynis sagareo poli-

tikuri saqmianobis sabazo dokuments. ruseTis sagareo po-litikuri saqmianobis mTavari idea gaxda sxvadasxva saxel-mwifoebTan urTierTobaTa damyarebis mravalveqtoruli politika. v. putinma gaagrZela qvey-nis gezi dasavleTTan daaxloebaze da dauWira mxari aSS-s 2001 wlis teroristuli aqtebis Semdeg. man SeZlo am qveyanasTan urTierTobebis ar-

gafuWeba imis Semdegac, rac aSS SeiWra eraySi, miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTi am nabijis winaaRmdegi iyo. v. putini Sem-

dgomSic uWerda mxars aSS-s brZolas saerTaSoriso tero-

rizmis winaaRmdeg, Tumca im faqts, rom amerikam 2001w. te-raqtebis Semdeg mkveTrad gaaqtiura Tavisi politika msof-

lios umniSvnelovanes regionebSi, Secvala Tavisi midgoma rig movlenebisadmi, ar SeeZlo garkveulwilad ar SeezRu-da ruseTis aqtiuroba sagareo politikis zogierTi mimar-

TulebiT, ar gamoewvia misi garkveuli ukmayofileba. Tu amas davumatebT, rom ruseTis da aSS-s Sexedulebebi zogi-

erT sxva movlenazec ar emTxveoda erTmaneTs (iranTan ur-

TierToba, ruseTis saSinao politikis garkveuli gamkacre-

ba, konkurencia aSS-sa da ruseTs Soris politikuri da sxva tipis gavlenisaTvis ukrainaSi, energomatareblebze kon-

trolisTvis centralur aziasa da amierkavkasiaSi da sxv.), gasagebia, rom am ori qveynis amgvar partniorobas didi dRe ar ewera. asec moxda.

ukve 2006 w. maisSi Tavis gamosvlaSi vilniusSi aSS-s vice-prezident riCard Ceinim konferenciaze, romelic eZ-

Rvneboda sakiTxs „saerTo xedva saerTo mezoblobisTvis“,

5 www.mid.ru/Bl.nsf/arh/19DCF61BEFED61134325699COO3B5FA3

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sakmaod mkacrad gaakritika ruseTis saSinao politika, ag-reTve brali dasdo mas mezobeli qveynebis mimarT xisti po-

litikis gatarebaSi, maT saqmeebSi CarevaSi.6 TiTqos sapasu-

xod, Tavis gamosvlaSi miunxenSi 2007w. TebervalSi usaf-rTxoebis politikis sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnil konferencia-

ze v.putinma mkacrad gaakritika aSS, nato. man ganacxada, rom natos gafarToebas aranairi gamarTleba ar aqvs, rom aSS cdilobs msoflios Tavs moaxvios Tavisi neba, Tavisi kano-

nebi da a.S., gaakritika euToc. man miuReblad gamoacxada er-

Tpolusiani samyaro, es modeli ar muSaobs-o, radgan mis sa-

fuZvelSi ar devs „Tanamedrove civilizaciis moralur-zne-

obrivi baza“. natos gafarToeba yofili socialisturi qvey-

nebis xarjze putinma Seafasa, rogorc faqtori, romelic mdgomareobis destabilizacias axdens evropaSi, emuqreba ruseTs.7 v. putinis amgvari gamosvla ar iyo SemTxveviTi, emociebiT gamowveuli. rogorc Cans, aq adgili hqonda imis gacxadebas, rom ruseTi ar aris kmayofili im roliT, rome-

lic mas ergo mimdinare msoflio procesebSi. mogvianebiT, rogorc viciT, yvelafer amas daemata

kidev erTi problema, - saqarTvelosi, romelic am drois-Tvis calsaxad proamerikul poziciebze idga da ruseTis mier ganixileboda, rogorc antirusuli politikis dasay-

rdeni amierkavkasiaSi. 2008 wlis agvistos omma da Semdgom ruseTis mier afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis damoukideblo-

bis aRiarebam aCvena, rom ruseTis sagareo politika im pe-riodSi gacilebiT ufro mkacri gaxda da misi xelmZRvane-

loba ukve nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs imas, Tu ra reaqcias iw-vevs misi sagareopolitikuri nabijebi msoflios ama Tu im qveynis mxridan. amisTvis xeli ar SeuSlia imave wlis ivlisSi

6 www.news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/press/neswid_4975000/4975526.stm 7 www.youtube.com/watch?v=XEMhLoOyp7s

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miRebul ruseTis federaciis sagareo politikis axal kon-

cefcias,8 romelSic sxvasTan erTad iyo moTxovnac Semcire-buliyo Zalis faqtoris mniSvneloba saerTaSoriso urTier-

TobebSi. elcinis periodTan SedarebiT ruseTs saerTaSori-

so arenaze mieca moqmedebebis gacilebiT meti Tavisufleba. qveynis sagareo politikis erT-erTi mTavari mizani gaxda formireba xelsayreli saerTaSoriso viTarebisa, romelsac SeeZlo xeli Seewyo aramarto am sferoSi warmatebebis miR-

wevisTvis, aramed ruseTis Sida kardinaluri cvlilebebis-

Tvis, modernizaciis gziT misi Semdgomi ganviTarebisTvis. XX saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi ruseTis sagareo po-

litikis garkveul warmatebas xeli ramdenime garemoebam Se-

uwyo. maT Soris umniSvnelovanesi iyo aSS-s politikuri po-

ziciebis SedarebiTi Sesusteba (Cavardna eraySi, problemebi avRaneTSi, ...) da siZneleebi, romlebsac evrokavSiri ganic-dida evrointegraciis procesSi Seqmnili sirTuleebis ga-

mo. SeiZleba aRiniSnos isic, rom am droisTvis ruseTSi ad-

gili hqonda Sinagan konsolidacias.9 rac Seexeba dRevandeli ruseTis sagareo politikas,

mis mimarT SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: es saxelmwifo amJamad cdilobs ganamtkicos Tavisi poziciebi saerTaSoriso are-

naze. is gadaWriT ewinaaRmdegeba gaeros dasustebas, mis Ca-

nacvlebas natos samxedro-politikuri organizaciiT; ib-rZvis msoflioSi saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa erTpolu-

siani sistemis damyarebis winaaRmdeg. warsuls Cabarda is dro, rodesac ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri, imJamad kozirevi, Tavs imiT iwonebda, rom is iyo yvelaze proameri-keli sagareo saqmeTa ministri ruseTis istoriaSi da ru-

8 www.kremlin.ru/acts/785 9 Кортунов С.В. Современная внешняя политика России. Стратегия избирательной вовлеченности. Учебное пособие. М., 2008 (эл.версия). С.88

23

seTSi vizitad Camosul aSS-s eqs-prezident riCard niqsons eubneboda, rom ruseTs ar aqvs raime gansakuTrebuli inte-

resi sagareo politikaSi da „kargi iqneboda, Tu niqsoni maT raimes urCevda“.

dRes putinis ruseTi TiTqmis yvelafers akeTebs imisTvis, rom SeinarCunos da, sadac SeiZleba, ganamtkicos Tavisi gavlena, maT Soris, postsabWour sivrcezec, cdi-

lobs SeinarCunos Tavisi moqmedebebis Tavisufleba. es mis-

wrafeba kargad gamoCnda aramarto 2008 wlis agvistoSi sa-

qarTvelos mimarT, aramed dResac Cans mis damokidebule-

baSi siriis movlenebisadmi. amJamindelma xelmZRvanelobam, elcinis droindelisgan gansxvavebiT, Zalian kargad gai-

Tavisa, rom qveyanas gaaCnia nacionaluri interesebi da rom maTi dacva misi upirvelesi saqmea. gamomdinare aqedan, v.pu-

tinma faqtobrivad gaacxada, rom dRevandeli ruseTi Tavis erovnul interesebs daicavs yvelgan da yovelTvis, yvela ZaliT da SesaZleblobiT. strategiis doneze ki es niSnavs, rom amJamindeli ruseTi organulad ver da ar iqneba vinmes umcrosi partniori, Tundac aSS-sa Tu CineTisa. amitomac ar Camoyalibda amgvari urTierTobebi ruseTsa da aSS-s Soris 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris cnobili movlenebis Semdeg, Tumca amas zogierTi, maT Soris politologi da politikosi, moe-

loda kidec. anu es imas niSnavs, rom ruseTis xelmZRvane-

loba gaagrZelebs brZolas imisTvis, rom saxelmwifo dar-

Ces msoflio mniSvnelobis mqone did „derJavebs“ Soris da mas hqondes erT-erTi gadamwyveti xma msoflioSi globalu-

ri Tu sxva sakiTxebis gadaWraSi. es kargad Cans ruseTis fe-

deraciis sagareo politikis axal koncefciaSi, romelsac putinma, kvlav arCeulma prezidentad, xeli moawera 2013

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wlis 12 Tebervals.10 aqve davumatebdiT, rom ruseTi imdenad didi da mdidaria, rom is SeiZleba iyos an didi, an aranairi. sxva alternativa mas ar gaaCnia.

yvelaferi es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom ruseTi SeZ-

lebs an miiswrafis aRadginos ssrk-s droindeli ,,zesaxel-

mwifos“ gavlena mTlianad msoflioSi, an mis ZiriTad rai- onebSi, amisTvis mas arc Zala, arc unari ar gaaCnia. da ma-

inc, ukve ruseTis miswrafeba aRadginos Tavisi gavlena Tun-

dac postsabWour sivrceze, sxva regionebze rom araferi iTqvas, iwvevs aSS-s da zogierTi sxva saxelmwifos uaryo-

fiT reaqcias. es ase iqneba momavalSic. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom is, vinc cdilobs evraziuli geostrategiuli monoli-

Ti, ruseTi daiyvanos mesamexarisxovani saxelmwifos donem-

de, Zalze saSiS TamaSs eweva, maT Soris TavisTvisac. da ki-

dev, is, rac SesaZlebeli iyo ruseTis mimarT elcinis dros, axla TiTqmis SeuZlebelia.

sabolood, rogorc daskvna SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: ssrk-sgan gansxvavebiT ruseTi ar warmoadgens zesa-

xelmwifos, Tumca is yvelafers akeTebs imisTvis, rom adgi-

li SeinarCunos msoflios im did saxelmwifoebs Soris, rom-lebic umniSvnelovanes rols asruleben Tanamedrove msof-

lios cxovrebaSi; amJamindel ruseTs kargad esmis saerTaSoriso arena-

ze Tavisi interesebis arseboba da is mzad aris yvelaferi gaakeTos maTi dacvisTvis;

ruseTis Tanamedrove sagareo politikas axasiaTebs araTanmimdevruloba. ase, jer kidev ar aris bolomde gaaz-

rebuli misi miznebi da prioritetebi am sferoSi, misi WeSma-

riti da xangrZlivi interesebi, misi adgili Tanamedrove msoflioSi. amitomac ruseTis gadawyvetilebebi am mimarTu-

10 www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/0/6D84DDEDEDBF7DA644257B160051BF7F

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lebiT xSirad SemTxveviT xasiaTs atareben,11 rac aramarto TviT ruseTs uSlis xels Tavisi sagareo politikis warmate-

biT gatarebaSi, aramed ar aZlevs saSualebas mis SesaZlo partniorebs gaiTvaliswinon misive interesebi masTan ur-

TierTobaSi; igive SeiZleba iTqvas mis politikaze amierkavkasiaSi

an Tundac saqarTvelos mimarT; ruseTis interesebis gauTvaliswineblobas saerTa-

Soriso urTierTobebSi, misi ignorirebis cdebs SeuZlia di-

di ziani miayenos aramarto Tavad ruseTs, aramed im saxel-

mwifosac, romelic amis gakeTebas cdilobs; SeiZleba gar-

Tuldes mTlianad saerTaSoriso urTierTobebic.

11 ავიღოთ თუნდაც ე. პრიმაკოვის თვითმფრინავის ცნობილი „შემობრუნება“ ატლანტიკის ცაში, ან ცნობილი რუსი მეცნიერის ა.დ. ბოგატუროვის მიერ 2010 წელს გამოთქმული აზრი, რომ „მედვედევი ფაქტიურად ეჭვის ქვეშ აყენებს მის დრომდე აქსიომატურ იდეას აღმოსავლეთთან და დასავლეთთან რუსეთის თანაბრად დაახლოების შესახებ, აშკარად აკეთებს რა აქცენტს რუსეთის საგარეო პოლიტიკური პრიორიტეტების დასავლური შემადგენლის უპირატესობაზე“. იხ. Независимая газета. №189. 2010. გვ.9

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gamoyenebuli literatura:

Иванов И.С. Новая российская дипломатия. Десять лет

внешней политики страны. М., 2001. История России XX - начала XXI века/А.С. Барсенков, А. И.

Вдовин, С.В. Воронкова, под ред. Л.В. Милова. М., 2009. Казанцев Ю.И. Международные отношения и внешняя

политика России (XX век). Ростов-на-Дону; Новосибирск, 2002. Кортунов С.В. Современная внешняя политика России.

Стратегия избирательной вовлеченности. Учебное пособие. М.,2008 (эл.версия).

Независимая газета. №189. 2010. www.kremlin.ru/acts/785 www.mid.ru/Bl.nsf/arh/19DCF61BEFED61134325699COO3B5FA3 www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/0/6D84DDEDEDBF7DA644257B160051BF7F www.news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/press/neswid_4975000/4975526.stm www.youtube.com/watch?v=XEMhLoOyp7s

27

Revaz Diasamidze

Some Aspects of Foreign Policy of Russia at the turn of the 20/21st Centuries

Summary

The article discusses some problems that have arisen in the foreign policy of an independent Russia at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. It is stated that the leadership of the new state, which unlike the USSR is not a superpower seeks to maintain its position as one of the leading countries of the world, influencing the course of development of the basic processes of international life.

Реваз Диасамидзе

Некоторые аспекты внешней политики России на рубеже XX-XXI вв.

Резюме

В статье рассматриваются отдельные проблемы, возникшие во внешней политике независимой России в конце XX и начале XXI века. Указывается, что руководство нового государства, которое в отличие от СССР не является сверхдержавой, стремится сохранить позиции одной из ведущих стран мира, влияющей на ход развития основных процессов международной жизни.

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gusein nizami oRli najafovi baTumis S. rusTavelis saxelobis

saxelmwifo universitetis Ph.D. sapatio doqtori

,,samxreT kavkasiis” sakiTxis

definiciis Sesaxeb

kavkasia unikaluri regionia Savsa da kaspiis zRvebs Soris, romelic mdebareobs evropisa da aziis ga-sayarze, aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis, islamisa da qris-tianobis uxilavi sazRvris teritoriaze. kavkasionis mTa-vari qedis orive mxares ganTavsebuli kavkasia, Tavisi si-lamaziT, TviTmyofadobiTa da ulevi simdidriT mravali saukunis manZilze ipyrobda zRvaosnebisa da mogzaurebis yuradRebas. misken miiltvodnen berZeni argonavtebi oq-ros sawmisis saZebnelad, mogvianebiT ki–bizantieli, ber-Zeni da venecieli vaWrebi da zRvaosnebi.

saxelwodeba ,,kavkasia” pirvelad moixsenieba Zvel

berZen avtorebTan – esxilTan (Zv.w. VI-V ss.) “mijaWuli promeTe”12 da herodotesTan (Zv.w. V s.). istorikosisa da geografis strabonis mtkicebiT, adgilobrivi macxovreb-lebi kavkasias kaspias uwodebdnen13.

romis imperiis periodSi (Zv.w. I s.), kavkasiis teri-toriaze gadioda savaWro gza CineTidan axlo da Sua aR-mosavleTze da CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTis gavliT –

samxreTi da centraluri evropisaken, romelsac didi ab-reSumis gza ewoda. kaspiispireTSi navTobis sabadoebis aRmoCenam interesi kavkasiis mimarT kidev ufro gazarda.

12 Эсхил. “Прометей прикованный”. I, Ант. 2, II, Пром. 13 / Пер. с др.-греч. С. К. Апта / Эсхил. Трагедии. М.: Худож. лит., 1971. 13 Страбон. География /пер. с др.-греч. Г. А. Стратановского, под ред. О. О. Крюгера, общ. ред. С. Л. Утченко. М.: Ладомир, 1994.

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kavkasia aris bunebrivi sazRvari, romelic evro-pas aziisagan acalkevebs. Tumca, SeiZleba gamoTqmuli iyos pretenziebi: terminebi “evropa” da “azia” – aris adamianebis mier gamogonebuli cnebebi, da vin icis, Tu

vinmes warsulSi moesurveboda, sazRvari, geografebis mi-er, SeiZleboda yofiliyo gadebuli sxva adgilas. da ma-inc, SemTxveviTi ar aris is, rom swored kavkasia gaxda gasayari, romelic evropas gamoyofs aziisagan. Zvel ge-ografebs SeeZloT mietanaT sakuTari cnebebi sazogadoe-bamde, magram am cnebebma SeZles damkvidreba mxolod

imitom, rom isini, rogorc Cans, bevr sxva kriteriums pa-suxobdnen, maT Soris istoriuls, politikurs, kultu-rulogiurs da a.S.

Tumca kavkasia – es ar aris is gasayari, romelic,

xSirad aRiqmeba masobriv cnobierebaSi. es ar aris Cine-Tis didi kedeli, agebuli raTa zeciuri imperia daculi yifiliyo CrdiloeT stepis momTabareebisagan.

kavkasiasTan mimarTebaSi yvelaferi gacilebiT

rTuladaa. kavkasia – es ara mxolod visame Tavdacvis xa-zia, an kidev civilizaciaTa msxvrevis gamyofi, es er-Tdroulad aris unikaluri satransporto sivrce, sadac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi msoflios bevr xalxTa sxvadas-xva faseulobebis difuziis Zalian seriuzuli da mniS-vnelovani procesebi mimdinareobda. kavkasia gamoirCeva geografiuli, eTnikuri, enobrivi, konfesiuli da kultu-ruli mravalferovnebiT, ramac garkveulwilad ganapiro-ba misi macxovreblebis cxovrebis wesi, istoria da ur-TierTdamokidebuleba. kavkasias xSirad uwodeben xalxTa muzeums, amJamad aq cxovroben 50-ze meti erovnebis war-momadgenlebi (30 mln-ze meti adamiani). zogierTi maTga-nis enaze saubrobs mxolod ramodenime aTasi adamiani,

30

xolo didi eTnikuri jgufebi ramodenime milion adami-ans aerTianebs14.

kavkasia yovelTvis asrulebda mniSvnelovan rols evropasa da azias Soris damakavSirebel rgolSi. mTeli istoriis manZilze is da misi calkeuli nawilebi warmo-adgendnen buferul zonas dapirispirebul imperiebs So-ris an maT Semadgenel nawils.

kavkasiaSi warmodgenilia msoflios yvela religia: islami (misi orive ganStoeba Siizmi da sunizmi); qristia-noba (ZiriTadad, marTlmadidebluri da monofizituri aRmsareblobis saxiT15, aseve arian kaTolikebi da pro-testantebi); iudaizmi, romelsac aRiareben baqoSi da azerbaijanis mTian raionebSi mcxovrebi qarTveli da mTieli ebraelebi.

samxreT kavkasiis mosaxleoba Sedgeba azerbaijan-lebisagan (9 mln), qarTvelebisagan (4 mln) da somxebisa-gan (2,9 mln), agreTve ricxovnobiT mcire erisagan, ro-melTa Soris arian Zireuli macxovreblebi. saqarTvelo

da Azerbaijani mravalerovania, saqarTveloSi titulian mosaxleobas ganekuTvneba mosaxleobis 70%, azerbaijanSi – 83%-ze meti.

ruseTis imperatorma nikoloz I 1828 wlis 21 marts gamocemuli Tavisi brZanebulebiT, irevanisa da naxiWeva-nis teritoriaze Seqmna “ somxeTis olqi”, romlis Semad-genlobaSic Sevida qalaqi irevani (axlandeli erevani),

14 См. Эльдар Исмаилов, Владимир Папава. Центральный Кавказ: история, политика, экономика. М.: Мысль, 2007, 208 с.; Нино Чиковани. Единый Кавказ: исторически обусловленная реальность или иллюзии? “Центральная Азия и Кавказ”, No. 5, 2005. 15 somxuri samociqulo eklesia (sse) ganekuTvneba e. w. araqalkedonur eklesiebis ricxvs, romelasac aseve SeiZleba miekuTvnos kopturi (egvipte), siriuli, eTiopiis da malankaris (indoeTi) eklesiebi. imdenad, ramdenadac sse ar aris aRiarebuli qalkedoniis taZaris mier, amitom mTeli eklesia aris monofizituri. ix, Фонд диакона Андрея Кураева. http://kuraev.ru/smf/index.php?topic=12699.0

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sadac im periodisaTvis 7331 azerbaijaneli da 2369 somexi cxovrobda16. Tavisi istoriuli miwidan azerbaijanelebis gegmiuri gasaxlebis Semdeg, dReisaTvis sasomxeTi gamo-irCeva monoeTnikurobiT: mis teritoriaze cxovroben: 97,7% somxebi, 1% qurTi-iezidebi, 0,9 %- rusebi da sxvebi - 0,4 %.17

Tu sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde regionis geografi-uli, kulturuli, eTnokonfesiuli da sulieri kompozi-cia warmodgenili iyo CrdiloeT kavkasiiTa da amierkav-kasiiT (samxreT kavkasia), 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisidan, sami respublikis mier damoukideblobis mopovebis Sem-deg, misi geopolitikuri suraTi radikalurad Seicvala, Sesabamisad, moZvelda aRniSnuli teritoriis dayofis ruseTiseuli midgoma.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg daiwyo damouki-debeli saxelmwifoebis ara mxolod Camoyalibebis isto-riuli procesi, aramed axali geopolotikuri arealebis formirebis procesic, romlebic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs zogierT yofil sabWoTa respublikas. am arealebs Tavisi geografiuli konturebi jer kidev yofili ssrk far-glebSi hqondaT, rac gamyarebuli iyo sabWoTa saxelmwi-foebis ekonomikur raionebad dayofiT. amgvarad, latvi-is, litvis da estoneTis erTobliobas – baltiispireTi ewodeboda, Aazerbaijanis, saqarTvelos, somxeTis erTob-liobas – amierkavkasia, xolo yirgizeTis, tajikeTis, TurqmeneTisa da uzbekeTis erTobliobas – Sua azia. am saxelmwifoebis mier damoukideblobis miRebis Semdeg, dRis wesrigSi dadga am, ukve damoukidebeli geopoliti-kuri arealebis dasaxelebis, ganaxlebis sakiTxi, romleb-Sic Setanili iqneboda maTi damoukideblobis gamomxatve-li elementebi. CaTvales ra termini ,,baltiispireTi”

16 Гейдар Алиев. 31 марта - день геноцида азербайджанцев. http://www.president.az/s33_events/_events_r.html 17 Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/am.html

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,,sabWoTa okupaciis gadmonaSTad”, latviaSi, litvasa da estoneTSi upiratesobas mianiWes termins ,,baltiis qvey-nebi”. terminebis ,,amierkavkasia” da ,,Sua azia”-s nacvlad

praqtikulad damkvidrda – ,,samxreT kavkasia” da ,,cen-traluri azia”18.

cneba ,,amierkavkasia” aris ruseTis imperiis saga-reo politikis ,,Svilobili”, romelSic gamoxatulia da-mokidebuleba mopovebuli teritoritoriis politikuri administraciuli olqis mimarT. cnebas ,,amierkavkasia” hqonda ara mxolod geografiuli, aramed geopolitikuri mniSvneloba. gasagebi da naTelia, rom cneba ,,amierkavka-sia” vrceldeboda imperiis mxolod adgilobriv saxel-mwifo sazRvrebamde da icvleboda am sazRvrebis Secvlis Sesabamisad. amgvarad, mas Semdeg, rac osmaleTis imperiis yarsis safaSo dapyrobili iqna ruseTis mier 1878 w. da gardaiqmna ruseTis imperiis kavkasiis samefisnacvlos yarsis olqad, am olqis socialur-politikuri da ekono-mikuri cxovreba 40 welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi erTian kavkasiur politikur da socialur-kulturul sivrceSi miedineboda. Tumca ruseTis mier yarsis, artaanisa da ba-iazeTis dakargvis Semdeg, ruseTis politikur da isto-riul dokumentebSi isini ukve aRar moixseniebodnen ro-gorc kavkasiuri19.

dReisaTvis ar arsebobs kavkasiis calsaxa defini-cia. zogadgeografiuli TvalsazrisiT is warmoadgens mTian teritorias Savsa da kaspiis zRvebs Soris. sakiTxi-sadmi tradiciuli midgomis Tanaxmad, aRniSnul regionSi Sedis mxolod postsabWoTa teritoriebi (CrdiloeT kav-

18 См. Владимир Папава. Центральная Кавказия: основы геополитической экономии. Грузинский Фонд Стратегических и Международных Исследований. Аналитические записки. No. 1, 2007. 54 с. 19 См. Беридзе Т.А., Исмаилов Э.М., Папава В.Г. Центральный Кавказ и экономика Грузии. Баку, “Нурлан”, 2004. 240 с.; Исмаилов Э., Кенгерли З. Кавказ в глобализирующемся мире: новая модель интеграции. “Центральная Азия и Кавказ”, No. 2 (26), 2003.

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kasia - ruseTis federaciis avtonomiuri saxelmwifo war-monaqmnebi da samxreT kavkasia – azerbaijani, saqarTve-lo, somxeTi).

zogierTi mkvlevari varaudobs CarTos masSi ira-nis Crdilo-dasavleTis olqebic (provinciebi aRmosav-leT da dasavleT azerbaijani) - samxreT-aRmosavleTi kavkasia da TurqeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTis olqebi (yar-si, ardagani, arTvini, igdiri da sxva) - samxreT-dasavle-Ti kavkasia. es motivirebulia imiT, rom mravali sauku-nis ganmavlobaSi, ruseTis mier kavkasiis dapyrobamde, aRniSnuli miwebi erT socialur-ekonomikur da eTnokul-turul sivrceSi imyofebodnen, sadac dRemde cxovrobs kavkasieli xalxi. samxreT-dasavleTi kavkasia (TurqeTi) da samxreT-aRmosavleTi kavkasia (irani) erTad Seadgenen samxreT kavkasias20. Cveni

SexedulebiT, am SemTxvevaSi, cnebaSi samxreT-aRmo-savleTi kavkasia, logikuri iqneboda CagverTo iranis provincia gilani, romelic umeteswilad azerbaijanele-biT aris dasaxlebuli. Tu SevecdebiT ganvsazRvroT re-gioni bolo ori saukunis demografiuli faqtorisa da istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT, maSin misi CrdiloeTi sazRva-ri gaivlis kavkasiis qedis CrdiloeT ferdobze an mas-Tan mimdebare dablobze, yofs ra CrdiloeT kavkasiis mcirericxovani eris sacxovrebel areals miwiT, romelic misgan CrdiloeTiT mdebareobs da dasaxlebulia ruse-biT. XX saukunis bolos arsebuli politikuri termino-logiis Tanaxmad, kavkasiis sazRvari emTxveva ruseTis samxreT sazRvrebs, anu mis Crdilo-kavkasiis respubli-kebs, agreTve krasnodarisa da stavropolis mxareebs. da-savleTis sazRvari warmodgenilia teritoriiT, romelic

20 См. Эльдар Исмаилов, Эльхан Полухов. Противостояние "старых" и "новых" игроков на политической карте Кавказа. “Центральная Азия и Кавказ”, No. 4, 2004; Эльдар Исмаилов, Владимир Папава. Центральный Кавказ: история, политика, экономика. М.: Мысль, 2007, 208 с. ; Роланд Топчишвили. Кавказоведческие исследования. Изд. “Универсал”, Тбилиси. 2011. 271 c.

34

erT mxares dasaxlebulia TurqebiT, xolo meore mxares – qarTvelebiTa da somxebiT. samxreTi sazRvris gansaz-Rvra ufro rTulia, radgan demografiuli TvalsazrisiT

mdinare araqsis orive napiri, romelzedac gadis azerbai-janlebiT dasaxlebuli saxelmwifo sazRvrebi21.

zogierTi rusi mecnieris azriT, geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT kavkasia gayofilia or nawilad: CrdiloeT

kavaksia Sedis ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi, sam-xreT kavkasia Sedgeba sami damoukidebeli saxelmwifosa-gan. kavkasias (am sityvis farTo gagebiT) isini miakuTvne-ben ara mxolod samxreT da CrdiloeT kavkasias, aramed

stepur mTispireTsac (kavkasiispireTi), anu stavropolisa da krasnodaris mxareebisa da aseve rostovis olqis te-ritoriebs. sxva eqspertebi, eTnodemografiuli kriteri-umebidan gamomdinare, mas zRudaven teritoriebiT, rom-lebic dasaxlebulia ZirZveli mosaxleobiT. isini kaspi-ispireTs, zogjer ki volgogradisa da astraxanis ol-qebs, agreTve kalmikias samxreT ruseTis regionebs eZaxi-an, Tvlian ra mas gardamaval zonad, romalsac aqvs ro-gorc ruseTisaTvis, aseve CrdiloeT kavkasiisaTvis dama-xasiaTebeli Tvisebebi.

CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs Soris mravalsaukunovani migraciuli procesebis gamo, kaspiispireTsa da Crdri-loeT kavkasias Soris sazRvris dadgena dRes rTulia, is SeiZleba pirobiTad CaiTvalos. meores mxriv, CrdiloeT

kavkasia – aris damakavSirebeli rgoli kavkasiasa da kav-kasiispireTs Soris22.

kavkasieli mecnierebi Tvlian, rom samxreT kavka-sia – es aris damoukidebeli subregioni, romelic orga-nizaciulad ar Sedga, xolo geo-ekonomikur da geo-poli-tikur urTierTobebSi warmoadgens realobas, romelsac

21 См. Нино Чиковани. Единый Кавказ: исторически обусловленная реальность или иллюзии? “Центральная Азия и Кавказ”, No. 5, 2005. 22 Гаджиев К.С. Геополитика Кавказа. М.: Международные отношения, 2001. с. 44-45.

35

msoflio sazogadoeba aRiarebs23.

yvelam calsaxad pozitiurad ar aRiqva termini “samxreT kavkasia”. magaliTad, zogoerTi somexi mkvleva-ri winaaRmdegebi arian imisa, rom “amierkavkasias” gadaer-qvas “samxreT kavkasia”24.

Cven viziarebT kavkasiis tradiciul dayofas - CrdiloeT kavkasiad da samxreT kavkasiad.


1. Беридзе Т.А., Исмаилов Э.М., Папава В.Г. Центральный Кавказ и экономика Грузии. Баку, изд. “Нурлан”, 2004. 240 с.

2. Владимир Папава. Центральная Кавказия: основы геополитической экономии. Грузинский Фонд Стратегических и Международных Исследований. Аналитические записки. No. 1, 2007. 54 с.

3. Гаджиев К.С. Геополитика Кавказа. М.: Международные отношения, 2003. 464 с.

4. Гейдар Алиев. 31 марта - день геноцида азербайджанцев. Сайт http://www.president.az/s33_events/_events_r.html

5. Исмаилов Э., Кенгерли З. Кавказ в глобализирующемся мире: новая модель интеграции. “Центральная Азия и Кавказ”, N 2 (26), 2003.

6. Нино Чиковани. Единый Кавказ: исторически обусловленная реальность или иллюзии? “Центральная Азия и Кавказ”, No. 5, 2005.

23 Эльдар Наджафов. Южный Кавказ: тернистый путь к безопасности. М., “Научная книга”, 2005. с. 10. 24 См. Даниелян Э. Топонимика на копье. “Голос Армении”. 30.03.2006; Габриелян Р. Закавказье или Южный Кавказ. “Шрджадардз журнал онлайн”. Май 2004. http://www.hayastan.com/shrjadardz/ru/04may.php

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7. Роланд Топчишвили. Кавказоведческие исследования. Изд. “Универсал”, Тбилиси. 2011. 271 c.

8. Страбон. География /пер. с др.-греч. Г. А. Стратановского, под ред. О. О. Крюгера, общ. ред. С. Л. Утченко. М.: Ладомир, 1994.

9. Эдуард Даниелян. Топонимика на копье. “Голос Армении” 30.03.2006.

10. Эльдар Исмаилов, Владимир Папава. Центральный Кавказ: история, политика, экономика. М.: Мысль, 2007, 208 с.

11. Эльдар Исмаилов, Эльхан Полухов. Противостояние "старых" и "новых" игроков на политической карте Кавказа. “Центральная Азия и Кавказ”, No. 4, 2004.

12. Эльдар Наджафов. Южный Кавказ: тернистый путь к безопасности. М., “Научная книга”, 2005. 226 с.

13. Эсхил. “Прометей прикованный”. I, Ант. 2, II, Пром. 13 / Пер. с др.-греч. С. К. Апта / Эсхил. Трагедии. М.: Худож. лит., 1971.

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Наджафов Гусейн Низами оглы Ph.D., почетный доктор БГУ им. Ш.Руставели

К вопросу о дефиниции “Южный Кавказ”

Резюме

В статье предпринята попытка дать определение понятию “Южный Кавказ”. Если до развала Советского Союза географическая, культурная, этноконфессиональная и духовная композиция региона была представлена Северным Кавказом и Закавказьем (Южный Кавказ), то в начале 1990-х годов, с обретением независимости трех республик, его геополитическая картина кардинально изменилась, соответственно, изжил себя и российский подход к делению данной территории. Понятие "Закавказье" является детищем царской внешней политики, которая отразила подход к политическому административному округу завоеванной территории. Понятие "Закавказье" не только имело географическое, но также и геополитическое значение. После развала Советского Союза начался исторический процесс не только становления независимых государств, но и формирования новых геополитических ареалов. Ученые Кавказа считают, что Южный Кавказ – это самостоятельный субрегион, который организационно не оформился, но в геоэкономическом и геополитическом отношениях представляет реальность, которую признает международное сообщество.

38

Dr. Huseyn N. Najafov

On the question of the definition of ,,South Caucasus" Summary

The article attempts to define the concept of "South Caucasus". If,

before the collapse of the Soviet Union's geographical, cultural, ethno-confessional and spiritual composition of the region was presented the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia (South Caucasus), in the early 1990s, with the independence of the three republics, its geopolitical picture has changed dramatically, respectively, exhausted Russia's approach to the division of the territory. The concept of "Transcaucasia" is the brainchild of imperial foreign policy that reflected the approach to political administrative district of the conquered territory. The concept of "Transcaucasia" was not only geographical but also geopolitical importance. After the collapse of the Soviet Union began a historical process is not only becoming independent states, but also the formation of new geopolitical habitats. Caucasus scientists believe the South Caucasus - an independent sub-region, which is not yet formed organization, but the geo-economic and geo-political relations is the reality that the international community recognizes.

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kaxaber surgulaZe

Zvel romSi politikuri brZolis

istoriidan

(ciceron-klodiusis dapirispireba)

Zv&w& I s-Si romSi mimdinare politikuri bataliebis TvalsaCino suraTi iyo ciceron-klodiusis dapirispire-ba.

klodiusi @keisris (Zv.w. 100-44) colTan dakavSirebu-

li ambebiT romSi skandaluri pirovneba gaxda. aRniSnuli faqti Zv.w. 61 wlis ianvarSi senatSi ganxilvis sagni iyo. vestaliebis da pontifikebis garda maSin pozicia daafi-qsira konsulma pisonma da pompeusma. misi mdgomareobi-dan gamomdinare pompeusma senatorTa yvela dadgenileba moiwona (Cic., Att., I, 14, 2)& saqmeSi CaerTo katoni, romelmac

konsuli uprincipobaSi amxila. Seqmnil viTarebaSi klo-diusma qedis moxra amjobina da senatorebs patieba sTxova (Cic., Att., I, 16, 2)&

maisSi,^ sasamarTlo procesze, klodiusma uaryo da-naSauli, maSin romSi ar viyavi da markus ciceroni (Zv.w. 106-43) daimowma. ciceroni valdebuli iyo Zvel megobars gamosarCleboda, radgan katilinas garSemo mimdinare am-bebis dros, igi misi piradi mcveli iyo (plut., ciceroni, 29). magram saqmeSi Careula coli-terencia, romlis mo-

TxovniT procesze ciceronma daadastura, rom klodiusi im dRes namdvilad romSi iyo. ciceronis moqmedeba CaiT-vala Ralatad^ rac SemdgomSi misTvis sabediswero aRmo-Cnda&

procesze klodiusma krasusis oqroTi Tavi gadair-Cina (Cic., Att., I, 16, 6)& amrigad^ Cveulebriv skandalur sa-qmes sazogadoebrivi rezonansi mieca&

Zv.w. 60 wels klodiusi Seecada plebeiSi gadasvlas (Cic., Att., I, 18, 4)& saqmeSi Careuli iyo saxalxo tribuni pe-reniusi da konsuli metelus celeri, magram gaurkveveli

40

mizeziT yovelive gaWianurda. maSin klodiusma iCqara, daarRvia procesualuri norma da TviTneburad gavida patriciusobidan. amasobaSi pozicia Secvala metelusmac. igi galiis prokonsulobisaTvis emzadeboda da ukve aRar

awyobda@„arakonstituciur“ saqmeSi gasvra. klodiusis ge-gma CaiSala.

Zv.w. 59 wels antoniusis sasamarTlo procesze cice-roni mkveTrad gamovida saxelmwifoebriv saqmeebze. misi moqmedeba keisarma pirad wyenad miiRo da imave dResve, armeniaSi, tigranTan gagzavnis motiviT (Cic., Att., II, 7), ga-dawyda - klodiusi iSvila vinme plebei fonteusma [Утче-нко, 1969%120]& am nabijiT mas gza gaexsna saxalxo tribunis Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad.

tribunis movaleobis Sesruleba klodiusma daiwyo

senatis kanonebiT bombardirebiT. misi Lex Clodia frumentaria, istoriografiaSi miCneulia Zmebi grakxusebis cnobili puris kanonis logikur gagrZelebad [Утченко,1976%111-112]& grakxusebis kanoni yovel romaelisTvis awesebda xor-blis ulufas mediumze (8^754 l.) 6 1/3 asis RirebulebiT.

amjerad, klodiusma, daawesa RaribTaTvis puris muqTad

darigeba (Cic., Pro Sest., XXV, 55)& es iyo lumpenproletari-atis mosyidvaze gaTvlili avanturistuli kanoni.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas moqalaqeTa mimarT cenzorTa meTvalyureobis SezRudvis Sesaxeb kanonze, rac gaTvli-li iyo qalaqis qveda fenebis aqtivobis zrdaze kvarta-lur kolegiebsa da saxalxo tribunebSi. aseve msgavsi iyo „amxanagobaTa uflebebis“ Sesaxeb kanoni. igi iTvali-swinebda SeiraRebuli razmebis Seqmnas [История,1988%478]& faqtobrivad, is rac ver ganaxorciela katilinam, klodi-usma realobad aqcia. misi moqmedeba drois momentiT iyo

ganpirobebuli. maSasadame, kvadratul da sxva kolegiebSi plebsis da monebis gaerTianeba unda momxdariyo ara sti-qiurad, aramed organizebulad [Штаерман,1962:43]&

senatis dasustebas emsaxureboda romidan katonis da ciceronis gaZeveba. romidan katonis mosaSoreblad

41

SeirCa saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis saqme – kunZ.kvi-prosis romTan mSvidobiani Serwyma, ptolemaios kviprose-lis morCilebaSi moyvana da bizantieli devnilebis sa-mSobloSi dabruneba (Plut., Cato min., 34)& rac Seexeba cice-rons^ mis mimarTebaSi piradi wyena sakmarisi iyo. mis ga-Zevebas^ emsaxureboda kanoni „romis moqalaqeTa uflebe-bis Sesaxeb“. igi krZalavda „cecxlis da wylis miwodebas“ nebismieri pirovnebis Tu xelmZRvanelisaTvis, romelic

sasamarTlos gareSe dasjida romis moqalaqes. arsebiTad, es niSnavda am ukanasknelisaTvis romis moqalaqis ufle-bebis CamorTmevas.

aRniSnul kanonSi marTalia ciceroni uSualod ar

iyo dasaxelebuli, magram gasamarTlebis gareSe katili-narelTa dasjis gamo dokumentSi swored igi igulisxme-boda. ciceronma maSinve miiRo Tavdacvis zomebi da sca-da saqmeSi pompeusis CarTva. igi eaxla mas, magram ukana-sknelma ar miiRo (plut., ciceroni, 31).

oratoris mimarT pompeusis gulgriloba iyo tri-umvirTa kritikuli damokidebulebis Sedegi. ciceroni^ opoziciaSi edga triumvirebs da mZafri kritikiT gamo-dioda. amitom, rogorc saSualeba miecaT, maT Tavidan moiSores arasasurveli oponenti. ciceronis gandevniT

yvela Tavis pozicias imyarebda: keisari senats asusteb-da, krasuss misdami pirad siZulvili amoZravebda, xolo

pompeusi gaRizianebuli iyo misi miRwevebiT da imiTac,

rom ciceronma mas Tavi gautola [Cowell,1956%246]& cicerons rCeboda erTi gza - wasuliyo Ria kon-

frontaciaze, magram katonma urCia, rom samSoblo ar Ca-eTria sisxlismRvrel omSi da damorCileboda garemoebe-bs (Plut., Cato min., 35)& dilemis winaSe mdgomma ciceronma miiRo katonis rCeva da Zv.w. 58 wlis martSi man q.romi datova. magram movlenebi amiT ar dasrulda. keisris ga-liaSi gamgzavrebis Semdeg klodiusma axali kanoni wamo-

ayena - Lex Clodia de exilio Ciceronis, romliTac sikvdiliT is-jeboda yvela vinc cicerons q.romidan 500 milis manZi-

42

lze Seifarebda (Cic., Att., III, 23, 2)& ciceronis gandevniT klodiusi romSi movlenebis

baton-patroni gaxda& man TandaTan daiw’o mis mfarvelTa Seviwroeba& amis magaliTia _ Lex Clodia de Provinciis^ rome-lic faqtobrivad aRniSnul sakiTxze keisris kanonis ga-dasinjvas niSnavda [Утченко,1964:76]& amieridan prokonsu-lebs ufleba eZleodaT saomari operaciebis gadatana sa-gamgeblo teritoriis farglebs gareT.

klodiusma ar daindo pompeusic. man gaauqma aziaSi mis mier damtkicebuli rigi wesebi, xeli Seuwyo romidan tigran mcires gaqcevas da samarTalSi misca misi mego-

brebi (plut., pompeusi, 48). yovelive pompeusTan dawyebu-

li Ria brZolis maniSnebeli iyo [Штюрмер,1876:167; Ферре-ро,1916:19]& Seqmnili viTareba pompeuss radikaluri nabi-jisken ubiZgebda& aq ki man uaRresad saWiro gaTvla ga-akeTa& misi xsna SeeZlo mxolod klodiusis mowinaaRmde-ges - cicerons da igi oratoris dabrunebisTvis mebrZo-lTa rigebs SeurTda&

amasobaSi, romSi dawyebulma ciceronis reabilita-ciis kampaniam^respublikelTa da diqtaturis momxreTa Soris aSkara brZolis saxe miiRo. Zv.w. 58 wlis 1 ivliss sakiTxi senatSi pirvelad daayenes, magram intercesiiT

(anu akrZalviT) gamovida tribuni elius ligurusi. 29

oqtombers 10-dan 8 saxalxo tribunma senatSi kvlav aR-Zra aRniSnuli sakiTxi, magram kvlav uaryves igi. aseT vi-TarebaSi klodiusi sabolood gaemijna Tavis pompeus da mas saxlis dawviT da misi konsulobis droindeli kano-nebi man ukanonod CaTvliT daemuqra.

gandevniloba mZime darCa jijeronisaTvis. igi mi-xvda, rom raRac unda daeTmo triumvirTa mimarT da am mxriv man pirveli nabiji gadadga. Zmisadmi werili^ ro-melSic romSi dabrunebis sanacvlod keisars da pompe-uss man aRuTqvamda samomavlo mxardaWera. Cans, ukana-sknelebma kmayofilebiT aRiqves aRniSnuli dapireba da Tanxmoba ganacxades ciceronis dabrunebaze. aseT viTare-

43

baSi, aRniSnuli sakiTxi Zv.w. 57 wels dadebiTad gadawyda, 415 senatori^erTis winaaRmdeg.

dadebiTi pasuxis miRebisTanave ciceroni triumfiT dabrunda dabrunda roms.^igi senatorebis winaSe sityviT

gamovida, romelSix man isaubra Tavis damsaxurebebze: me erTma vixseni saxelmwifo^ romelic maSin Cavibare, rode-sac is^ dakarguli iyo... amastan, oratori dasZenda, rom „Tu gaius mariusi iaraRis da jaris meSveobiT dabrunda, me pompeusis, senatisa da sruliad italiis wyalobiT aR-vidgine is mdgomareoba, romelSic adre vimyofebodi“. (Циц&^ Речь народу&^ II^ 5-7)&

ciceronis romSi dabruneba jer kidev ar niSnavda klodiusis saboloo ganadgurebas. mas ukve moeswro er-Tgul pirTagan SeiraRebuli razmebis Seqmna, rac ukve Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis aSkarad mimaniSnebeli iyo.

erTi periodi pompeusTan mimarTebaSi klodiusma daTmoba amjobina. man Zv.w. 56 wels lukas TaTbirze keisa-rTan Zma gagzavna (Cic., Q. fr., II, 4, 4)& maSin keisarma iTava maTi Serigeba, Tumja es droebiTi aRmoCnda. pompeusi uk-ve aSkarad iyo senatis mxareze gadaxrili.

ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis sakiTxSi klodiusi kati-linasTan SedarebiT win wavida. Tu^ katilinam saerTod

gamoricxa monaTa mxardaWera, klodiusma dasayrden Za-lad gaixada soflis monebi [Штаерман,1962:44]& amis garda, klodius mzad hqonda kanonproeqti, romliTac unda mo-

mxdariyo monebis masobrivi gaTavisufleba (Cic., Pro Milo, XII, 89)^ e.i. libertinebad gadaqceva.

cxadia, garkveul etapze klodiusi xelisuflebis-Tvis saSiS Zalad gadaiqca. klodiusis winaaRmdeg brZo-las mniSvnelovnad aneitralebda dasawyisSive mis mimarT TviT triumvirTa^ (pompeusi da keisari) garkveuli inte-resi da aSkara mfarveloba. isini cdilobdnen mis gamoye-nebas senatis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi TavianTi miznebis ga-nxorcielebisTvis. amitom iyo, rom romis umaRlesma ma-gistraturam didi xnis manZilze ver aRkveTa klodiusis

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moqmedeba, magram romSi viTareba radikalurad Seicvala. Sinagani disciplinis moSlam da areulobam romSi

puris importi Seamcira, rac qveyanas SimSiliT da xalxis SesaZlo masobrivi mRelvarebiT daemuqra. aseT fonze, senati da pompeusi erTmaneTs gaurigda da ukanaskneli 5 wliT airCies prokonsulad sagangebo uflebebis miniWe-biT. mas unda uzrunvelyo wesrigi da puris Semotana, ri-sTvisac xazinidan gamoeyo 40 mil. sesterciumi (Cic., Q. fr., II, 5, 1)& am TanxiT pompeuss romisaTvis revolucia unda aecila.

aseT viTarebaSi, klodiusmac amowura Tavisi roli da^ misi ganeitralebis mizniT pompeusma mas milonis razebmi daupirispira. marTlac, ariciumis gzaze milonma mokla klodiusi, rasac romSi areuloba mohyva. qalaqSi gaCnda xanZari, daiwva kuria. garTulebis Tavidan acile-bis mizniT miloni sasamarTlos gadasjes. pompeusi, rome-lic imJamad iyo sine colega da wesrigis damvelis idealuri mmarTvelis funqcias asrulebda, procesze^ bralmdeblis roli iTava (Апп.^ Гражданские войны, XIV, II^ 23)& mas ukve aRar sWirdeboda miloni. igi masSi konkurents xedavda da xeli ki SeuSala sakonsulo arCevnebSi (iqve, 20).

prokonsulad daniSvniT pompeusi da senati erTmane-Ts gaurigdnen, Tumca bolomde ara, radgan pompeuss ma-Sin mxolod samoqalaqo rwmuneba mianiWes. amis gamo igi garkveulad nawyeni iyo, magram keisris warmatebebiT ga-mwarebulma boRma gadaylapa da samoqalaqo mmarTveloba-ze daTanxmda. pompeusisa da senatis SeTanxmeba ki safr-

Txes uqmnida@triumviratis simtkices. senati amiT fiqro-bda triumvirebis urTierTdapirispirebas da metismetad amaRlebuli keisris ganeitralebas.

pompeusis daaxloeba senatTan garkveulad daaCqara krasusTan urTierTobis kvlav gauaresebam. Tu adre kra-susi pompeusis dasamcireblad lukuluss uWerda mxars (Апп.^ Гражданские войны, XIV, II^ 9)^ amjerad farulad ewe-oda klodiusis finansirebas (Cic., O.fr., II, 3, 4). yovelive ki

45

triumviratSi krizisis momwifebaze miuTiTebda [surgu-

laZe,2011:217-218]& ciceroni romSi triumfiT ki dabrunda, magram

klodiusisagan miyenebuli daRi imdenad mZime darCa, rom man rig sakiTxebze guli aicrua. iseTi STabeWdileba iq-mneboda, rom didebaze fiqri, romliTac igi yovelTvis Sepyrobili iyo, masSi Cakvda. igi TiTqosda ukve aRar mi-iswrafoda didi politikur saqmianobisaken da kmayofili rCeboda meorexarisxovani roliT, oRond saSiSroeba ar

yofiliyo [Ферреро,1916:59]&


1. k.surgulaZe, ciceroni da romi, Tb., 2009; 2. Ферреро Г., Величие и падение Рима, т. II, М., 1916; 3. Утченко С., Кризис и падение Римской республики, М., 1964 4. Утченко С., Древний Рим, М., 1969; 5. Утченко С., Юлий Цезарь, М., 1976; 6. История Европы (Древняя Европа), т. 1, М., 1988; 7. Штаерман Е., Рабы и отпущенники в социальной борьбе конца ре-

спублики, ВДИ, 1962, №1, с. 24-45; 8. Штюрмер Л., Рим до и во время Юлия Цезаря, СПб., 1876; 9. Cowell F.R., Cicero and the Roman Republic, London, 1956

46

Кахабер Сургуладзе

Из истории политической борьбы в Древнем Риме (противостояние Цицерона и Клодия)

Резюме

1. Наглядной картиной политических баталий в Риме (I век до н.э) было противостояние Цицерона и Клодия.

2. Скандальная личность – Клодий , руках Триумвирата, был орудием борьбы против сенатской олигархии.

3. Исполняющий обязанность народного трибуна, Клодий занимался бомбардировкой Сената популистскими законами, рассчитанными на привлечение люмпен-пролетариата.

4. Ослаблению Сената способствовало изгнание Клодием из Рима Катона и Цицерона. Между собой их связывала личная вражда.

5. С изгнанием Цицерона Клодий стал ендиноправным правителем Рима. Постепенно начал ущемлять в правах Цезаря и Помпея. В сложившихся условиях, его нейтрализация возможной становится только лишь силами Цицерона. Триумвы соглашаются на его возвращение в Рим.

47

Kakhaber Surguladze

From History of Political Fights in Ancient Rome

(Cicero-Clodius controversy) Summary

1. Cicero-Clodius controversy was a obvious picture of the current

political fights in the Ist century AD in the Ancient Rome. 2. A scandalous person Clodius was an anti-senate tool of

triumvirate. 3. Clodius, serving on people tribune’s position, bombed lupmen-

proletaries oriented populist laws. 4. Caton and Cicero exile served the Senate’s weakening.The last

one connected it with the personal enemity. 5. Cicreo’s exile caused Clodius’ rule in Rome. He gradually began

Ceasar’s and Pompeus’ oppression. His blockage was possible only by Cicero and triumvirate confirmed his return.

48

irakli manveliZe zaza burkaZe

saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis sistemis

evropuli Taviseburebebi

saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis perspeqtiva rogorc

regionalur, ise globalur ganzomilebaSi mWidrodaa da-kavSirebuli omisa da mSvidobis mravalwliani problemis ga-

dawyvetasTan. es pirvel rigSi evropis kontinents exeba, romelic ori msoflio omis wyaro da ZiriTadi asparezi

iyo. xangrZlivi drois ganvalobaSi evropis kontinentze mosaxleoba Tanaarsebobis sxvadasxva modelebis farglebSi, SeiaraRebuli konfrontaciiT dawyebuli politikuri in-

tegraciis CamoyalibebiT damTavrebuli. am uknasknelis saw-

yisi Tavdapirvelad ekonomikuri faqtori iyo, xolo Semdeg mas socialur-politikuri da usafrTxoebis aspeqtebic da-

emata. saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis globaluri probleme-

bi Tavis gamoxatulebas sul ufro metad regionaluri usafrTxoebis kompleqsebSi poulobs. Tumca, maTi gamovli-

neba yvela regionSi erTnairi rodia. regionalur proceseb-ze msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifoebis mier garedan provo-

cirebuli politika axdens gavlenas. magram ama Tu im regi-onSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs lokalur proble-

mebsac, romlebic mxolod konkretuli regionisTvisaa dama-

xasiaTebeli. regionaluri usafrTxoeba, romelic saerTaSoriso

usafrTxoebis Semadgeneli nawilia, konkretul regionSi sa-erTaSoriso urTierTobebis iseTi specifikuri damaxasia-

Tebeli mdgomareobaa, romelic Tavisufalia samxedro, eko-

nomikuri da sxva saxis safrTxeebisagan, aseve im garedan Ca-

49

revisa da Tavdasxmebisagan, romlebic regionis saxelmwifo-

ebis damoukideblobasa da suverenitets xelyofs. marTalia saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebasa da regiona-

lur usafrTxoebas saerTo niSnebi, magram am ukanasknels gamovlenis Tavisi formebic aqvs, rac konkretuli regio-

nis TaviseburebebTan, maTSi ZalTa balanisi konfiguracias-

Tan, maT istoriul, kulturul, religiur tradiciebTan da a.S. aris dakavSirebuli.

regionaluri usafrTxoebis pirveli forma Sida in-tegraciaa. imisaTvis rom moxdes regionaluri usafrTxoe-bis procesis mxardaWera SeiZleba amisaTvis Seqimnas orga-

nizacia (mag. euTo) an saxelmwifoebi ufro universalur ga-

erTianebaSi Sevidnen (mag., amerikuli saxelmwifoebis orga-

nizacia, afrikis kavSiri). an kidev SeiZleba saxelmwifoebma konkretuli regionis farglebSi ganaviTaron integracia, Seqmnan zeerovnuli institutebi, maT Soris usafrTxoebis da Tavdacvis mimarTulebiT da institucionalur donze daiwyon fiqri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis, risi klasikuri magaliTic Tanamedrove etapze evrokavSiria.

regionaluri usafrTxoebis meore forma Sida integ-raciasTan erTad wamyvani saxelmwifoebis Carevis faqtor-sac iTvaliswinebs. msoflios sxvadasxva regionebSi usaf-rTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia wamyvani saxelmwifoebis Carevis xarisxic. meore msoflio omis Sem-deg evropis regioni amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis da sab-

WoTa kavSiris mxridan msgavsi ,,Carevis“ obieqtad iqca. uf-

ro adre ki, kontinenturi evropis usafrTxoebas safrange-

Tis, germaniis, ruseTis da didi britaneTis urTierTdamo-

kidebuleba gansazRvravda. civi omis periodSi evropam TiT-qos dakarga sakuTari usafrTxoebis uzruvelyofis fun-

qcia. am kuTxiT mis garkveul nawilze pasuxismgebloba ame-

rikis SeerTebuli Statebma aiRo, rasac igi natos fargleb-

Si anxorcielebda. evropis aRmosavleTi nawilis usafrTxo-

50

ebis ,,uzrunvelyofa” varSavis blokis meSveobiT sabWoTa

kavSirma ikisra. bipolaruli saerTaSoriso sistemis daSlis Semdeg

aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebis nawili natos wevri gaxda. am dros evropis kontinentze momxdari cvlilebebi centralur da aRmosavleT evropis, balkaneTis da postsab-

WoTa sivrcis regionebs Seexeo. aseve aSkara iyo aSS-is uda-vod didi roli evropis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi XX

saukunis 90-ian wlebSi da XXI saukunis damdegsac ki. iugos-lavis krizisma aSkarad warmoaCina evropis uZlureba natos

mxardaWeris gareSe gamklaveboda problemebs. am garemoe-bebma evrokavSiri aiZula sakuTari usafrTxoebis politi-

kis ganviTarebaze daewyo fiqri. saerTo interesebis da usafrTxoebis garSemo evropis gaerTianebis Zvelma ideam aranarto xorcSesxma iwyo, aramed mas ukve realuri maxasia-

Teblebi da niSnebic gauCnda. evropuli usafrTxoeba yovelTvis regionalur kon-

teqstSi ganixileboda. ase xdeboda civi omis periodSi, ro-ca saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis evropuli qvesistema ori urTierTdapirispirebuli zesaxelmwifos globalur siste-

maSi centraluri nawili iyo. Tumca evropaSi ori blokis dapirispirebas ara marto regionaluri, aramed globaluri ganzomilebac hqonda. civi omis dasrulebis Semdegac ki ev-ropa da evroatlantikuri sivrce agrZeleben koncentrire-

bas usafrTxoebis sferoSi. es ar niSnavs imas, rom regioni ar acnobierebs usafrTxoebis globalur gamomwvevebs. pi-

riqiT, usafrTxoebis yvela koncefcia rogorc nacionalur ise mravalmxvriv doneze, xazs usavms saWiro adekvaturi pa-suxebis aucileblobas axali globaluri gamowvevebis da riskebis winaaRmdeg25.

25 М.М. Лебедева, Т.В. Юрьева, Архитектура европейской безопасности: глобальный и региональный аспекты, ix. bmulze - http://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/fileserver/20/16_Lebedeva.pdf

51

amrigad, saerTaSoriso usafrTxoeba rogorc globa-lur, ise mWidrodakavSirebuli calkeuli regionebis usaf-

rTxoebas moicavs. globaluri problemebis gamwvaveba gav-

lenas axdens socialur-politikuri xasiaTis winaaRmdego-

bebis gaZlierebaze calkeul regionebSi, rac Tavis mxriv regionaluri konfliqtebis da krizisebis gazrdis saSiSro-

ebas qmnis. mwvave globaluri problemebis Serbileba, maTi SesaZlo saSiSi Sedegebis daZleva moiTxovs usafrTxoebis mxardaWeris gaZlierebas calkeul regionebSi, rac sayo-

velTao usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebas uwyobs xels. amasTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebul aqtualobas iZens erToblivi Zalisxmevebi saerTaSoriso mSvidobis mxardasaWerad, rac koletqiur usafrTxoebas gulisxmobs.

evropis kontinentze ganviTarebuli da ganStoebadi koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis regionaluri organizaciebis sistema Camoyalibda. evropuli usafrTxoebis am sistemas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs, romlis msvlelobaSic man ramdeni-

me etapi ganvlo. am procesSi sxvadasxva struqturebi mona-

wileobdnen, romlebic erTmaneTisagan samarTlebrivi, or-ganizaciuli da materialuri SemadgenlobiT gansxvavdebo-

da. am procesSi mniSvnelovan rols ,,civilizaciuri“ faqto-

ri da kontinentze ekonomikuri integraciac TamaSobda. ci-vilizaciuri faqtori gansazRvravs integraciis sam Ziri-

Tad mimarTulebas: transatlantikurs, evrocentristuls da evraziuls.

pirveli natos farglebSi amerikis SeerTebul Sta-tebsa da kanadasTan evropuli saxelmwifoebis mWidro ur-

TierTobebs gulisxmobs; meore evrointegraciis damoukidebeli mimarTule-

biT ganisazRvreba. mesame usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis evropuli ko-

leqtiuri struqturis formirebis procesSi postsabWoTa qveynebis CarTvas gulisxmobs.

52

civi omis dasrulebis da varSavis xelSekrulebis ga-uqmebis Semdeg dasavleT evropuli saxelmwifoebis mier SemuSavebul iqna ,,axali atlantizmis“ koncefcia, romel-Sic Camoyalibebuli iyo natos amocanebi iseTi axali saf-

rTxeebis gamovlenis pirobebSi, rogoricaa masobrivi ganad-

gurebis iaraRis gavrceleba, eTnikuri da religiuri kon-

fliqtebi, terorizmi, eqstremizmi, radikalizmi da a.S. am axalma miznebma nato aiZula samxedro-politikuri bloki-dan ZiriTadad politikur organizaciad transfomirebuli-

yo. Tumca amave dros man Tavdacvisa da samSvidobo opera-ciebis warmoebisaTvis aucilebeli samxedro potenciali SeinarCuna.

,,evropeizmis“ momxreebi XX s-is 90-iani wlebis bolos

gaaqtiurdnen, roca TavianTi miswarafebebi erTian evro-

pul aqtsa da maastrixtis xelSekrulebaSi asaxes. am ideam Tavisi ganviTareba 1997 wlis amsterdamis xelSekrulebaSi

hpova, roca saerTo sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis sferoebSi evrokavSiris kompetenciebis gafarToeba moxda. evropeistebis erT-erTi mizani evropis regionze amerikis

SeerTebuli Statebis gavlenis Sesustebaa. evropeizmis ide-is farglebSi iqna swored wamoyenebuli iniciativa evropu-

li swarfi reagirebis Zalebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, romelic re-gionSi mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelmyofi opera-

ciebis ganexorcielebas SeZlebda. 1998 wlis sen malos Sex-vedram faqtobrivad usafrTxoebis mimarTulebiT bevrad farTo gaerTianebiTi procesebis daCqareba gansazRvra 26.

miuxedavad garkevuli winaaRmdegobebisa evropuli regionaluri usafrTxoebis sistemaSi mniSvnelovan Tavise-burad SeiZleba CaiTvalos sxvadasxva geopolitikuri siv-rcis momcveli struqturebis arseboba rogoricaa magali-

26 А.Ю. Бойко, Развитие парадигми европейской безопасностиб Жур., Мир и Политика, №04 (55), 2011.

53

Tad nato, evrokavSiri da euTo da a.S. nato moicavs tran-

satlantikur sivrces, evrokavSiri sakuTriv evropis regi-

ons, xolo euTo transatlantikursac da evraziulsac. ase-ve gansxvavebulia maTi meqanizmebi usafrTxoebis uzrun-

vlyofis kuTxiT. ,,civilizaciuri“ faqtori mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli

evropaSi integraciuli procesebis ekonomikur sawyisebTan. es ukanaskneli aseve mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs evropis koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis SeqmnaSi. mag., aSS-is da evropis qveynebis ekonomikebis mWidro urTierTdamokide-

buleba qmnis myar ekonomikur safuZvels maTi samxedro-po-

litikuri integraciisaTvis. natos Seqmna faqtobrivad ,,marSalis gegmis“ ekonomikuri da politikuri komponente-

bis Tanxvedra iyo. igive SeiZleba iTqvas evrokavSiris for-mirebis da gafarToebis proeqtzec. igi moicavs koleqtiu-

ri usafrTxoebis komponents - dasavleT evropuli kavSirs saxiT da aseve evrokavSiris usafrTxoebis da Tavdacvis da-

moukidebel politikasac27. evropaSi integraciuli procesebis formireba daiw-

yo usafrTxoebis iseTi saerTo problemebis gaazrebiT, ro-

goric sagareo da saSinao safrTxeebi iyo. evropis kavSiris Seqmnam Secvala evropis saxelmwifoTa urTierTobebi. maT Soris yvela sadavo sakiTxi zeerovnuli institutebis WrilSi mSvidobiani gziT wydeba.

Tumca, balkaneTis omma evropelebs daanaxva, rom omis safrTxe regionSi mainc arsebobs da evropa aseTi ga-mowvevbisaTvis mzad unda iyos. evropas aseve amerikis Seer-Tebuli Statebis raketsawinaaRmdegeo sistemebis evropis kontinentze SesaZlo ganalgebis gamo SeiaraRebuli Sejib-

ris axali raundic emuqreba.

27 А.Б. Логунов, Региональная и национальная безопасность, Учебное пособие, M., 2009

54

regionaluri usafrTxoebis ganviTarebis kuTxiTac evrokavSiris gafarToeba mniSvnelovani meqanizmia, vinaidan gafarToebam saSualeba misca saxelmwifoTa am did gaerTia-

nebas, evropis kontinentze usafrTxoebis da stabilurobis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seetana. evrokav-Siri cdilobs ar dauSvas axali gamyofi xazebis warmoqmna evropaSi da xels uwyobs stabilurobis da keTildReobis damkvidrebas rogorc, axali sazRvriT Semofarglul teri-

toriaze, ise mis farglebs gareT. evropaSi xangrZlivi evoluciis Sedegad Camoyalib-

da saerTaSoriso organizaciis rTuli sistema, romelic regionaluri usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebasac emsaxureba da razec evrokavSiris usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacis politikis ganviTareba metyvelebs.

evrokavSiris usafrTxoebis da Tavdacvis politikis WrilSi evropuli usafrTxoebis Tanamedrove regionaluri sistemis formirebisaTvis mimdinareobs axali meqanizmebis SemuSaveba. samxedro faqtori usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyo-

faSi aranakleb mniSvnelovania, miuxedvad imisa, rom mas do-

minirebis is xarisxi ar aqvs rac wina saukuneebSi. amJamad ev-

ropuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa moicavs birTvuli, energetikuli, sainformacio da ekologiuri usafrTxoebis dacvas, krizisebis prevenciul regulirebas, brZolas saer-

TaSoriso terorizmTan da a.S. usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi ev-

ropuli integraciis kulminaciad SeiZleba CaiTvalos 2004 wlis 12 ivliss evropis Tavdacvis saagentos Seqmna. es met-

yvelebs, imaze rom evropis kontinenti bevrad saerTaSori-so usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi Zlieri da saimedo siste-

mis saxiT gvevlineba. amave dros, evropis erT-erTi priori-

tetuli mizania gaeros rolis gaZliereba, vinaidan is aris erTaderTi organizacia, romelic mSvidobisa da stabilu-

robis uzrunvelyofisaTvis Zalas gamoiyenebs.

55

evropaSi usafrTxoebis efeqturi sistemis Seqmna Se-

saZlo saSinao da sagareo, samxedro da arasamxedro saf-

rTxeebis obieqtur, zust Sefasebas da adekvaturi moqmede-

bebis ganxorcielebas moiTxovs. Sesabamisad, evropuli sa-zogadoeba mTavari safrxeebis gamovlenasa da prevenciis ganxorcielebzea orientirebuli. vinaidan msoflioSi mim-

dinareobs globaluri cvlilebebi, gavlenis sferoebisa da energoresursebiT mdidari regionebisaTvis brZola da in-

tegraciuli procesebi, ikveTeba ZalTa axali centrebis formirebis konturebi, mwvavdeba sxvadasxva saxis regiona-

luri konfliqtebi, Cans mravalpolusiani msoflios Camoya-

libebis tendencia. evropis saxelmwifoebs sul ufro uZli-erdebaT survili ganaxorcielon damoukidebeli da kon-

struqciuli sagareo politika, Tavidan aicilon gare Zale-bis Careva maT Sida saqmeebSi da ekonomika gare safrTxebisa-

gan daicvan. Tanamedrove etapze msofliosa da maT Soris evro-

pis TanamegobrobisaTvis mTavari safrTxeebia:masobrivi ga-

nadgurebis iaraRis gavrceleba, energetikuli krizisi, eko-

nomikuri krizisi, saerTaSoriso terorizmi, regionaluri da lokaluri konfliqtebi, saerTaSoriso organizebuli danaSauli, strategiuli stabilurobis darRveva, narkovaW-

roba, bunebis dacva, sainformacio omi, resursebis defici-

ti, klimaturi cvlilebebi, radikalizmi da eqstremizmi. aR-

niSnuli safrTxeebis analizi aCvenebs, rom Tanamedrov ev-

ropis samxedro-politikur situaciaze swored isini axde-nen gadamwyvet gavlenas. am gamowvevebis winaaRmdeg efeqtu-ri brZolis aucileblobis gaazreba cvlis usafrTxoebaze traciciul Sexedulebas evropaSi. es ki aris is arsebiTi faqtori, romelic gavlenas axdens usafrTxoebis erTiani evropuli sistemis Camoyalibebaze, romelsac evropis qvey-

nebi evrokavSiris bazaze anxorcieleben.

56

sagareo da Sida safrTxeebis xasiaTis cvlilebebi gavlenas axdens evropuli usafrTxoebis sistemis Sinaarsa da misi mTavari monawileebis qcevaze. evropuli usafrTxo-ebis uzrunvelyofis problemisadmi axali midgomis ganmas-

xvavebeli niSania - pirveli: usafrTxoebis kompleqsuri xa-

siaTis gageba, rac niSnavs usafrTxoebis samxedro aspeqte-bis Semcirebas da samoqalaqo da arasamxedro aspeqtebis gaZlierebas; meore: usafrTxoebis Tematur komponentebad dayofa (ekologiuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturu-

li) da mesame: usafrTxoebis sabazisoi niSnebi, romelic da-

mokidebulia misi miRwevis mizanze, strategiaze, principeb-

sa da meTodebze (koleqtiuri usafrTxoeba, kooperatiu-

li/TanamSromlobiTi usafrTxoeba da prevenciuli usaf-

rTxoeba). am aspeqtebis kompleqsuri analizi saSualebas iZ-leva davinaxoT Tanamedrove evropuli usafrTxoebis sis-

temis Seqmnis iseTi safuZvlebi, rogoricaa: politikuri TanmSromloba, nacionaluri da saxelmwifoTSorisi Tav-

dacviTi struqturebis Seqmna, saxelmwifoTaSorisi samxed-

ro dagegmarebis formireba, SeiaraRebis Semcireba, samxed-

ro struqturebis gardaqmna, politikur da samxedro siste-mebs Soris urTierTdamokidebuleba agresiis aRkveTis eko-

nomikur zomebTan erTad da a. S. evropaSi ekonomikuri, politikuri da Semdeg samxed-

ro integraciis gaRrmavebam iseTi situacia Seqmna, romelis drosac evrokavSiris qveynebma SeZles saerTaSoriso arena-

ze erTiani poziciiT gamosuliyvnen da axali samxedro-po-

litikuri centris rolze ganecxadebinaT pretenzia. Tana-medrove etapze usafrTxoebis evropuli sistemis Seqmnis monawileebi arian: gaero, romelic aris erT-erTi yvelaze efeqturi saerTaSoriso instituti ZalTa mravalpolusiani balansis mmarTvis kuTxiT evropaSi; euTo, romelic Tama-Sobs mTavari koordinatoris rols evropuli saxelmwifoe-

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bis erToblivi Zalisxmevis SemuSavebis mimarTulebiT axali koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis formirebis saqmeSi; Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba, romelic warmoadgens efeqtur instruments uzrunvelyos stabilu-

roba atlatidan uralamde; nato, romelic pasuxismgebelia misi wevri saxelmwifoebis usafrTxoebasa da Tvdacvis uz-

runvelyofaze da bolos, evrokavSiri28, romelic sul uf-ro da ufro warmatebiT aviTarebs usafrTxoebisa da Tavda-

cis politikas. usafrTxoebis evropuli sistemis ZiriTadi princi-

pebis analizi yvela misi Semadgeneli komponentis gaTvalis-

winebiT aCvenebs, rom masSi prioritetulia rogorc samxed-

ro-strategiuli, ise samoqalaqo mimarTuleba. evrokavSi-ris usafrTxoebis da Tavdacvis politikis magaliTze kar-

gad Cans, rom regionaluri usafrTxoebis efeqturi, moqme-di sistemis Camoyalibeba didi da patar saxelmwifoebis Se-

Tanxmebuli poziciidan, krizisebis prevenciis da mogvare-

bisaTvis politikuri, diplomatiuri sanqciebis gamoyenebi-

dan, politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis meqanizmebis damuSavebidan, konfliqtebis prevenciidan da urTierTndo-

bis gaZlierebidan gamomdinareobs .29

28 Архитектура евроатлантической безопасности, Под общей редакцией проф. И.Ю. Юргенса, А.А. Дынкина, В.Г. Барановского, М., Экон-Информ, 2009, c. 12-36. 29 evropuli usafrTxoebis sistemis erT-erT mniSvnelovan problemad rCeba ruseTis uaryofiTi damokidebuleba natos da evrokavSiris aRmosavleTiT gafarToebis sakiTxi. es calke kvlevis sagani da mas ar vexebiT. aseve calke gansjis sagania evropuli usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis rusuli varianti, romlis arsic aris samxedro-politikuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT Seiqmnas evro-atlantikuri sivrcis erTiani, gauyofeli are.

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evropis usafrTxoebis Tanamedrove regionaluri sistemis formirebis mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba is aris, rom masSi monawileobas Rebuloben evropis is saxelmwifoe-

bi, romlebic ukve arian sxvadasxva saxis, usafrTxoebis dac-vaze orientirebuli saerTaSoriso struqturebis subieq-

tebi. Sesabamisad gamoiyofa qveynebis xuTi tipi: qveynebi, romlebic arian evrokavSiris da natos wevrebi da amiT Re-

buloben garkveul sargebels; qveynebi, romlebic arian mxo-

lod an natos an mxolod evrokavSiris wevri; qveynebi, rom-

lebic marTalia miekuTvnebian erT instituts, magram surT rom iamavdroulad gaxdnen meore institutis wevric; qvey-

nebi, romlebic ar ekuTvnian arcerT dasaxelebul insti-

tuts, magram maTi wevrobis zRvarze arian; qveynebi, romleb-sac evrokavSirSi an natoSi gawevrianebis perspeqtiva ara

aqvT. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba aris is, rom

evropis kontinentze usafrTxoebis sistemis arqiteqtura-

ze evropuli, amerikuli da rusuli Sexedulebebi arse-

bobs.30 xSirad es Sexedulebebi ikveTeba, ris Sedegadac vRe-

bulobT evro-atlantikur/transatlantikur da evraziul modelebs. es ukanaskneli amJamad naklebad ganxilvadia. sak-

maod dapirispirebulia transatlantizmi da evropeizmi. Tumca Tanamedrove etapze maTi Tanaarseboba sicocxlisu-

narianobas avlens.

30 Договор о Европейской безопасности: импульс к развитию отношений России и Европы, под ред. М.В. Братерского и С.В. Кортунова, М., 2011.

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Иракли Манвелидзе Заза Буркадзе

Европейские особенности системы

международной безопасности Резюме

1. Международная безопасность всегда рассматривается в

региональном контексте. Так было и в период Второй мировой войны, когда европейская подсистема международных отношений являлась центральной частью глобальной системы противостояния двух великих держав.

2. На Европейском континенте сформировалась еще более развитая и разветвленная система безопасности коллективных региональных организаций, которая прошла несколько этапов развития. В этом процессе важную роль играл «цивилизационный» фактор и экономическая интеграция на континенте. Цивилизационный фактор определяет три основных направления интеграции: трансатлантическое, евроцентристское и евразийское.

3. Для развития региональной безопасности, расширение Евросоюза является важным механизмом, т.к. оно дало возможность такому большому объединению государств, сделать важный шаг в деле способстованию безопасности и стабильности на Европейском континенте.

4. Отличительной особенностью нового подхода проблемы обеспечения европейской безопасности являются: во-первых, понятие комплексного характера безопасности; во-вторых, разделение безопасности на тематические компоненты (экологический, экономический, социальный, культурный) и в третьих – базисные признаки безопасности. Этот комплексный анализ дает возможность увидеть такие основы современной европейской системы безопасности как: политическаое сотрудничество, создание структуры национальной и

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межгосударственной обороны, формирование межгосударственной военного планирования, сокращение вооружений, преобразование военных структур, взаимозависимость между политическими и экономическими системами в целях искорениения агрессии посредством экономических мер и т. д.

5. Анализ основных принципов безопасности европейской системы, при учитывании всех ее составляющих компонентов, показывает, что в них приоритетным являются как военно-стратегическое, так и гражданское направление.

6. Важной особенностью формирования современной региональной системы является, тот факт, что в ней принимают участие те государства Европы, которые уже являюся субъектами других международных структур, направленных на защиту безопасности.

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Irakli Manvelidze

Zaza Burkadze

European peculiarities of international security system Summary

1. The European security is always discussed in the regional context.

This was the case in the cold war period when the European subsystem of international relations was in the center of global system of two opposed superpowers.

2. A more developed and collective system of regional security organizations has developed on the European continent which has undergone several stages of development. “Civilized” factor has played an important role in this process as well as economic integration occurring on the continent. Civilization factor defines three main directions of integration: transatlantic, Eurocentric and Eurasian.

3. European integration is an important mechanism in the development of regional security because integration gave these countries a chance to make an important step in the development of security and stability on the European continent.

4. The different features of European security is – first: understanding the complex nature of security system; second: dividing the security matters according to thematic components (ecological, economic, social, cultural) and the third:main features of security. A complex analysis of these aspects gives us a chance to see the basics of creating modern European security system. And these basics are political cooperation, creation of national and intergovernmental defensive structures, formation of intergovernmental military planning, decreasing military capacity, changing military structures, relations between political and military systems and so on.

5. The analysis of the main principles of the European security system shows us that bothmilitary and civic aspects are important in it.

6. An important feature of the formation of the modern regional European security system is that those European countries take part in it which are already members of different international security structures.

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Giorgi Jikvaria

The Struggle of the Bulgarian People against the Ottoman Empire

After founding as a state, the conquest of Bulgaria acquired an

utmost importance for Ottoman Empire, as it could perform a role of perfect bridge-head for further progress. So, that is the main reason why Ottomans were trying to seize the Bulgarian domain during the whole 14-th century and after expending its borders deep into the Balkan peninsular, they were in hopes of paving their way into the Central and Eastern Europe. In this case, The Ottoman victory at Kosovo in 1389 gave a go-ahead to their progression toward the Balkan Peninsular. The latter was then under governance of Byzantium.

After achieving victory in the Kosovo Field, Ottomans invaded Albania. This successful military engagement of the Turks constrained the emperor of Bulgaria Ivan Shishman to find allies to defend from Ottomans, but in vain. In spring 1393, the Bayezid I marched to the capital Tarnovo and besieged it. After three-month siege, Tarnovo fell. The Ottoman campaign of 1393 devastated Bulgaria; in the wake of that invasion, the lands of Ivan Shishman were limited to Nikopol and several towns along the Danube. Upon his return from Wallachia after the Battle of Rovine in 1395, Bayezid I attacked and captured Nikopol and murdered Ivan Shishman. Also He abolished the Kingdom of Bulgaria.

Byzantium and whole Europe were deeply in thoughts on account of Ottoman succession and began formation of the crusade against them, to stop their progression to Europe. The Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, widely regarded as the last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages, failed to stop the advance of the victorious Ottoman Turks. By their victory at Nicopolis, the Turks discouraged the formation of future European coalitions against them. They maintained their pressure on Constantinople, tightened their control over the Balkans, and became a greater threat to central Europe.

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Bulgaria, as well as other Balkan regions, was dominated by Ottomans for nearly 4 centuries. However, they were allowed to have cultural autonomies and preserve their religion and customs. Geographically, Bulgaria is the closets to Anatolia. Therefore, Turks settled most densely in Bulgaria.

Among Balkan peoples Bulgarians were the first who started anti Ottoman revolt and fore some reasons these revolts were always coincided with anti Turkish protests of Europeans. For example: in 1592, when Ottoman and Austria war started, which lasted till 1606, the great Bulgarian revolt was broken out named after Tironov. The government of Austria started formation of anti Ottoman coalition before the war, in which were united Ottoman vassal states as were: Wallachia, Moldova, Transylvania. The united powers under leadership of Michael Khrabri attacked Ottoman castle in the Danube. In the attack with the army of Michael Khrabri also participated volunteers’ cavalry consisting of 4000 persons under leadership of Deli Marko and Babi Novaka. The armies of coalition raided north Bulgaria and through destroying Turkish villages they reached to Andrianopole. In parallels, there was partisan warfare in the whole territory of Bulgaria. The main goal of partisan warfare was liberation from Ottomans. By encouragement of Pope and help of Austrian spies the Bulgarian merchants of Tironov district became interested with revolt. Among merchants was the population of Dubrova. For revolt they were prepared by Austrian agent Giovanna Marini. The principal participants of conspiracy were: Todor Balin from Nikopol, ruler of Tarnovo -Dionisi Ralli, merchants from Dubrova- Pavel Jordich and brothers Sokrocheviches. The revolt was also supported by local clergy.

The revolted people acted in accord with agreement. They divided the territory into the regions. Todor Balin acted in the mountains of Nikopol and Balkans. For revolt Peter Jordich prepared Varni, Shumen and Plovdiv and brothers Sorkocheviches – in Tarnovo and Rushuk. The leaders of revolt hoped for Sigizmunda Batori, Prince of Transylvania and Emperor of Austria Rudolf II, who promised them to support with 6000 soldiers in the revolt.

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The reason of revolt became the next success of Michael Khrabri, when he destroyed Ottoman’s army and penetrated into the territory of enemy. The revolt started in Tarnovo where approximately 12000 persons united under the flag of rebels and after Tarnovo the revolt was spread in whole territory of Bulgaria. In spite of selfless fighting, Ottomans could suppress the revolt as the emperor of Austria couldn’t keep promise and Bulgarians fought with their army only. Defeated leaders were forced to escape to Walachia. In spite of unsuccessfulness Tironov revolt became the first general revolt for Bulgarians which was directed against Ottoman ruling.

Despite treason of west European people, Bulgarians hoped for them as they coincided their second revolt with the second war of Turkey-Austria. It is known as a Vienna Siege in 1683.Turkeys miscarried at first here and it was the basis of fall of the Ottoman Empire. The Europeans inspired with the victory and created the holy union in 1686. The members of the union were Austria, Poland, Russia and other countries. The main goal of the union was to destroy Ottoman Empire. In the same year the next anti Ottoman revolt started by leadership of Strasimorovich. The revolt is known in the history as a second Tironov revolt. The rebels were supported by Russia. But Ottomans were still able to fight and defeat rebels.

Despite Ottomans ruling, Bulgaria still had the Renascence period which started in 1762, when Pais Chilendrak wrote “Slavic and Bulgarian History”. The manuscript aroused national feelings in Bulgarian people. He published the book “Nedelnik” in 1806.

The activities of national educators manifested in cultural activities. The establishment of national institutions: the first secular school founded V. Aprilov in Gabrovo, 1835. Release of the first periodicals: "Lyuboslovie", "Bulgarian Eagle" in the 40th year. In 40 - 60 years - the struggle for an independent national church which led to the creation of the Bulgarian Exarchate in 1870.

Financial and cultural growth led to the origination of the national liberation movement. Bulgarian Central Committee appeared in 1866 and the Bulgarian Society was the following in 1868. The beginning of a

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national ideology was initiated by G.S. Rakovsky. In 1869 was founded Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee ideologised and strategised by Vasil Levski and L. Karavelov. The goal of the committees was to prepare for a coordinated uprising, the peak of which happened to be the “April Uprising in 1876” participated by the country's national revolutionary hero, Christo Botev. The April uprising was a failure as a revolution, but due to publicity that was given to the reprisals that followed, it led directly to European demands for reform of the Ottoman Empire, and the Russo-Turkish War, which ended in Turkish defeat, and the signing of the Treaty of San Stefano in March 1878, followed in July that year by the Treaty of Berlin. It thus ultimately achieved its original purpose, the liberation of Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire.

The geopolitical interests of Russian Empire were to get the right of going to Mediterranean Sea and to capture Balkan peninsular from Ottomans. Based upon cruelty to Bulgarians and sympathy of rebels of the world countries, the emperor Alexander II signed manifesto on war with Ottomans in Chisinau on April 12, 1877.

Military actions started on two fronts- in Balkan and Caucasus. At the beginning of war Ottoman’s army consisted of 450 thousand soldiers, 338 thousand of soldiers were on Balkan front, and 70 thousands- Caucasian front. In April 1877, Russian army swam across the river Prut and penetrated in the territory of Romania. In May-June 1877, after the fights, Russians with Bulgarian soldiers swam across the river Danube. After that, Russian army divided into three parts: General Josef Gourko army should go across Balkan Mountains and place in the back of Ottoman’s army in the region of Andrianopole. General Nikolas Krider’s army should take in right flank and seize important fortress Plevna. The army of the heir of throne Alexander should take in left flank of Russian army and seize fortress Reshchuk. The army of Josef Gourko made a fast attack and captured old capital city of Bulgaria -Tarnovo and began to cross the Balkan Mountains.

On July 17, Gourko attacked from the north with four divisions. The two flank divisions captured mountain positions but the two divisions in the

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center were repulsed. On the 18th Gourko attacked from the south. Again the main attack on the pass was repulsed but the Russians carried some of the trenches. Gourko planned a combined attack from the north and the south on the 19th. The next day however the Ottoman forces evacuated the pass and Russia took possession of it.

After taking the pass in July, 1877 the Russian forces built up a defensive position there. Russian General Stoletov placed his 7,500 defenders (5,500 Bulgarians, 2,000 Russians) on three positions at St. Nicholas (today: Peak Stoletov), Central Hill and the reserves in between these two points.

Suleiman Pasha gathered 38,000 Ottomans and was determined to retake the pass instead of simply bypassing it. On August 21, the Ottoman forces bombarded Russian positions and then made an attack against St. Nicholas. The attack was repulsed and the Ottoman forces dug in 100 yards (91 m) away. The next day the Ottoman forces moved their artillery up the mountain side and bombarded the pass while the infantry moved around the Russian flank. On August 23, the Ottoman forces attacked all Russian positions with the main effort again at St. Nicholas where most of the defenders were Bulgarian volunteers. The Ottoman forces thought that the volunteer positions would be easy to capture, but this turned out to be their greatest mistake. Instead, the first unit that began to retreat were the Russians on Central Hill. However, they rallied when the 4th Rifle Brigade arrived and all Ottoman attacks were repulsed. On the 26th, an Ottoman attack on St. Nicholas reached the Russian trenches but was repulsed again by a Bulgarian bayonet charge. More Russian reinforcements arrived and on the 26th, an attack was made against the Ottoman position but driven back to Central Hill. This ended the battle for all practical purposes.

Suleiman Pasha made a second attempt to retake Shipka Pass from the Russians after a failed attempt in August. The Russian defenses had continually been worked on since August but reinforcements were limited due to the siege of Plevna. On September 13, Suleiman began to shell the Russians. The bombardment continued in earnest until the 17th when Suleiman launched a frontal assault against the St. Nicholas position.

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Capturing the first line of trenches, the Ottoman forces moved towards the summit. General Fyodor Radetzky, now commanding the defenses, brought up reinforcements and a Russian counterattack drove the Ottoman forces from all captured ground. Secondary Ottoman assaults to the north were repulsed as well. This would be the last attempt the Ottoman forces made to retake Shipka Pass.

General Radezky, commanding the garrison, made preparations to attack from the pass on January 5 while Gourko brought up two columns under Generals Mikhail Skobelev and Nikolai Mirskii to cut off the Ottoman retreat. On January 8, Radezky's attack began but Skobelev was held up by unsuspected heavy resistance and Mirskii attacked unsupported, making little progress. On January 9, Mirskii faced an Ottoman counterattack, but Skobelev was able to move forward in support and defeat the Ottoman forces. Completely surrounded, the remaining Ottoman forces under Veissel Pasha surrendered the same day.

Russian forces under Gourko were able to crush Suleiman's army at the Battle of Philippopolis several days later and threaten Constantinople.

Russians had the same success on Caucasian front and it troubled European countries. They advised sultan and Russian emperor to conclude a treaty. In order to avoid complications with European countries Alexander II agreed to Sultan and on January 19 (31), 1878, they concluded a Preliminary treaty of Russia and Ottoman in Adrianopole. The treaty was renewed on February 19, and Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano was concluded 12km far from Istanbul. Upon the treaty Serbia, Montenegro and Romania received sovereignty; Bulgaria united with Macedonia and made it as an autonomous principality in Ottoman. Ottoman armies shouldn’t stay in Bulgaria and fortresses should be destroyed. In spite of the fact that Bulgarians were formally stayed under the ruling of Ottomans until 1908, they got self-government from Ottomans.

After achieving actual independence, on April 16, 1879, the founding meeting of Bulgaria adopted constitution and equality of the peoples was established, separation into titles was abolished, all men of 21 old was given the suffrage, self-government of communities, press freedom,

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inviolability of person and property, compulsory free elementary studying and other democratic values were established either.

giorgi WiRvaria

bulgareli xalxis brZola osmaleTis imperiis winaaRmdeg

reziume

XIV saukunis bolos bulgareTi daipyro osmaleTis

imperiam. Tavdapirvelad is vasalur damokidebulebaSi iyo, xolo 1396 wels sulTan baiazeT I nikopolis brZola-Si jvarosnebis damarcxebis Semdeg moaxdina misi aneqsia. TurqTa xuTaswliani batonobis Sedegad qveyna gaCanagda, ganadgurda qalaqebi, Semcirda mosaxleoba.

bulgareli xalxi mravalwlian Seupovar brZolebs awarmoebda osmaleTis imperiis winaaRmdeg, maTgan ramde-nime ajanyeba sayovelTaod cnobilia: konstantines da fruJinas ajanyeba (1408-1413), tirnovis pirveli ajanyeba (1598), tirnovis meore ajanyeba (1686), karpoSis ajanyeba (1689). yela aRniSnuli ajanyeba damarcxda.

1860-1870 ww. konstantinopolis patriarqisagan bulgareTis eklesiis damoukideblobis mopovebisaTvis mimdinare brZola warmatebiT dasrulda. TurqeTis mier eklesiis damoukideblobias aRiareba mniSvnelovani nabi-ji iyo damoukideblobisaTvis warmoebul brZolaSi. vid-re bulgareTis erovnuli gmirebi qristo botoevi, liben karavelovi da vasili levski saidumlod amzadebdnen ajanyebas, kaprivSticis mcxovreblebema 1876 wels droze adre daiwyes ajanyeba. igi uprecedento sisastikiT Caax-

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Sves Turqebma. plovdivSi 15 aTasi bulgareli dasajes, daangries 58 sofeli.

1877-78 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omebis Sedegad, san-stefanos sazavo xelSekrulebiT TurqeTma bulgareTs ga-dasca balkaneTis naxevrakunZulis 60%.

Гиорги Джиквариа

Борьба болгарского народа против Османская империя

Резюме

В конце XIV века Болгария была завоёвана Османской империей. Сначала она находилась в вассальной зависимости, а в 1396 году султан Баязид I аннексировал её после победы над крестоносцами в битве при Никополе. Результатом пятисотлетнего турецкого ига было полное разорение страны, уничтожение городов, в частности, крепостей, и уменьшение населения. Болгары сопротивлялись и поднимали многочисленные восстания против Османской империи, наиболее известные из которых восстание Константина и Фружина (1408—1413), Первое Тырновское восстание (1598), Второе Тырновское восстание (1686), восстание Карпоша (1689). Все они были подавлены.

В 1860 г. началось движение за независимую от константинопольского патриарха церковь, которое увенчалось успехом через десять лет. Признание Турцией автономности болгарской Церкви явилось важным шагом на пути к независимости. Пока будущие национальные герои Болгарии: Христо Ботев, Любен Каравелов и Василий Левский — в глубокой тайне готовились к освободительной войне, жители Копривштица подняли в апреле 1876 г. преждевременное восстание. Оно было подавлено с

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беспрецедентной жестокостью. В Пловдиве было казнено 15 тысяч болгар, а также разрушено 58 деревень.

Такой поворот событий заставил Сербию объявить Турции войну, в которую в апреле 1877 г. вступили на стороне Сербии Россия и Румыния. Решающие сражения состоялись под Плевеном и Шипкой. Россия потеряла в этой войне 200 тысяч человек убитыми и ранеными. Когда русские войска подошли к Стамбулу на 50 км, турки сложили оружие, испугавшись возможности полного разгрома. По подписанному в Сан-Стефано договору Турция отдавала Болгарии 60% Балканского полуострова.

References

1. Svanizde M. _ History of Turkey, Tb. 2007; 2. Ottoman Empire and Central, Western and South-Eastern

Countries in XV-XVI Centuries. M. 1984; 3. Goodwin J. - The Rise and Fall of the Ottoman Empire; 4. Shirokorad A.B. - The Rise and Fall of the Ottoman Empire; 5. Russo-Turkish war1877-www.xenophon-

mil.org/milhist/modern/russoturk.htm; 6. Budev A - Old engravings: From the Russo-Turkish war 1877-

1878, which won.

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irakli gorgilaZe

zogierTi mosazreba kaspiis zRvis (tbis)

statusi irgvliv

(politikuri da samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi)

kaspiis regionis usazRvro simdidre rom ara, buneb-

rivia ar iqneboda gansakuTrebuli problemebic misi statu-

sis gansazRvrebis irgvliv. statusi - esaa sazRvari, rome-

lic uzrunvelyofs gavlenis sferoTa gadanawilebas. nebis-

mieri gadanawileba ki mTavrdeba imiT, rom viRac rCeba gar-

kveulwilad mogebuli, viRac wagebuli. ukve ramdenime welia mimdinareobs saxelmwifoTSo-

risi diskusia kaspiis zRvis statusis irgvliv, rac TavisTa-

vad naosnobis, Tevzis rewvisa da sxva bioresursebis racio-

nalurad gamoyenebis sakiTxebsac gulisxmobs. aucilebelia axali SeTanxmebis gaformeba, ramdena-

dac sabWoTa kavSirsa da irans Soris xelmowerili (1921; 1940 ww.) SeTanxmebani kaspiis Taobaze, ZiriTadad Tevzis rewvis uflebas exeboda. saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, Tu kaspiis zRvas miiCneven tbad, maSin igi aRiarebul unda iqnas saerTo tbad da nebismieri dazverviTi samuSaoebis Ca-tareba mimdebare saxelmwifoebTan winaswar SeTanxmebas mo-

iTxovs. xolo Tu kaspia iwodeba zRvad maSin is gayofil un-

da iqnas xuT mosazRvre (ruseTi, irani, azerbaijani, yazaxe-

Ti, TurqmeneTi) seqtorad da TiToeuli mxare miiRebs uf-

lebas Tavis teritoriaze. ramdenime welia mosazRvre saxelmwifoebi awarmoe-

ben molaparakebebs kaspiis wyalsatevis samarTlebriv sta-

tusTan dakavSirebiT. molaparakebebi sasargeblo iyo imiT, rom cxadi gaxda TiToeuli mxaris pozicia. gamoikveTa problemis sirTule.

72

azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa mineraluri resursebis miTvi-

seba-aTvisebis irgvliv. arsebobs konsesusis bazac, iseT sa-

kiTxebSi rogorebicaa magaliTad, naosnobis uzrunvelyofa, Tevzrewva, zRvis (tbis) sahaero akvatoriis, bioresursebis racionaluri gamoyeneba.

am sakiTxebis irgvliv kaspiispira saxelmwifoTa um-

ravlesobas gaaCniaT konvenciaTa sakuTari proeqtebi, ra Tqma unda, wyalsatevis samarTlebrivi statusis gansaz-

Rvris CaTvliT. statusis irgvliv arsebuli dokumentebis, proeqtebis, oficialuri gancxadebebis Tu kaspiispira sa-xelmwifoTa warmomadgenlebis gancxadebaTa Sejamebis da analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom aRniSnul sa-

kiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs ori, konceptualurad gan-

sxvavebuli midgoma. erTni miiCneven, rom raki sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde

da aq axali subieqtebis suverenizaciamde kaspiis zRva war-

moadgenda „erTiani gamoyenebis“ zRvas, anu arsebobda ssrk-iranis kondominiumi kaspiaze - es mdgomareoba unda Senar-

Cundes axal saxemwifoebs Sorisac. meoreni ki kaspiis zRvis mimdebare saxelmwifoebs Soris nebismieri formiT delimi-

tirebas uWeren mxars. pirveli versiis momxreni (ruseTi da irani) iTxoven,

rom „erTiani gamoyenebis reJimi“ SenarCunebul iqnas kaspiis zRvis samarTlebrivi statusis garkvevamde. aqedan gamomdi-

nare, damoukideblad mineraluri resusrsebis aTviseba ga-

damuSaveba danaSaulebrivi da arasamarTliania. anu irRveva ruseT-iranis kondominiumis reJimi.

imisTvis, rom CavwvdeT problemis arss, saWiroa ga-

verkveT kaspiasTan damokidebulebis safuZvlebSi. Sevecde-biT gavaanalizoT ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo dokumentebi iransa da mefis ruseTs Soris, xolo Semdgom iransa da ssrk-s Soris.

73

istoriuli faqtebi mowmoben, rom XVIII saukunis da-

sawyisSi, ruseTi sparseTs da kaspiis zRvis sparsul nawils ganixilavda rogorc ucxour teritorias. daaxloebiT 1701 wels petre didma sparseTSi gagzavna artem volinski da daa-

vala kaspiispireTSi arsebuli dasaxlebuli punqtebis, mdi-

nareebis da a.S. aRwera. amave periodSi kaspiis aRmosavleT sanapiroze Cavida rusuli eqspedicia, romelsac Tavadi berkoviC-Cerkaski xelmZRvanelobda. xelmoweril iqna Se-

Tanxmebas vaWrobis Sesaxeb, romelmac rus vaWrebs sparseT-

Si saqonlis Setanisa da iq vaWrobis ufleba misca. e.i. ruse-Ti aRiarebda sparseTis uflebebs kaspiis sanapiros nawil-

ze, Tumca nebismieri xerxiT cdilobda aeTvisebina wyalsa-

tevis es nawili (Вышнепольски, 153:936). 1721-22ww. ruseTis jarebi gadavidnen kaspiis spar-

sul nawilSi, TiTqosda avRanelTa amboxis CasaxSobad. ruse-Tis konsulma sparseTSi semion abraamovma miiRo instruqci-

ebi centridan - im SemTxvevaSi daxmarebodnen sparseTs, Tu igi daTmobda kaspiis sanapiros gansazRvrul teritoriebs (eseigi ruseTi im droisTvis aRiarebda kaspiis raionebze sparseTis uflebas - i.g).

1723 wlis 23 seqtembers, Sahis elCma peterburgSi is-

mail beim xeli moawera SeTanxmebas ruseTTan, romlis Tanax-

mad sparseTi ruseTs uTmobda qalaq derbents (darubands), baqosa da masTan mimdebare teritoriebs. agreTve gilanis, mazandaranisa da astrabadis provinciebs. TumcaRa SeTan-

xmeba ar iqna ratificirebuli sparseTis mier. 1732 wlis 21 ianvaris SeTanxmebis Sedegad ruseTi iZulebuli gaxda dae-

tovebina kaspiis sparsuli provinciebi (жур. Каспийская флотилия., 2009:42).

amrigad molaparakebebi ruseTsa da sparseTs Soris XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi adasturebs sparseTis suverenul uflbas kaspiis samxreT sanapiroze.

74

XIX saukuneSi, ruseTi ganagrZobda kaspiispireTis teritoriebis aTvisebas. gulistanis SeTanxmebis (1813w. oq-

tomberi) V muxlis Tanaxmad, ruseTis samxedro xomaldebs kaspiaSi Tavisufali naosnobis ufleba eZleodaT. xolo 1828 wlis 10 Tebervalis TurqmanCais SeTanxmebam ruseTs kaspiis zRvaSi sakuTari xomaldebis yolis eqskluziuri ufleba daukanona (афтониж, 2006:3).

ruseT-inglisis konvenciam (1907w. 18/30 agvisto) av-

RaneTis, sparseTisa da tibetis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac sparseTi gayofil iqna or - ruseTis gavlenis qveS myof CrdiloeTis da inglisis gavlenis qveS myof samxreTis ol-

qebad, gaamyara ruseTis gavlena kaspiispireTze, rasac sa-fuZveli zemoxsenebulma gulistanisa da TurqmanCais xel-

Sekrulebebma daudo. XX saukunis dasawyisSi, mdgomareoba radikalurad

icvleba. ruseTis axali, sabWoTa xelisuflebam 1921 wels SeTanxmebagaaforma sparseTTan, romlis ZiriTadi mizani kaspiis zRvaze inglisis uflebebis amoZirkva iyo. am SeTan-

xmebis mixedviT sabWoTa ruseTi uars acxadebda „mefis ru-

seTis kolonizatoruli mTavrobis tiranul politikaze“. „yvela SeTanxmebani da konvenciebi, gaformebuli sparseTsa da mefis ruseTs Soris, romelic iranel xalxs ulaxavda pa-

tivmoyvareobasa uflebebs“ - misTvis miuReblad da iuridi-

ulad Zaladakargulad aRiara (афтониж, 2006:5). TurqmanCais SeTanxmeba gauqmda, mxareebi SeTan-

xmdnen, rom eqnebodaT Tanabari uflebebi naosnobaze. Sesa-bamisad ToToeuli mxaris xomaldebs sakuTari droSiT na-

osnobis ufleba miecemodaT. sxva saxelmwifoebs ekrZalebo-

daT kaspiis zRvaSi naosnoba - aq SeeZloT ecuraT gemebs mxolod sparseTisa da ruseTis droSebiT (Вышнепольски, 195:399).

75

swored am SeTanxmebas efuZneba mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom kaspi aris ruseTisa da iranis zRva. aseTi fraza XX sau-

kunis 20-iani wlebidan ukve oficialur dokumentebSic Cndeba. SesaZlebelia moviSvelioT ramdenime nota an naos-

nobisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb gaformebuli konvenciis (1921) danarTi (#13), romlis mizani iyo ucxoeli muSebisaTvis iq saqmianobis akrZalva(Тузмухамедов, 196:30). realurad fraza „ruseT-iranis zRva“ erTgvarad aRadgenda samarTlianobas iranTan, romelic naosnobis uflebas Rebulobda. sxva dat-virTva am formulirebas ar gaaCnda miT ufro igi ar gansaz-

Rvravda kaspiis zRvis samarTlebriv statuss. saerTod, 1921 wlis SeTanxmebam udaod gaamyara ur-

TierToba iransa da mis CrdiloeTel mezobels Soris. mog-

vianebiT (1931w) Setanil cvlilebebs, romelmac irani for-

malurad sazRvao saxelmwifod aqcia kaspiis sanapiroze, praqtikulad araferi Seucvlia. zRvaze kvlav ruseTi bato-

nobda. ufro metic, iranma uari Tqva ruseTis teritoriaze mcxovreb monaTesave xalxebTan Zvel eTnokulturul kavSi-

rebze. aseT urTierTobas bunebrivia keTilmezoblurs ver uwodeb. irani iZulebuli iyo bevri daeTmo.

mogvianebiT gaformebuli SeTanxmebani ruseTsa da irans Soris aseve arasaxarbielo iyo am ukanasknelisTvis. amis dasturia SeTanxmeba vaWrobisa da naosnobis Sesaxeb, romelsac xeli moewera 1940 wlis 25 marts TeiranSi. SeTan-

xmebis me-12 muxlis me-4 punqtis mixedviT, TiToeul mxares ufleba eZleoda TevzWera ewarmoebina sakuTari sanapiroe-

bidan 10 milis akvatoriaSi. xolo 10 miliani sasazRvro zo-lis mimdebare akvatoria cxaddeboda Tavisufal zonad (История дипломатии.1964:365).

amrigad, gamoiricxa kondominiumis arseboba. es imi-

tom, rom zRvis akvatoria iyofoda or araTanabar seqto-

rad. 1970 wlis ssrk navTobmrewvelobis saministros inicia-

76

tiviT kaspiis zRvis sabWouri nawili ganawilebul iqna zRvasTan mimdebare saxelmwifoebs Soris, magram mxolod teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT - saministros respublikur struqturaTa samuSaoebis kargad organizebisTvis. sakuT-

rebis ufleba ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. (ssrk teritoriuli wylebi iTvleboda saerTo sakavSirod, xolo kaspiis zRva, formalurad iTvleboda saerTo zRvad sabWoTa kavSirsa da irans Soris).

zogierTi mosazrebiT, radgan es dayofa warmoebda administraciul gadawyvetilebaTa safuZvelze, ar SeiZleba ganixilebodes rogorc saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi Sede-

gis mqone aqti, TumcaRa unda aRiniSnos, rom yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi mokavSire saxelmwifoebs Soris ar arsebobda sa-

xelmwifo sazRvrebi saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi gagebiT. sazRvrebi atarebdnen administraciul-teritoriul xasi-

aTs da Sedegad, ssr kavSiris daSlis Semdeg urTierT aRia-

rebul iqnen axali damoukidebeli qveynebis mier, rogorc saxelmwifoTSorisi sazRvrebi. amrigad aranairi safuZveli ar arsebobs gamonaklisi gakeTdes kaspiis SemTxvevaSi, rome-lic aseve dayofili iyo nacionalur seqtorebad sabWoTa mokavSire respublikebs Soris.

rac Seexeba sakuTriv wyalsatevis statuss, kaspiis problemis irgvliv arsebul isedac mwir literaturaSi mo-

cemulia sxvadasxvagvari gansazRvreba - „zRva-tba“ (Конвенция ООН по морскому праву 1997:127). is moculobiT zRvasaveT didia, magram garSemortymulia xmeleTiT ro-

gorc tba. damokidebulebis sxvadasxvaobis Sedegia statu-

sis sxvadasxvagvari interpretaciac. Tuki zRvaa, maSin misa-

Rebia saerTaSoriso sazRvao normebi, romelic mis seqtore-

bad dayofas iTvaliswinebs. Tuki tbaa maSin is saerTo sar-

geblobaSi unda moeqces.

77

eseigi, arsebobs ori arsebiTad gansxvavebuli midgo-

ma, Sesabamisad, ori pozicia kaspiis mosazRvre da aramxo-

lod kaspiispira saxelmwifoebs Soris.


Афтониж А. Некоторые историко-правовые вопроси России в

начале XIX в. М.,2003 Вышнепольский С. Мировые морские пути и судоходство.

Очерки. М.,1953 История дипломатии ТIII. М., 1964 Конвенция ООН по морскому праву 1997 г. Конвенция ООН по Континентальному шельфу 1958 Ж. Каспийская флотилия. Комментарии к заметкам. 2009 Тузмухамедов Р. Советско-иранские отношения (1917-1921).

М.,1960

Irakli Gorgiladze

Political and legal aspects of the Caspian Sea Summary

The problem of the political and legal status of the Caspian Sea in the modern sense arose after the "Persian March" Peter I (1722 1723gg) and the Russian-Persian wars (1804-1813, 1826-1828). the ensuing wars Petersburg (1723), Rasht (1729), Gulistan (1813) and Turkmenchay (1828) treatises provide the exclusive right to have a Russian navy in the Caspian Sea. Persia has retained the right only to commercial shipping. This means total submission to the jurisdiction of the Russian Caspian Sea, or, in other words, the Caspian Sea is an internal water body Russia.

Soviet Russia has refused monopoly rights to the Caspian Sea and the Soviet-Iranian agreement 1921.1935 and 1940. granted exclusive rights to the equal implementation of maritime activities of the USSR and Iran.

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Иракли Горгиладзе

Политико-правовые аспекты Каспийского моря Резюме

Проблема политико-правового статуса Каспийского моря в современном понимании возникло после «Персидского похода» Петра I (1722-1723гг) и русско-персидских войн (1804-1813; 1826-1828 годы).последовавшие за этим войнами Петербургский (1723), Рештский (1729), Гюлистанский (1813) и Туркманчайский (1828) трактаты предоставляли России исключительное право иметь военный флот на Каспийском море. Персия сохраняло право только на торговое судоходство. Это означало полное подчинение Каспийского моря российской юрисдикции или, иначе говоря, Каспий являлся внутренним водоемом Россию.

Советская Россия отказалась от монопольных прав на Каспий и советско-иранские договора 1921,1935 и 1940 гг. предоставляли равные исключительные права на осуществление морской деятельности СССР и Ирану.

79

nataliaLlazba

politikuri krizisi da konfesionalizmis

sakiTxebi maxlobel aRmosavleTSi

(libanis magaliTze)

libani mdebareobs ra civilizaciebisa da kultu-rebis gzajvaredinze, xSirad eqceva mwvave saerTaSoriso

da regionalur uTanxmoebaTa centrSi, rasac, rogorc

wesi, Sors mimavali Sedegebi mohyveba xolme ara marto

libanisTvis, aramed mTlianad axlo aRmosavleTis xalxe-bisaTvis. sxvadasxva Zalebis, faqtorTa urTierTqmededeba da, agreTve maTi ideologiebisa da interesTa gadaxlar-Tva da Sejaxeba politikur arenaze permanentul kon-

fliqtur viTarebas qmnis libanis garSemo (1. 2007, с. 15). libanSi, sadac mravali religiuri institutebi,

partiebi da organizaciebi arseboben, urTierT da Sida-konfesiuri uTanxmoebebi politikuri krizisis Sida mi-zezad iqca. dasavleTis Zalebi aSS-is meTaurobiT da re-gionaluri Zalebi, iranisa da siriis meTaurobiT, sxva-dasxvagvar zegavlenas axdenen libanze, rac kidev ufro

arTulebs qveyanaSi arsebul situacias. Amgvari situaci-is erT-erT mizezs mravalferovani konfesionaluri Se-madgenloba da libanuri sazogadoebis klanuroba warmo-adgens. dReisaTvis libanSi yvelazr mravalricxovan kon-fesiad muslimi-Siitebi iTvlebian (sxvadasxva monaceme-biT, 40%-mde), meore adgilze – muslimi-sunitebi arian (25%-is fargledSi), qristiani-maronitebi (20,5%). maT mniS-vnelovnad CamorCeba berZeni-marTlmadidebeli qristianebi (10%), druzebi (5%-ze odnav meti), berZeni-kaTolike qris-tianebi (daaxloebiT 4,5%) modian.

Llibanis konstituciisa da misi saxelmwifoebrivi wyobis mixedviT maRali Tanamdebobebi – qveynis prezi-denti, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardali, centralu-

80

ri bankis Tavjdomare – mudmivad qristian-maronitebs ekuTvniT, premier-ministrisa da parlamentis spikeris Tanamdebobebi ki muslim-sunitebsa da muslim-Siitebs

aseTi saxelmwifoebrivi struqtura sakmaod kar-gad asaxavs eTnokonfesiur Semadgenlobas da maT pozici-ebs Tanamedrove etapze. Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi mus-limi mosaxleoba zrdis kavlobaze dris wesrigSi dadga Ca-moyalibebuli saxelmwifoebrivi struqturis Secvlis au-cilebloba. Ees bevrad ganapirobebs amJamindendel kin-fliqtsac, Tumca igi, ZiriTadad, politikur xasiaTs ata-rebs (6:http://www.otechestvo.org.). L

libanis TiTqmis yvela eTnokonfesiuri jgufi ojaxuri klanebis mier imarTeba. kedris qveynis politika ki klanurobis umaRlesi xarisxic ki axasiaTebs. Ppoliti-kur dinastiaTa iseTi simravle, rogoric libanSia, ar

arsebobs msoflios arcerT qveyanaSi. magaliTad, xel-mZRvanel rolebze maronitebis TemSi, Jmaielebis garda sxva ojaxebic acxadeben pretenzias, rogorebicaa fran-Jie, Samunebi da JaJa. Mmaronitebis klanuri beladebi mWidro kavSirSi imyofebian aSS-is da safrangeTTan, Tum-ca franJies ojaxi, magaliTad, damaskos tradiciul mo-kavSires warmoadgens.

rac Seexeba sunitebs, iqac ar aris erTianoba. Tu xarirebis ojaxi mmarTveli koaliciaSi Sedis, maSin kara-mes klani opoziciaSi imyofeba. igive situaciaa druzeb-Sic, romelTa liderma valid jumbulatma gaiara gza si-riis aqtiur momxredan da Jmaielebis klanis ZiriTadi mowinaaRmdegidan damaskos Seurigebel mowinaaRmdegemde da maronituli Temis antisiriulad ganwyobili nawilis mokavSiremde.

Llibanur klanebs Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegoba da mtroba evropaSic ki iCens Tavs, sadac drodadro ma-sobrivi Setakebebi xdeba libanuri dajgufebebisa da calkeuli ojaxebis warmomadgenlebs Soris.

81

Aam TvalsazrisiT tradiciulad Siitebi iTvle-bodnen libanSi erTaderT Temad, romelsac klanebi ar

akontrolebden (Tumca, gavleniani ojaxebi maT Sorisac

arian). xolo Tu gavixsenebT, rom Siitebis wili libanis mosaxleobaSi daaxloebiT 40% ze meti Seadgens, cxadia, rom maTi roli qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi arsebiTia (7: http://www.utro.ru/articles/2006/12/14/609991.shtml).

konfesionalur umciresobebs Soris mudmivad mim-dinareobs mkacri konkurencia, politikuri zegavlenis dasamyareblad da saxelmwifoebrivi resursebis mosapo-veblad. dReisaTvis libanis politikur arenaze wamyvani roli sam konfesias uWiravs. esaa maronitebi, romlebic

XX saukunis Sua xanebamde libanis umsxviles konfesias warmoadgendnen, romelsac mowinave adgili eWira qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi (amas xels uwyobda dasavleTis, kerZod ki safrangeTis mxardaWera) (Жур., «Власть», № 47(701) , 27.11.2006, c. 13) Tumca ukanaskneli naxevari sa-ukunis ganmavlobaSi situacia Seicvala: bunebrivi nama-tis SedarebiT dabali maCveneblebisa da qristiani mosax-leobis migraciis maRali donis gamo maronitebma dakar-ges Tavisi raodenobrivi upiratesoba, xolo 1975-1990 ww. omis Semdeg Temi gaiyo da arsebiTad dasustda politi-kuri TvalsazrisiT.

samoqalaqo omis Semdeg (1975-1990ww) libanSi Seic-vala muslimi Siitebis mdgomareoba. Samoqalaqo dapiris-pirebamde isini ar TamaSobdnen mniSvnelovan rols liba-nis politikur cxovrebaSi, naklebad uzrunvelyofil da ganaTlebul konfesias warmoadgendnen. libanis Siitebi swrafad swrafad dawinaurdnen sazogadoebrivi mdgomareo-bis TvalsazrisiT. maT angariSs uwevdnen iseTi tradiciu-lad privilegirebuli Temebi, rogorebica maronitebi sunitebi da druzebi. Ees SesaZlebeli gaxda Siituri su-lis uecari gamovlenis Sedegad, romelic xangrZlivi drois manZilze SeumCneveli iyo. Siitebma mudam, diskri-minirebulma marginalurma Temma gansakuTrebiT gamZle

82

da Tavganwiruli brZolebis warmoeba SeZlo saerTo ara-buli saqmisTvis _ imperialistebisa da sionistebis wina-aRmdeg (ase esmodaT arab nacionalistebs) (Г.И.Мирский, (http://www.nationalsecurity.ru-/library/00067/00067-shiiti001.htm). 1990 wlis Semdeg Siitebi libanis yvelaze mravalricxovani konfesiuri respublikis Zlier samxedro Zalad iqcnen, Seqmnes ra organizacia hesbolaxi. 1992 wlidan ,,hesbola-xis” lideris Seix abas musavis mkvlelobis Semdeg oraga-nizacias saTaveSi xasan nasrala Caudga. misi xelmZRvane-lobiT ,,hesbolaxi” samxedro frTis mqone sazogadoebriv politikur organizaciad gardaiqmna da dresdReisobiT

mas 14 deputati yavs libanis parlamentSi da ori minis-tri mTavrobaSi. moZraobas erT milionze meti Siitis mxardaWera gaaCnia da Tanac Tavis zegavlenasac zrdis qveynis politikur cxovrebaze, rogorc hamasi palesti-naSi.

libanis mesame, msxvil Tems suniti-muslimebi war-moadgenen. libanis istoriis manZilze maTi politikuri da ekonomikuri moRvaweoba sakmaod warmatebulad viTar-deboda. erovnuli SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad, Temebs Soris jentlmenuri xelSekrulebiT, libaneli muslimi-sunitebi saTaveSi udganan libanis ministrTa kabinets. samoqala-qo omis Semdeg gavleniani arabuli qveynebis, gansakuTre-biT ki, saudis arabeTis mxardaWeriT sunitebma seriozu-li konkurencia gauwies dasustebul maronitul Tems.

magram aRsaniSnavia, rom libanuri sazogadoebis konfesiuri mravalferovneba ar warmoadgens libanis Si-da da mis garSemo arsebul winaaRmdegobaTa ZiriTad mi-zezs. erT-erT arsebiT faqtors, romelic libanSi poli-tikuri krizisis gaRrmavebis mizezi gaxda, israelis ag-resia warmoadgenda – sazogadoebaSi Sida procesebis ka-talizatori. is uSualod, libans ar Sexebia, magram mis-Tvis Sors mimavali Sedegebi hqonda. libani mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi gaxda dasavleTis, israelis, adgilob-rivi reaqciis arabul ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobasTan

83

gamZvinvarebuli politikuri da samxedro winaaRmdegobe-bis arena (Комсомольская правда, 22.03.2006). Tumca, es brZola scildeboda mxolod libanis problemebs, sazogadoebaSi dagrovilma socialur-ekonomikuri, politikuri, eTno-konfesionaluri xasiaTis Rrma Sida winaaRmdegobebma li-banSi arsebul konfrontacias gansakuTrebiT damangreve-li Zala mianiWes.

libanSi aranakleb mniSvnelovan problemad pales-tinis sakiTxi rCeba. Ppalestineli ltolvilebi mowyveti-li arian TavianT samSoblos da Tanac libanur sazoga-doebaSi integrirebis SesaZlebloba ara aqvT. Aamis Sede-gad, axalgazrda palestinelebi da maTTan erTad maTi TanagrZnobi sunituri da Siituri Raribi fena warmoad-genen kadrebis momwodeblebs mravalricxovani islamuri dajgufebebisaTvis, romlebic maT gasamrjelos garda, konkretul ideologiur orientirebasac aZleven. amgva-rad, palestinis sakiTxi da Sida Zalebis brZola mis gar-Semo mravali wlis manZilze libanuri politikuri arenis centrSi aRmoCnda.

qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauaresobisa da israelis mxridan mudmivi Carevis Sedegad warmoqmnili socialuri daZabulobis zrda, romelsac Tan sdevda per-manenturi politikuri krizisi, daemTxva palestinuri sa-kiTxis garSemo arsebul politikur winaaRmdegobas. li-bani faqtiurad or banakad gaiyo. qristianuli Temis mniSvnelovani nawili palestinur moZraobas aRiqvamda rogorc faqtors romelic destabilizacias iwvevda li-banSi. israelis warmateba omSi qristianebisaTvis, romle-bic istoriulad dasavleTze iyvenen orientirebulni da romlebsac arabuli brZolebidan gandgoma surdaT siria-sa da egvipteSi arsebuli reJimebis sisustis maCvenebeli gaxda (А. М. Родригес , 2001, с.132).

libanis garSemo arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi (Sida-politikuri ZalauflebisaTvis konfesiebs Soris brZola, palistinis sakiTxi, israelis agresia, urTierTobis dare-

84

gulireba siriasTan da a.S.) sxvadasxva religiuri Temebi-sa da maTi axlo aRmosavleli Tu Sida regionaluri mfarvelobis interesebs exebian da, Sedegad kargad gamo-xatuli urTierTkonfesiur xasiaTs iZenen.


Журнал "Международная жизнь", № 10, М., 2007. Журнал «Власть» № 47(701) от 27.11.2006. Газета «Комсомольская правда», 22. 03. 2006. Новейшая история стран Азии и Африки. XX век. Часть 3.

1945-2000. М., 2001 г. Под ред. А. М. Родригеса. http://www.otechestvo.org.ua/main/20087/0444.htm http://www.utro.ru/articles/2006/12/14/609991.shtml http://www.nationalsecurity.ru/library/00067/00067shiiti001.htm aziisa da afrikis qveynebis istoriis sakiTxe-

bi. Tb., 1993.

85

Лазба Наталья

Вопросы конфессионализма и политических кризисов на Ближнем востоке (на примере Ливана)

Резюме

Ливан, находясь на перекрестке цивилизаций и культур, регулярно оказывается в центре острых международных и региональных противоречий, которые, как правило, имеют далеко идущие последствия не только для его народа, но и для всего Ближнего и Среднего Востока. Подобное взаимодействие различных сил и факторов, а также переплетение и столкновение их идеологий и интересов на ливанской политической арене создает перманентную конфликтоопасную обстановку вокруг Ливана

Natalia Lazba

The Questions of Confessionalism and Political Crises in the Middle East

Summary

Lebanon situated at the crossroads of civilizations and cultures

regularly is found at the centre of critical international and regional conflicts which usually have far-reaching consequences not only for this people but for the Near and Middle East. This kind of interaction of different factors also collision of their ideologies and interests on the political arena in Lebanon creates permanent conflict situation around the country.

86

gela iremaZe

ruseTis sagareo politikuri koncefciis

ZiriTadi principebi da mimarTulebebi

ruseTis sagareo politikis ZiriTadi principebi da

mimarTulebebi asaxulia ruseTis federaciis sagareo poli-

tikur koncefciaSi. is warmoadgens SexedulebaTa sistemas ruseTis sagareo politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebebsa da Si-

naarsze. mis samarTlebrivi bazas warmoadgens ruseTis fe-

deraciis konstitucia, federaluri kanonebi da sxva norma-

tiul - samarTlebrivi aqtebi. ruseTis sagareo politikuri koncefciis SesavalSi

aRniSnulia, rom igi umTavres yuradRebas amaxvilebs saer-

TaSoriso wesrigis koleqtiur safuZvelze, mrvalpolarul msoflios formirebaze, saerTaSoriso arenaze warmoqmnili problemebis saerTaSoriso samarTlis gziT, gaeros wesde-

biT gadaWraze. koncefciaSi aseve yuradReba gamaxvilebu-lia globaluri problemebis gadaWraSi ruseTis priorite-

tebze, regionalur prioritetebze, ruseTis federaciis sa-

gareo politikis formirebasa da realizaciaze. koncefciis Tanaxmad msxvil samxedro-politikur

gaerTianebebs ukve aRar SeuZliaT amomwuravad upasuxon Tanamedrove gamowvevebsa da sakiTxebs, romlebic mrav-

lmxrivia. saerTaSoriso problemebis gadaWris sakiTxSi blokur midgomas cvlis qseluri diplomatia, romelic ey-rdnoba mravalferovani struqturebis monawileobis moq-

nil formebs yvelaze rTuli amocanebis gadaWris saqmeSi. mTavari faqtori, riTac dRes ruseTi gavlenas ax-

dens saerTaSoriso politikaze samxedro siZlieresTan er-

Tad, esaa ekonomikuri, mecnierul-teqnikuri, ekologiuri, demografiuli da informaciuli sfero.

87

saerTaSoriso problemebisa da krizisuli situacie-bis mravalferovneba da sirTule ruseTis federacias kar-naxobs maT

Sefasebasa da prioritetebis gamoyofas. politi-

kur-diplomatiuri, samarTlebrivi, samxedro, ekonomikuri, finansuri da sxva instrumentebis gamoyeneba sagareo poli-tikuri amocanebis gadasaWrelad gulisxmobs SeTavsebas maT realur mniSvnelobasTan, rac uzrunvelyofs ruseTis saga-

reo politikur interesebs, xelisuflebis yvela StosTan koordinirebuli da efeqturi muSaobis meSveobiT.

ruseTis sagareo politikuri koncefciis Tanaxmad ruseTis federacia dainteresebulia saerTaSoriso urTi-

erTobebis sistemis stabilurobiT, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneba Tanasworuflebianobis, urTierTpativiscemisa da urTierTsargeblianobis saerTaSoriso samarTlis princi-

pebze. aseTi sistema uzrunvelyofs msoflio Tanamegobro-bis TiToeuli wevris saimedo da Tanabar usafrTxoebas po-

litikur, samxedro, ekonomikur, informaciul, humanistur da sxva sferoebSi. misi mTavari instrumenti - mravalmxrivi diploamatia.

koncefciis Tanaxmad msoflio politikis koordina-ciisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis regulirebis cen-

trad unda darCes gaero, romelmac daamtkica Tavisi ual-

ternativoba da gamoirCeva unikaluri legitimurobiT. ru-seTi mxars uWers misi centraluri da makoordinirebeli rolis zrdas. es gulisxmobs im miznebisa da principebis upirobo dacvas, romelic mocemulia gaeros wesdebaSi; ase-ve eTanxmeba gaeros racionalur reformirebas msoflioSi cvalebadi politikuri da ekonomikuri realiebis fonze.

ruseTi udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs msoflios gan-

viTarebis marTvis amaRlebas, TviTregulirebadi saerTaSo-

riso sistemis Seqmnas, rac moiTxovs msoflios wamyvan sa-

xelmwifoTa koleqtiur liderobas. es saxelmwifoebi, er-

88

TmaneTTan inda imyofebodnen geografiul da civilizaci-ur warmomadgenlobiT urTierTobaSi da srul pativiscemas gamoxatavdnen gaeros makoordinirebeli rolis mimarT.

gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa saerTaSoriso usaf-

rTxoebis problemis rusuli xedva, romelsac vrceli adgi-

li uWiravs ruseTis sagareo politikur koncefciaSi. masSi aRniSnulia, rom ruseTis federacia Tanmimdevrulad gamo-

dis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi Zalis rolis Semcirebis, aseve strategiuli da regionaluri stabilurobis momxred. am mimarTulebiT ruseTi dgams Semdeg nabijebs: uryevad icavs Tavis saerTaSoriso valdebulebebsa da saerTaSori-so SeTanxmebebs masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gauvrce-

leblobis Sesaxeb, amyarebs kontrols SeiaraRebasa da gania-

raRebaze, aseve iRebs zomebs samxedro sferoSi ndobis ga-

samyareblad; monawileobs am sferoSi axali Sexedulebebis momzadebasa da gaformebaSi, romelic pasuxobs Tanasworo-basa da usafrTxoebis ganuyoflobaze dafuZnebul naciona-

lur interesebs. adasturebs birTvuli iaraRis gauvrce-

leblobis kursis mimarT ucvlelobas, erTgulebis mraval-

mxrivi urTierTobebis safuZvelze, aseve masobrivi ganad-

gurebis iaraRis sxva tipebis da misi SeZenis mimarT, gamodis birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobis xelSekrulebis dacvis momxred, icavs konvencias baqteriologiuri, (biologiuri) da toqsikuri iaraRis gadamuSavebasa da warmoebisa da ak-

rZalvis Sesaxeb konvenciis, aseve qimiuri iaraRis warmoebi-

sa da gamoyenebis akrZalvis konvencias, aqtiurad monawile-obs ormagi daniSnulebis teqnologiebze da masalebis tvir-

Tbrunvaze saerTaSoriso kontrolis dawesebaSi, daintere-

sebulia, rac SeiZleba swarafod Sevides ZalaSi yovlismom-

cveli SeTanxmeba birTvuli gamocdebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. aseve gamodis saraketo sistemebis gauvrceleblobis iuri-diulad uzrunvelyofili globaluri reJimis dawesebis momxred.

89

koncefciaSi gansakuTrebul yuradReba daTmobili aqvs birTvul saxelmwifoebTan dialogs SeteviTi strate-

giuli SeiaraRebis Semcirebis mizniT (kontinentTaSorisi balistikuri raketebi, balistikuri raketebi wyalqveSa na-

vebze da mZime bombdamSenebze) minimalur doneze, isini mxo-

lod im zomiT unda iyos SenarCunebuli, rac saWiroa stra-

tegiuli stabilurobisaTvis, gamodis kosmosSi iaraRis da-

uSveblobis, koleqtiuri reagirebis sistemis momxred Ta-nasworuflebian safuZvelze SesaZlebeli saraketo saf-

rTxeebis Tavidan asacileblad, romelic gamoricxavs cal-mxriv qmedebas strategiul raketsawinaaRmdego Tavdacvis sferoSi, romelmac saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi destabi-

lizacia SeiZleba gamoiwvios. ruseTis federacia Tvlis, rom Tanamedrove ganviTa-

rebis fundamentur tendenciebs, mravalpolarulobis, ris-kebisa da safrTxeebis diversifikaciis CaTvliT mivyavarT daskvnamde, rom strategiuli stabilurobis problemis ga-dawyveta SeuZlebelia iyos mxolod ruseTis federaciisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis urTierTobis sfero. obi-

eqturad modis dro, roca aucilebelia msgavsi sakiTxebis gadaWra sxva birTvul saxelmwifoebTan erTad. swored ama-

Sia srategiuli gaxsnilobis azri, romelic mocemulia ru-

seTis iniciativebis safuZvlebSi, kerZod evropaSi saraketo safrTxeebis Tavidan asacileblad koleqtiuri Zalisxmevis realizaciaSi da sabWoTa kavSirsa da aSS-s Soris 1987 w. da-

debuli xelSekrulebisaTvis globalri xasiaTis micemaSi, romelic gulisxmobda mcire da saSualo siSoris raketebis likvidacias.

ruseTis sagareo politikur koncefciaSi xazgasmu-

lia, rom ruseTis federacia amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan agebs ormxriv urTierTobebs ara marto urTierTsasargeb-

lo savaWro-ekonomikuri, samecniero-teqnikuri, kulturu-

90

li da a.S., aramed, globalur strategiuli da saerTaSori-

so stabilurobis kuTxiT. ruseTi dainteresebulia arsebu-li gafantuli infrastruqturis efeqturi gamoyenebiT sa-

gareo politikuri problemebis, usafrTxoebisa da strate-

giuli stabilurobis CaTvliT, romelic saSualebas miscems orive saxelmwifos urTierTmisaRebi gadawyvetilebebisa da Tanmxvedri interesebis realizaciis gzaze. amisaTvis auci-

lebelia ruseT-amerikis urTierTobebis gadatana strate-

giuli partniorobis reJimSi, orive saxelmwifom unda gada-laxos warsulis strategiuli principebis barierebi da ga-

erTiandes realuri safrTxeebis winaaRmdeg. iq ki, sadac ru-

seTsa da aSS-s Soris rCeba azrTa da interesTa sxvadasxvao-

ba, muSaoba unda warimarTos urTierTpativiscemis sulis-

kveTebiT. ruseTi Tanmimdevrulad gamodis aSS-sTan ganiaraRe-

bis sakiTxsa da SeiaraRebis kontrolze axali xelSekrule-

bebis gaformebis, kosmosuri da raketsawinaaRmdego sfero-

Si ndobis gamyarebis momxred. ruseTi dainteresebulia, rom aSS-s qmedeba msoflio

arenaze Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso samarTlis da aseve gaeros principebsa da normebs.

ruseTis federaciis grZelvadiani interesebi ameri-

kis mimarT eyrdnoba solidur ekonomikur fundaments, ro-melmac unda uzrunvelyos uTanxmoebaTa mogvareba kultu-

riTa da pragmatizmiT, interesTa balansiT, urTierTpati-

viscemiT, rac safuZvlad daedeba ruseT amerikis urTier-

TobebSi stabilurobasa da prognozirebulobas. amrigad, ruseTis sagareo politikuri koncefciis

yuradRebis arealSi moqceulia saerTaSoriso wesrigis, ko-

leqtiur usafrTxoebis, globaluri problemebis, axali ga-

mowvevbis, sagareo politikaSi ruseTis prioritetebis,

91

partniorebTan TanamSromlobis, sagareo politikis reali-zaciis da a.S. calkeuli aspeqtebi.


1. Концепция внешней политики Россииской Федерации, М., 2011;

2. Conception of the foreign Policy of the USA, Woshington, 2011;

3. nato RuduSauri, ruseTis politikuri anatomia, Tb., 2010;

4. zurab kvetenaZe, ruseTi axali msoflio wesrigis gzaze, Jrn. „saistorio vertikalebi“ #16. Tb., 2009;

5. zurab kvetenaZe, ruseTis diplomatia da natos aRmo-

savleTiT gafarToebis sakiTxi, krebuli „axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi“, #2(6) Tb., 2009;

6. zurab kvetenaZe, ruseTis roli da adgili globalur politikaSi, krebuli „axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi“,

7. Бачинин В. Национальная идея для России: выбор между византизмом, евангелизмом и секуляризмом. "Вестник Европы", №2 - 2001 Материал предоставлен http://www.politnauka.org;

8. Ланцова С.А., Мировая политика и международные отношения под. ред. Ачкасова В.А;

Gela Iremadze

The main principles and directions of the concept of the Russian foreign policy

Summary

The concept of the Russian foreign policy gives the main principles and orientations of the country’s foreign policy. This is a system of visions about the main orientations and content of the Russian foreign policy. Its

92

juridical basis is the Russian constitution, federal laws and other normative acts.

In the Russian foreign policy concept attention is given to such aspects as international order, collective security, global problems, new challenges, priority areas in Russian foreign policy, cooperation with partners, realization of foreign policy and so on.

Гела Иремадзе

Основные принципы и направления политической концепции внешней политики России

Резюме

Во внешней политической концепции Российской Федерации отражены основные принципы и направления внешней политики страны. Она представляет систему взглядов на основное содержание и направление внешней политики России. Ее правовую базу представляет Конституция Российской Федерации, Федеральные законы и другие нормативно-правовые акты.

В ареал внимания внешней политической концепции входят отдельные аспекты международного порядка, коллективная безопасность, глобальные проблемы, новые вызовы, российские приоритеты во внешней политике, сотрудничество с партнерами, реализация внешней политики и т.д.

93

irakli manveliZe natalia lazba

evrokavSiris usafrTxoebisa da

Tavdacvis politikis samoqalaqo

aspeqtebi

evrokavSiris usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis saerTo po-

litikaSi (uTsp) mniSvnelovania ara marto samxedro, aramed samoqalaqo aspeqtebic. aRniSnul sakiTxeze, jer 1999 wlis dekemberSi, helsinkis evropul sabWoze miiRes gadawyveti-leba samoqalaqo aspeqtebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, xolo mog-vianebiT, santa maria de feiras evropul sabWoze ki wevri qveynebi ukve evrokavSiris Tavdacvis da usafrTxoebis po-

litikis mniSvnelovan samoqalaqo amocanebze SeTanxmdnen, rac pirvel rigSi gulisxmobda 5000 kacisgan Semdgari sapo-

licio razmis Seqmnas. mas daekisreboda administraciuli da samoqalaqo funqciebi. amrigad, uTsp-is realizaciis ga-

nuyofel nawilad gamocxadda misi samoaqalaqo komponenti. is moicavs evrokavSiris moqmedebebis koordinacias oTx prioritetul sferoSi: policia, kanonis uzenaesoba, samo-

qalaqo administrireba da samoqalaqo dacva. amis garda, sa-moqalaqo komponents aseve exeba gadaudebeli humanitaru-

li misiebis Sesruleba krizisul situaciebSi, romelic moi-

cavs samaSvelo daxmarebis gawevasac. krizisebis marTvis samoqalaqo da samxedro instru-

mentebis garda evropis usafrTxoebis strategia iTvalis-

winebs politikuri, diplomatiuri, savaWro da sxva meTode-

bis gamoyenebas. strategiis Tanaxmad sazogadoebis dacvis saukeTeso saSualebaa globalurad ganxorcieldes demok-

ratiis, socialuri da politikuri reformebis mxardaWera, kanonis uzenaesobisa da adamianis uflebaTa dacva.

94

evrokavSiri mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs konfliqte-

bis Tavidan acilebasa da krizisuli situaciebis marTvaSi. es gulisxmobs iseT aqtivobebs, rogoricaa humanitaruli daxmareba, reabilitacia, daxmareba marTlwesrigis damyare-

baSi da instituciur SesaZleblobaTa ganviTareba. terorisa da eqstremizmis winaaRmdeg brZola ar aris

mxolod samxedro moqmedebebisa da samarTlis sakiTxi. aseve mniSvnelovania kultura, ideebi da arasamxedro politika. multiletaruli TanamSromloba ufro efeqturs xdis saer-

To Zalisxmevas. evrokavSiri erTaderTi organizaciaa, romelsac SeuZ-

lia arsebuli Zalebisa da resursebis mTeli speqtri gamoi-

yens, rogoricaa humanitaruli daxmarebis aRmoCena, saxel-mwifo mSeneblobis mxardaWera da qveynis marTvis procesis mowesrigebaSi xelSewyoba, krizisebis mogvareba, teqnikuri da ekonomikuri daxmareba, politikuri dialogi da media-

toriis roli. es yvelaferi avsebs kavSirSi Semavali saxel-

mwifoebis tradiciul sagareo politikur instrumentebs, romlebsac evrokavSiri krizisebis aridebis da prevenciis, aseve mSvidobis aRdgenisa da postkonfliqturi cxovrebis normalur ritmSi dabrunebisTvis gamoiyenebs.

aqedan gamomdinare, evrokavSirma Seqmna resursebis garkveuli jgufi, romlebsac dasaxuli amocanebis ganxor-cieleblad gamoiyenebs. kerZod, evrokavSiris gankargule-

baSia 5000 kacisagn Semdgari sapolicio jgufi. maT Soris 1400 kaci swarfi reagirebis Zalebis farglebSi (13 sapoli-

cio danayofi swrafi ganlagenisaTvis, TiTouli Sedgeba 60-110 wevrisagan). mis marTvas axorcielebs evrokavSiris sab-Wos generaluri samdivno rva kaciani jgufis xelmZRvane-

lobiT. kanonis uzenaesobis mimarTulebiT evrokavSiris saq-

mianoba iTvaliswinebs 282 kaciani eqspertTa jgufis Seq-

mnas, romelSic Sedian mosamarTleebi, prokurorebi, admi-

95

nistraciuli personali da aRmasrulebeli dawesebulebis TanamSromlebi. maTi nawilis CarTva samuSaoebis ganxorcie-

lebisaTvis SesaZlebelia 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi. es sia iT-

vlis daaxloebiT samas kacs, maTgan 60 swrafi ganlagebis Za-

lebis farglebSi. evrokavSiris samoqalaqo administrirebis amocana

iTvaliswinebs eqspertTa da, aseve swrafi ganlagebis Zale-

bis farglebSi mowinave jgufebis Seqmnas. Seqmnilia msgavsi specialistebis monacemTa bazac.

rac Seexeba samoqalaqo dacvis da gadaudebeli huma-

nitaruli misiebis Sesrulebas krizisul situaciaSi, dasav-

leT evropuli kavSiris 1995 wlis 15 maisis lisabonis dek-

laraciis Tanaxmad, espaneTma, italiam da safrangeTma ga-dawyvites qveiTi (ЕВРОFОР, EUROFOR)31 da sazRvao antikri-

zisuli jarebis32 Seqmna, romlebic SeZlebdnen samSvidobi operaciebSi monawileobis miRebas. evrokavSiris wevrma-qveynebma Seqmnes sami jgufi (TiToeulSi 10 eqspertis Seam-

dgenlobiT), romelic yalibdeba 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi da Svidi dRis manZilze SeuZlia moqmedebebis Sefasebisa da koordinaciisaTvis ganaxorcielos muSaoba. aseve Seqmnes ,,Carevis“ jgufi 2000 kacis SemadgenlobiT da specialuri resursebiT, romelTa ganlageba SesaZlebelia ori-Svidi dRis ganvalobaSi. jgufis muSaobis kordinacias axorcie-lebs krizisuli mowesrigebis samoqalaqo aspeqtebis komi-

teti.

31 ЕВРОFОР, იხ. ბმულზე - www.eurofor.it. EUROFOR www.euromarfor.org . 32 DIRECTIVE 2009/43/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 6 May 2009 simplifying terms and conditions of transfers of defence-related products within the Community, იზ. ბმულზე - http://eur-lex.europa.e-u/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:146:0001:0036:en:PDF.

96

Tanamedrove konfliqtebis bunebis da tendenciebis

analizi metyvelebs, rom samxedro gadawyveta ar aris arc erTaderTi da arc saukeTeso saSualeba.

2003 wels diplomatiuri ZalisxmeviT Tavidan iyo aci-lebuli saomari moqmedebebi iugoslaviis yofil respubli-

ka makedoniaSi, 2004 wels operacia “altea”-s farglebSi bos-

nia hercegovinaSi moxda nato-s samSvidobo kontigentis Secvla, EULEX (marTlwesrigis aRdgenis evrokavSiris samo-

qalaqo misia kosovoSi) evrokavSiris dRemde yvelaze mra-

valricxovani misiaa. mis SemadgenlobaSi daaxloebiT 2 000 TanamSromelia, romlebic exmarebian policias, sasamarTlo sistemas, moZrav sabaJo punqtebze muSaoben.

evrokavSiris saqmianoba krizisebis marTvis mxriv, mxo-

lod mezobeli qveynebiT ar Semoifargleba. evrokavSirma arCevnebis CatarebisTvis aucilebeli pirobebi Seqmna kon-

gos demokratiul respublikaSi, darfurSi krizisisgan da-

zaralebulTa da devnilTa dacvisTvis. evrokavSirma Tavdacvis da usafrTxoebis politikis

farglebSi ganaxorciela sapolicio misia avRaneTSi. misiis mizania uwyveti da efeqturi samoqalaqo sapolicio siste-mis damkvidreba avRaneTSi saerTaSoriso standartebis Se-

sabamisad. misia xelmZRvanelobs da monitorings uwevs, aseve sakonsultacio da saswavlo saqmianobas axorcielebs avRa-

neTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi, regionebSi, provincieb-

Si. misia emyareba saerTaSoriso sapolicio da kanonis uze-

naesobis sferoSi arsebul miRwevebs. evrokavSiris mizania mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanos avRaneTis policiis siste-

mis reformirebaSi. policiis gaZliereba da kanonis uzenae-soba mniSvnelovania avRaneTSi stabilurobisa da usaf-

rTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad. misias sapolicio saqmanobis uwyvetobis uzrunvelsayofad mniSvnelovnad miaCnia samoqa-

laqo policiis Camoyalibeba, aseve TanamSromloba saerTa-

97

Soriso sapolicio institutebTan. misiis strategiuli pri-

oritetebi gaerTianebulia eqvsi miznis irgvliv: qmediTi policia, policiis moTxovnis valdebuloba, kontroli da komunikacia, danaSaulis gamoZieba, antikorufciuli saqmia-

noba, policiisa da braldebis sistemis urTierTkavSiri, adamianis uflebebi da genderuli Tanasworoba avRanTis sa-

policio sistemaSi. evrokavSiris kanonis uzenaesobis misia kosovoSi yve-

laze didi samoqalaqo misiaa evropis usafrTxoebisa da Tav-

dacvis politikis farglebSi. misiaSi sami aTasamde Tanam-

Sromelia rogorc saerTaSoriso, aseve adgilobrivi. evro-

kavSiris garda misiaSi monawileoben norvegia, Sveicaria, TurqeTi, xorvatia, aSS. misi ZiriTadi mizani iyo daxmarebo-

da kosovos xelisuflebas kanonis uzenaesobis sferoSi, sa-

policio reformaSi, sasamarTlo da sabaJo kuTxiT. misiis sabaJo komponenti gulisxmobs evrokavSiris standartebi-

sadmi daaxloebas, vaWrobis legitimacias da ekonomikis dacvas. misias gaaCnia SezRuduli aRmasrulebeli ufleba-

mosileba. igi warmoadgens teqnikur misias zedamxedvelo-

bis, sakonsultacio ufebamosilebiT da moqmedebs gaero-s rezoluciis farglebSi. evrokavSiris mizania xeli Seuwyos mravaleTnikuri sasamarTlo, sapolicio, sabaJo sistemis Camoyalibebas, marTlmsajulebis sistemis politikuri Ca-

revisagan gaTavisuflebas, evropul standartebTan Sesaba-

misobas. misiis muSaobis Sedegebidan gamomdinare xdeba strategiuli miznebis gansazRvra.

msoflioSi krizsebis menejmentisa da stabilurobis uzrunvelyofaSi evrokavSiris aqtiuri monawileobis da-dasturebaa ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso politika anu evro-

kavSiri aris msxvili saerTaSoriso donori, rac SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes rogorc umniSvnelovanesi investicia mSvi-

dobisa da usafrTxoebisaTvis msoflioSi. evrokavSiris sa-

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vaWro da safinaso politika aseve mniSvnelovan rols Tam-

Sobs msoflioSi stabilizaciis, demokratizaciis da ,,good governance” xelSewyobaSi, rac kargadaa Camoyalibebuli ko-

tonis xelSekrulebebSi. evrokavSiri miiCnevs, rom usafrTxoebis uzrunvel-

yofisTvis saWiroa demokratiul principebze dayrdnobili saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba. amisaTvis igi mniSvnelovan RonisZiebebs atarebs mezobel qveynebSi. es politika miznad isaxavs mezobel qveynebSi mmarTvelobis xelSewyobas prog-

ramebis daxmarebiT da savaWro-ekonomikur kavSirebs. vinai-dan evrokavSiris saerTo sagareo da usafrTxoebis politi-

kis erT-erTi mizani sworedac aris ,,demokratiisa da kano-

nis uzenaesobis ganviTareba, adamianis uflebebisa da Ziri-Tadi Tavisuflebebis dacva”.

evropis Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis politikis ara-samxedro aspeqtebis kuTxiT mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs evropis usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis koleji. is evrokavSi-ris wevri qveynebis da institutebis personalisTvis awyobs treningebs. igi 2005 wels dafuZnda. evropis usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis kolejis treningebs eswrebian diplomatebi, policielebi, kanonis uzenaesobisa da samoqalaqo adminis-

traciis kuTxiT momuSave adamianebi. evrokavSiris Careva regionaluri konfliqtebis ga-

dawyvetaSi gulisxmobs kargi mmarTvelobis Camoyalibebas, demokratiis aRgdenas, organizebul danaSaulTan brZolas, aseve globalur komunikacias, rac amcirebs konfliqtebs.

amrigad, Tanamedrove safrTxeebis gadawyveta da krizisuli situaciebis menejmenti saWiroebs samxedro da samoqalaqo, an orive Sereuli instrumentebis gamoyenebas.

99

Irakli Manvelidze

Natalia Lazba

Civil aspects of the European security and defense policy Resume

Both the military and civil aspects are important for the European

security and defense policy. At Helsinki European Council in 1999 it was decided to develop the civil aspects.

Besides the military methods of crisis management the European security strategy considers to use political, diplomatic, market and other tools. According to the strategy the best way to defend society is to support democratic, social and political reforms globally, the rule of law and human rights. The civil component has been defined as the integral part for the security and defense policy which implies coordination of European Union’s actions in four priority areas: police, rule of law, civil administration and defense. Besides that the civil component implies humanitarian missions in crisis situations.

100

Иракли Манвелидзе

Наталия Лазба

Гражданские аспекты политики безопасности и обороны Евросоюза

Резюме

В политике безопасности и обороны Евросоюза важным является не только военный, но и гражданский аспект. В декабре 1999 года на Европейском Совете в Хельсинках было принято решение развития гражданского аспекта.

Стратегия безопасности управления кризисами Европы помимо военных методов, подразумевает применение политических, дипломатических, торговых и др. методов гражданских инструментов. Исходя из данной стратегии, защита общества, является наилучшим средством развития демократии, что подразумевает поддержку социальных и политических реформ, верховенство закона и защиту прав человека. Неотъемлемой частью реализации политики безопасности и обороны является ее гражданский компонент, который подразумевает координацию Евросоюза по четырем приоритетным направлениям: полиция, верховенство закона, государственное администрирование и гражданская защита. Кроме того, к гражданскому компоненту относятся также, выполнение безотлагательной гуманитарной помощи в кризисных ситуациях и проведение спасательных работ.

101

inga cincqilaZe

evrokavSiris roli saerTaSoriso

krizisebis mogvarebaSi

evrokavSiris roli saerTaSoriso asparezze krizi-

sebis mogvarebis kuTxiT sul ufro izrdeba. evrokavSiri cdilobs gazardos Tavisi, rogorc globaluri aqtoris roli saerTaSoriso asparezze. am kuTxiT evrokavSiri Zi-riTadad iyenebs e.w. „rbili Zalis politikas“.

evrokavSiri aqtiurad cdilobs Tavisi wvlili Sei-tanos konfliqtebis mogvarebis saqmeSi. evrokavSirma xe-li Seuwyo saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebas da realuri gavlena iqonia adamianebis cxovrebaze mTel msoflioSi. Zaladobis Tavidan acilebis, mSvidobis aR-dgenisa da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis Semdeg mosaxleo-bis normalur cxovrebasTan dabrunebis mizniT evrokav-Siris warmomadgenlebi icaven sazRvrebs, Tvalyurs adev-neben samSvidobo SeTanxmebebis Sesrulebas, wvrTvnian sa-marTaldamcavebs, icaven gemebs zRvis mekobreebis Tav-dasxmebisgan. evrokavSirs ufro xSirad mimarTaven krizi-sul situaciebSi an saomari konfliqtebis Semdgom peri-odSi daxmarebis TxovniT.

dRevandeli konfliqtebi aCveneben, rom samxedro Ca-reva ar aris konfliqtebis gadawyvetis saukeTeso gamosava-li. 2003 wels diplomatiuri ZalisxmeviT Tavidan iqna aci-lebuli saomari moqmedebebi iugoslaviis yofil respubli-ka makedoniaSi. 2004 wels operacia “altea”-s farglebSi bos-nia hercegovinaSi moxda nato-s samSvidobo kontigentis Ca-nacvleba evrokavSiris samSvidobo misiiT. marTlwesrigis aRdgenis evrokavSiris samoqalaqo misia kosovoSi evrokav-Siris dRemde yvelaze mravalricxovani misiaa. mis Semadgen-

102

lobaSi daaxloebiT 2 000 TanamSromelia, romlebic daxmare-bas uweven qveyanas sasamarTlo da sapolicio sistemebSi.

evrokavSiris saqmianoba krizisebis marTvis mxriv mxo-lod mezobeli qveynebiT ar Semoifargleba. evrokavSirma arCevnebis CatarebisTvis aucilebeli pirobebi Seqmna kon-gos demokratiul respublikaSi. somalis sanapiro wylebSi mekobreebTan brZolis TvalsazrisiT pirveli samxedro-sazRvao operaciis organizeba moxda. Tavdacvis da usaf-rTxoebis politikis gatareba moxda indoneziaSi, sadac sam-Svidobo SeTanxmebis Sesrulebaze xdeboda dakvirveba.

2003 wels evrokavSiris mier kongos demokratiul res-publikaSi SeiaraRebuli Setakebebis da buniaSi humanitaru-li krizisis Sedegebis neitralizaciis mizniT operacia “ar-temida” warmatebiT Catarda.

2008 wels sam kviraze nakleb droSi kavkasiaSi evrokav-Siris misia ganTavsda, romlis mizani iyo ruseTsa da saqar-Tvelos Soris krizisis mogvarebisTvis xelSewyoba, mas Sem-deg rac am qveynebma evrokavSiris SuamavlobiT samSvidobo SeTanxmebas miaRwies. evropis usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politikis farglebSi saqarTveloSi evrokavSiris sadam-kvirveblo misiis saoperacio faza 2008 wlis 1 oqtombers daiwyo. 22 wevri saxelmwifodan evrokavSirma 200-ze meti damkvirveblis gamogzavna SeZlo. evrokavSiris sadamkvir-veblo misia iTvaliswinebs 12 agvistosa da 8 seqtembris Se-Tanxmebis Sesrulebaze monitorings, rac gulisxmobs rusu-li da qarTuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis konfliqtis dawyebam-de dakavebul poziciebze dabrunebas, ruseTis SeiaraRebu-li Zalebis samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis mimdebare teri-toriidan gasvlas. misias aseve evaleba bolodroindeli konfliqtis Sedegad dazaralebul teritoriebze mdgoma-reobis stabilizaciisa da normalizaciis xelSewyoba, mxa-reebs Soris ndobis Camoyalibeba da TanamSromlobis xel-Sewyoba, qarTuli sapolicio Zalebis ganTavsebis da aRmas-

103

rulebeli Zalauflebis gadabarebasTan dakavSirebuli saq-mianobis monitoringi da yvela mxaris mier adamianis ufle-bebisa da kanonis uzenaesobis dacvis monitoringi.

evrokavSiris sadamkvirveblo misiis mandati faravs saqarTvelos mTel teritorias. qveyanaSi yofniT misia xels uwyobs adgilze situaciis normalizaciasa da stabilizaci-as. aseve evrokavSiris sadamkvirveblo misia amzadebs anga-riSs adamianis uflebebis sakiTxebze, kanonis uzenaesobis pativiscemasa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebze. misiis moxsenebe-bi aseve moicavs iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebis da ltolvilebis dabrunebis sakiTxebs. amgvarad, SesaZlebelia evrokavSiris dedaqalaqebisaTvis arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb obieqturi da sruli informaciis miwodeba. evro-kavSiris sadamkvirveblo misias aseve SeuZlia adgilze, ad-gilobriv xelisuflebasTan pirdapiri TanamSromlobiT imoqmedos mocemul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul naklovane-bebze. evrokavSiris sadamkvirveblo misiis mandatis erT-er-Ti yvelaze didi gamowveva ndobis aRdgenaa. imisaTvis, rom moxdes adgilze mdgomareobis stabilizacia da normaliza-cia, gansakuTrebiT ki im teritoriebze romlebic agvistos omis Sedegad yvelaze metad dazaralda, administraciuli sazRvris orive mxares kvlav unda aRdges ndoba, saWiroa damyardes pirdapiri kontaqtebi da warmoiSvas TanamSrom-lobis mcire proeqtebi.

evrokavSiri mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs axlo aRmo-savleTSi situaciis daregulirebis kuTxiT. igi am procesSi saerTaSoriso Suamavlebis oTxeulis srulfasovani wevria da yvelaze aqtiur monawileobas Rebulobs diplomatiur molaparakebebSi. evrokavSiris misiis mizania iordaniis da-savleT sanapiroze, palestinaSi samoqalaqo policiis da sisxlis samarTlis samarTalwarmoebis sistemis mxardaWera.

eraySi situaciis daregulirebis mizniT evrokavSirma daiwyo misia, romelic warmoadgens samoqalaqo krizisebis

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marTvis operacias evrokavSiris usafrTxoebisa da Tavdac-vis politikis farglebSi. misia daiwyo 2005 wlis pirveli iv-lisidan. misi mizania kanonis uzenaesobis ganmtkiceba da adamianis uflebebis pativiscemis kulturis amaRleba eray-Si. misia iTvaliswinebs erayis kriminaluri marTlmsajule-bis sistemaSi dasaqmebuli pirebis profesiul ganviTarebas. wevri qveynebi axdenen kanonis uzenaesobis saukeTeso praq-tikis swavlebis organizebas, seminarebi aadvilebs Sexedu-lebebis gacvlas evrokavSiris warmomadgenlebsa da erayel monawileebs Soris. seminarebis mizania ndobis amaRleba, or-mxrivi pativiscema da operatiuli TanamSromloba erayis kriminaluri marTlmsajulebis sistemis sxvadasxva warmo-madgenlebs Soris.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna evrokavSiris kanonis uzenaeso-bis misia kosovoSi yvelaze didi samoqalaqo misiaa evropis usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politikis farglebSi. misiaSi sami aTasamde TanamSromelia rogorc saerTaSoriso, aseve adgilobrivi. evrokavSiris garda misiaSi monawileoben nor-vegia, Sveicaria, TurqeTi, xorvatia, aSS. misiam muSaoba da-iwyo 2008 wlis dekembridan. misi ZiriTadi mizania kosovos xelisuflebis daxmareba kanonis uzenaesobis sferoSi, sapo-licio reformaSi, sasamarTlo da sabaJo sferoSi. misias ga-aCnia SezRuduli aRmasrulebeli uflebamosileba da moqme-debs gaeros rezoluciis farglebSi.

evrokavSirma aseve ganaxorciela samxedro sazRvao operacia somaliSi, romelic Catarda gaeros uSiSrobis sab-Wos rezoluciis farglebSi, somalis sanapirosTan msof-lio sasursaTo programis xomaldis dasacavad mekobreebis Tavdasxmisagan. operaciis mizani iyo mekobreobis SeCereba da prevencia. operacia daiwyo 2008 wlis 13 dekembridan da srulad amoqmedda 2009 wlis TebervalSi. es operacia aris evrokavSiris pirveli samxedro- sazRvao operacia evropis usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politikis farglebSi. opera-

105

ciaSi monawile samxedro pirebs ufleba aqvT daakavon da ga-daiyvanon pirebi, romlebic eWvmitanili arian mekobreobaSi da yaCaRur TavdasxmaSi. evrokavSiris am operaciam mniSvne-lovani roli Seasrula somalis uSiSroebis Zalebis da soma-lis samoqalaqo sapolicio Zalebis CamoyalibebaSi. opera-cia aris nawili im globaluri saqmianobisa, romelsac evro-kavSiri axorcielebs afrikaSi.

avRaneTis sakiTxisadmi siRrmiseuli modgomis gamo 2007 wels evrokavSirma daiwyo sapolicio misia. misi mizania uwyveti da efeqturi samoqalaqo sapolicio sistemis dam-kvidreba avRaneTSi saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabami-sad. misia sakonsultacio da saswavlo saqmianobas axorcie-lebs avRaneTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi, regionebSi, provinciebSi. evrokavSiris mizania mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanos avRaneTis policiis sistemis reformirebaSi. po-liciis gaZliereba da kanonis uzenaesoba mniSvnelovania av-RaneTSi stabilurobisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayo-fad. misias sapolicio saqmianobis uwyvetobis uzrunvelsa-yofad mniSvnelovnad miaCnia samoqalaqo policiis Camoya-libeba, aseve TanamSromloba saerTaSoriso sapolicio in-stitutebTan.

2003 wlis 31 marts evrokavSirma daiwyo samxedro ope-racia yofili iugoslaviis respublika makedoniaSi. opera-ciisaTvis xelmisawvdomi iyo natos resursebi, rac SesaZle-beli gaxda evrokavSiri-natos SeTanxmebis saSualebiT. misi-is mizani iyo xeli Seewyo samomavlo stabiluri da usaf-rTxo garemosTvis da SesaZlebeli gaexada 2001 wlis agvis-tos ohridis samSvidobo SeTanxmebis Sesruleba, romelsac xeli moewera makedoniisa da eTnikuri albanelebis mier. amrigad, evrokavSiri aqtiurad cdilobs ama Tu im re-gionSi arsebuli konfliqtebis gadaWras, risTvisac is Ziri-Tadad iyenebs e.w. „rbili Zalis“ politikas. evrokavSiris-Tvis mniSvnelovania konfliqtebis mSvidobianad mogvareba.

106

evrokavSiri aris axali moTamaSe konfliqtebis gadawyvetis sferoSi. evrokavSirma xeli Seuwyo saerTaSoriso usaf-rTxoebis ganmtkicebas da realuri gavlena iqonia adamiane-bis cxovrebaze mTel msoflioSi. evrokavSiris saerTo saga-reo da usafrTxoebis politikis ganviTarebasTan erTad iz-rdeba misi, rogorc globaluri aqtoris roli.


1. ჰავიერ სოლანა, ევროპის უსაფრთხოების პოლიტიკის ათი წელი, 2009

2. ე.კრასნიკი, „კოსოვო: ევროკავშირის პოლიტიკის ხელახალი გააზრება“, 2009

3. www.delgeo.ec.europa.eu; www.aceh-mm.org; http://eeas.europa.eu; www.eumm.eu; www.eulex-kosovo.eu; www.eunavfor.eu; http://www.eupol-afg.eu

107

Inga Tsintskiladze

European Union’s role in solving crisis situations worldwide Resume

The European Union’s role in the global security is discussed in

this paper. The EU’s role in solving international crises is growing. The European Union is trying to become a more active global player and is developing its common foreign and security policy. The European Union is a “soft power” and it is trying to solve conflicts in non-military ways.

The paper also analyses the importance of different EU missions in the world, such as EU missions in Kosovo, Afghanistan, Georgia and so on. With the development of the EU’s common foreign and security policy the EU’s role on the international stage is increasing.

Инга Цинцкиладзе

Роль Европейского союза в решении кризисных ситуаций по всему миру

резюме

Роль Европейского Союза в глобальной безопасности обсуждается в этой статье. Роль ЕС в разрешении международных кризисов растет. Европейский союз старается стать более активным глобальным игроком и развивает свою общую внешнюю политику и политику безопасности. Европейский Союз является «мягкой силой» и старается решить конфликты невоенными методоми.

В документе также анализируется важность различных миссий ЕС в мире, таких как миссии ЕС в Косово, Афганистане, Грузии и так далее. С развитием общей внешней политики и политики безопасности ЕС роль ЕС на международной арене растет.

108

sociologia

Sociology Cоциология

ineza zoiZe

genderuli aspeqtebi mmarTvelobiT

saqmianobaSi

XXI saukuneSi mimdinare procesebs, ekonomikur da eko-logiur kataklizmebs, socialuri cvlilebebs mohyva tra-diciul RirebulebaTa transformacia, rac pirvel rigSi genderul balansSi aisaxa.

genderulma problemebma sociologebis, fsiqologe-bis, ekonomistebisa da sxva sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa warmomadgenlebis yuradReba XX saukunis 60-ian wleebisTa-nave miipyro, rac ganpirobebuli iyo sazogadoebriv qalTa gaaqtiurebiT da igi or kategoriad gaiyo. 1. miznebi, rom-lebic moicavda qalTa problematikas (socialurs, ufleb-rivs da sxva); 2. globaluri sakiTxebisaken orientacias, ro-melmac socialuridan politikurisken gadainacvla.

SemuSavda araerTi Teoriuli koncefcia da midgoma saojaxo saqmeebis gaZRolis analizis, mamakacTa da qalTa Soris Sromis ganawilebis, dasaqmebaSi genderuli diskrimi-naciis da anazRaurebaSi Tanasworobis sakiTxebze. klevis es mimarTuleba amJamadac aqtiurad viTardeba. kerZod, saer-TaSoriso organizaciebis (gaero, evropis kavSiri, evropis sabWo) Sesabamisi struqturebi yuradRebis koncentrirebas axdenen genderul problemebze yvela sferoSi.

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mecnieruli Teoriebi genderuli Tanasworobis Sesa-xeb or ZiriTad — bioteqnikur da biokulturul mimarTule-bad iyofa. bioteqnikurSi igulisxmeba biologiuri da gene-tikuri faqtorebi, xolo biokulturuli Teoriis mimdev-rebi Tvlian rom genderi gamoxatavs rTul socio-kultu-rul mimarTulebas. kerZod, gansxvaveba mamakacsa da qals Soris efuZvneba socialur rolebs, qcevasa da emociur ma-

xasiaTeblebs (Кравченко А. И., Тюрина И. О.2005: 623). Tavi-danve genderuli urTierTobebi mamakacis ekonomikur, so-cialur da kulturul srulyofilebas efuZneboda. gansa-kuTrebiT es Tema aqtualuria sazogadoebis ganviTarebis iseT sferoSi, rogoricaa marTva.

XX saukunemdemamakacis mier Zalauflebis monopoli-zaciam ojaxSi, organizaciebSi, dawesebulebebSi, sawarmoeb-Si gamoiwvia marTvis funqciebis monopolizaciac. Sromis danawilebam da industrializaciam ki eWvqveS daayena gende-ruli sxvaobebis sakiTxebi, qalebma sazogadoebriv saqmiano-baSi Tavdapirvelad formalurad mamakacebis Tanabari uf-lebebi miiRes. sazogadoebam civilizaciis paralelurad iuridiulad gaaforma da daakanona es Tanabaruflebianoba. qali aqtiurad Caeba sazogadoebriv saqmianobebSi, TandaTan gaqra is ZiriTadi mizezi, romelic qals mamakacs uqvemdeba-rebda. kerZod, es aris ekonomikuri damokidebuleba anu ma-makacma am mxriv TandaTan dakarga ,,ojaxis Tavis” funqcia.

miuxedavad amisa, bevr qveyanaSi Tanamedrove sazoga-doebrivi azrovneba zogadad kvlav patriarqaluri rCeba. samwuxarid, warmatebul menejerad an xelmZRvanelad Ziri-Tadad mamakaci moiazreba. praqtikuladac maRalanazRaure-badi da prestiJuli TanamdebobiTac isini arian dakaveb-vulni. saqarTveloSi dasaqmebul Sromisunarian mosaxleo-baSi qalTa xvedriTi wili 52%-s aRwevs, mTlianad dasaqmebu-lebSi ki maTi wili 50%-ia. maSin rodesac aqtiuri mosaxleo-

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bis 57 % qalia. (statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti, 2004).

dasaqmebis done yvelaze maRalia 50-64 wlis qalebSi (65,4 procenti) umuSevrobis yvelaze maRali done 15-24 wlis qalebSi SeiniSneba. am asakSi yoveli mesame qali umuSevaria (statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti, 2005.).

genderuli balansirebis kvaldakval gaormagda qalis socialuri statusic. qals garda saojaxo saqmeebisa, daema-ta Tavisi profesionaluri samuSaoebic. statistikuri mona-cemebiT saqarTveloSi qalebi yovelkvireulad saSinao saq-meebs uTmoben daaxloebiT 50 saaTze mets, amasTan mkveTrad gaizarda maTi xvedriTi wili sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrule-bel, sasamarTlo da biznes struqturebSi, mecnierebis jan-mrTelobis dacvisa da ganaTlebis struqturebSi.

genderuli aspeqtebis analizisas umTavresi adgili uWiravs Sromis genderuli danawilebis problemebs, rac gu-lisxmobs mamakacsa da qals Soris saqmianobis ganawilebas tradiciebisa da wesCveulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac for-malurad Tu araformalurad damkvidrebulia sazogadoeb-riv cxovrebaSi. sainteresoa is faqti, rom TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi ama Tu im sferos ZiriTad birTvs warmoadgenen qa-lebi an kacebi. iSviaTia praqtika, roca orive Tanabar mona-wileobas Rebulobs erTi da igive Sinaarsis saqmianobaSi. Sromis bazris yvelaze maRalorganizebul qveynebSic ki ga-moyofen wminda mamakacur da wminda qalur profesoebs. (ma-galiTad, TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi dabali rgolis samedici-no personalis TiTqmis 82 % qalia). samecniero literatu-raSi qalTa da mamakacTa mkacrad dadgenili profesiebiT dasaqmebis tendencias genderul profesiul segregacias

uwodeben (Кравченко А. И., Тюрина И. О. 2005, 629). swored am tendenciis zegavleniT qali dabalanazRaurebadi profesi-ebiTa da mimarTulebebiT Semoifargleba.

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segregaciis maRali done iTvleba qalisa da mamakacis karieruli SesaZleblobebisa da Sromis anazRaurebis dis-proporciis mniSvnelovan faqtorad, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevs dasaqmebis sferoSi genderuli balansis darRvevas.

segregacia vlindeba firmebs Soris da uSualod fir-mebSic, dasaqmebis sferoebsa da mimarTulebebSi. ganasxvave-ben profesiuli segregaciis or saxes_horizontalurs da vertikalurs.

horizontalur segregaciaSi igulisxmeba mamakacisa da qalebis araTanabari ganawileba ekonomikur sferoebsa da profesiebSi. vertikalurSi ki igulisxmeba araTanabari ga-nawileba Tanamdebobrivi ierarqiis poziciebze. vertikalu-ri segregaciis SemTxveva xSir SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs, rom warmoebriobis mxriv erTnairi maxasiaTeblebis mqone calke-ul muSakebs gansxvavebulad eqcevian imis gamo, rom isini warmoadgenen sxvadasxva socialur- demografiul jgufebs.

sqesis mixedviT diskriminacias vxvdebiT rogorc ad-gilobriv, aseve saerTaSoriso SromiT bazarze. magaliTad, inglisSi qalebi Seadgenen samuSao Zalis 40 %-s, magram aqe-dan mxolod 10 % flobs menejeris an mmarTvelis Tanamde-bobas. daaxloebiT msgavsi monacemebia saqarTveloSic. da-saqmebuli mosaxleobis ganawileba ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeebis mixedviT gviCvenebs, rom daqiravebuli qalebis yve-laze didi wili (36,0 procenti) dasaqmebulia ganaTlebaSi, xolo daqiravebuli kacebis yvelaze didi wili (20,0 procen-ti) dasaqmebulia saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi. mcirea TviT-dasaqmebuli qalebis ricxovnebaSi mewarme qalebis wili (13,8 procenti) roca igive statusiT kacebSi 26,2 procentia da-saqmebuli (statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti, 2005.).

fsiqologebi am monacemebis analizisas aRniSnaven rom mmarTvelobiT saqmianobaSi genderuli disbalansi xSir Sem-TxvevaSi gamomdinareobs ara mxolod tradiciuli Sexedu-lebebidan da normebidan, aramed fsiqologiuri faqtorebi-

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danac. qalebi naklebad floben im Tvisebebs, romlebic maT liderad aqceven, lideruli unarCvevebi ki aucilebeli ma-xasiaTebelia imisaTvis rom pirovneba daeuflos mmarTve-lis poziciebs. msgavs situaciaSi xSirad vlindeba mamakaci TanamSromlebis mier qali lideris mimarT winaaRmdegoba. garda amisa, profesiul miRwevebSi qalebs xels uSlis ,,Sina-gani barierebi”: liderobis SiSi (xSir SemTxvevaSi qalebs eSiniaT warmatebis miRweva biznessa da politikaSi, radgan eridebian kritikas axlobeli Tu garSemomyofi mamakacebi-sagan), sakuTari Tavisadmi rwmenis arqona, dabali TviTSefa-seba da a.S.

menejmentis sferos fsiqologebis azriT (j. vitkini, s. karteri, a. Jardeni) mmarTvelobiT saqmianobaSi qalebs TviTrealizebaSi xels uSlis Semdegi ZiriTadi faqtorebi: 1) mamakacebisagan gansxvavebiT qalebi ufro Semsrulebeli fsiqologiis matareblebi arian amitom isini naklebad iCe-nen iniciativas karieraze zrunvisaTvis. 2) qalebi ufro emo-ciurni arian da cudaT axerxeben sakuTari Tavis marTvas. 3) qalebs ufro naklebad axasiaTebT riskisadmi midrekileba, eWvi da SiSi aiZulebs maT daizRvion Tavi da dauyovnebliv gadasaWreli sakiTxebi gadadon. 4) qalebs axasiaTebT cxov-rebiseuli ,,kombinirebuli” strategiebis gamoyeneba, isini

samuSaosa da ojaxs Tanabar rolebs akisreben (Кравченко А. И., Тюрина И. О. 2005, 640).

qalebis dabali TviTSefaseba realuri genderuli problemaa. is xSir SemTxvevaSi efuZneba tradiciul kul-turul stereotipebs qalis meorexarisxovnebis Sesaxeb, ro-desac qalis pasiuroba miCneulia rogorc swori, dadebiTi da sasurveli qcevis stili. ojaxSi ki mTavaria qalisa da ma-makacis rolebis araprioritetuli gadanawileba. am sakiT-xTan mimarTebaSi jer kidev bevri ram aris dasaxvewi.

adamianis uflebaTa dacvis universaluri deklaraci-is mixedviT nebismier pirovnebas aqvs ufleba, miiRos mona-

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wileoba sakuTari qveynis marTvaSi. qalTa damokidebulebis gaZlierebas aqvs udidesi mniSvneloba srulyofili marTvi-sa da zogadad, sazogadoebis yvela sferos ganviTarebisaT-vis. qalTa Tanasworuflebiani monawileoba gadawyvetile-bis miRebis procesSi ganapirobebs sqesTa balanss, asaxavs sazogadoebis struqturas, rasac didi mniSvneloba aqvs de-mokratiis winsvlisa da ganviTarebisaTvis.

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. socialuri tendenciebi saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro statistikis departa-menti, Tb., 2004.

2 qali da mamakaci saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos ekono-mikuri ganviTarebis saministro, statistikis departamenti, stat. publik Tb., 2005.

3.Кравченко А. И., Тюрина И. О. Социологиа управленияюМ., 2005.

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Инеза Зоидзе

Гендерные аспекты в руководящей деятельности Резюме

В статье рассмотрены гендерные аспекты в руководящей

деятельности на современном этапе. Освещены проблемы гендерного распределения труда, распределение трудовой деятельности между женщиной и мужчиной с учетом традиций и обычаев, что формально или неформально закрепилось в общественной жизни. Рассмотрены отношения психологов и социологов к данной проблеме. Выделены те основные тенденции, на основе которых в тех или иных странах формируются различные подходы изучения гендерного баланса. На основе статистических данных проанализирована данная существующая проблема в Грузии.

Ineza Zoidze

Gender aspects in leadership Resume

The article deals with gender aspects in leadership positions at the

present stage. Such problems are discussed as the problems of gender division of labor, the distribution of work between women and men taking into account the traditions and customs that formally or informally exist in public life. The attitude of psychologists and sociologists to the problem is considered. Those major trends are highlighted on the basis of which in different countries different approaches to exploring gender balance are formed. On the basis of statistical data this problem is analyzed in Georgia.

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fsiqologia

Psychology П с и х о л о г и я

rusudan keWaymaZe

sikvdili da masTan Seguebis stadiebi

sikvdili - esaa movlena, romelsac verc erTi adamia-

ni ver gaeqceva. yvela sxva cocxali arsebisagan adamiani gan-

sxvavdeba imiT, rom igi naTlad acnobierebs sikvdilis gar-

dauvalobas. Tanamedrove adamians aqvs sikvdilis uaryofi-

sa da ignorirebis tendencia, Tumca, imis codna, rom sikvdi-

li gardauvalia, adamianSi badebs sikvdilis qvecnobier SiSs, romelic nebismier momentSi SeiZleba gamwvavdes. sik-

vdili - esaa saubrisTvis usiamovno Tema da Tu mainc lapa-

rakoben sikvdilze, mxolod mecnierul, formalur, ufro xSirad - samedicino enaze. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi sik-

vdilze saubari iwvevs diskomforts. adamians urCevnia sik-

vdilze isaubros zogadi formiT, mag., „ yvela adamiani mok-

vdavia,“ vidre gadavides „me - s“ enaze da Tqvas: „ odesme mec movkvdebi.“

adreul periodebSi sikvdili iyo Cveulebrivi mov-

lena. adamiani kvdeboda Tavis saxlSi da ojaxis wevrebi si-

cocxlis bolo wuTebamde uvlidnen mas. dakrZalvis ritua-

lic sruldeboda ojaxisa da axloblebis mier. kerZod, oja-xis wevrebi da megobrebi TviTon Txridnen samares da mar-

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xavdnen micvalebuls. Tumca, XX saukuneSi es yvelaferi iq-

ca raRac teqnologiur procesad. dasavleTSi adamianTa um-

ravlesoba kvdeba saavadmyofoebSi, sadac yvela aucilebel saqmes akeTebs medpersonali. damkrZalavi biuros Tanam-Sromlebi amzadeben gardacvlilis sxeuls aucilebeli ri-

tualebis CatarebisTvis, Semdeg misi gadasveneba xdeba ek-

lesiaSi, momakvdav adamianTan kontaqtebi ki ukiduresad SezRudulia.

uaryofa warmoadgens stresTan gamklavebis norma-

lur meqanizms, magram man SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos aqtiurad gamklavebas, vinaidan adamiani am dros ubralod uars ambobs realobis danaxvaze an miRebaze da es arsebiT gavlenas ax-

dens mis qcevaze. adamians unda SeeZlos im realobis miReba, rom cxovreba araa usasrulo da TviTonac mowyvladia.

mkvlevarTa nawili Tvlis, rom bolo periodSi sik-vdilTan dakavSirebuli kulturuli tabu TandaTan sus-

tdeba. arsebobs bevri wigni, statia da saswavlo kursi, rom-lebmac SeiZleba Secvalon sikvdilTan dakavSirebuli gan-

wyobebi. samedicino dargis warmomadgenlebsac ki, romel-

Tac yoveldRiurad uxdebaT sikvdilTan Sejaxeba, sWirde-

baT msgavsi saganmanaTleblo programebi da seminarebi, ra-

Ta iswavlon, Tu rogor gaumklavdnen sikvdilTan dakavSi-

rebul sakuTar grZnobebs. vis ufro eSinia sikvdilis - moxucebs Tu axalgaz-

rdebs? fsiqoanalizi amtkicebs, rom sakuTari sikvdilis ga-

mo SfoTva an SiSi - normaluri movlenaa. adamianebi, romle-

bic ganicdian ufro met SfoTvas, sxvadasxvagvarad umklav-

debian am grZnobas. zogierT adamians, romelmac ipova cxov-

rebis azri da mizani, aqvs imis aRiarebis unari, rom sikvdi-

li warmoadgens cxovrebis azris nawils. religiuri fanati-

kosebi, romlebic Tavs swiraven rwmenas( mag., kamikaZeebi), warmoadgenen problemis aseTi gadawyvetis ukidures maga-

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liTs. egzistencialistebi da aTeistebi, romlebic darwmu-

nebuli arian, rom sikvdilis Semdeg araferi aRaraa, zogjer ganicdian mZime grZnobas, roca warmoidgenen, rom sikvdi-

liT sabolood wyveten arsebobas. Tumca, maT SeiZleba gani-

cadon sxva grZnobebic: isini urigdebian im azrs, rom sik-

vdili gardauvalia da aRiqvamen mas, rogorc bunebriv mdgomareobas. isini gamodian im mosazrebidan, rom ararse-

bobaSi ar SeiZleba iyos stresi da tkivili, amitom araferi azri ara aqvs sikvdilis gamo SfoTvasa da mRelvarebas.

kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom adamianebis umravlesoba imyo-

feba am or polarul Tvalsazriss Soris. am SemTxvevaSi, sa-kuTari sikvdilis SiSi an metismeti SfoTva ZiriTadad gani-

sazRvreba imiT, Tu ra pirovnuli da kulturuli mniSvne-

loba aqvs adamianisTvis sikvdils. gamokvlevebi mowmobs, rom sakuTar sikvdilTan dakavSirebiT moxucebi naklebad SfoTaven, vidre axalgazrdebi. garda amisa, adamians, ro-

melsac cxovrebaSi aqvs gamokveTili mizani, naklebad eSinia sikvdilis. didi mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis religiur rwme-

nasac: gamokiTxvebi aCvenebs, rom is, visac mtkiced swams RmerTis da imqveyniuri cxovrebis, sikvdilis win iSviaTad vardeba depresiaSi da ganicdis nakleb SfoTvas.

erT - erT kvlevaSi axalgazrdebs ekiTxebodnen, ras izamdnen isini, Tu gaigebdnen, rom sikvdilamde darCenili hqondaT mxolod 6 Tve. rogorc wesi, cdis pirebi pasuxob-

dnen, rom gaemgzavrebodnen samogzaurod an Seecdebodnen imis gakeTebas, rac yovelTvis undodaT, magram ar hqondaT amis saSualeba. roca igive SekiTxvas usvamdnen asakian ada-

mianebs, isini laparakobdnen meditaciaze an iseT saqmeze, rasac sWirdeboda Sinagani koncentracia, Tumca, ufro xSi-

rad aRniSnavdnen, rom isurvebdnen am drois gatarebas ojaxTan an axloblebTan. garda amisa, erT - erT gamokiTxva-

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Si, romelSic monawileobda sakmaod bevri asakiani adamiani, mxolod 10% - ma upasuxa, rom eSinia sikvdilis. amasTanave, kvlevis mravalma monawilem aRniSna, rom eSinia xangrZlivi da tanjviT sikvdilis.

marTalia, asakiani adamianebi nakleb SfoTvas ganic-

dian sikvdilTan dakavSirebiT, magram yvela ase araa. ismis kiTxva: SesaZlebelia Tu ara im niSnebis dadgena, romelTa mixedviTac SeiZleba adamianebis dayofa or jgufad: isini, vinc Zlierad da naklebad SfoTavs sikvdilis gamo. am sa-kiTxTan dakavSirebuli eqsperimentebi ar iZleva erTmniS-

vnelovani daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas. zogierTi cno-

bis mixedviT, yvelaze naklebad SfoTaven is adamianebi, rom-

lebmac eriksonis mixedviT, miaRwies pirovnuli mTlianobis stadias. sxva monacemebiT, fizikurad da gonebrivad jan-

mrTeli asakiani adamianebi, romlebic akontroleben Tavis cxovrebas, ganicdian yvelaze met SfoTvas.

adamianebi sikvdilze fiqrisas Zlier SfoTvas xSi-

rad ganicdian maSin, roca maT aRmoaCndebaT iseTi daavade-

ba, romelmac SeiZleba gamoiwvios sikvdili, magram ramdeni-

me kviris an Tvis Semdeg SfoTvis done mcirdeba. sikvdilze yvela fiqrobs. rogor reagireben adamia-

nebi am azrebze? am da sikvdilTan dakavSirebuli sxva sakiT-

xebis kvleva XX saukunis 60 - ian wlebSi erT - erTma pirvel-

ma daiwyo elizabet kiubler - rosma. man yuradReba gaamaxvi-

la iseT situaciebze, rodesac sikvdilis perspeqtiva adami-

anisTvis xdeba Zalian realuri, mag., rodesac mas aRmoaCnde-

ba ukurnebeli daavadeba. am adamianebTan saubrebis Semdeg man gamoyo sikvdilze fiqrTan Seguebis 5 stadia: uaryofa, brazi, vaWroba, depresia da miReba. mokled davaxasiaToT es stadiebi:

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• uaryofis stadiaze adamiani uaryofs sikvdi-lis SesaZleblobas da cdilobs daarwmunos sakuTari Tavi imaSi, rom es Secdomaa da diagnozi araa swori.

• roca adamiani acnobierebs, rom marTlac mok-

vdeba, mas ipyrobs gaRizianeba, sibraze da Suri. esaa sibra-

zis stadia. adamiani Tavs grZnobs motyuebulad, radgan misi gegmebi da ocnebebi ukve veRar ganxorcieldeba.

• vaWrobis stadiaze adamiani eZebs drois moge-

bis SesaZleblobas, igi iZleva dapirebebs da molaparakebebs awarmoebs RmerTTan, eqimebTan, meddebTan da sxva adamianeb-

Tan ganaCenis gadavadebis Sesaxeb, tkivilisa da tanjvisgan gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb.

• Tu vaWrobas ar moaqvs Sedegebi, xolo dro iwureba - adamians ipyrobs uimedoba da umweobis gancda. ax-la igi imyofeba depresiis stadiaze da tiris aramarto rea-

lur danakargebs, aramed ojaxTan da megobrebTan Tavis mo-

axloebul ganSorebas. • bolo, miRebis stadiaze adamiani Rebulobs

moaxloebuli sikvdilis faqts da mSvidad elis mas. am avtoris mier aRwerili Seguebis stadiebi warmo-

adgens adamianis Cveulebriv reaqcias sikvdilis garduva-

lobaze da gvexmareba imis gagebaSi, Tu ras grZnoben momak-

vdavi adamianebi, Tumca es araa universaluri. yvela adamia-ni ar gadis am yvela stadias da mxolod zogierTebi gadian mas zustad aRwerili mimdevrobiT. adamianis reaqciaze gav-

lenas axdens bevri faqtori: kultura, pirovnuli Tvisebe-

bi, religia, piradi filosofia, daavadebis xangrZlivoba da xasiaTi. zogi adamiani bolomde imyofeba brazis an depresi-

is stadiaze, zogi elodeba sikvdils, rogorc tkivilisgan gaTavisuflebas. yvela adamiani Taviseburad axdens sik-

vdilTan Seguebas da ar unda vifiqroT, rom sikvdilis pro-

cesi warmoadgens universalur Tanmimdevrul stadiebs. ami-

120

tom aseT SemTxvevaSi adamians Tavs ar unda movaxvioT Segu-

ebis stadiaTa garkveuli nakrebi. piriqiT, rogorc amtki-

cebs robert kastenbaumi, adamians saSualeba unda mivceT, Tavisi gziT mivides sikvdilTan. Tu momakvdavs surs, maSin unda elaparakon TavianT grZnobebze; Tu mas aqvs kiTxvebi, unda miiRos maTze pasuxi; unda moawesrigos sakuTari saqme-

ebi, naxos naTesavebi da megobrebi, apatios da TviTonac iT-xovos patieba urTierTobisas daSvebuli umniSvnelo Sec-

domebis gamo. kastenbaumi amtkicebs, rom adamianisTvis es moqmedebebi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre raRac emociuri stadiebis gavla gansazRvruli TanmimdevrobiT.

adamianebs, romlebsac ar emuqrebaT swrafi sikvdi-

li, ufro meti dro aqvT im azrTan Sesagueblad, rom rodes-

me mokvdebian. Tavis ukanasknel wlebs isini xSirad atareben warsulis mogonebebsa da sasiamovno mogonebebis xelaxla gancdaSi. batleris mixedviT, cxovrebis es mimoxilva war-

moadgens Zalian mniSvnelovan safexurs, romelzec adamiani gadadis cxovrebis bolos. sibereSi adamians yvelaze metad izidavs sakuTari Tavis Secnoba. am process xSirad mivya-

varT pirovnebis namdvil zrdamde: adamianebi agvareben Zvel konfliqtebs, axdenen cxovrebis xelaxla gaazrebas da sa-

kuTar TavSi aRmoaCenen xolme raRac axalsac. mxolod maSin, roca adamiani ejaxeba realurad moaxloebul sikvdils, igi zustad gansazRvravs imas, Tu raa misTvis cxovrebaSi mniS-

vnelovani da ras warmoadgens igi sinamdvileSi.

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Г. Крайг. Психология развития. Питер, 2002 www.trevoga.narod.ru www.psichology.vuzlib.org/book_o199_page_15.html www.tanat.info/stati/ psihologicheskie – problemy

Rusudan Kechakmadze

Death and the Dying Process of Adjusting to a Death

Summary

A death is an event that will not be able to avoid any one person on the ground. Man is different from other living creatures that he clearly understands the inevitability of his death. The death has the personal and cultural importance and affects not only the dying man, but of the living. In Western society the denial is one of the realities of death as for the dying and their loved ones. Denial is a normal mechanism for coping with stress, but it can be difficult to deal with life. E. Kubler-Ross identified five stages of adaptation to thoughts of death: denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. Many critics, however, point out that although this is a common reaction for all people on the approach of death, every man on his own – coping with the thought of impending death.

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Русудан Кечакмадзе

Смерть и стадии приспособления к умиранию Резюме

Смерть – это событие, избежать которое не сможет ни

один человек на земле. Человек отличается от других живых существ тем, что он четко осознает неизбежность своей смерти. Сметрь имеет личное и культурное значение и затрагивает не только умирающего, но и живых.

В западной обществе отрицание составляет одну из реалии смерти как для умирающих, так и для их близких. Отрицание – это нормальный механизм совладания со стрессом, но оно может мешать активно бороться с трудностями жизни.

Э. Кюблер – Росс выделила пять стадии приспособления к мысли о смерти – отрицание, гнев, торг, депрессию и принятие. Многие критики, однако, указывают, что хотя это – общие для всех людей реакции на приближение смерти, каждый человек по – своему справляется с мыслью о скорой смерти.

123

qeTevan beriZe

fsiqologiur Zaladobad klasificirebul

monacemTa interpretacia

ukanasknel wlebSi sazogadoebaSi xSirad saubroben Zaladobis problemis Sesaxeb. saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc mTel msoflioSi, bavSvebi xdebian Zaladobis da ugulebel-

yofis msxverplni, rasac adasturebs 2007 wels UNISEF-is mi-er saqarTveloSi Catarebuli bavSvTa mimarT Zaladobis erovnuli kvlevis monacemebi. kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT, bavSvTa mimarT Zaladoba gvxvdeba rogorc ojaxSi, ise sas-

wavlo da aRmzrdelobiT dawesebulebaSi. bavSvebi Zalado-

bas ganicdian rogorc mozrdilisgan, ise Tanatolisgan, xo-lo cxovrebiseuli movlenebi mniSvnelovan zegavlenas ax-

dens bavSvis grZnobebsa da qcevaze. usamarTloba, fsiqiku-

ri travmatizacia, wyena, yofiTi problemebi, sisastike, mSo-

belTa ganxeTqilebebi, maswavlebelTa utaqtoba, aRzrdis defeqtebi - es yvelaferi aisaxeba fsiqikaSi da mTeli Sem-dgomi cxovrebis manZilze bavSvi rCeba momxdaris STabeWdi-

lebaTa qveS. raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, bavSvis fsiqo–emociur ganviTarebaze SesaZloa savalalo gavlena moaxdi-

nos sawyenma replikebma, kritikulma gamoxtomebma, sityvi-

erma Seuracxyofam, Tavze wamoTaqebam, romelsac seriozu-

lad arc ki aRviqvamT. samwuxarod, Sedegad vRebulobT bav-

SvTa qceviT darRvevebs, SfoTviT aSlilobebs, posttravma-

tul stresul aSlilobebs, narkomanias, alkoholizms, dep-

resias. bavSvze Zaladobad SeiZleba CaiTvalos nebismieri

qceva, romelic bavSvs travmas ayenebs. Tumca, Zaladobis formebs Soris, rogoricaa fizikuri, fsiqologiuri(emoci-

uri), seqsualuri Zaladoba da ugulebelyofa, emociuri Za-

124

ladoba Zaladobis yvelaze Znelad amosacnob formad iT-

vleba. fsiqologiurad daTrgunuli bavSvebis amocnoba Zne-

lia, radgan emociuri Zaladoba ar tovebs sxeulze fizikur kvals da misi uaryofiTi efeqti SeiZleba gamovlindes mxo-

lod bavSvis ganviTarebis Semdgom periodSi. fsiqologiuri Zaladoba gulisxmobs iseT qcevas, romlis mizania akontro-los, marTos bavSvis moqmedebebi da emociebi misi damorCi-lebis mizniT. aq igulisxmeba damamcirebeli metsaxeliT mi-marTva, muqara, bavSvis SekiTxvis upasuxod datoveba, samo-mavlo qcevis uaryofiTi prognozi, mozrdilTa Cxubi bav-

Svis TandaswrebiT, iseTi saqcielis dabraleba, romelic mas ar Caudenia da

sxva. emociuri Zaladobis msxverpli bavSvis tipiuri fi-

zikuri da qceviTi gamovlinebebia: metyvelebis darRveva – bavSvs ena eborkeba, Znelad

laparakobs; fsiqosomaturi Civilebi – Tavis tkivili, muclis

tkivili, gulisreva, Tavbrusxveva, gulis wasvla. Sardis da defekaciis Seukavebloba; depresiuli mdgomareoba; bavSvis destruqciuli da autodestruqciuli qceva; Tavdajerebulobis nakleboba, Zalze dabali TviTSe-

faseba, TviTizolaciisken midrekileba; mozrdilze zedmetad damokidebuleba; pasiuroba, iniciativis arqona; bavSvi xSirad ityueba; bavSvi asakisTvis Seufereblad „didia“ an piriqiT, in-

fantiluria. Cveni kvlevis sagani gaxldaT, swored emociur Zalado-

bad klasificirebul monacemTa interpretacia, romelic ganvixileT baTumis bavSvTa daxmarebis centris monacemebis

125

safuZvelze. baTumis bavSvTa daxmarebis centri gaixsna 2012 wlis ianvarSi saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi jandacvis fon-

dis mier evrokavSiris finansuriT mxardaWeriT. 2012 wlis martidan 2013 wlis maisamde centrs dasaxmareblad mimarTa 67 - ma beneficiarma, romelTagan 35– biWia, xolo 32 – gogo-

na. 6 wlamde asakis – 20 - ma beneficiarma, 7– dan 12 wlis asakis – 21 - ma beneficiarma, xolo 13–18 wlis asakis 26 - ma benefi-

ciarma. aRniSnul problemasTan dakavSirebiT sazogadoebis da-

mokidebuleba met–naklebad rom Seicvala, am faqts adastu-

rebs momarTvianobis monacemTa analizi.

72

22

3 3

19

11

მომართვის სახე

marTalia, momarTvianoba ZiriTadad nawildeba TviTmomar-

Tvis da jandacvis organizaciebze, magram niSandoblivia, rom gaizarda sazogadoebis sxva instituciebis reagireba da CarTuloba Zaladobis SemTxvevaTa mimarT. monacemebis analizi gvafiqrebinebs, rom Seicvala xedva da damokidebu-

leba problemis mimarT da ara is, rom gaizarda bavSvTa mi-

marT Zaladobis ricxvi. TiTqos bunebrivia, rom didebi unda zrunavdnen bav-

Svebze, uqmnidnen zrdisa da ganviTarebis yvela pirobas, gansakuTrebiT - icavdnen maT safrTxisgan, magram xSirad swored bavSvebi xdebian sastiki mopyrobis da Zaladobis

126

msxverpli. praqtikulad, fsiqologiuri travma gadatanili aqvs Zaladobis msxverpl yvela bavSvs, ris Sedegadac isini Semdgom viTardebian gansazRvruli pirovnuli, emociuri da qceviTi TaviseburebebiT, rac uaryofiT gavlenas axde-

nen maT Semdgom cxovrebaze. emociuri Zaladoba SeiZleba vlindebodes calke da aseve SeiZleba warmoadgendes fizi-

kuri an seqsualuri Zaladobis Semadgenel nawils. baTumis bavSvTa daxmarebis centris Zaladobis formebis klasifici-

rebis statistikur monacemTa suraTi ase gamoiyureba: fsi-

qologiuri Zaladobis – 39 SemTxveva, fizikuri Zaladobis – 20 SemTxveva, seqsualuri Zaladobis – 4 SemTxveva, ugule-

belyofa – 4 SemTxveva.

39 20 4 4

რა სახის ძალადობა აღინიშნებოდა

monacemTa analizi movaxdineT Catarebuli fsiqodi-

agnostikuri monacemebisa da fsiqologiuri daskvnebis Ses-

wavlis safuZvelze. ugulebelyofis, fizikuri da seqsua-luri Zaladobis SemTxvevaTa calke klasificireba moxda SemTxvevaTa gansakuTrebulobis safuZvelze, Tumca Cvens mier Seswavlili TiToeuli SemTxveva ar gamoricxavs fsiqo-

logiur Zaladobas - piriqiT, is mocemul SemTxvevaTa Semad-

geneli nawilia. monacemTa Tvisobrivi analizis dros gansa-

kuTrebiT unda aRvniSnoT is mZime emociuri travmebi, ro-

melsac seqsualuri Zaladobis „gamocdileba“ tovebs bav-

Svis sulSi .

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fsiqologiur Zaladobad klasificireba eyrdnoba SemTxvevebis Seswavlas stadartizebuli da arastandarti-

zebuli meTodikebis safuZvelze. fsiqologis mier gamoye-

nebuli iyo diagnostikis Semdegi instrumentebi: interviui-

reba (beneficiarisa da misi ojaxis wevrebis), qcevaze dak-

virveba, emociuri mdgomareobis sakvlevi luSeris testi, bekis depresiis kiTxvari, spilbergeris SfoTvis kiTxvari, art-Terapiuli meTodikebi.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Zaladobis formebs Soris yvelaze Znelad amosacnobia fsiqologiuri Zaladoba. miu-

xedavad amisa, arsebul monacemebSi Warbobs emociuri Zala-

dobis SemTxvevebi. CvenTvis saintereso iyo gagverkvia, ra niSnebis safuZvelze moxda Zaladobis formis klasificire-

ba, risTvisac SeviswavleT TiToeuli istoria, vikvlieT mi-

si gamomwvevi mizezebi. gamoikveTa sakmaod saintereso da mniSvnelovani garemoebebi. niSandoblivia is, rom 39–ve Sem-TxvevaSi momarTvis mizezebad dasaxelebuli iyo bavSvis ise-

Ti problemebi, rogoricaa, agresiuli qceva, TanatolebTan konfliqtebi, urTierTobis problemebi, pasiuroba, tyuili, enurezi, gulis wasvla, Tavis tkivilebi da sxva somaturi Ci-

vilebi, xolo fsiqodiagnostikuri kvlevis Semdeg arsebuli problemebis gamomwvev mizezad dadasturda fsiqologiuri (emociuri) Zaladoba. sainteresoa TviTon fsiqologiuri Zaladobis gamomwvevi mizezebis ganxilva. arsebuli monace-

mebis kvlevis safuZvelze gamovlinda, rom 39 SemTxvevidan ZiriTadi nawili ganpirobebulia ojaxuri ZaladobiT, gan-

qorwinebiT, mSoblebis fsiqologiuri mdgomareobiT, mSob-

lebis alkoholizmiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom momarTviano-bis mizezad saxeldeboda bavSvis fsiqikuri ganviTarebis problemebi, Seswavlili istoriebis safuZvelze dafiqsir-da am problemiT gamowveuli emociuri Zaladobis mxolod ramdenime SemTxveva. magaliTad, 14 wlis beneficiari – „go-

128

nebrivad CamorCeba asakobriv normas, riTac ukve miekuTvne-

ba Zaladobis risk–jgufs, xdeba bavSvis emociuri uaryofa, mxardaWeris deficiti“. 13 wlis beneficiari – „aqvs qcevis problemebi, ar uyvars swavla, daukiTxavad iRebs sxvis fuls, ris gamoc ojaxis wevrebi lanZRaven“, eubnebian: „Sen-

gan araferi ar gamova, ojaxis Semarcxveneli xar“. 8 wlis be-

neficiari – „miatova dedam, izrdeba saxelmwifo instituci-

aSi, gonebrivi ganviTarebiT CamorCeba faqtiur asaks, dedas-Tan cxovrebis drosac ganicdida gandevnis da TanagrZnobis deficits“, ambobs, rom „aravis uyvars, rom cudia“. 14 wlis beneficiari – „cxovrobs mamasTan da moxuc bebiasTan er-

Tad, Tumca daJinebiT moiTxovs bavSvTa saxlSi gadayvanas. mizezad asaxelebs mamis alkoholizms da bebiis daJinebul „Seusabamo“ moTxovnebs. misi gadmocemiT, mamas wlebis gan-

mavlobaSi hqonda alkoholis problemebi, is yovelTvis iyo mTvrali da eCxubeboda mas da bebias, rom kidev moetanaT misTvis alkoholuri sasmeli. konfliqtebi aqvs bebiasTa-

nac, ambobs, rom bebia mudmivad aZlevs SeniSvnebs, uyviris, moiTxovs, rom moawesrigos saxli da iswavlos, razec mas aqvs gamoxatuli negativizmi“. 14 wlis beneficiari – „dedis gardacvalebis gamo bavSvis mdgomareoba damZimebulia so-

maturi garTulebebiT, kerZod, yoveldiuri gulyrebiT. man gamoTqva bebiasTan cxovrebis survili, ris gamoc miiRo sayvedurebi dis da mamis mxridan. am SemTxvevis Semdeg isev gaumeorda morigi gulyris Seteva.“ 6 wlis beneficiari – „aqvs Zlieri emociuri mijaWvuloba mamasTan, ver xerxdeba bavSvTan ganmartoeba, rac badebs eWvs, rom bavSvi moqceu-

lia mamis fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis qveS. mSoblebi gayri-

lebi arian, bavSvi miakuTvnes dedas, mama ar eTanxmeba sasa-

marTlos gadawyvetilebas“. 8 wlis beneficiari – „alkoho-

liki mama, paTologiuri simTvraliT, mudmivad eCxubeba de-

129

das. marTalia, bavSvze dakvirvebiT ar dasturdeba fiziku-

ri Zaladobis niSnebi, magram bavSvi gamokvlevis dros afiq-

sirebs dartymis SiSs da ambobs: „me Zalian meSinia dartymis“. aRzrdis defeqtebi, mudmivi negatiuri Sedareba ZmebTan an debTan, agreTve bavSvis mimarT sxva Zaladobrivi qcevebi, romelsac mSoblebis nawili miiCnevs „normad,“Rrma kvals tovebs bavSvis fsiqikaSi da gavlenas axdens mis momaval cxovrebaze, mis warmatebasa Tu warumateblobaze, piradi cxovrebis mowesrigebaze, SvilebTan damokidebulebaze da rac mTavaria, SesaZloa, amgvari qceva TviTonac normad mi-

iCnios da Tavis SvilebTan igive gaimeoros, radgan es aris swored is scenari, romelic misTvis mSobliuria, nacnobia da sxva cxovrebiseuli scenari ar icis da arc unaxavs.

SemTxvevaTa analizis safuZvelze Cans, rom emociuri Zaladoba aerTianebs rogorc bavSvis winaaRmdeg mimarTul qmedebebs, ise bavSvTan mimarTebaSi umoqmedobas, xolo moz-rdilTa amgvarma qcevam SeiZleba bavSvSi seriozuli qcevi-

Ti da emociuri darRvevebi gamoiwvios. „emociuri iarebi didxans rCeba, emociuri sicive da bavSvis emociuri moTxov-

nilebis ignorireba, daSineba – amaxinjebs bavSvis warmodge-nas sakuTar Tavze da mTeli cxovrebis manZilze emociur travmas tovebs mis sulSi“(1:15). mravali kvleva aCvenebs, rom zrdasruli kriminalebis 70% bavSvobaSi Zaladobagancdili da ugulvebelyofilia. Zala-dobis Sedegebi aisaxeba aramarto pirovnul, aramed saxel-mwifo donezec, vinaidan msxverplTa problemebis mogvareba

dakavSirebulia mniSvnelovan xarjebTan, rogoricaa samedi-

cino daxmareba mwvave SemTxvevebSi, samedicino reabilita-

cia, fsiqologiuri reabilitacia, socialuri daxmareba, msxverplisa da moZaladis socialuri reabilitacia da sxva. janmrTelobis msoflio organizaciis monacemebiT, bavSveb-

130

ze Zaladobis uaryofiTi Sedegebi erTnairia sxvadasxva kulturul da geografiul garemoSi.


1. bavSvze Zaladobis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi. saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi jandacvis da medicinis ganviTare-

bis fondi, Tbilisi, 2011. 2. m. baliaSvili. socialuri fsiqologiis safuZvlebi,

Tbilisi, 2010. 3. Крайг Г. Психология развития. М., 2002. 4. Майерс Д. Социальная психология. М., 2000.

Кетеван Беридзе

Интерпретация данных, классифицированных как психологическое насилие

Резюме

В последнее время в нашем обществе часто обсуждаются проблемы насилия. Предметом нашего исследования является интерпретация данных, классифицированных как эмоциональное насилие. Изучение проводилось на основе статистических данных Батумского центра помощи детям, основаного Фондом общественного здоровья Грузии при финансовой поддержке Евросоюза. Исследования показали, что из классифицированных 39-ти случаев психологического насилия основная часть обусловлена: насилием в семье, разводами, психологическим состоянием родителей, алкоголизмом родителей. Несмотря на то, что причиной обращений назывались проблемы детского развития, изучение историй выявило лишь несколько случаев эмоционального насилия, вызванного этой проблемой.

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Ketevan Beridze

Interpretation of Data which Classified as an Emotional Abuse Summary

Recently, the issue of violence often discussed in our society. The subject of our study is to interpret data which classified as an emotional abuse. The study was conducted on the basis of statistical data from Batumi Child Support Center, which was founded by the Public Health Foundation of Georgia, with the financial support of the EU. Our studies have shown that out of the 39 classified cases of psychological violence, the main part is due to: domestic violence, divorce, psychological state of the parents, and alcoholism of parents. Despite the fact, that child development was marked as main reason of appeals, we revealed only a few cases of emotional abuse caused by this problem.

132

firuz bolqvaZe

RirebulebiTi damokidebulebis

fenomeni

albaT yvela dameTanxmebiT imaSi, rom Cven, adamia-

nebs, yvelaferTan dakavSirebiT, rac Cvens garSemo xdeba, sakuTari Sexedulebebi gvaqvs. Cven mogvwons an ar mog-vwons viRac, gvaRiazianebs an gvxiblavs raRac da Sesaba-mis emociebsac gamovxatavT. xSirad es emociebi zRvars ar scdeba, Tumca aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac konkretuli faqtis an movlenisadmi damokidebulebis gamoxatva radi-kalur formebs Rebulobs da agresiaSic gadadis. es gvaZ-levs safuZvels vifiqroT, rom Cveni damokidebulebebi ar aris mxolod zedapiruli reaqciebi nanaxsa da mosme-nilze da maT Rrma pirovnuli safuZvlebi aqvT. winamde-bare naSromis mizani swored am safuZvlebis Ziebaa. aq moyvanili mosazrebebi Camoyalibda piradi dakvirvebisa da realuri faqtebis analizis Sedegad, rac vfiqrob karg winapirobebs Seqmnis SemdgomSi sakiTxis siRrmiseu-li SeswavlisaTvis. aqve minda aRvniSno isic, rom Sexedu-lebebi, romlebsac gaecnobiT SesaZloa ar iyos unikalu-ri, universaluri an obieqturi WeSmaritebis damdgeni, Tumca survili imisa, rom moeZebnos fsiqologiuri axsna imas, Tu ratom xdeba pirovnebisTvis zogjer miuRebeli - misaRebi an piriqiT, sakmaod didia. aqedan gamomdinare marTebulad mimaCnia Cemi Tvalsazrisi iyos dabalansebu-li da ar gascdes im zRvars, romlis iqiTac mecnieruli kvlevis gareSe, raimes dasamtkiceblad, argumentebis moyvana azrs dakargavs. amitom, Sevecdebi, viyo frTxili terminebisa da gansazRvrebebis gamoyenebaSi da davtovo rac SeiZleba farTo areali Temis irgvliv diskusiis-Tvis.

133

da, radgan damokidebulebebze vsaubrob, barem aq-ve vityvi, rom Cemi sasaubro Tema RirebulebiTi damoki-debuleba iqneba, vinaidan mimaCnia, rom swored pirovne-baSi Canergili Rirebulebebi gansazRvravs imas, Tu ro-gori xasiaTis da Sinaarsis aris misi Sexedulebebi ama Tu im movlenaze. Tu ratom vfiqrob ase amaze cota qve-moT, manamde ki ramdenime sityviT RirebulebiTi damoki-debulebis arsis Sesaxeb.

is, rom adamians mis garSemo momxdari faqtebisa da movlenebisadmi sakuTari damokidebuleba gaaCnia, bu-nebrivic aris da saWiroc. sxva SemTxvevaSi is mosalod-nel cvlilebebze droul reagirebas ver moaxdenda da adaptaciasTan dakavSirebiT sirTuleebic Seeqmneboda. gaazreba imisa Tu ra xdeba da Sesabamisi moqmedebebis dagegmva da ganxorcieleba, mniSvnelovani iaraRia indivi-disTvis nebismier pirobebSi srulfasovani funqcionire-bisTvis. Tumca yvela aseTi qmedeba ar SeiZleba CaiTva-los RirebulebiTi damokidebulebis gamoxatulebad. qme-debebis garkveuli nawili pirdapir aris mibmuli instiq-tebTan da is aucileblad realizdeba im SemTxvevaSic ki Tu pirovnebaSi saerTod ar iarsebebs Rirebulebebi. ma-galiTad, adamianis safrTxisadmi damokidebuleba veravi-Tar SemTxvevaSi ver CaiTvleba RirebulebiT damokidebu-lebad, radganac mas SiSisa da TavdacviTi reaqciebis ga-moxatva SeuZlia jer kidev im asakSi, rodesac warmodge-na ar aqvs Rirebulebebis arsebobaze. magram Tu adamiani uars ityvis politikur aqtivobaze im motiviT, rom aqvs SiSi gansaxvavebuli azris devnisa da aman SeiZleba saf-rTxe Seuqmnas piradad mas an mis ojaxs, es ukve Rirebu-lebiTi damokidebulebaa, romlis realizebac Rirebule-bebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda. Sesa-bamisad RirebulebiTi damokidebulebis arsebobaze SeiZ-leba visaubroT mxolod maSin, rodesac Cveni damokide-buleba pirdapir kavSirSia moralur principebTan da ga-

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damwyvet momentSi amJRavnebs varT Tu ara am principebis erTguli.

aqedan gamomdinare, sawyis etapze, SegviZlia gan-vsazRvroT, rom RirebulebiTi damokidebuleba aris in-dividis mier faqtebisa da movlenebisadmi gamoxatuli damokidebuleba, romelic gansazRvrulia am individSi Canergili Rirebulebebis muSaobiT. marTalia es gansaz-Rvreba am etapisTvis srulyofilad ver CaiTvleba, Tum-ca mas Semdeg, rac gavecnobiT RirebulebaTa sistemebis formireba-realizaciis process, gaCndeba SesaZlebloba misi Sevseba-gafarToebisa.

RirebulebiTi damokidebuleba individSi zrda-gan-viTarebasTan erTad yalibdeba. im principebis gaCena, romlebic aseTi damokidebulebis aRmocenebas uwyobs xels, pirovnebis formirebas ukavSirdeba. pirovnebaSi RirebulebiTi damokidebulebis gamoxatvis safuZvlebi im socialuri jgufebis zegavleniT iyreba, romelSic in-dividi viTardeba. aseT socialur jgufebad SeiZleba mo-viazroT ojaxi, samegobro wre, skola, universiteti, sam-saxuri da religiuri da subkulturuli gaerTianebebi. am procesSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba socia-luri jgufis avtoritets. Tu aRmoCndeba, rom mozardis-Tvis ojaxze metad avtoritetuli subkulturuli gaer-Tianebaa, maSin igi am subkulturaSi aRiarebul Rirebu-lebebs miiRebs da misi RirebulebiTi damokidebulebac

swored am principebiT iqneba nakarnaxevi. zogadad socialur jgufebs bevri saerTo Rire-

bulebebi aqvT, Tumca maT Soris arsebobs radikaluri gansxvavebebic. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, adamianisTvis gansa-kuTrebiT saxifaToa, Tu is misTvis Tanabrad avtorite-tulad miiCnevs or an met socialur jgufs, romlebsac

erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebi gaaCniaT. am SemTxvevaSi mudmivad iarsebebs riski imisa, rom es pi-rovneba Riad daupirispirdes im socialur jgufs, rom-lisTvisac miuRebeli iqneba mis mier meore an mesame so-

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cialuri jgufis Rirebulebebis gaziareba. garda amisa igi ganwiruli iqneba Sida pirovnuli konfliqtebisTvis da im SemTxvevaSi Tu ver SeZlebs socialur jgufebTan Camoyalibebuli damokidebulebebis dabalansebas, SeiZle-ba mivides suicidamde, an sabolood gadaafasos Rirebu-lebebi da gaxdes erTi konkretuli socialuri jgufis Rirebulebebis mimdevari da damcveli.

RirebulebiTi damokidebulebis formirebis pro-cesSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs misi ganmtkicebis process. amaSi igulisxmeba is, rom adamianSi Canergili Rirebulebebis realizaciisTvis aucilebelia Seiqmnas xelsayreli pirobebi. Tu aseTi xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi pirovneba momxdari faqtis an movle-nisadmi gamoxatavs Rirebulebis Sesabamis damokidebule-bas, maSin es damokidebuleba ganmtkicdeba da gaizrdeba Sansi imisa, rom konkretuli faqtis an movlenisadmi am adamianma sxva SemTxvevaSic igive damokidebuleba gamoxa-tos. Tumca calsaxad amis mtkicebac ar iqneboda swori, radgan am dros did rols TamaSobs adamianis nebelobac

da ar aris gamoricxuli molodni ar gamarTldes, miTu-metes, rom adamianis qcevas sxva mravali faqtoric gana-pirobebs.

RirebulebiTi damokidebulebis formirebis in-strumentia ena. pirovnebaSi Rirebulebebis Canergvas xels uwyobs masze miwodebuli informacia imis Sesaxeb Tu risi keTeba SeiZleba da risi ara. informacia moicavs wina Taobebis gamocdilebas Rirebulebebis realizacias-Tan dakavSirebiT da magaliTebs imis Sesaxeb Tu romeli Rirebuleba rogori cxovrebis stils ganapirobebs.

vinaidan arsebobs moraluri da amoraluri Rire-bulebebi, Sesabamisad arsebobs pozitiuri da negatiuri RirebulebiTi damokidebulebebic. Tumca es sulac ar

niSnavs imas, rom adamianebs pozitiuri RirebulebiTi da-mokidebuleba maincdamainc moraluri Rirebulebebisadmi aqvT, xolo negatiuri amoralurisadmi. amaSi igulisxmeba

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konkretuli Rirebulebis pirovnebis mier mimRebloba an miuRebloba da ara misi moraluroba-amoraluroba. maga-liTad, yvelam viciT, rom adamianebis umravlesobas nar-kotikebisadmi negatiuri RirebulebiTi damokidebuleba aqvs, radgan misi moxmareba iTvleba danaSaulad da amo-ralur qcevad. Tumca Cvens garSemo arian adamianebi, romlebsac narkotikebisadmi pozitiuri RirebulebiTi damokidebuleba aqvT da moixmaren kidec mas. am SemTxve-vaSi saqme gvaqvs SemTxvevasTan, rodesac pozitiuri Ri-rebulebiTi damokidebuleba gamoxatulia amoraluri qcevisadmi (narkotikebis moxmarebisadmi), xolo negatiu-ri moralurisadmi (narkotikebis moxmarebaze uaris Tqmi-sadmi).

kidev erTi parametri, romliTac RirebulebiTi damokidebulebebi SeiZleba davajgufoT, konkretuli Ri-rebulebis mimRebloba-miuReblobaa. am mxvriv SegviZlia gamovyoT Rirebulebebi, romelTa mimReblobis areali farToa da Rirebulebebi, romlebic misaRebia mxolod

viwro socialuri wrisTvis. pirvel jgufs SeiZleba miva-kuTvnoT zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebi (magaliTad, pa-tiosneba, kacTmoyvareoba, Semwynarebloba da a. S.), rom-lebic misaRebia adamianTa umravlesobisTvis, xolo meo-re jgufs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT Rirebulebebi, romlebic

damkvidrebulia subkulturebSi, religiur, eTnikur da seqsualur umciresobebSi da sxva socialur jgufebSi. sazogadoeba, sadac socialuri jgufebis Rirebulebebi mkveTrad ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan da maTi Rirebu-lebiTi damokidebulebebi ar ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs, SedarebiT mSvidia, xolo sazogadoeba, romelSic sapiris-piro mdgomareobaa mudam aris konfliqtebis da dapiris-pirebebis kera.

RirebulebiTi damokidebulebis arseboba Cvens cxovrebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens. es aris fenome-ni, romelic ganapirobebs ara mxolod Cvens emociur re-aqciebs konkretul faqtebTan da movlenebTan dakavSire-

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biT, aramed gvibiZgebs ganvaxorcieloT garkveuli qmede-bebic. amis kargi magaliTia 17 maiss Cveni qveynis dedaqa-laqSi, TbilisSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi. saubaria homo-fobiis saerTaSoriso dRisadmi miZRvnil aqciaze, rome-lic seqsualuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebma moaw-yves. aqcia dapirispirebiT dasrulda. dedaqalaqis quCeb-Si gamosulma asobiT adamianma rusTavelis prospeqtze mimdinare msvleloba gaaprotesta da misi monawileebis mimarT agresiac gamoxata. saqme imaSia, rom moqalaqeebis umravlesobisTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda ara aqciis gamar-Tva, aramed is, rom am aqcias marTavdnen aratradiciuli seqsualuri orientaciis mqone adamianebi, rac sxva ara-feria Tu ara RirebulebiTi damokidebulebis agresiuli formiT realizeba. SeiZleboda Tu ara am dapirispirebis Tavidan acileba es sxva sakiTxia, Tumca faqtia, rom sa-zogadoebaSi, romelSic aratradiciuli seqsualuri ori-entaciiT cxovrebis mimReblobis areali Zalian viwro

iyo, gaCnda konfliqtis kera, rac swored sxvadasxva so-cialuri jgufebis warmomadgenlebs Soris RirebulebiTi damokidebulebebis SeuTavseblobam gamoiwvia.

RirebulebiTi damokidebulebis gamoxatvis aseve kargi magaliTia “kamikaZe” teroristis qmedebebi. misTvis sicocxle, rogorc faseuloba arafers warmoadgens da gacvlilia “jihadis” (saRvTo omis) gziT imqveynad samu-damo sasufevlis – samoTxis damkvidrebis ideaze. misi cnobiereba imdenad Sepyrobilia am ideiT, rom Zalian rTulia sicocxlisadmi misi RirebulebiTi damokidebu-lebis maCvenebeli gavzardoT samoTxis damkvidrebis survilisadmi formirebul RirebulebiT damokidebule-baze metad, rac mas teroristuli aqtis dagegmvas da ganxorcielebas gadaafiqrebinebda.

RirebulebiTi damokidebulebis realizebis Tval-sazrisiT SeiZleba gamovyoT adamianTa sami jgufi: aqtiu-ri, pasiuri da SemniRbavi.

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aqtiur jgufSi Semavali adamianebi gvevlinebian, rogorc Rirebulebebis aqtiuri damcvelebi da maTi Si-nagani ganwyobac Seesabameba qcevas.

pasiur jgufSi Semavali adamianebi SeiZleba gax-dnen RirebulebaTa ugulebelyofis momswrenic, gaaCndeT kidec sakuTari RirebulebiTi damokidebulebebi calkeu-li faqtebisa da movlenebis mimarT, Tumca ar moisurvon maTi realizeba da reagireba miandon sxvas. am tipis ada-mianebis SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba gagrZeldes manam, sanam is Tavad ar igrZnobs Tavs Seuracxyofilad da ar daiw-yebs sakuTari Tavis dacvas.

rac Seexeba SemniRbav jgufs, es gaxlavT adamiane-bis kategoria, romlebic rig SemTxvevebSi aqtiurad cdi-loben sakuTari RirebulebiTi damokidebulebebis gamo-xatvas, sazogadoebis TvalSi cdiloben hqondeT Rirebu-lebaTa damcvelis imiji, Tumca maTi Sinagani ganwyobebi ar eTanxmeba imas, rasac amboben da xSirad es mxolod ma-Tive naklis dafarvas emsaxureba.

ganwyoba vaxsene da aqve aucileblad unda aRvniS-no, rom RirebulebiTi damokidebulebis fenomenis gan-xilva Tvisuflad SeiZleba dimitri uznaZiseuli ganwyo-bis Teoriis konteqstSi. RirebulebiTi damokidebuleba im mniSvnelobiT, ra mniSvnelobiTac am naSromSia gamoye-nebuli, faqtiurad aris mzaoba konkretuli qmedebebis gansaxorcieleblad, xelsayreli pirobebis gaCenisTanave. amis mtkicebis safuZvels ki maZlevs adamianSi Rirebule-baTa im sistemis arseboba, romelic misi pirovnebis Se-madgeneli nawilia da gansazRvravs misi qcevis Tavisebu-rebebsa da arss. amasTan amiT mtkicdeba isic, rom Rire-bulebiTi damokidebuleba xSir SemTxvevaSi stereotipu-li xasiaTis aris da efuZneba zogadsakacobrio Rirebu-lebebs, romelic individSi masze gavlenis mqone socia-lurma jgufebma Canerges.

SeiZleba Tu ara RirebulebiTi damokidebulebis Secvla? am kiTxvaze dadebiTi pasuxi arsebobs. Rirebu-

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lebiTi damokidebulebis Secvla SesaZlebelia da amis sa-ukeTeso saSualeba konkretul RirebulebasTan dakavSi-rebiT informaciis miwodebaa. swored es aris is saidum-lo iaraRi, romelsac politteqnologebi calkeuli pi-rovnebebis an masebis damokidebuilebebis Sesacvlelad iyeneben da romelsac propaganda hqvia. sworad warmoebu-li da Tanmimdevruli sainformacio Setevis ganxorcie-lebis Semdeg didi Sansi arsebobs imisa, rom aramxolod

calkeul pirovnebebSi, aramed socialur jgufebSic ki amoraluri Rirebulebebisadmi negatiuri RirebulebiTi damokidebuleba Secvalos pozitiuriT da piriqiT – mo-raluri Rirebulebisadmi pozitiuri damokidebuleba Secvalos negatiuriT. Tumca imis mtkiceba, rom amis mo-xerxeba yovelTvis SeiZleba azrs moklebulia. adamianebs uWirT stereotipuli da iseTi RirebulebiTi damokide-bulebebis Secvla, romlebic pirdapir aris mibmuli maT

tradiciebze, TviTmyofadobaze, erovnulobasa da pirad

Rirsebaze. rogorc zemoTmoyvanili magaliTebidan davinaxeT,

RirebulebiTi damokidebuleba aris swored is fenomeni, romelic gansazRvravs Cveni qmedebebis Sinaarss konkre-tul faqtebTan da movlenebTan dakavSirebiT. Rirebule-baTa is sistemebi, romlebic CvenSi zrda-ganviTarebis procesSi inergeba, aris amosavali wertili am qmedebe-bisTvis. Tu me Sinaganad (bunebiT) var moraluri pirov-neba da CemSi Rrmad fesvebgadgmulia moraluri Rirebu-lebebi, sicocxlis xelyofiTac rom damemuqron Cemi Ri-rebulebiTi damokidebulebebi ar Seicvleba, radgan, isev am terminebiT rom visaubroT, Cemi RirebulebiTi damoki-debuleba sicocxlisadmi SeiZleba ufro naklebi mniSvne-lobis gamodges vidre im moraluri Rirebulebebisadmi, romelTa uaryofac SeiZleba momTxovon. am logikiT, Tu dgas sakiTxi RirebulebiTi damokidebulebis SerCeviT

gamomJRavnebasTan dakavSirebiT, yovelTvis wina planze iwevs is RirebulebiTi damokidebuleba, romelic CemTvis,

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rogorc pirovnebisTvis ufro metad faseulia da Tan-xmobaSia im socialuri jgufis RirebulebebTan romel-sac sakuTar Tavs mivakuTvneb.

Sesabamisad, ukve SegviZlia SevTanxmdeT Rirebule-biTi damokidebulebis gansazRvrebis saboloo variantze da is SeiZleba CamovayaliboT Semdegnairad: Rirebulebi-Ti damokidebuleba aris individis mier mis garSemo mim-dinare faqtebisa da movlenebisadmi gamoxatuli damoki-debuleba, romelic gansazRvrulia adamianis zrda-ganvi-Tarebis procesSi masze gavlenis mqone socialuri jgu-febis mier mis pirovnebaSi Canergili Rirebulebebis mu-SaobiT da aisaxeba qcevis Taviseburebebze.

gamoyenebuli literatura

dimitri uznaZe, ganwyobis fsiqologiis eqsperimen-

tuli safuZvlebi. ganwyobis Teoriis ZiriTadi debulebebi, Tb., 2004;

Kohlberg, Lawrence (1981). Essays on Moral Development, Vol. I: The Philosophy of Moral Development. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-064760-4.

Jean Piaget - The Moral Judgment Of The Child (1997, Glanco, Illinois)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Piaget#Education:_Morality

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Firuz Bolkvadze The Phenomenon of the Value Attitude

Abstract

Work consists of four sections. First is about phenomenon, second is about formation of phenomenon, third is about kinds of phenomenon and fourth is about working of phenomenon and its influence over human.

Фируз Болквадзе

Феномен ценностного отношения P е з ю м е

Работа состоит из четырех разделов. Первая, о феномене, вторая о формировании феноменя, третья о видах феномена и четвертая о работе феномена и его влияния на человека.

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ciala tuRuSi

qcevis marTvis strategiebi:

ganmamtkiceblebi

fsiqologiuri mecnierebis saboloo mizani qcevis marTvaa, rac bihevioristebis azriT dakavSirebulia swo-ri adapturi reaqciebis formirebis procesTan, risTvi-sac gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva ganmamtkiceblebi. eqsperimen-tebma daadastura, rom yvelaze efeqturi variantuli ganmtkicebis reJimia. TviT ganmtkicebis sqema SeiZleba iyos mudmivi an nawilobrivi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi gan-mtkicdeba yvela swori reaqcia. gamoirkva, rom am piro-bebSi reaqcia swrafad gamomuSavdeba, magram swrafadve qreba. nawilobrivi ganmtkiceba ori saxisaa: regularuli da araregularuli anu variantuli. regularulis dros ganmtkiceba xdeba yovelTvis, reaqciebis garkveuli rao-denobis Sesrulebis an garkveuli drois monakveTis gas-vlis Semdeg; araregularuli anu variantuli ganmtkice-ba ar ukavSirdeba reaqciebis mkacrad gansazRvrul ricxvs an drois intervals. Tavad ganmtkiceba aseve Se-iZleba ori saxis iyos: pozitiuri da negatiuri. poziti-uri ganmtkiceba reaqciis Semdeg dadebiTi stimulis mi-cemas gulisxmobs, xolo negatiuri ganmtkicebisas uaryo-fiTi stimulaciis mocileba xdeba.

skineri Tvlis, rom yvela moqmedeba, reaqcia SeiZ-leba or klasad daiyos. pirvels miekuTvneba reaqciebi, romlebsac pavlovi Seiswavlida. maT skineri respoden-tuls uwodebs. qceva, romelic aqtiurad zemoqmedebs garemoze misi Secvlis mizniT skineris azriT aris ope-rantuli qceva da igi mas P tipis ganpirobebulobas uwo-debda, raTa xazi gaesvas reaqciis zemoqmedebas momaval qcevaze. operantuli qceva (operantuli daswavliT ga-mowveuli) ganisazRvreba movlenebiT, romlebic reaqcias

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moyveba. (operantuli qcevis warmoSobis Sesaxeb msjeloba uazroa, vinaidan ar arsebobs, ucnobia maTi warmoSobis mizezebi). Tu Sedegebi organizmisTvis dadebiTia operan-tis gameorebis albaToba Zlierdeba. roca es xdeba, ambo-ben, rom Sedegi ganmtkicda da operantuli reaqcia ganpi-robebuli gaxda. da piriqiT, Tu dadebiTi araa da ar

ganmtkicda, maSin operantis miRebis albaToba Semcirde-ba. magaliTad, Tqven aRar gauRimebT adamians, romelic Tqvens Rimils pasuxobs gabrazebuli gamoxedviT an saer-Tod arasodes giRimiT. skineri Tvlida, rom am SemTxve-vaSi operantuli qceva kontroldeba negatiuri Sedege-biT.

ganvixiloT situacia, romelic xSirad xdeba oja-xebSi, sadac patara bavSvia, kerZod, tirilis qcevis ope-rantuli daswavla. roca pataras raime stkiva, is tiris

da mSoblis myisieri reaqciaa–yuradRebis gamoyofa. vina-idan yuradReba ganmamtkicebeli faqtoria bavSvisaTvis, tirilis reaqcia xdeba bunebrivad ganpirobebuli. magram bavSvma SeiZleba maSinac itiros, roca ar tkiva, raTa mi-ipyros yuradReba. SeuZliaT Tu ara mSoblebs bavSvis ganpirobebuli qcevis daZleva? fsiqologi uiliamsi yve-ba SemTxvevas, roca seriozuli avadmyofobis gamo bavSvs 18 Tvis ganmavlobaSi mSoblebi gansakuTrebul yuradRe-

bas uyofdnen. erT–erTi mSobeli yovelTvis mis saZine-

belSi rCeboda, sanam bavSvi ar daiZinebda da es 2–3 saaTi grZeldeboda. bavSvis tirils mSoblebi pozitiur ganmam-tkicebels aZlevdnen. is akontrolebda Tavis mSoblebs. eqimebma urCies mSoblebs tirilis ignorireba da bavSvis marto datoveba saZinebelSi. erTi kviris Semdeg tirili Sewyda, xolo aTi dRis Semdeg is ukve iRimeboda, roca mSoblebi tovebdnen saZinebelSi. erTi kviris Semdeg ro-gorc ki daawvines bavSvma daiwyo yvirili da mSobeli masTan darCa daZinebamde. es erTi pozitiuri ganmamtki-cebeli sakmarisi aRoCnda imisaTis, rom mTeli es Caqro-bis procedura isev xelmeored gasavleli gamxdariyo.

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meaTe Rames bavSvis tirili Sewyda da ori wlis ganmav-lobaSi ar ganmeorebula.

operantul reaqciebs skineri aqtiur qcevad gani-xilavs. swored maTi saSualebiT xdeba garemosTan Segue-ba. bunebrivad mimdinare adaptaciis procesSi operantu-li qcevis formireba da Secvla ganmtkicebebTan misi Tanxvedris SemTxveviTobazea damokidebuli. magram, Tu moqmedebis ganmtkicebasTan SeuRlebis procesi mizanda-saxulad aris warmarTuli, SesaZlebeli unda iyos qcevis

marTva ise, rogorc gvesaWiroeba. adamianis yvela met–naklebad rTuli qceva operantuli bunebisaa da eqvemde-bareba im zogad kanonzomierebebs, rac cxovelTa qcevis Seswavlis saSalebiT dadginda. daswavlis fundamenturi principebi da meqanizmebi SeiZleba Tavisuflad gamoviye-noT, roca adamianis qcevis formirebis, kontrolisa da regulaciis amocanebia gadasawyveti. aqedan gamomdinare, operantuli ganmtkicebis teqnika SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas moswavleebisa da studentebis swavlebaSi, gonebri-vad CamorCenili bavSvebis swavlasa da aRzrdaSi, fsiqiur

daavadebaTa mkurnalobaSi da a.S. adamianebs ,,avadmyofu-

ri’’ qceva imitom uyalibdebaT, rom socialur garemoSi adapturi qceva ar iyo saTanadoT ganmtkicebuli da xde-boda araadeqvaturi qcevis ganmtkiceba. mdgomareobis ga-mosworeba, anu qcevis modifikacia, gaumjobeseba, yvela SemTxvevaSi SedarebiT ufro adapturi da adeqvaturi aq-tivobis TandaTanobiTi ganmtkicebis gziT xorcieldeba.

pirobiTi ganmtkiceba Teoretikosebi ori tipis ganmtkicebas aRiareben–

pirvelad da meorads. pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli–nebismie-

ri movlena an obieqtia, romelsac TavisTavad aqvs ganmam-

tkicebeli Tvisebebi. es aris wyali, sakvebi, fizikuri kom-

forti da seqsi. maTi faseuloba organizmisTvis daswavla-

ze araa damokidebuli. meoradi, anu pirobiTi ganmamtkicebe-

li es aris nebismieri movlena an obieqti, romelic iZens gan-

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mamtkiceblis Tvisebas pirvelad ganmamtkicebelTan mWidro asociaciis saSualebiT, rac organizmis warsuli gamocdi-

lebiTaa ganpirobebuli. zogadi meoradi ganmamtkiceblebis stimulebis magaliTebia fuli, yuradReba, mijaWvuloba da kargi Sefaseba.skineri amtkicebda, rom nebismieri neitra-luri stimuli SeiZleba gaxdes ganmamtkicebeli Tu igi aso-

cirdeba sxva stimulebTan, romlebic adre ganmamtkiceblis rolSi gamodiodnen.amgvarad, pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblis fenomeni mniSvnelovnad zrdis operantuli daswavlis Se-

saZleblobebis sferos, gansakuTrebiT Tu es exeba adamianis socialur qcevas.pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblisTvis damaxasia-

Tebelia is, rom igi generalizdeba, Tu igi gaerTiandeba ara erT pirvelad ganmamtkicebelTan. fuli–gansakuTrebuli magaliTia am SemTxvevaSi. fuli TavisTavad ver daakmayofi-

lebs verc erT pirvelad moTxovnebs. magram kulturuli gacvlis saSualebiT igi xdeba mravali siamovnebis miRebis saSualeba. Cven SegviZlia SeviZinoT manqana, moduri tansac-

meli, saxli, ganaTleba, samedicino momsaxureba. sxva genera-

lizebuli pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli stimulebia–mliqvne-

loba, Seqeba, sxvebis daqvemdebareba. es e.w. socialuri gan-mamtkicebeli stimulebi xSirad moqmedeben Zalian rTulad da SeumCnevlad, magram isini arsebiTia Cveni qcevisTvis sxvadasxva situaciebSi. yuradReba–ubralo SemTxvevaa, yve-

lam icis, rom bavSvi iqceva cudaT, ereva ufrosebis saubar-

Si, Tavs mokatunebs avad imisTvis, rom yuradReba miiqcios. yuradReba mniSvnelovani sxvebis–mSoblis, Seyvarebulis, maswavleblis–gansakuTrebiT efeqturi generalizebuli pi-

robiTi stimulia. kidev ufro Zlieri generalizebuli pi-

robiTi stimulia–socialuri aRiareba. bevri adamiani dro-

is did nawils atarebs sarkesTan, raTa moewonos meuRles an Seyvarebuls. modac aseve arsebobs socialuri mowonebis-

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Tvis da manam iarsebebs, sanam iqneba socialuri aRiareba. kargi niSnebi–aseve pozitiuri ganmamtkicebeli stimulia.

skineri Tvlida, rom ganmamtkicebeli stimulebi Za-lian mniSvnelovania adamianis qcevis kontrolisTvis da is aRniSnavda, rom yvela adamiani gaivlis unikalur daswavlis mecnierebas da adamianebs ar marTavs erTi da igive ganmam-

tkicebeli stimulebi.pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli stimulebi adamianebTan sakmaod rTuli gasagebia.

qcevis kontroli aversuli stimulis saSualebiT skineris azriT adamianis qceva kontroldeba aversu-

li(arasasiamovno an mtkivneuli) stimulebiT. ori yvelaze tipiuri aversuli kontrolis meTodia–dasja da negatiuri ganmamtkicebeli. es terminebi xSirad gamoiyeneba rogorc sinonimebi.

dasja. dasjis mizania aiZulos adamianebi ar moiqces mocemuli saxiT. dasja SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ori gziT, skineris mixedviT es aris pozitiuri dasja da negatiuri dasja. pozitiuri dasja, roca qcevas mivyavarT aversul Se-

degamde. Tu adamiani moiparavs, is cixeSi moxvdeba. negatiu-

ria dasja, roca qcevas moyveba pozitiuri ganmamtkicebeli stimulis moSoreba. cudi qcevis gamo bavSvs ar ayurebine-

ben televizors an gaagdeben klasidan, roca xels uSlis gakveTilis Catarebas.

skineri dasjas ganixilavda rogorc qcevis kon-

trolis araefeqtur saSualebas. dasjis taqtikas SeuZlia gamoiwvios uaryofiTi emociuri da socialuri Tanmxlebi efeqtebi. SfoTva, SiSi antisocialuri qmedeba, TviTpati-

viscemis daqveiTeba–es zogierTi negatiuri Tanmxlebi mov-

lenebia, rac dasjas Tan axlavs. aversuli qmedebiT gamowve-ulma safrTxem SeiZleba gamoiwvios kidev ufro sakamaTo qcevis modelebi. magaliTad, bavSvi, romelic daisaja cudi swavlis gamo, Semdeg iqceva uaresad–ar dadis , acdens gakve-

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Tilebs, daxetialobs quCaSi. dasja ar gamoumuSavebs sasur-

vel qcevas bavSvs. arasasurveli qcevis CanacvlebisTvis ski-

neri gvTavazobs pozitiuri ganmamtkiceblis gamoyenebas. qcevis modifikaciis teqnologiis erT–erT variants

fsiqiatriul klinikebSi gavrcelebuli e.w. Jetonebis sis-

tema warmoadgens. pacientis mier sxvadasxva pozitiuri moq-

medebebis Sesruleba (mag. oTaxis dalageba, morigeoba) jil-

dovdeba JetonebiT, romelic pacients SeuZlia gadacvalos misTvis sasurevel sagnebze(tkbileuli, sigareti, bileTi kinoSi da a.S.). es sistema sakmaod efeqturia araadapturi qcevis Caqrobisa da adapturi qcevis formirebis Tvalsaz-

risiT. qcevis modifikaciis am programam gaamarTla sxva si-

tuaciebSi(gonebaCamorCenilebTan, delikventur mozardeb-

Tan, agresiul da autistur bavSvebTan). socialuri qcevis marTvisaTvis ganmtkiceblebis organizebuli da efeqturi sistemaa saWiro.skolaSi maswavleblebi ufro met yuradRe-bas uTmoben arasasurvel qcevas da pozitiurze ar amaxvi-

leben yuradRebas. maT mcdari warmodgena aqvT, rom amiT ufro Seasusteben mas. xSirad yuradReba, Tundac negatiu-

ri(gansakuTrebiT yuradRebis deficitis dros) jildoa moswavlisTvis. specialistebi rekomendacias iZlevian mos-wavlis rTuli qcevis dros dakviveba vawarmooT sam sxvadas-

xva maswavlebelTan da 40 wuTis ganmavlobaSi CaviniSnoT wuTSi ramdenjer gamoavlina bavSvma rTuli qceva, ramden-

jer iyo CarTuli davalebaSi(roca bavSvi davalebaSia Car-

Tuli, is ar avlens rTl qcevas).Tu bavSvi CarTulia da ain-

teresebs, is imsaxurebs Seqebas. aseve Seqebas imsaxurebs igi, roca asrulebs instruqciebs. Seqeba unda dakonkretdes, Tu ras akeTebs moswavle kargad. specialistebi fiqroben, rom erT SeniSvnas unda moyves 4 Seqeba–waxaliseba. poziti-

ur Sedegs iZleva, roca moswavles iseT davalebas an aqtivo-

bas mivcemTa, raSic is warmatebuli iqneba. amerikaSi kargad

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muSaobs videos gadaReba klasSi da Semdeg pedagogebisa da specialistebis mier ganxilva, Tu ram imuSava kargad da ram ara.

Циала Тугуши

Стратегии управления поведения: подкрепление Резюме

Цель психологической науки управление поведения.

По мнению бихевиористов формирование поведения связано с различными типами подкрепления.Скинер выделил подкрепления регулярные и нерегулярные или вариантные, респодентное и оперантное поведение. Эксперименты доказали, что более эффективны вариантные подкрепления. Скинер считал, что наказание неэффективный тип подкрепления. Педагоги чаще применяют замечание и наказание за неадекватное поведение, чем поощрение, когда ребенок выполняет инструкции.

TsialaTugushi

Building Behavior Management Strategies: Reinforcements Summary

Objective psychological science management behavior. Behavioural

scientists believed that the formation of behavior associated with different

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types of reinforcements. Skinner has provided regular and irregular reinforcements or variant, respodentical and operant behavior. Experiments have proved that more efficient variant of reinforcements. Skinner believed that the punishment ineffective type of reinforcement. Teachers often used comment and punishing inappropriate behaviour than the promotion, when a child performs the instructions.

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besik cicagi

maswavleblebisa da sasporto skolebis

mwvrTnelTa sakvalifikacio -

saganmanaTleblo monacemebis Seswavla

aWaraSi

sakiTxi eZRvneba iseT aqtualur Temas, rogoricaa

sajaro skolebSi fizikuri aRzrdisa da sportis maswav-leblebisa da, meore mxriv, sasporto skolebis mwvrTne-lebis ganaTlebis, kvalifikaciis, momzadebulobisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis garkvevas, romlebic ga-napirobebs moswavle-axalgazrdebis fizikurad da sulie-rad jansaR pirovnebad Camoyalibebas. aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis sajaro skolebSi momuSave maswavlebelTagan, 69%–s aqvs skolis fizikuri aRzrdis maswavleblis diplo-

mi da kvalifikacia, da ara sportis mwvrTnel–maswavleblis damadasturebeli sabuTi da kvalifikacia. sajaro skolebSi da sasporto skolebSi momuSave am kategoriis maswavleb-

lebs ki kanoniT ekrZalebaT sportis maswavleblad muSaoba, radgan skolis fizikuri aRzrdis maswavlebeli SedarebiT zogadad flobs sportis ama Tu im saxes, xolo sportis mwvrTnel–maswavlebels moeTxoveba viwro specializacia, skolis mier arCeul sportis saxeobaSi.

aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis sajaro skolis fi-

zaRzrdis, sportis maswavlebelTa 31%–s ara aqvs specialu-

ri umaRlesi ganaTleba. aqedan, 25%–s damTavrebuli aqvs teqnikumi, xolo 6% saSualo skolis ganaTlebis mqonea. ze-

moT aRniSnuli kontingentidan, gadamzadebaze uari ganac-

xada maswalebelTa 4%–ma, 15%–ma ki Tavi Seikava. sul kvali-

fikaciis amaRlebaze maswalebelTa 19% Tqva uari. amas ema-

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teba asakovan maswavlebelTa 8% (63–84 wlis maswavleblebi), romlebic ar eqvemdebarebian gadamzadebas, rac kidev ufro zrdis maCvenebels 19% + 8% = 27%. miRebul procentul mona-

cems Tu davumatebT zemoT naCveneb 31%–s, maSin miviRebT, rom skolaSi momuSave maswavlebelTa 58% ver daeqvemdeba-

reba gadamzadebasa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebas, rac Zalze saxifaTo maCvenebelia. gamodis, rom uaxloes momavalSi, Tuki saswrafod ar daviwyebT arsebuli adamianuri resur-

sis maqsimalurad gadamzadebas, kvalifikaciis amaRlebas da axali kontingentiT skolis uzrunvelyofas, – aWaris avto-

nomiuri respublikis sajaro skolebi mxolod 42%–iT iqneba uzrunvelyofili kvalificirebuli kadrebiT, isic sauke-

Teso SemTxvevaSi (igulisxmeba am kategoriisaTvis specia-lurad Seqmnili saswavlo programis daCqarebuli kursiT gavla).

aseve, kvlevam gviCvena, rom sajaro skolebi 42%–iT ar arian uzrunvelyofili im sportuli inventariT, romlis gareSe sportis swavleba yovlad SeuZlebelia, xolo kiTxva-

rebis safuZvelze miRebuli maCveneblebi imis Taobaze, rom sportuli invetariT uzrunvelyofa 58%–s Seadgens, Zalian gadaWarbebulad migvaCnia.

katastrofulia sajaro skolebis sportuli lite-raturiTa da meToduri saxelmZRvaneloebiT uzrunvelyo-

fis done, romelic mxolod 17% Seadgens. amave dros, buneb-

rivia, rom aseTi sportuli literaturis gareSe warmoud-

genelia ara marto raime sportuli siaxlis danergva, ara-

med saerTod swavleba. dRes saqarTveloSi aseTi literatu-

ra TiTqmis ar aris, an Zalian did iSviaTobas warmoadgens. ucxour literaturaze ki xeli ar migviwvdeba, enobrivi da sxva barierebis gamo. iSviaTad xorcieldeba aseTi wignebis Targmani, wignebis fasi sakmaod maRalia, tiraJi ki mcire.

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kiTxvaris mixedviT, rogorc sajaro, ise sasporto skolis absoluturad yvela maswavlebeli miuTiTebs dabal xelfasze, romelic ar aris sakmarisi arc stimulirebisTvis da arc novatoruli iniciativebisaTvis, da amgvarad, erT–erT ZiriTad xelisSemSlel pirobad gvevlineba swavlebaSi.

aseTive mdgomareoba aRiniSneba aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis sasporto skolebSic, sadac, momuSave peda-

gogTagan, skolis fizikuri aRzrdis maswavleblis kvalifi-

kaciiTaa 34%, mwvrTnel-maswavleblisa – 17%; 24% kvalifi-

kaciis gareSea (arasruli umaRlesi ganaTleba, saSualo ga-

naTleba da kiTxvarSi kvalifikaciis ardafiqsireba). danar-

Cen 25%-s sxvadasxva profesiis adamianebi Seadgenen, romel-

Ta 62% ar aris sertificirebuli. gadamzadebasa da kvali-

fikaciis amaRlebaze uari ganacxada pedagogTa 3%, Tavi Sei-

kava 18% , gadamzadebas ar eqvemdebareba 63-92 wlis asakis pe-

dagogebi, romelTa procentuli maCvenebelia 22%. zemoT aRniSnul monacemebze dayrdnobiT dgindeba,

rom amJamad sasporto skolebSi kvalifikaciis Sesabamisad muSaobis ufleba aqvs mxolod 17%-s, xolo pedagogebis da-

narCeni nawili – 83% gadamzadebas ar eqvemdebareba. aqve Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sasporto skolebis kvalificirebuli kadrebiT uzrunvelyofis mZime mdgomareobas da dasaqme-

bulTa sportul gamocdilebas, mizanSewonilia, maT mieceT gadamzadebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis Sansi. am SemTxve-

vaSi, aseTi suraTi gveqneba: gadamzadebisadmi dauqvemdeba-

rebulTa 83% – (3% + 18% + 22% ) = 43% msurveli, rac mainc sa-

gangaSo cifria, radgan sabolod miviRebT 17% + 43% = 60% da esec – saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi.

rac Seexeba sportul saqmianobaSi anketaSi aRniSnul pirvel sam xelisSemSlel pirobas, isini ase gadanawilda:

1. sportuli inventaris arqona da siZvele – 59%.

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2. sawvrTneli pirobebis arqona, arsebulis sim-

cire, mouwesrigebeli garemo da amis gamo mecadineobaTaa SezRuduli dro – 45%.

3. dabali (miuRebeli) anazRaureba – 43%. saintereso monacemebi dafiqsirda kiTxvaze: „ra un-

da iswavlebodes sajaro skolaSi: sporti Tu fizikuri kul-

tura (fizikuri aRzrda) da sporti seqciuri muSaobis for-

miT gakveTilebis Semdeg“. aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis sportSi momuSave

mwvrTnel–maswavlebelTa 17% (romelTagan 8% samTo moTxi-

lamurea) Tvlis, rom SesaZlebelia sportis swavleba saja-

ro skolaSi bolo gakveTilebze, xolo gamokiTxulTa 83% mizanSewonilad miiCnevs fizikuri kulturis (fizikuri aR-

zrdis) swavlebas sajaro skolaSi da sportuli seqciebis muSaobas gakveTilebis Semdeg. igive azrisaa sajaro skole-

bis maswavlebelTa 90%–ze meti. gamokiTxulTa umravleso-bis mier gamoTqmuli negatiuri azri sajaro skolebSi „sportis“ swavlebis mimarT gamowveuli unda iyos zemoT aR-

niSnuli pirobebiT, rac agreTve imis Sedegia, rom arasaTa-

nadod Seswavlili iyo sportis swavlebisaTvis materialur-teqnikuri bazisa da sportis maswavleblebiT sajaro sko-

lebis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxi. amJamad mtkicdeba, rom es sa-

kiTxi naCqarevad da arakompententurad iqna miRebuli, ro-

gorc Cans, mxolod sazRvargareTis qveynebSi arsebuli mdgomareobisadmi ukritiko mibaZvis safuZvelze.

igive kvlevebiT dadginda, rom aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis sajaro skolebSi maswavlebelTa 47% baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri insti-

tutis (SemdgomSi – saxelmwifo universitetis) kursdamTav-

rebulia fizikuri aRzrdis specialobiT. igive specialo-

biT, Tbilisis fizikuri kulturis instituti (SemdgomSi fizikuri kulturis akademia) da Telavis pedagogiuri in-

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stituti damTavrebuli aqvs mxolod 10%-s. es imis maCvenebe-

lia, rom aWaris regions pedagogiuri kadrebiT, maT Soris, fizikuri aRzrdisa da sportis specialistebiT uzrunvel-

yofs baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti. amJamad, Tbilissa da baTumSi aRniSnul specialobebze miRe-

ba aRar warmoebs. sasporto skolebSi momuSaveTa monacemebi Semdegna-

irad gamoiyureba: baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri

institutis (SemdgomSi saxelmwifo universitetis) kur-

sdamTavrebulia fizikuri aRzrdis specialobiT 34%. Tbilisis fizikuri kulturis instituti (SemdgomSi

fizikuri kulturis akademia) daamTavra 12,6%. Telavis pedagogiuri instituti damTavrebuli aqvs

mxolod 1,4%–s dawyebiTi samxedro momzadebisa da fizaR-

zrdis specialobiT. miRebuli monacemebi SemaSfoTebelia. kvlevaSi

mwvrTnelTa asakobrivi maCveneblebi (mwvrTnelTa wlovane-

ba) ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli, radgan asakovani pedagogebi ar eqvemdebarebian gadamzadebasa da kvalifikaciis amaRle-

bas, rac kidev ufro dabla daswevda arsebul maCveneblebs. cxadia, Seqmnili mdgomareoba gansakuTrebuli gansjis saga-

ni unda gaxdes ganaTlebis sistemis yvela safexurze, qveynis sakanonmdeblo organosa da mTavrobis donezec ki, radgan aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi arsebuli mdgomareoba identuria qveynis yvela regionisaTvis.

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Besik Tcictcagi Examination of qualification and training of school teachers and

coaches the sports schools of Adjara Summary

Status of the teachers of physical culture and sports in high

schools and sports schools is a matter of great concern, since their qualification and education data are inadequate and therefore the results of their work to be the best.

Бесик Цицаги Изучение квалификационно-образовательных данных преподавателей школ и тренеров спортивных школ

Аджарии Резюме

Положение дел у преподавательского состава

физической культуры и спорта в средних школах и в спортивных школах вызывает большое беспокойство, так как их квалификационно-образовательные данные не соответствуют предъявляемым требованиям а поэтому и результаты их работ желают быть лучшими.

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guram Caganava

ganwyobis faqtorebis problema

apropriaciis fsiqologiis [Caganava, 1995; Caganava,

2011; Caganava, 2004;Чаганава, 1978; Чаганава,2004] koncefciis Sesabamisad cocxal arsebaTa samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTe-belia apropriaciis (mikuTvneba, daufleba, aTviseba, miT-viseba) uZlieresi tendencia. is garemos mimarT Svid zo-gadbiofsiqikur tendencias aerTianebs. apropriaciis es tendenciebi cocxali arsebis nebismier doneze moqme-deben, radgan isini, SedarebiT uaryofiT garemoSi, si-cocxlisunarianobis, sicocxlis SenarCunebis zogad ka-nonzomierebebs eyrdnobian. nebismier organizms misi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisa da garemosTan sazoga-dod ukeT Seguebis unari gaaCnia. cocxali arsebis “es unari misi iseTi Taviseburebebidan gamomdinareobs, ro-melTa gareSe cocxali individis arseboba SeuZlebe-lia”[nadiraSvili, 2001:11). d.uznaZe naSromSi – “ganwyobis fsiqologiis eqsperimentuli safuZvlebi” wers: “erTi sityviT, “moTxovnileba” fsiqo-fizikuri organizmis yo-vel mdgomarobas SeiZleba ewodos, romelic, saWiroebs ra garemos Secvlas, amisaTvis aucilebeli aqtivobis im-pulsebs iZleva” [ uznaZe, 1949:44). “mdgomaroba” “saWiro-ebs ra garemos Secvlas” niSnavs, rom garemo “organizmi-saTvis” “ucxoa,” saSiSicaa, radgan iq aSkarad ar aris moTxovnilebis damakmayofilibeli sagani. amitom aq or-gvar qcevasTan gvaqvs saqme. pirveli, es iseTi qcevaa, ro-desac organizmi cdilobs, rac SeiZleba swrafad ganeri-dos am mis winaSe arsebul garemos – anu, rogorc ucna-uri ar unda iyos aq wamyvania ara apropriaciuli qceva, anu moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebaze orientirebuli qce-va, aramed saSiSi situaciisagan gansaridebeli qceva. es ki niSnavs, rom upirveles yovlisa aq zogadad Tavis ga-

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darCenis, anu sakuTari mdgomareobis SenarCunebis stimu-li moqmedebs da ara konkretuli sagnis (sakvebis) dauf-lebis (apropriaciis) tendencia, romelic verc ki amoq-meddeba, sanam ar moixsneba saSiSroeba.

amrigad zogadi biofsiqikuri ganwyobebi arsad gamqralan, isini qmnian konkretuli qcevis safuZvels, anu garemos Secvlaa upirvelesi amocana. pirveli amoca-naa – usafrTxo garemos miRweva da rac SeiZleba swra-fad. meore mxriv, radgan “moTxovnileba” “saWiroebs” Secvlas – es niSnavs, rom moTxovnilebis Mmdgomareoba agreTve “ucxoa”, Sinaganad “Semawuxebeli,” ”araTavisi” da is, rac SeiZleba swrafad unda moviciloT. aq sakuTari organizmis (moTxovnilebis) mdgomareobis daZleva – nega-cia xdeba aucilebeli. aq or grZnobasTan gvaqvs saqme – garemos SiSTan, romelic sikvdilis SiSs ukavSirdeba, ma-galiTad, Tu saWmelze gvaqvs saubari, es sakuTari moT-xovnilebis akviatebas uTanabrdeba, romelic aranairad ar gvcildeba da droTa ganmavlobaSi izrdeba kidevac

da misi daZlevis gareSe SeuZlebelia komfortuli e.i. “Tavisi” mdgomareobis miRweva. aq individs ufro metad

akviatebuloba awuxebs, romelic uTuod moTxovnilebis simtkicis gverdiTi efeqtia. moTxovnileba iwvevs akvia-tebulobas imitom, rom savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom akvia-tebulobis Semawuxebulobis gareSe moTxovnilebis Zali-an gaZlierebamde, anu naklulobis Zlieri gancdis mdgo-mareobamde individma arc ki mimarTos Sesaferis qcevas da dakmayofildes im rezervebiT, romlebic mas gaaCnia. amitom moTxovnileba mniSvnelovanwilad individis sawi-naaRmdego, Sinagani mdgomareobaa, romelic akviatebu-lobis mdgomareobis individze TavsmoxveviT afiqsirebs sakuTar Tavs.

sayuradReboa, rom qcevis ganxorcielebisaTvis e.w. operatiuli SesaZleblobebis [nadiraSvili,1983:218-233] cneba aris SemoTavazebuli ganwyobis fsiqologiaSi. saqme imaSia, rom moTxovnilebisa da Sesatyvisi situaciis Sex-

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vedris SemTxvevaSi iqmneba STabeWdileba TiTqos qceva misiT xorcieldeba, rac ganwyobis zogadi xasiaTis maCe-nebelia da organizmis, rogorc mTelis, aqtivobis Ses-wavlis SesaZleblobas iZleva. es ki ara mxolod ganwyo-bis iradiaciisa da generalizaciis SesaZleblobebis gan-mapirobebelia [uznaZe, 1949: 25-36), aramed agreTve gansaz-Rvravs zogadi, genetikuri tendenciebis gamovlenis Se-saZleblobas. amgvarad operatiuli SesaZleblobebi sinam-dvileSi erTobliobaa cocxali arsebis ganviTarebis pe-riodSi Camoyalibebuli sicocxlisunarianobis SenarCune-bis tendenciebisa. ganwyobis zogadi xasiaTi, ara mxolod am mocemul awmyo droSi sxvadasxva modalobaTa SigniT receptorTa analogiur reaqciaTa xasiaTiT aris ganpi-robebuli [uznaZe, 1949: 25-36], aramed genetikurad, didi xnis winaT SemuSavebuli zogadi ganwyobiseuli qcevis xa-siaTis gamZleoba iZleva imis SesaZlebobas, rom konkre-tul viTarebaSi SemuSavebul ganwyobiseul reaqciaTa na-irsaxeoba, amJamindeli, konkretuli ganwyobiseuli aqti-voba agreTve iqneba iseve myari da gamZle, radgan zoga-dad imave monacemebiT xasiaTdeba, rogorc pirvandeli biofsiqikuri ganwyobebi[Caganava, 1995: 536-565). fizikuri sivrcisa da “fsiqologiuri sivrcis” problema ar aris axali. magaliTad u.sterni specialur Tavs uZRvnis “siv-rcis dapyrobas” da saubrobs “sivrciseulis”daZlevaze SemecnebaSi da moqmedebaSi [Стерн, 2003:12. 79]. “sivrcis dapyroba” sinamdvileSi “sivrcis dauflebaa” anu sivrcis apropriaciaa.

Tu “aqtioba moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis saSua-lebaTa uzrunvelyofis xerxi”–a maSin isic SesaZlebelia vamtkicoT, rom aqtivoba, rogorc saSualeba da xerxi aerTianebs raRac ganmtkicebul moqmedebebs da qmnis iseT erTianobas, romelic aseTi konkretuli qcevis dros uwinac gamoiyeneboda, isini aprobirebuli, gaTavi-sebuli arian da problemas ar uqmnian individs. amave dros es saSualebebi da xerxebi situaciis Sesatyvisi un-

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da iyvnen, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi qceva dablokirdeba, saSiSi gaxdeba da individi iZulebuli iqneba saSiSroebi-sagan gamosvlis aprobirebuli saSualebebi da xerxebi eZebos–anu Tavdapirvelad dawyebuli qceva Sewydeba, is mizanSewonilobis xasiaTs dakargavs.

S. CxartiSvili wers, rom „mizani, pirvel rigSi warmodgenaa“.....magram is „specifikuzi fsiqologiuri Ta-viseburebiTac xasiaTdeba; saxeldobr, misi Sinaarsi pi-rovnebisagan ganxorcielebas, sinamdviled gardaqmnas mo-iTxovs da mas moqmedebisaken mouwodebs“[CxartiSvi-li,1958:91]. marTalia, rom warmodgenas, da am SemTxvevaSi, sakuTari miznis warmodgenas ar aqvs da arc SeiZleba qondes sakuTari Zala „materialuri procesebis“ Tval-sazrisiT, rogorc amas S. CxartiSvili ambobs da es sav-sebiT marTebulia, magram agreTve marTebulia isic, rom „subieqts ki iseTi STabeWdileba eqmneba, TiTqos mas Tvi-Ton mizani ezidebodes Tavisken“ [CxartiSvili,1958:92]. amrigad qcevis ganxorcielebisaTvis ar aris sakmarisi, raTa subieqturad adamians qondes moTxovnilebis Sesat-yvisi situacia, ar aris sakmarisi, raTa adamians qondes operatiuli SesaZlebobebi [nadiraSvili,1983:14-16], aramed

saWiroa, raTa moTxovnileba iyos gaTavisebuli iseve ro-gorc mizani, anu orives unda qondes “Tavisianobis” niSa-ni, “sakuTrad” unda iyvnen miCneulni.

es daskvna savsebiT Seesatyviseba S. CxartiSvilis debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom “pirovnebas SeuZlia aqtua-luri moTxovnilebis tyveobas Tavi daaRwios, momenta-lur mdgomareobaze amaRldes, sicocxlis bunebriv mim-dinareobas mimarTuleba Seucvalos da iseTi qcevis aq-tebi ganaxorcielos, romlebic awmyos moTxovnilebebs ki ar pasuxobs, aramed erTgvar msxverpls moiTxovs misgan” [CxartiSvili,1958:108). amrigad daaskvnis S. CxartiSvili “ iseT qcevasTan gvaqvs saqme, romelic aqtualuri moTxov-nilebidan an saerTod ar gamoiyvaneba, an kidev misi Sepi-robebisaTvis aqtualuri moTxovnilebis impulsi da mas-

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Tan dakavSirebuli grZnobebi araa sakmarisi. amitom swo-red aq xdeba saWiro nebisyofisa da misi specifikuri mo-tivebis Sesaxeb lparaki“[CxartiSvili,1958:109]. nebisyofiTi qceva adamianis mir warmosaxuli, fenomenologiuri, gac-nobirebuli sakuTari moTxovnilebisa, sakuTari miznisa, Sesabamisi sakuTari operatiuli SesaZleblobebisa da mTlianad sakuTari Sinagani mdgomareobisa da gare saku-Tari situaciis aTvisebulobis darwmulebulobis gan-cdis erTobliobaa, romelic ganapirobebs wminda fsiqo-logiur qcevas. ganwyobiseuli moqmedeba moTxovnilebiT

aqtualizdeba, xolo nebisyofiTi moqmedeba ki mizniT. nebisyofiTi qceva mTlianad pirovnebis mier aris for-mirebuli, is mTlianad mas ekuTvnis, misadmi aris damor-Cilebuli da gacnobierebuli sakuTari moTxovnilebebi-sa, sakuTari miznisa, Sesabamisi sakuTari operatiuli Se-saZleblobebisa da aTvisebulobaSi darwmunebulobisa. am-rigad nebisyofiT moqmedebas safuZvlad aqvs mTlianad

gaTavisebuli, aqtualuri biologiuri, individualuri moTxovnilebebidan ganTavisuflebuli, pirovnulad sa-kuTari moTxovnileba da agreTve sakuTari, xSirad indi-vidualuri TvalsazrisiT, aragonivruli, arapraqtikuli, mizani, romelic sulac ar aris aucilebeli, rom moma-valze iyos orientirebuli, is SeiZleba agreTve aqtua-lur, amJamindel, amwamier, uSualo momavalze iyos ori-entirebuli, magram is pirovnebisaTvis sakuTrad, Tavi-sad, anu Rirebulad da aucileblad Sesasruleblad aris miCneuli. Tu Cveulebrivi ganwyobiseuli qceva sicoc-xlis SenarCunebaze aris orientirebuli, nebisyofiTi qceva ZiriTadad, sakuTari RirebulebebiT warmoqmnili, pirovnulad RirebulebiTi sakuTari mizniT aris ganpi-robebuli, romelic sicocxlis SenarCunebas SeiZleba su-lac ar gulisxmobdes. amrigad sul erTia impulsuria Tu nebisyofiTia qceva, misi yvela komponenti (ganwyobis faqtorebi) unda iyos saxeldebuli faqtor „TavisiT.“

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini gaucxovdebian SeuZlebe-

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li iqneba maTze zemoqmedebis moxdena da qcevis ganxor-cieleba. amitom individs ara mxolod qcevis yvela kom-ponentis mimarT unda qondes maTi misadmi fsiqologiuri kuTvnilebis, gaTavisebulobis, aTvisebulobis gancda, aramed gancalkevebulad qcevis meoTxe komponentis sa-xiT (ganwyobis meoTxe faqtori) warmodgenili unda iyos individisa (impulsuri qcevis SemTxvevaSi) Tu pirovne-bis (nebisyofiTi qcevis SemTxvevaSi) aTvisebulobis dar-wmunebulobis gancda, romelic qcevis inicirebis, sas-xletis, amSvebis rolis Semsrulebelia da mis gareSe ve-ranairi qceva ver ganxorcieldeba. amave dros wamyvan funqcias impulsuri qcevis dros moTxovnileba unda as-rulebdes, xolo nebisyofiTi qcevis dros ki mizani. im dros rodesac zemodasaxelebuli meoTxe komponenti ar aris warmodgenili, maSin qceva blokirdeba ucxoobis gancdiT, romlis urTierTobebi aTvisebulobis darwmune-bulobis gancdasTan moiTxovs Teoriul da eqsperimen-tul Seswavlas.

sayuradReboa, rom Tavis dros a. frangiSvils Ses-wavlili aqvs mogonebis procesSi darwmunebulobis sa-kiTxi (Прангишвили,1967:105-205).

warmatebulobisa Tu warumateblobis miuxedavad

aqtivoba iZleva saSualebas individma(erTdroulad da gaerTianebulad ganicados sakuTari Tavi da situacia–garemo daZabul mdgomareobaSi. magram es daZabuloba, tonusi arsebobis ganmsazRvrelia da mxolod is aerTia-nebs fizikur, →biologiur da fsiqologiur subieqtur

mdgomareobas da fizikur(sagnobriv d� fsiqologiur

obieqtur mdgomareobas. aqtivoba aerTianebs oTxive faqtors (moTxovnileba, situacia, operatiuli SesaZleb-lobebi da aTvisebulobaSi darwmunebulobis gancda). ami-tom aqtivobis procesi, romelic gamartivebuli Tval-sazrisiT moTxovnilebisa da situaciis dauflebis urTi-erTobis procesSi xorcieldeba da maT Cven ganvacalke-vebT, vadifirencirebT xelovnurad, radgan aq absolu-

162

turi harmoniuloba sufevs–anu aq es harmoniuloba ar

daiyvaneba aqtivobis (ganwyobis) arc erT Semadgenel na-wilamde, is TavisTavad Rirebuli xdeba da amitom “akvia-tebulobiT”, ganmeorebulobiT xasiaTdeba individis do-neze, rodesac aqtualizebulia yvela gancda da gansa-kuTrebiT SemecnebiTi procesebi, rogorc situaciaze orientirebuli procesebi.

saqme imaSia, rom aqtivobas yvelaze kargad Seesat-yviseba apropriaciis primitiuli (zogadi) tendencia, radgan pirvelad is ar iyo diferencirebuli da asevea aqtivoba. marTalia misi mamoZravebelia moTxovnileba da situacia, magram is TviTon ukve moqmedebis dros gamo-calkevdeba, gamodifirencirdeba da Tavisi mdgomareo-biT pirvandel apropriaciis process emsgavseba, rodesac gare damkvirveblisaTvis apropriacia apropriaciisaTvis gankuTvnili Cans. es ki mas (aqtivoba) qcevis konkretuli Semadgeneli nawilebisagan, pirobebisagan (moTxovnileba–situacia) miRma ayenebs, amoagdebs am urTierTobebidan da is im biologiur SemoWilobas kargavs, romelic moT-xovnilebasa da situacias axasiaTebs. aqtivoba (apropria-ciis tendenciasTan gaigivebuli) realurad yvelafris dauflebis primitiuli tendenciaa, romelsac konkretu-li moqmedebis sazRvrebs moTxovnileba, situacia, opera-tiuli SesaZleblobebi da aTvisebulobis darwmunebulo-bis gancda uwesebs. magram rodesac es biofsiqikuri muxruWebi mas exsneba, is mis irgvliv arsebul sazRvrebs arRvevs da iseTi saSualebebisa da xerxebis dauflebas cdilobs, rac maqsimalurad ganapirobebs organizmisagan (fiziologiuri cvlilebebi da faqtorebi) da garemosa-gan moqmedebis damoukideblobas (muSa mexsierebis, warmo-saxvis, azrovnebis meSveobiT), rac, erTis mxriv, Sinagani, wminda fsiqologiuri potencialis amoqmedebas utolde-ba da srulyofilad cnobierebaSi xorcieldeba. meore mxriv ki garemosagan damoukideblobas individi iaraRis SeqmniT da misi gamoyenebiT aRwevs, radgan iaraRi, Tun-

163

dac misi primitiulobis gamo mainc aZlevs individs sa-Sualebas, rom daicvas Tavi garemos Semotevisagan da Se-ecados misi meSveobiT daeuflos garemos anu ganaxorci-elos apropriaciis primitiuli tendencia. amave dros cnobierebis doneze moqmedebas iwyebs socialuri faqto-ri, romelic metyvelebis saSualebiT iZleva SesaZleblo-bas sxva adamianebi iqnen gamoyenebuli egocentruli miz-nebis gansaxocieleblad sakuTari interesebis sxvebTan SeTanxmebuli SezRudvebis safuZvelze. yvelaferi es in-divids aZlevs saSualebas gacnobierebulad daeuflos rogorc sakuTar Tavs ise garemo situacias da amgvarad pirovnuli Rirebulebebi SeiZinos.

Cvens mier wamoyenebuli hipoTezis samarTlianoba, d.uznaZis mier aqtivobis mimarT gamoTqmuli mosazrebi-Tac dasturdeba. d.uznaZe wers_”amasTanave unda gvaxsov-des isic, rom am SemTxvevaSi aqtioba ara mxolod ro-gorc moTxovnilebis saSualebaTa uzrunvelyofis xerxi unda iqnes gagebuli, aramed amave dros rogorc wyaro, romelic TviT iZleva uSualod maTi dakmayofilebis Se-saZleblobas” [uznaZe,1949: 44].

aqtivoba ki rogorc komfortuli mdgomareobis Semadgeneli nawili Seesatyviseba apropriaciis tenden-cias da is “Tavisianobis” niSniT aris saxeldebuli. is aris uSualod faqtor “Tavisis” gancda, romelic maSin uCndeba individs, rodesac iqmneba aqtivobis erTianobis winaswari gancda, erTianoba yvela komponentisa da am SemTxvevaSi Zalian mokle droiT vlindeba kvintesenciu-ri meoTxe faqtori aTvisebulobaSi darwmunebulobis gancdiT, romelic amave dros starteris, qcevis amSvebis funqciis matarebelia, radgan aTvisebuloba zustad aq-tivobas niSnavs da aqtivobis ganxorcielebaSi poulobs meoTxe faqtori Tavis realizacias.

rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli d.uznaZis mixedviT

“obieqtivaciis” momenti, romelic amocanisadmi Teoreti-kuli mimarTebis dawyebis SesaZleblobas qmnis” [uzna-

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Ze,1949:46] “funqcionaluri moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas rodi isaxaven miznad, isini, es aqtebi, sruliad garkveu-li miznebisaTvis gvesaWiroeba,–vTqvaT, im sakiTxis gada-saWrelad, Tu raSi mdgomareobs amocana, an ra wesebis gamoyeneba iqneboda mis gadasaWrelad yvelaze ufro mi-zanSewonili “da ara imisaTvis rom ubralod Cveni Semec-nebiTi funqciebis amoqmedebis SesaZlebloba mogvcemoda” [uznaZe,1949:46].

Teoretikuli moTxovnileba arsebiTad mxolod rogorc Cveni substanucionaluri moTxovnilebebis gar-Tuleba warmoiSveba, ramdenadac igi ganwesebulia mudam mxolod imisaTvis, rom am ukanasknelTa dakmayofileba uzrunvelyos, Cven SegveZlo gveTqva, rom igi, arsebiTad, mxolod substancionalur moTxovnilebaTa Semdgom gan-viTarebas, an garTulebas warmoadgens” [uznaZe,1949:46].

moTxovnilebisa da situaciis zemoT aRwerili mi-marTebebis safuZvelze d. uznaZe fiqrobs, rom “rodesac moTxovnilebis faqtTan erTad misi dakmayofilebis si-tuacia moipoveba, maSin–da mxolol maSin–rogorc zemod

davrwmundiT, subieqtSi ganwyoba aRiZvris, romelic mas garkveuli qcevis aqtisken moixmobs” [uznaZe,1949:48].

amrigad savsebiT safuZvlianad SeiZleba davas-kvnaT, rom aqtivobis cnobili faqtorebis – moTxvnile-ba,situacia, operatiuli SesaZleblobebi, - gverdiT unda davayenoT sakuTari Tavisa da situaciis aTvisebulobaSi darwmunebulobis gancda.


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3.uznaZe d. ganwyobis fsiqologiis eqsperimentuli safuZlebi. fsiqologia. t.VI, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1949.

212 gv.

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mecniereba, Tbilisi,1964. 636 gv.

5.uznaZe d. bavSvis fsiqologia. saskolo asakis fsiqologia. Sromebi, t.V. mecniereba, Tbilisi,1967. 631 gv.

6.Caganava g. sadoqtoro disertacia-apropriaciis fsiqologiis problemebi. Tbilisi. 1995. 653 gv.

7.Caganava g. ganwyobis fsiqologiis aqtualuri problemebi. aWara, baTumi, 2001.224 gv.

8.Caganava g. negativizmis periodebi pirovnebis fsiqikur ganviTarebaSi. bsu Sromebi.V. (humanitarul mec-nierebaTa seria), baTumis universiteti, baTumi,2003. gv.281-285.

9.Caganava g. istoriuli da socialuri fsiqologi-is aqtualuri problemebi. batumis universiteti, baTumi, 2004. 254 gv.

10.Caganava g. cnobierebis problema apropriaciis fsiqologiis safuZvelze. niko berZeniSvilis institutis Sromebi, t.VII. SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universite-ti, baTumi, 2008. gv. 242-252.

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13Стерн В.Психология раннего детства. Харвест, Минск. 2003.400 с.

14. Чаганава Г. Я.Автореферат кандидатской диссертации – Влияние фактора «свой» на процесс восприятия и оценки действий человека. Тбилиси,1978. 28 с.

15.Чаганава Г. Я. Психология страха. Энциклопедический словарь. Аджара, Батуми, 2004.255 с.

166

Guram Chaganava The Problems of the Set Factors

Summary

Experimental, clinical, empirical and logical – theoretical data let us to prove, that together with the well known factors(conditions) of activity – need, situation, operative possibilities it is necessary to mention – the feeling of the confidence in the mastering of the self, own behavior, own condition and the surroundings.

Гурам Чаганавa Проблема факторов установки

Резюме

Экспериментальные, клинические, эмпирические и логико – теоретические данные позволяют утверждать, что наряду с уже хорошо известными факторами (условиями) активности – потребность, ситуация, оперативные возможности, - необходимо поставить переживание уверенности в освоенности самого себя, своего поведения, своего состояния, и внешней среды.

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guram Caganava mari malaymaZe marita iobiZe

individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis

empiriuli kvleva kroskulturul WrilSi

evropul mecnierebaSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo

azri evropelTa upiratesobis Sesaxeb saerTod araevro-

pelTa mimarT, rac mniSvnelovan wilad ganpirobebuli unda yofiliyo evropacentrizmis movleniT, rodesac yvelaferi saukeTeso evropasa da evropelebs miekuTvnebodaT, xolo msoflios sxva regionebi naklulad gamoiyurebodnen. aseTi Tvalsazrisi XIX saukuneSic arsebobda, romelic amarTleb-

da afrikisa da aziis qveynebis dapyrobas, koloniebis Camo-

yalibebas, monur Sromas. zogierT SemTxvevaSi es yvelaferi imiT iyo gamar-

Tlebuli, rom TiTqos evropelebi gansakuTrebuli dadebi-

Ti TvisebebiT gamoirCeodnen, xolo msoflios danarCen mo-

saxleobas aseTi done ar gaaCnda.aseTi Tvalsazrisi gansa-

kuTrebiT imaSi gamoixateboda,rom evropul anu dasavlur kulturas aziur anda aRmosavlur kulturas upirispireb-

dnen. gamodioda, rom evropuli kultura yvela parametriT jobda aRmosavlurs, rom evropas axasiaTebda upirvelesad individualizmi (TezeliSvili, 2007:251; Майерс,2000:247-256; Хьюстон, Штребе, 2004:580) romelic Tavisufal pirovnebasTan iyo gaigivebuli, xolo aRmosavleTs koleqtivizmi (Teze-

liSvili, 2007:285–286; Майерс, 2000:247-256.), romelic adamia-

nis jgufze damokidebulebas aRniSnavda. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT evropas axasiaTebda mecnieruli midgoma yvela-

ferTan, xolo aRmosavleTs miTologiuri. evropas axasia-

Tebda kanonis uzenaesoba, xolo aRmosavleTs ki TviTnebo-

168

ba. evropas axasiaTebda demokratiuloba, xolo aRmosav-

leTs ki tirania. evropas axasiaTebda kerZo sakuTrebis in-stituti da masTan dakavSirebuli pirovnuli Rirebulebe-

bi, xolo aRmosavleTs ki axasiaTebda koleqtiuri miwa–sar-gebloba da aqedan gamomdinare naklebi pirovnuli Rirebu-

lebebi. marTalia mogvianebiT aseTi ukiduresobebi ukugde-

buli iqna, magram axlac, rogorc amas uamravi gamokvleva adasturebs arsebobs evropuli da aRmosavluri kulture-

bis dapirispireba, Tumca amJamad ufro obiqturad udgebian kulturaTa Sedarebas, rac dRis wesrigSi ayenebs sakiTxs dasavluri da aRmosavluri kulturebis sinTezirebas anu individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis tendenciaTa iseT ga-

erTianebas, romelic orive orientaciis upiratesobebis simbiozi iqneba. kulturaTa aseT gaerTianebas, daaxloebas, Serwymas komunitarianizmi ewoda.

individualistebi inarCuneben sakuTar idento-

bas,sakuTar Rirsebis grZnobas, maSinac ki,rodesac isini wyveten sakuTar socialur kavSirebs. siymawvileSi isini ib-

rZvian mSoblebisagan gamosacalkeveblad da sakuTari me–s Rirsebis grZnobis dasaufleblad. individualizmis apo-

logetebi amtkiceben ‘’igrZeni sakuTari Tavi,aRiare sakuTa-

ri Tavi,erTguli iyavi sakuTari Tavisadmi’’, nu iqnebi damo-

kidebuli(mxardaWeris miRebisadmi,midrekilebis gamo,siyva-rulis an arasasurveli partnioris mimarT mijaWvulobisga-

mo.) fsiqoterapevti fric perlzi Semdegnairad ayalibebs individualizmis sqemas:’’me dakavebuli var Cemi saqmiT,Sen ki SeniT. me am samyaroSi sulac ar var imisaTvis,rom davakmayo-

filo Tqveni molodini. Tqven ki imisaTvis ar xarT,rom daak-

mayofiloT Cemi.’’ koleqtivistur kulturebSi,sadac upir-velesyovlisa Rirebulad iTvleba jgufuri solidaro-

ba,aseTi sityvebi iSviaTad warmoiTqmis. didi ojaxebi gu-

169

lisxmoben SemWidrovebulobas. zogjer gvars specialurad weren saxelis win,imisaTvis, rom xazi gausvan socialur identobas (Майерс, 2000:247-256).

aziur kulturebSi da saerTod mesame samyaros qvey-

nebSi ufro Rirebulad miCneulia koleqtivizmi. aq umaRles prioritets adamianebi miaweren sakuTari jgufebis,– saoja-

xo, klanur,SromiT–miznebs da keTildReobas, rogorc wesi literaturaSi da filmebSi adideben maT, vinc dasZlia ego-

izmi da yovelTvis axsovs, vin aris is da asrulebs sakuTar sazogadoebriv valdebulebebs. Cveulebriv koleqtivizmi gabatonebulia iq,sadac adamianebi mudmiva ebrZvian saerTo ubedurebas da saWiroa urTierTdaxmareba( Майерс,2000:247-256).

koleqtivisturi kulturebis aRzrdis modelSi aq-

centirebulia damjeroba da ‘’wesierad’’qceva.Tu Tqven cxovrobT aziaSi,TqvenTvis miuRebeli iqneba gansazRvroT bavSvebis arCevani. Tqven SeecdebiT SeinarCunoT didi ojaxi da izrunoT moxucebul mSoblebze.

koleqtivistur kulturebSi urTierTobebi ‘’muSaki–ufrosi’’ aRiniSneba urTierT loialobiT.aq socialuri so-

lidaroba Rirebulad iTvleba,adamianebi cdiloben Seinar-

Cunon harmonia,avlenen urTierTpativiscemas da saSualebas aZleven sxvebs ‘’SeinarCunon sakuTari saxe’’.adamianebi eri-

debian konforntacias,ganeridebian gaxsnilobisa da TviT-

Seqebis tendenciebs.isini cdiloben gverdi auaron mwvave Temebs,avlenen mokrZalebulobas (Майерс,2000:247-256).adami-

anebi exmarebian erTmaneTs da axsovT vin exmareboda maT. da-

moukideblobis nacvlad pirovneba urTierTdamokidebulia, magram radgan,socialuri identifikacia mniSvnelovania maTTvis,isini ufro metad arian orientirebulni imsjelon adamianze misi jgufuri kuTvnilebis mixedviT. ‘’miTxari mi-

170

si gvari,romeli skola daamTavra da sad muSaobs da me meco-

dineba masze TiTqmis yvelaferi’’ amboben am kulturis war-

momadgenlebi. individualistebi ufro frTxilni arian stereotipebis mimarT da cdiloben ar gaakeTon daskvnebi adamianis mdgomareobis Tu saqmianobis mixedviT.’’yoveli adamiani pirovnebaa,amitom Tqven ar SegiZliaT gaakeToT daskvna adamianis mxolod sqesis,rasis an saqmianobis mixed-

viT( Майерс,2000:247-256). yoveli kulturuli tradicia gu-

lisxmobs garkveul upiratesobebs. individualistur sazo-

gadoebaSi adamianebs aqvT meti Tavisufleba, ufro amayoben sakuTari miRwevebiT da nakleb SezRudulni arian garSemom-

yof adamianTa molodinebiT. maTi qceva ufro Tavisufa-

lia,isini Tavisuflad gadaadgildebian da irCeven cxovre-

bis stils,magram amis gamo ufro metia martooba,metia gan-

qorwineba da stresuli aSlilobebi( Майерс,2000:247-256). koleqtivisturi Rirebulebebis gamokvlevebma da

genderulma kvlevebma aCvenes,rom arsebobs individualiz-

mis alternativa. am monacemTa safuZvelze socialuri fsi-qologi heizel markus da sinobu kitaiama Tavazoben damoki-

debulebis axal gagebas ’iyo damokidebuli ar niSnavs auci-leblad iyo uZluri da ar gqondes SesaZlebloba gaakon-

trolo situacia.xSirad amis qveS igulisxmeba urTierTda-

mokidebuleba. es ki gulisxmobs axlos urTierTobebis da-

fasebis,yuradRebianobis da sxvebisadmi pasuxismgeblobiTi damokidebulebis unars gansazRvro sakuTari Tavi ara mxo-

lod rogorc unikaluri,aramed rogorc ‘’mniSvnelovani sxvebis’’ erTguli mokavSire. amrigad,wamoyenebulia komuni-

tarianizmis koncefcia–individualizmisa(adamianis ZiriTa-

di uflebebis pativiscema) da koleqtivizmis(ojaxis,sazoga-

doebis keTildReobaze zrunva)sinTezis mcdelobaa. bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva,Tu ra adgili ukavia qar-

Tul kulturas msoflio kulturaTa dapirispirebaSi,amaze

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pasuxis gacemas Seecada grigol robaqiZe da konstantine gamsaxurdia. ai ras wers konstantine gamsaxurdia:

‘’ Cveni istoria ‘’xalxTa xidi’’ iyo.Cveni istoriuli misia,or Seurigebel ukiduresobaTa da kontrastTa Serige-

ba–Seguebaa.mTeli Cveni kultura am or did samyarosagan gadmosrolili Crdilisa da sinaTlis naTelyofaa. amrigad konstantine gamsaxurdias TvalsazrisiT qarTuli kultu-

ris Sinaarsis mixedviT SeiZleba vilaparakoT, kulturaTa iseT Serwymaze,romelic amJamad saukeTesod aris miCneuli msoflios fsiqologebisa da sociologebis mier. sayurad-

Reboa, rom qarTuli kulturis Taobaze da mis istoriul fesvebze evropasa da aziasTan mWidro kavSir–urTierTobe-

bis TvalsazrisiT Zalian originalurad miuTiTebs,rusi mkvlevari sergo arTuniani. is aRniSnavs,rom qarTuli kul-turis Tavisebureba da saqarTvelos ganviTarebis perspeq-tiuloba saqarTvelos warsuliTa da gansakuTrebiT qarTu-

li feodalizmis bunebiT aris ganpirobebuli. is aRniSnavs, rom misi kvlevebis safuZvelze dadasturda,rom iseTi So-

reuli aRmosavleTis qveyana, rogoric aris iaponia da rome-

lic realurad Zalian warmatebul qveynad iTvleba, erTma-

neTTan harmoniulad Serwymulia iaponuri tradiciuli wes–Cveulebebi da Tanamedrove evropuli teqnikuri da socia-

luri struqturebi. amis safuZvelad ki avtori miiCnevs ia-

poniis feodalizmis Taviseburebebs, romelic faqtobrivad Tavisufal adamianTa erTobliobas asaxavda da misi struq-

turiT TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeboda dasavlur–evropuli fe-

odalizmisgan. amave dros sergo aruTinovi amtkicebs ,rom zustad qarTuli feodalizmi misi arsebiTi niSnebiT, pirov-nuli damoukideblobis da Tavisuflebis individualuri Rirebulebebis dacviT Zalian axlos aris rogorc dasav-

lur–evropul, ise iaponur feodalizmTan, radgan saqar-TveloSi sxva axlomdebare aRmosavluri qveynebisagan gan-

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sxvavebiT gabatonebuli iyo kerZo sakuTrebis instituti, romelic adamians bunebrivad aZlevs damoukidebel Semosa-

vals, rac uzrunvelyofs sakuTar pirovnebaSi darwmunebu-

lobis, TviTdajerebulobis, pirovnuli Tanasworobis, Rir-

sebis grZnobas. amave dros imis gamo, rom saqarTvelo mud-mivad ganicdida ucxotomelTa Semotevas qarTuli feoda-lizmi xasiaTdeboda mkacri struqturiT da samxedro orga-

nizaciulobiT, rac TavisTavad koleqtivizmis safuZveli xdeboda. magram es koleqtivizmi yofiTi koleqtivizmi ki ar iyo, rodesac adamiani mis yofaSi aris damokidebuli Tem-ze da ar aqvs sxva aranairi saSualeba damoukideblad iarse-

bobs, radgan ar flobs sakuTrebas da amgvarad ar aqvs indi-

vidualuri Semosavali sakuTar Tavis rCenisaTvis. aRmo-savleTis qveynebSi ki ZiriTadad gavrcelebuli iyo koleq-tiuri miwasargebloba da amitom individi mTlianad damoki-

debuli iyo Temze,radgan mas ar qonda individualuri Semo-

savali da is iZulebuli iyo Temis morCili yofiliyo. yo-veli zemoTqmulis gamo Cven specialuri kiTxvarebis meSve-obiT SevecadeT Segveswavla individualizmisa da koleqti-vizmisadmi damokidebuleba sajaro skolis ufros klasel-

Ta gamokiTxvis safuZvelze. Cvens kvlevaSi monawileobas Rebuloba 95 ufroskla-

seli da miRebulia sakmaod saintereso monacemebi. pirveli kiTxvarSi gamoyenebuli iyo ramdenime wre. isini ganTavsebu-

li iyvnen or jgufad. pirvel jgufSi, centrSi ganTavsebu-

li iyo wre sadac Cawerili iyo ‘me’. am wris irgvliv garkveu-

li daSorebiT ganTavsebuli iyo ramdenime wre, romlebic Tanmimdevrulad aRniSnavda dedas, mamas, Zmas, das da mego-

bars. meore wreTa jgufi Sinaarsobrivad ar gansxvavdebo-

da pirvelisagan anu centralur wreSi Cawerili iyo ‘me’, mag-ram sxva zemoT CamoTvlili wreebi Sesabamisi dasaxelebiT kveTdnen centraluri wris farglebs. cdispirebs, sakuTari

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Tavi unda gaeigivebinaT centralur wreSi miniSnebul mes-

Tan da am ori variantidan unda aerCiaT erT-erTi. Semdeg yoveli arCeuli variantis mixedviT, respondentebs unda ga-

ekeTebinaT Sesabamisi interpretacia. yoveli varianti TavisTavad upiratesobas aZlevda

ojaxisgan da sxvebisagan damoukideblad yofnas anda Sem-

Widroveblobas da erTad yofnas, rac imdenad TvalsaCino iyo, rom respondentebi advilad xvdebodnen miwodebul ga-

mosaxulebaSi Cadebul azrs. es kargad Cans im motivaciebi-

dan, romlebic gakeTebuli aqvT vaJebsa da gogonebs. realurad wreTa is jgufi, romelic kveTda erTma-

neTs ufro metad koleqtivizmis amsaxvelad unda miviCnioT, xolo is jgufi, sadac wreebi ar kveTdnen erTmaneTs indivi-

dualizmis amsaxvel, simbolur wreTa jgufs aRniSnavda. mTlianobaSi arsebuli Sefasebebis mixedviT individualiz-

mi, rogorc ufro metad dasavluri kulturisaTvis damaxa-

siaTebeli arCeuli hqondaT 45 respodentidan 21 respon-

dents, xolo koleqtivizmis amsaxveli jgufi igive 45 respo-

dentidan arCeuli hqondaT 24 respondents. amrigad mTlia-

nobaSi, rogorc Cans upiratesobas Rebulobs aRmosavluri Rirebulebis qcevis stereotipi, Tumca maT Soris raode-

nobrivad imdenad mcire gansxvavebaa – sul 3 erTeuliT jobnis aRmosavluri koleqtivizmi dasavlur individua-

lizms, rom sinamdvileSi, arsebuli kulturuli orientaci-

ebi, TiTqmis Tanabrad aris warmodgenili. es ki gvaZlevs imis safuZvels, rom orive tendenciis Tanabari Rirebuleba miviCnioT, rac TavisTavad individualizmisa da koleqti-

vizmis tendenciebis Tanabar gavrcelebulebaze miuTiTebs. aseTi mdgomareoba SeiZleba amarTlebdes im varauds, rome-

lic Tavis droze gamoTqmuli hqonda k. gamsaxurdias, rom qarTul kulturaSi erTdroulad SeiniSneba aRmosavluri da dasavluri kulturebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvi-

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sebebi. sayuradReboa isic, rom Cveulebrivad, magaliTad, aSS-Si vaJebs ufro metad axasiaTebT individualizmi, xolo gogonebs ki koleqtivizmi. aseTi tendencia Cveni gamokiT-

xviTac dadasturda, radgan vaJebma individualizmi 11jer aRiniSnes, xolo gogonebma ki aRmosavluri anu koleqtivis-

turi tendenciebi 14 jer aRniSnes. SeiZleba isic vqvaT, rom miRebul monacemebs Soris imdenad mcirea gansxvaveba, rom ar SeiZleba gansxvavebul sqesTa Soris am TvalsazrisiT gansxvavebulobaze aqcentis gakeTeba. savsebiT samarTlia-

nad SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom gansxvavebuli sqesebis warmo-madgenelTa damokidebuleba individualizmisa da koleqti-vizmis mimarT agreTve garkveul sinTezs warmoadgens da es Tvisebebi TiTqmis Tanabrad aris gavrcelebuli, rogorc mdedrobiTi ise mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadenelTa Soris.

paralelurad Sedgenili iyo individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis Seswavlisadmi miZRvnili Tvisebebis nusxis kiTxvari, romelSic eqvs baliani Sefasebis sistemis mixed-

viT, respondentebs, maTi varaudis safuZvelze, unda eCvene-

binaT, Tu ramdenad axasiaTebT esa Tu is miTiTebuli Tvise-

ba zogadad qarTvelebs, Turqebs, somxebs, rusebs, germane-

lebsa da italielebs. monacemebi dajgufda zogadi maCve-

neblis Sesabamisad, sadac aisaxa 50 respondentis Tvalsaz-

risi, xolo cal-calke iyo warmodgenili 25 gogo – respon-

dentis da aseve 25 vaJi – respondentis maCveneblebi. kvle-

vis Sedegad dadasturda, rom mTlianobaSi mravali maCveneb-lis mixedviT upiratesoba ufro metad germanelebs miewe-

rebaT, xolo qarTvelebis upiratesoba 9 SemTxvevaSi dadas-

turda. aq gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebia is tendenciebi da orientaciebi, romlebic pirdapir miuTiTebs individua-

lizmze Tu koleqtivizmze. magaliTad, individualizmis gavrceleba qarTvelebSi mesame adgils ikavebs germanelebi-

sa da italielebis Semdeg. amave dros koleqtivizmi pirvel

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adgils ikavebs miRebuli zogadi monacemebis safuZvelze. es ki niSnavs, rom sinamdvileSi orive es tendencia sakmaod Ri-rebulia Cveni respodentebisaTvis da es ukve imaze metyve-

lebs, rom qarTuli kulturis sinTezurobis buneba namdvi-

lad aisaxeba Cveni respondentebis cnobierebaSi. es kidev ufro ukeT dasturdeba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac zogadi mo-

nacemebiT isev qarTvelebis Sefasebis mixedviT, maT yvelaze ufro metad axasiaTebT individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis sinTezi. Cven kargad viciT, rom didi xania wavida is dro, rodesac evropacentrizmis safuZvelze evropelebi gansa-kuTrebiT upiratesobas aniWebdnen individualizms da mis pirovnul RirsebasTan, RirebulebasTan aigivebdnen, xolo koleqtivizms ki morCilebas utolebdnen. magram rogorc bolo kvlevebis statistikuri masalebi aCveneben dasavlu-

ri individualizmi arc Tu iSviaTad ukiduresobaSi gadadis, egoizmad gardaiqmneba da amitom pirovnuli gankerZoeba, depresiuloba, ganqorwineba, damnaSaveobis zrda da sxva ne-

gatiuri movlenebi, rogorc amtkiceben ( Майерс,2000:247-256) pirdapir kavSirSia individualizmTan. amave dros is qveyne-bi romlebic tradiciulad koleqtivizmTan arian dakavSi-

rebulni, magaliTd, iaponia, gacilebiT ufro metad xasiaT-

debian erTmaneTze mzrunvelobiT, mxardaWeriT, TanamSrom-

lobiT, urTierTgagebiT. amitomac aris, rom amJamad mecnie-

rebi uaryofen, rom aRmosavlur kulturas mainc da mainc damokidebuleba axasiaTebs da isini miiCneven, rom aq adgili aqvs urTierTdamokidebulebas, rac sxvebis bedze pasuxis-

mgeblobasTan, movaleobis grZnobasTan gaigivdeba da aseTi mdgomareoba sulac ar niSnavs pirovnuli Rirebulebebis dakninebas. piriqiT, es niSnavs pirovnuli iniciativis win wamowevas, romelic mainc da mainc pirad upiratesobebze ki ar aris orientirebuli, aramed TanamSromlobis Sedegad, sazogadoebis interesebis pirad interesebTan gaigivebas

176

gulisxmobs. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelova-

nia, rom faqtobrivad bolo wlebSi Seqmnilma xelovnurma terminma „pirovnebaTaSoris urTierTdamokidebuleba“ yve-laze maRali quliT aris aRniSnuli baTumis sajaro skolis qarTveli respondentebis mier. imave respondendentebis mi-xedviT yvela sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebs ufro dabali qula daudasturdaT. es ki imis miuxedavad, rom araviTari axsna-ganmarteba ar migvicia am terminis mniSvnelobasTan dakavSirebiT. sayuradRebia agreTve isic, rom pirovnuli damoukideblobis Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT, rogorc erT-erTi mniSvnelovani dasavluri Rirebuleba qarTvelebi ger-manelebis Semdeg meore adgilze dganan Cveni redpondente-

bis TvalsazrisiT. amrigad, gamodis rom Cveni ufrosklaseli respon-

dentebi yovelgvari momzadebis gareSe, erTdroulad dade-biTad aRniSnaven im ZiriTad maTTvis damaxasiaTebel dasav-

lur Tvisebebs, romelic pirovnul damoukideblobaSi gamo-ixateba da aRmosavluri kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebel im ZiriTad Tvisebas, romelic pirovnebaTaSoris urTierTda-

mokidebulebaSi gamoixateba. amrigad, Cveni respondentebi axorcieleben realur

sinTezirebas, TiTqosda erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego debule-

bebis fonze, rodesac isini tradiciulad ori dapirispire-buli kulturuli orientaciebis Serwymas erT kulturaSi saxeldobr, qarTul kulturaSi axerxeben. mniSvnelovania isic, rom Cveni ufrosklaseli respondentebi erTdroulad upiratesobas aniWeben yvela sxva erovnebebis fonze, qveya-

nasTan sakuTari Tavis gaigivebas 5 baliT, kuTxesTan saku-

Tari Tavis gaigivebas 4 baliT, axloblebTan sakuTari Tavis gaigivebas 4 baliT. anu, respondentebi winaaRmdegobas ki ar afiqsireben qveynis, kuTxis Tu axloblebis interesebs So-

ris, aramed axerxeben, sxva erovnebis warmomadgenelTa fon-

177

ze, iseTi simbiozis Seqmnas, romelic erTdroulad, harmoni-

ulad iTvaliswinebs, rogorc qveynis, ise kuTxis da axlo-

belTa wris upiratesobebs. Tumca, rogorc Cveni zogadi mo-

nacemebi metyvelebs, upiratesobas qveyanasTan sakuTari Ta-

vis gaigivebas aniWeben. miRebuli monacemebidan kargad Cans, rom zemoTqmu-

lis miuxedavad Cveni respondentebi sakmaod kritikulad arian ganwyobilni da obieqturad udgebian im naklovan mxa-

reebs, romlebic maTi azrisT, SeiZleba qarTvelebs axasia-

Tebs. es aris, magaliTad, evropelebTan SedarebiT discip-

linis ufro dabali Sefaseba. igive evropelebTan Sedare-

biT, ufro dabali niSniT aRiniSneba movaleobisa da valde-

bulebis grZnoba, kanonmorCileba, TviTdisciplina, sxvaTa azris pativiscema, sakuTari azris gamoTqmis saSualeba. ag-reTve ufro dabali niSniT aRiniSneba iseTi mniSvnelovani Tviseba, rogoric aris gonivruloba, obieqturoba da piri-

qiT maRali niSniT aRiniSneba mikerZoeba, tendenciuroba. cal-calke gogonebisa da vaJebis monacemebi gvaZlevs ram-

denime sxvaobas. magaliTad, gogonebis TvalsazrisiT qar-

Tvelebs TiTqmis yvelaze ufro metad, garda germanelebisa axasiaTebT nebisyofiTi qceva, magram vaJebis TvalsazrisiT nebisyofiTi qceva qarTvelebSi TiTqmis yvelaze ufro nak-

lebi niSniT aris aRniSnuli. aseve sainteresoa isic, rom mo-valeobis grZnobas gogonebi ufro maRali niSniT aRniSnaven da upiratesobaze aris miTiTeba somxebTan da rusebTan Se-

darebiT, im dros, rodesac vaJebi movaleobis grZnobis TvalsazrisiT yvela sxva eris warmomadgenelTan SedarebiT CamorCenas varaudoben, xolo valdebulebis grZnobis Tal-

sazrisiT Turqebis doneze dganan. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, rom tradiciebis mim-

devroba respondentebis azriT yvelaze maRali quliT aris aRniSnuli zogadi monacemebiT da cal-calke gogonebisa da

178

vaJebis monacemebSi. Cven vfiqrobT, rom aqac skolis ufros-klaselebi axorcieleben saukeTeso sinTezs tradiciulsa da Tanamedroobas Soris. marTlac, rogorc cnobilia iseTi warmatebuli qveynebi, rogoric aris aRmosavleTSi iaponia, xolo dasavleTSi britaneTi, zustad tradiciebis SenarCu-

nebisa da TanamedrovebisaTvis fexis Sewyobis safuZvelze, warmatebul qveyanaTa rigSi dganan.


s. TezelaSvili, fsiqologiuri enciklopedia, Tb., 2007. Майерс Д., Социальная психология, Питер, СПб., 2000. Хьюстон М., ШтребеВ., Введение в социальную психологию,

Юнити, М., 2004.

Guram Chaganava Mari Malakmadze

Marita Iobidze

Empirical Study of Individualism and Collectivism in the Crosscultural Sense

Summary

The empirical study of individualism and collectivism in the crosscultural sense on material obtained as a result of a survey of high school students of Batumi's schools, showed that they have the advantage of the interdependentce in relationships with people and synthesize individualistic and collectivistic tendencies.

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Гурам Чаганава Мари Малакмадзе Марита Иобидзе

Эмпирическое исследование индивидуализма и коллективизма в кросскультурном разрезе

Резюме

Эмпирическое исследование индивидуализма и коллективизма в кросскультурном разрезе на материале, полученных в результате опроса старшеклассников батумских школ, показало, что они преимущество отдают взаимоответственности во взаимоотношениях с людьми и синтезированию индивидуальных и коллективистических тенденций.

180

eTeri varSaniZe

yofiTi nevrozebis SemTxvevebis

interpretacia

cxovrebis Tanamedrove teqnologizaciis Sedegad

adamiani Zalian datvirTulia emociurad, risTvisac sWirdeba Tavisi fsiqiuri SesaZleblobani gaanawilos sworad. amisTvis saWiroa hqondes survili daeuflos fsiqiuri TviTregulaciis meTodebs. Tumca, yvela adami-anisaTvis emociuri gadatvirTva da informaciuli siWar-be ar aris gadaZabvis mizezi. nevrozi ekuTvnis funqcio-nalur, fsiqogenur Seqcevad darRvevebs, romelic xasi-aTdeba xangrZlivi mimdinareobiT. i.m. seCenovma SemdegSi ki i.p. pavlovma gviCvenes refleqtoruli meqanizmebis gansakuTrebuli roli umaRlesi fsiqiuri funqciebis Ca-moyalibebaSi. Cveni fsiqika, rogorc refleqtoruli sis-tema mimarTulia arasasurveli moqmedebebis gare samya-rodan, acilebaze. karen xorni Tvlida, rom nevrozebi warmoiqmneba rogorc dacva, iseTi arasasurveli socia-luri faqtorebisagan, rogoric aris damcireba, socia-luri izolacia, mSoblebis totaluri kontrolirebadi siyvaruli bavSvobaSi, agresiuli mobyroba mSoblebis mxridan. avadmyofebs aReniSnebaT fsiqiuri simptomebi: meryeoba, urTierTobis problema, araadekvaturi TviTSe-faseba: amaRlebuli an dadablebuli, xSiri SfoTianoba, SiSi, raRaca cudis molodini, gaurkvevloba sakuTar

TavSi, xasiaTis arastabiluroba, gaRizianebuloba, maRali mgrZnobeloba stresebTan, tirilis survili, SeiZleba mexsierebis daqveiTeba, Zilis darRveva, Tavis, gulis areSi da muclis tkivilebi, momatebuli daRla, Sromisu-narianobis daqveiTeba, umadoba, an piriqiT momatebuli madianoba, vestibularuli aparatis moSla, Zilis darRve-

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va, cudi sizmrebi, zedmeti zrunva sakuTar jamrTeloba-ze, vegetatiuri darRvevebi, momatebuli oflianoba, gu-liscema, arteriuli wnevis meryeoba, xvela, xSiri defeka-cia, Sarda, zogjer potenciis daqveiTeba.

termini nevrozi SemogvTavaza Sotlandielma eqim-ma kullenma 200 wlis win 1776 wels. rTulia gamovyoT

rarac saxe, romelic damaxasiaTebelia nevrozisaTvis. Tu

daveTanxmebiT Tanamedrove warmodgenebs, nevrozi aris fsiqogenuri, nervul-fsiqiuri darRveva. misi ZiriTadi niSnebia: fsiqogenuri xasiaTi dasawyisSi, pirovnebis gan-sakuTrebuloba, Tavis tvinis organuli cvlilebebis ar-qona, vegetatiuri, somaturi, emociur-afeqturi gamovli-nebebi, TviTkritika, miswrafeba Seqmnili mtkivneuli si-tuaciebis gadalaxvisaken. avadmyofebi modian klinikaSi CivilebiT romlebic exeba gulsisxlZarRvTa sistemas, kuWnawlavis sistemas, sayrden-mamoZravebel sistemas, sa-sunTq organoebs an Sardsasqeso organoebs. magaliTad:

Cvens klinikas momarTa mamakacma avTom, 43 wlis, romel-sac aReniSneboda Civilebi: yelSi gaCxerili lukmis Seg-rZneba, sunTqvis gaZneleba, gulmkerdis areSi tkivilis SegrZneba, boyini. Catarda mravlobiTi kvlevebi, raime organuli dazianeba dafiqsirebuli ar iqna. daeniSna mkurnaloba trankvilizatorebiT, ramac Sedegi ar gamoi-yo. avadmyofi aTi dRis ganmavlobaSi gadioda gamokvle-vebs da Tan itarebda trankvilizatorebiT damamSvidebel samkurnalo kurss, Tumca Sedegi naklebad SeiniSneboda. im perodisaTvis ojaxSi moxda cvlileba. SeeZina SviliS-vili. Rogorc TviTon aRniSnavs yvela CamoTvlili sim-ptomi uceb gauqra. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davas-kvnaT, rom mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba gamoiwvia ojaxSi momxdarma mniSvnelovanma cvlilebam, romelzec moxda yuradRebis gadanacvleba, rac damaxasiaTebelia nevrozu-li mdgomareobisaTvis. msgavsi problemebis arsebobisas, avadmyofebi xSirad asaxeleben asseT simptomebs: sunTqva miCerdeba, an suli gamiCerda, an sunTqvis dros “haeri

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mucelSi mrCeba”. es kidev erTi kompleqsuri eqspresiuli fenomenia, romelSic Rebulobs monawileobas sunTqvis funqcia. klinikas mimarTa aRniSnuli CivilebiT axalgaz-rda qalbatonma 30 wlis elisom. Civilebi hqonda Setevi-Ti xasiaTiT. gamokvlevebiT organuli dazianebebi ar iq-na dafiqsirebuli, avadmyofi irwmuneboda, rom Semdegi Setevis SemTxvevaSi is mokvdeboda. Terapevtma aCvena xe-lovnuri sunTqvis aparati da auxsna, rom aRniSnuli Se-tevis dros mas CarTaven am aparatze. igi aRar SekamaTe-bia. amis Semdeg avadmyofi waiyvanes da aCvenes sunTqvis aparatze SeerTebuli pacienti. Tu igi palataSi Sesvlis procesSi qoSiniT sunTqavda da sunTqvis gauaresebis Si-Si hqonda, CarTuli aparatis danaxvam da imisma survil-ma, rom ar dasWirdeboda igive masac, mkveTrad mouxsna yvela paTologia. man Tavi uceb igrZno kargad, uari Tqva yovelgvar daxmarebaze da sakuTari fexiT, damSvi-debuli wavida saxlSi.

gamoyofen nevrozis sam ZiriTad formas: nevrasTe-nia, isteria da akviatebuli azrebi. gvxdeba Sereuli formebic. xSiria taqikardiebi, zogjer paroqsizmulic, msubuqi mimdinareobis dros SeiZleba tkivilis sindromi gaxangrZlivdes. daqveiTebulia an droebiT dadablebu-lia Sromisunarianoba, zogjer saWiroa medikamentozuri Terapia. arsebobs mZime mimdinareoba. saintereso Sedege-bi mogvca aseTi Civilebis mqone pacientebze dakvirvebam: avadmyofi Teona, 50 wlis, aReniSneba perioduli paroq-sizmuli taqikardiebi. igi xSirad xvdeba stacionarSi, sa-dac aRniSnuli problemis mogvareba xdeba trankviliza-torebiT. gamokiTxvis Semdeg gaxda cnobili, rom avad-myofs aqvs gatarebuli mZime bavSvoba, rac SeiZleba Cav-TvaloT misi mdgomareobis erT-erT gamomwvev mizezad.

aRniSnuli Civilebi gamouvlinda mSobiarobis Semdeg. igi-ve problema aReniSnebaT ojaxSi das da dedas. avadmyofi iqna gamokvleuli (eleqtrofiziologiuri kvleva), mize-zis dadgena ar moxerxda. unda vivaraudoT genetikuri

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kontroli neirofiziologiuri funqciebis formulireba-Si. gansakuTrebuli gamwvavebis periodebad SeiZleba Cav-TvaloT pubertatuli da klimaqteriuli periodebi.

daskvnis saxiT, SieZleba vTqvaT, rom msgavsi sim-ptomebis gamovlenisas, mkurnalonis procesSi, upirveles yovlisa, aucilebelia moxdes fsiqikis matravmirebeli mizezebis gamokvleva da aRmofxvra. xSirad karg efeqts iZleva adgilmdebareobis Secvla, yuradRebis gadatana sxva saqmianobaze. mTavari adgili mkurnalobaSi fsiqoTe-rapias uWiravs.

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. Г.И. Каплан, Б.Дж.Сэдок «Клиническая психиатрия»

Издательство «Медицина» 1998 г. 2. Д.Р. Штульман, О.С. Левин Неврология.

Справочник практического врача Издательство «МЕДпресс-информ», 2002, 2004г

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Eteri Varshanidze

Interpretation of usual neurotically cases

Summary

In our laden time with scientifically progress, a person is loaded emotionally, why he needs to distribute his physical opportunities correctly, and it’s better if he has a will to study methods of self-regulations.

However the emotional laden or informational abundance aren’t the reason of tension. Nervous belongs to a functional and psychical destroys.

As conclusion I can say that, these kinds of symptoms which appear in the process of cure, it’s necessary to search for the reasons which damage the psychics and eradicate them. Mostly if we change the space or our attention onto something else it’s a good effect. However the main place has psychotherapy.

Етери Варшанидзе

Интерпретация обычных случаев невроза

Резюме

В наше загруженное время с научной точки зрения прогресса человек загружен эмоционально, вот почему он должен распределить свои физические возможности правильно, и лучше, если у него есть желание изучить методы саморегуляций.

Однако эмоционально загруженное состояние или информационный излишек для всех людей не является причиной напряженности. Невроз принадлежит к функциональным, и психогенным обратимым нарушениям, который характеризуется длительным продолжением.

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inga bolqvaZe

primitiuli izolaciis dacvis meqanizmi

froidi yuradRebas aqcevda isteriuli Tvisebebis

siWarbis pirobebSi, emociuri darRvevebis mqone adamia-nebs, romlebic cdilobdnen dacviTi funqciebis gamoye-nebiT ganridebuliyvnen warsulis gamocdilebis gameore-bas, romelsac maTTvis SeeZlo autaneli tkivili moeta-

na ( Мак-Вильямс, 2010:130-191). froidis azriT, maTTvis ukeTesi iyo mTlianad ganecadaT maTi SiSis momgvreli emociebi da amgvarad gaenTavisuflebinaT energia saku-Tari cxovrebis ganviTarebisaTvis. amrigad, “dacvebis” Sesaxeb yvelaze adreuli konteqstis mixedviT Terapev-tis amocanas warmoadgenda maTi intensiobis Semcireba. am konteqstSi pirovnebis araadapturi dacvebis Sesuste-ba an damsxvreva nebismier situaciaSi aucilebelia. sam-wuxarod “dacvebi” Tavisi bunebiT naklenadapturni ari-an. amitom sazogadoebaSi am sityvam daumsaxureblad ne-gatiuri Seferadebuloba miiRo, Tumca mecniurul, Teo-riul doneze sul ar aris aaucilebeli, rom “dacvis” moqmedebis dros raRac paTologiuri procesebTan

gvqondes saqme ( Мак-Вильямс, 2010:130-191). fenomeni, rome-lic “dacvis” saxelwodebiT aris cnobili mravali pozi-tiuri funqciiT gamoirCeva. is vlindeba, rogorc jansa-Ri, SemoqmedebiTi adaptacia da agrZelebs moqmedebas mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac misi moqmedeba mimarTulia raime safrTxis winaSe sakuTa-ri “me”-s dacvaze es saxelwodeba gamarTlebulia. pirov-neba, romlis qceva atarebs dacviT xasiaTs, aracnobierad

cdilobs Seasrulos erTi an ori Semdegi amocana: 1.gane-ridos an daeuflos romelime Zlieri safrTxis gamom-wvev grZnobas – SfoTianoba ( SiSi, safrTxis molodini),

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zogjer uZlieresi mwuxareba an sxva dezorganizaciuli emociuri gancda; 2. sakuTari Tavis pativiscemis SenarCu-neba. ego- fsiqologebi gamoyofen “dacvis” saSualebiT

SfoTianobis (SiSi, safrTxis molodini) daZlevis funqci-as. obieqturi urTierTobebis Teoretikosebi Tvlian, rom “dacva”-s aqvs SfoTianobis ( SiSis, safrTxis gan-cdis) daZlevis funqcia. self – fsiqologebi amaxvileben yuradRebas “dacvis” im rolze, romelic emsaxureba saku-Tari “me”-s Zlier, arawinaaRmdegobriv, pozitiur grZno-

bebs (Мак-Вильямс, 2010:130-191). garkveuli “dacvis” an “dacvebis” erTobliobis

avtomaturi gamoyeneba Sedegia sul cota oTxi faqtoris urTierTqmedebisa: 1. Tandayolili temperamenti; 2. adre-ul bavSvobaSi gancdili stresebi; 3. dacvebi, romelTa nimuSebad iyvnen mSoblebi an sxva mniSvnelovani figure-bi; 4. cdiseuli gziT SeTvisebuli calkeuli “dacvis” ga-moyenebis Sedegebi.

gamoyofen e.w. pirvelad, primitiul (dabali do-nis) da meoradul (maRali donis) dacvis meqanizmebs. pri-mitiuli dacva xasiaTdeba ori TvisebiT: mas ara aqvs sak-marisi kavSiri realobis principTan; mas axasiaTebs sa-kuTari ‘me”-s miRma myofi obieqtebis daSorebulobisa da konstantobis arasakmarisi aRricxvadoba. magaliTad, uaryofa iTvleba ufro primitiuli procesis maCveneb-lad, vidre gandevna(magaliTad, fsiqikuri Sinaarsis gada-

tana cnobierebidan aracnobierSi – Фрейд З,1990: 441), rad-gan, imisaTvis, raTa raRac iqnes gandevnili, is raRacnai-rad unda iyos Semecnebuli da mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZ-leba iqnes gadayvanili aracnobierSi. pirveladi, primiti-uli (dabali donis) dacvis meqanizmebi agreTve cnobilia primitiuli izolaciis saxelwodebiT.

rodesac Cvili bavSvi Zalian agznebulia an danaR-vlianebulia is ubralod iZinebs, rac niSnavs cnobiere-bis sxva mdgomareobaSi fsiqologiur gadasvlas. es aris avtomaturi reaqcia, romelic yvelaze patara bavSvebsac

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axasiaTebs. zrdasrulis variantSi igive movlena SeiZleba qondes im adamianebs, romlebic gancalkevdebian socia-luri da pirovnuli situaciebidan momdinare daZabulo-bidan iseTi stimulaciiT, romelic maT fantaziasTan aris dakavSirebuli. qimiuri nivTierebebis gamoyeneba cnobierebis Sesacvlelad agreTve ganixileba izolaciis saxeobad. DSM –s mixedviT pirovnuli kontaqtebisagan ganridebis tendencia aRiniSneba “autisturi fantazire-bis” terminiT da ara “izolaciiT”. aseT adamians xSirad

aRweren, rogorc Sizoidurs. izolaciis D(dacviTi stra-tegiis TvalsazrisiT) mTavar Rirsebad miCneulia is, rom adamians, TiTqmis damaxinjebis gareSe, realobidan gaqce-vis saSualebas aZlevs. adamiani izolaciis saSualebiT

dawynarebas aRwevs samyaros SeucnobelobiT ki ara, ara-med misgan gaqceviT.

amrigad primitiuli izolacia es aris autisturi fantazireba, rac cnobierebis

sxva mdgomareobaSi gadasvlas niSnavs. am dacviTi meqanizmis cxadi naklovaneba aris is, rom am SemTxvevaSi individi gamoerTveba pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis gadawyvetis aqtiur process. safrTxeze aseTi reaqciis gamo aseT adamianebs Sizoidur tips miakuTvneben. fenihe-li Tvlida, rom dacvis es meqanizmi Warbad gamoiyeneba kompulsuri nevrozebis dros, rodesac pacientebs ar

aviwydebaT sakuTari paTogenuri tramvebis Sesaxeb, mag-ram maT kavSirebs da emociur mniSvnelobas. izolaciis dadebiTi Tviseba ki is aris, rom realobidan gaqcevis miuxedavad, realoba TiTqmis ar maxinjdeba. afeqtis izo-lacia yvelaze primitiul dacviT meqanizmad iTvleba e. w. “inteleqtualuri dacvis” SemadgenlobaSi. rodesac

pirvandeli dacva izolacia xdeba, maSin cxovrebiseuli paterni asaxavs msjelobis mniSvnelobis gazviadebul Se-fasebas da grZnobebis Seufaseblobas, rodesac xasiaTis struqtura obsesiurad ganxileba. aseTi dacvis meqanizmi damaxasiaTebelia akviatebis mqone nevrozebisaTvis.

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Мак-Вильямс Н.,Психологическая диагностика, «Класс», М., 2010.

Фрейд З., Психология бессознательного, Просвещение, М., 1990. Фрейд А., Введение в детский психоанализ; Норма и патология

детского развития;»Я» и механизмы защиты, Попурри, Мн., 2004. Katzner K., English-Russian, Russian-English Dictionary, John

Wiley & Sons, New York, 1984.

Inga Bolkvadze Defense Mechanizm of Primitive Isolation

Summary Article discusses primary processes of psychological defense, in

particular, defense mechanizm of primitive isolation.

Инга Болквадзе Защитный механизм примитивной изоляции

Резюме В статье рассматриваются вопросы первичных процессов

психологической защиты, в частности, защитный механизм примитивной изоляции.

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manana dumbaZe

sabavSvo saxlis aRsazrdelebis

urTierTobis problemebi

Tanamedrove cxovrebis stili, daZabulobis maRa-

li done, aqseleraciis movlenebi zegavlenas axdenen bav-SvebSi nervul_fsiqikuri aSlilobebis Camoyalibebaze. nervo_fsiqikuri aSlilobebis mizezebia bavSvisaTvis arasasurveli cxovrebiseuli da xangrZlivad moqmedi fsiqomatramvirebeli situaciebi (1. 124_157). swored ami-tom sabavSvo saxlis aRsazrdelebis saSualo asakis jgu-fi mZime fsiqologiurad krizisul periods miekuTvneba. am garemoebas emateba ojaxisagan moSorebiT, ucxo pireb-Tan urTierTobaSi cxovreba amitom am asakobriv jgufSi sakmaod maRalia nerviulobis maCvenebeli, gansakuTrebiT

gogonebSi. SesaZlebelia es imiT aixsnas, rom gogonebi saerTod ufro emociurni arian da amitom ojaxisagan mowyvetas isini ufro mtkivneulad ganicdian.

ufros asakSi TiTqmis igive maCvenebelia nerviu-lobisa, anu es bavSvebi Sedian gansakuTrebiT nerviul

adamianTa jgufSi, rac mTlianad gansxvavdeba imave asa-kis, qalaqis Cveulebrivi skolis moswavleTa monacemebi-sagan. mniSvnelovania, rom sabavSvo saxlis umcrosi asa-kis gogonebi emsgavsebian sabavSvo saxlis saSualo asa-kis bavSvebs, rac fsiqikuri daZabulobis TvalsazrisiT

maTi nerviuli “dawinaurebis” maCvenebeli unda iyos. ar aris gamoricxuli rom aq Cven kauzaluri atribuciis movlenasTan gvqondes saqme, anu garemoebaTa gamo es Tvisebebi zedapirulad miewerebaT maT.

sabavSvo saxlis umcrosi saskolo asakis jgufi Tavisi asakis bavSvebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT maRali ag-

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resiulobiT xasiaTdeba. maTi emociuri problemebi ga-mowveulia ara mxolod im faqtorebiT, romlebic mozar-debs axasiaTebT, aramed mniSvnelovanwilad arasrulfa-sovnebis motivebiT, radgan isini sxva bavSvebisagan gan-sxvavebiT realurad uded-mamod izrdebian da amitom isini naklulobas ganicdian, rac arasrulfasovnebaSi ga-dasvlis maCvenebelia.

safiqrebelia, rom mzrunvelobamoklebul bavSvebi-saTvis sakuTriv mzrunveloba, “meurveoba” aris sasurve-li da amitom maTi agresiuloba mSoblebisagan fsiqolo-giuri daSorebis tendenciiT ki ar aris gamowveuli, aramed realurad mSoblebTan daaxloebis SeuZleblobiT,

rac am asakSi gansakuTrebiT Zlier igrZnoba, radgan Cve-ulebriv srulfasovneba ojaxSi yofnas gulisxmobs. ami-tom sxva mozardebTan da WabukebTan SedarebiT aseTi ka-tegoriis axalgazrdebi ara ubralod nerviulobas ganic-dian, aramed maT arasrulfasovnebis Zlieri kompleqsi uyalibdebaT da safiqrebelia, rom zustad arasrulfa-sovnebis es Zlieri kompleqsi aris agresiulobis zrdis mTavari motivi.

m. perre da u. baumanni aRniSnaven, rom krizisuli cxovrebiseuli garemo unda qmnides depresiisadmi daq-vemdebarebis specifikur mzaobas anu mowyvladobas, ro-desac naklebia socialuri mxardaWera da yuradReba. ga-remos situaciis aseTi deficituri maniSneblebi yurad-saRebia sabavSvo saxlis aRsazrdelebis depresiulobis zrdaSi, romlebic marTlac ganicdian saojaxo mzrunve-lobis, TanagrZnobisa da daxmarebis naklebobas. sabvSvo saxlis yvela asaki da yvela sqesobrivi jgufi Tavsdeba maRali depresiulobis jgufSi; unda vifiqroT rom aseTi mdgomareoba gamowveulia fsiqosocialuri faqtorebiT.

literaturis arc erTi wyaro ar afiqsirebs aseT

adreul asakSi depresiul mdgomareobas, amitom gvrCeba erTaderTi SesaZlebloba vivaraudoT, rom aseTi adreu-li depresiuloba da misi sayovelTao gavrceleba gamow-

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veuli unda iyos saerTod cxovrebiseuli garemoTi, ro-melic xasiaTdeba yuradRebis dabali doniT, mouwesri-geblobiT, TanagrZnobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis naklu-lobiT, arakontrolirebadobiT, romlebic saerTod qce-vis pesimisturi stilisa da umweobis gavrcelebulobaze metyvelebs da romelsac rogorc Cans bavSvebi umcros saskolo asakSi iTviseben.

SezRuduli socialuri garemos gamo mzrunvelo-bamoklebuli bavSvebi kidev ver gamosulan im daZabuli TviTSezRudvis mdgomareobidan, romelic maTSi gamowve-ulia mSoblebis gareSe darCeniT da ver axerxeben advi-lad Sevidnen kontaqtSi sxva adamianebTan, isini Tavs grZnoben, rogorc sxvisi dacinvis da zewolis samizned

Sesabamisad isini naklebi kontaqturobiT xasiaTdebian. sayuradReboa erTi garemoeba, rom saerTod gogo-

nebi sistematurad ufro metad arian introvertebi, anu

sakuTar Tavze da ojaxze orientirebulni. sabavSvo ax-lis aRsazrdelebSi ki naklulobis grZnoba, rom ar

vTqvaT arasrulfasovneba, romelic am bavSvebs axasia-TebT Cveulebriv bavSvebTan mimarTebaSi iwvevs eqstra-vertul qcevaze orientirebas, anu sazogadoebriv saqmia-nobaSi CarTulobas, romelic SeiZleba miCneul iqnes sao-jaxo urTierTobebis naklulobis sakompensacio midreki-lebad.

amitom sabavSvo saxlis aRsazrdelebSi mdedrobi-Ti sqesisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Cveulebrivi kanonzomie-reba darRveulia da umcros asakSi gogonebi nakleb in-trovertebi arian vidre vaJebi. saSualo asakSi, rodesac

iwyebs Camoyalibebas qaluri da mamakacuri stereotipebi, gogonebi gacilebiT ufro metad arian introvertire-bulni vidre vaJebi;

rogorc kvlevebidan gamoCnda rac ufro emateba asaki sabavSvo saxlis aRsazrdels, rogorc Cans miT uf-ro metad ganicdis umweobas da uperspeqtivobas, aqedan gamomdinare ufro meti aqvs SiSis gancda.

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sainteresoa is faqti, rom SiSis aqcentuaciis ana-logiuri maCveneblebi sabavSvo saxlis umcros asakSi (11.6) Zalian axlosaa Cveulebrivi skolis umcros klasel-Ta monacemebTan (12.3), magram SemdgomSi SiSis aqcentuacia sabavSvo saxlis aRsazrdelebSi izrdeba. es monacemebi cxadad metyvelebs imaze, rom SiSis aqcentuacia izrdeba anu

mzrunveloba moklebuloba Tu umcros asakSi ga-regnul faqtorad aris miCneuli anu maTze naklebad zrunaven da aqcenti marTlac mzrunveli adamianis ar

yofnaze aris gadatanili, ufros asakSi es grZnoba Sina-gan emociurobaSi gadadis da rogorc Cans arasrulfa-sovnebis gancdis safuZvelze aqcenti Sinagan mdgomareo-baze keTdeba da ara mainc da mainc savaraudo mzrunve-lobaze, rac sabavSvo saxlis aRsazrdelebSi jer kidev umcros saskolo asakSi agznebadobis maCvenebels zrdis.

amrigad SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom axlobleb-Tan fizikuri daSorebuloba gadaizrdeba fsiqologiu-rad Sinagan ukmarisobis gancdaSi, romelic fizikuri naklulobis fsiqologiuri eqvivalentia da agznebadobis zrda ar unda iyos moulodneli.

mzrunvelobamoklebul cdispirebSi hipertimiulo-bis faza SeiZleba asakobriv Tvisebad miviCnioT, subdep-resia ueWvelad ojaxTan dakavSirebiT, sakuTari mdgoma-reobis ukmayofilebiT, aRzrdisa da swavlebis naklova-nebebiT, romlebic arc Tu iSviaTad uaryofiTad moqme-deben mzrunvelobamoklebulTa Rirsebaze, rac sakuTari arasrulfasovnebis gancdis safuZveli SeiZleba gaxdes

sabavSvo saxlis aRsazrdelebi ver grZnoben maT mimarT empatias da amitom TviTonac naklul mdgomareo-baSi arian sxvebis grZnobebis gaziarebaSi. es ki TavisTa-vad iwvevs maTi Sida fsiqologiuri samyaros daxurvas da warmosaxvis samyaroSi yofnas, Sesabamisad isini mudam imyofebian guneba-ganwyobilebis cvalebadobis ukidures mwvervalze, amitom umciresi da sxvebisaTvis SeumCneveli

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mizezebi maTi guneba-ganwyobilebis xSir cvalebadobas iwvevs rac SemdomSi maT labilurobze aisaxeba, rac tes-tebiTac dadasturda.

safiqralia rom sul sxva safuZveli aqvs epilep-toidur tendenciebs mzrunvelobamoklebulTa Soris, aq Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli sxvadasxva sqesis warmomad-genlebSi, es ki gvafiqrebinebs rom Tu epileptoiduri tendenciebi Cveulebrivi skolis moswavleebSi ufro me-tad axasiaTebs gogonebs, radgan isini ufro metad arian SezRudulni Tavis qcevaSi vidre vaJebi, xolo mzrunve-lobamoklebul bavSvebSi sqesobrivi gansxvavevis gareSe arian SezRudulebi, rogorc saojaxo urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT, ise aRzrdis, swavlebisa da yofiTi piro-bebis mixedviT, amitom Tu Cveulebrivi skolis moswavle-ebi ufro metad arian gaRizianebulni mzrunvelobamok-lebul bavSvebSi epileptoidurobis tendenciis mqone aR-sazrdelebi gamoirCevian mZvinvarebisa da dardianobis guneba-ganwyobilebiT.

mzrunvelobamoklebulTa kategorias socialuri garemodan gamomdinare ar aqvT didi imedi gind swavliT gind muSaobiT, rom isini dadebiT Sedegs miaRweven da amitom delinkventurobaze da alkoholizmze orientacia da uSualod siamovnebis miRebaze midrekileba ganpirobe-bulia daurwmuneblobiT, xolo sakuTari uiniciativobiT, romelic ojaxisagan mxardaWeris arsebobasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli aiZulebs mas quCis jgufebisaken midreki-lebas, rac ganapirobebs meryevi tipis Camoyalibebas.

mzrunvelobamoklebulTa jgufSi sakmaod maRalia konformizmis maCveneblebi. gansakuTrebuli komformizmi saerTod maTze mSoblebis mxriv yovelgvari meurveobis da zrunvis sakompensacio qcevaa, rodesac Tanatolebi TiTqos erTmaneTisaTvis mSoblebis rols TamaSoben da aseTi komformizmi maTSi iZulebiT SemWidroebulobisa da “usafrTxoebis” gancdas iwvevs, romelic ase sasurve-lia maTTvis.

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mzrunvelobamoklebul bavSvebSi n.C avlens WeSma-rit da Rrma grZnobebs ojaxisa da religiuri dawesebu-lebebisadmi. mag.: ojaxi_ erTi gundi, saxli _ gumbaTi (anu mas rogorc Cans saxli religiur dawesebulebasTan aqvs gaigivebuli, romelic siwmindis simboloa), sayvare-li_deda. agreTve avlens TanagrZnobis moTxovnilebas: Seuracyofa –gulistkivili, sevdiani adamiani, sibralu-lis _ cremli, locva _ sulis siwmindisTvis da ase Sem-deg.

rogorc viciT fsiqoastenur tips axasiaTebs gau-bedavoba da es gamoixateba imaSi rom b. t. misTvis mtkiv-neul sakvanZo sityvebs saerTod ar avsebs. mag.: ojaxi _ , dacinva _ . amave dros cdilobs imsjelos Tumca misi msjeloba xelovnuria da nakleb Seicavs ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas, is ufro metad CixSi iqceva da amitom sakvanZo sityvebis gaswvriv rusul sinonimebs wers: Nna-Tura _ lambuCka, mina _ steklo, kolofi _ karobka anda kuTxur gamoTqmebs iyenebs: bavSvi – baRana, Bbewvi _ ba-lani da ase Semdeg. mas agreTve momavlis SiSic axasia-Tebs da is gamotovebs iseT sakvanZo sityvebs rogoric

aris: mzrunveloba, SiSis gaswvriv ki is wers _ sikvdilis da magaliTad daqorwinebaze ubralod qorwili uweria rac raTqmaunda tavtologiaa da rogorc Cans is ver naxulobs daqorwinebis perspeqtiul ganviTarebas.

mas SfoTianobac axasiaTebs rac cemis _ saxlTan dakavSirebaSi SeiZleba gamovlindes.

mzrunvelobamoklebul bavSvebs axasiaTebT Caketi-loba, rac gamoixateba mokle, “ki” da “aras” pasuxebSi, romlebic zRudaven mis Sinagan samyarosTan asociascie-biT dakavSirebis SesaZleblobas da rogorc sxva Sem-TxvevebSi aqac mzrunveloba moklebulaTa Sizoiduri ti-pis monacemebi (n. o.) srulyofili Sizoiduri niSnebiT

xasiaTdeba. mag.: guliTadoba _ ki, Seurawyofa _ ara, kma-yofili _ ki, sicrue _ ara; (anu is rac misTvis nacnobia da rac mas ase vTqvaT axasiaTebs, asociaciebSi uaryofs

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da ambobs “aras” da piriqiT, sadac misgan Sors myofi Tvisebaa wers “kis”). SekiTxva _kiTxviTi niSani, is aSkarad

ganicdis Tanagancdis naklebobas, rogorc sakuTari Ta-vis mimarT, ise sxvebis mimarT. amas adasturebs sikvdili – argadarCena, anu mas arc sakuTari Tavi ecodeba da arc sxvebi; siZulvili_ mZuls, sxvebis uaryofiTi damo-kidebulebis uaryofaa, rac sazogadoebisadmi negatiuri damokidebulebis maCvenebelia da SeiZleba xazgasmuli komformizmi vlindeba, radgan komformizmisaTvis sazo-gadoebaSi miRebulobaze keTdeba aqcenti, aq ki radgan sazogadoeba xSirad aseT bavSvebs TiTqosda ar Rebu-lobs amitom mis saiprispirod aris aris ganwyobili da yovelgvar masTan Seguebas uaryofs.

b. n. gamoirCeva gavrcelebuli stereotipuli asociaciebiT, rac kargad gamoxatuli epileptoiduri tipis Tvisebaa, romelic sakuTari inertulobis sakompen-siro qcevaa. mag.: mwvane _ foToli, wyali _ civi, sikvdi-li _ jojoxeTi, gadaxda _ valis, sofeli _ dasasvenebe-li da ase Semdeg. mas agreTve sakmaod gamoxatuli akura-tuloba axasiaTebs, rac mis kaligrafiaSi gamoixateba; magram srulyofili epileptoiduri niSnebi ar SeimCneva.

gacilebiT ukeTes Sesatyvisobas avlens epilepto-idur tipTan mzrunveloba moklebuli cdispiri m.f, ro-melic SeiZleba kargad gamoxatavs am tipis ZiriTad RvarZlian, dardian guneba _ ganwyobilebas, TandaTano-biT gaRizianebulobis momatebiT da iseTi obieqtis moZi-ebiT romlis mimarTac SeiZleba es RvarZli gamoxatos. marina futkaraZe gamotovebs im sakvanZo sityvebs, rom-lebic RvarZls an dardianobas iwvevs, es aris dacinva, dacema; es sityvebi ueWvelia masTan mimarTebaSi sapasuxo

gabrazebas iwvevs (dacinva), xolo “dacema” socialur ie-rarqiaSi dabali adgilis gamomxatvelia da dardianobis gamomwvevia. sakuTari mdgomareobiT ukmayofilebas is emociurad misTvis miuRebeli terminebis dasaxelebiT

cdilobs, rac rogorc Cans mas aRizianebs da afeqtur

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feTqebadobas ganapirobebs. mag.: siamaye _ ampartavani, Dcadena _ boroteba, mdidari _ ugulo, sayvareli _ Ra-lati, codvis _ Cadena, sibraluli _ Secodeba, Seurawyo-fa _ damcireba.

mzrunvelobamoklebulTa Soris konformulobis maRali maCvenebeli gvafiqrebiebs, rom aq aqcenti ufro emociuria da sakuTar mcire socialur jgufze koncen-trirebuli stereotipebia. magaliTad sakvanZo sityva mzrunveloba sabavSvo saxlis didma nawilma mzrunvelo-ba moklebul bavSvebs daukavSira (mzrunveloba _ mokle-buli), sxva SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebrivi verbaluri stere-otipebi aq TiTqmis erTi da igivea mag.: sikvdili _ si-cocxle, civi _ cxeli, melani _ pasta, mdidari _ Raribi, da a. S.

arastandartuloba individualuri qcevis gamoxa-tulebaa, is Tavisuflebaze da damoukideblobaze miuTi-Tebs. mzrunvelobamoklebulTa asociaciebSi Cans , rom SezRudulebi arian Tavisi “mes” socialuri mdgomareo-biT, naTesavebTan urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT naklebi Sansi aqvT rom arastandartulebi iyvnen.

gaxsnilobis Tviseba dakavSirebuli unda iyos iseT Siangan mdgomareobasTan romelic umravles Sem-TxvevaSi ZiriTadad analogiur mdgomareobas asaxavs da amitom gaxsniloba TavisTavad gulisxmobs rom Tu Cven Cvens Sinagan problemebze vsaubrobT, SesaZlebelia maTi simZafris miuxedavad Cven mainc analogiurs veliT Cveni mosaubris mxridan, rodesac aseTi varaudis SesaZleblo-ba Cven ara gvaqvs. mag.: mzrunvelobamoklebul bavSvebSi gaxsnilobac SeuZlebelia, radgan sxvasTan saubari gu-lismobs iseTi mdgomareobis asaxvas, romelic Cven auci-leblad naklul mdgomareobaSi Cagvayenebs, rogorc es SeiZleba iyos mzrunvelobamokjlebul bavSvebsa da sko-lis moswavleebze SedarebiTi saubris dros. mag. siamaye _ ver davTrgunav, suleli _ var, wuxili _ mCvevia, kmayo-

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fili _ ara var, guliTadoba _ ar mCvevia, Zma _ nervebis momSleli.

mzrunvelobamoklebuli aRsazrdelebi gancalkeve-buli, xSirad sazogadoebisagan mowyvetili da masTan re-alurad dapirispirebaSi myofi erTobliobaa da amitom es Cveulebrivi stereotipi maTTvis TiTqosda ucxo sxe-ulis Tvisebebs iZens da miRebuli xdeba maTi wrisaTvis. isini maTTvis kuTvnilebis gancdis miRma imyofebian, rac fsiqikuri aSlilobis erTerTi safuZveli unda iyos, Sesabamisad maT stereotipebis sawinaaRmdego uaryofiTi warmodgenebi axasiaTebT.

ojaxze yuradRebis koncentracia mravalnairad

gamoixateba, is zogjer Sesabamisi sakvanZo sityvis gver-diT asociaciebSi sityvis gamotovebiT vlindeba, rode-sac aRsazrdelisaTvis es sityva imdenad mtkivneula gancdebTan aris dakavSirebuli, rom misi Sesabamisi aso-ciaciebi blokirebulia da is arafers aRniSnavs. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki ojaxze orientireba saerTod ojaxze da-SorebulobiT gamowveuli grZnobebis moWarbebiT gamoi-xateba, rac pesimistur guneba-ganwyobilebaSi aisaxeba da Sesabamisad asociaciebiT dasturdeba. mag.: yalbi Seqmni-li aq gulisxmobs mSoblebisadmi damokidebuleba, rom adanaSaulebs imaSi rom mSoblebi Tavis funqcias ar as-ruleben da ubralod gaaCines . kocna _ siTbo es gaigi-vebulia ojaxur siTbosTan da alersTan, romelsac mok-lebulni arian. Zvirfasi _ deda, mama _ siamaye, codvis _ gamosworeba, ojaxi _ ded-mama da a. S.

uperspeqtivoba Cveulebrivi kontrastia Cveuleb-rivi skolis moswavleebis perspeqtiulobisa, romelic rogorc Cans ar aris mxolod ojaxisagan mowyvetiT gan-pirobebuli, aramed mniSvnelovanwilad sazogadoebis mxridan uyuradRebobiTac aris gansazRvruli, radgan so-cialuri garemo da gansakuTrebit SezRuduli materia-luri SesaZleblobebi zRudaven Sesaferisi aRzrdis, swavlebis stimulebis da mzrunvelobis uzrunvelyofis

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naklebobiT aris gamowveuli. mag.: kolofi _ mZivi, mas aqvs survili rom qondes mZivi, magram naklebi Sansia, rom es qondes da amitom mtkivneuad aRiqmeba.

axali _ imedi, imedi saerTod ocnebaa da ara rea-listuri safuZveli da Sesabamisad isini ocnebis sfero-Si arian, Tanac eZeben “axals” radgan ukmayofiloni arian axlandeliT.

iRbali _ gaumarTla radgan uperspeqtivoni arian isini iRbalze arian damokidebulni da ara raRac kanon-zomoerebaze.

Ffaqtia, rom sabavSvo saxlis aRsazrdelebis abso-luturi umravlesoba ukmayofiloa Tavisi mdgomareobiT da radgan realurad maT ar SeuZliaT raime mniSvnelovani cvlileba Seitanon sakuTar socialur mdgomareobaSi da ver grZnoben maT mimarT empaTias es TavisTavad iwvevs maTi Sida fsiqologiuri samyaros daxurvas da warmosax-vis samyaroSi yofnas, anu sazogadoebisagan gankerZoebas.


zurabiSvili a. d. fsiqiatria, codna, Tbilisi, 1958,

444 gv. Caganava g. ganwyobis fsiqologiis aqtualuri prob-

lemebi, aWara, baTumi, 2001. 224gv.

Михеев В. В. Учебник нервных болезней. Медицина. М. 1966. 438с.

Manana Dumbadze Relationship Problems Inmates of Children's Home

Summary

Most of the inmates of children's home are dissatisfied with their situation, because they can't really make any significant changes in their social situation and don't feel empathy to themselves

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by the surrounding them people, this causes the closing of their internal mental world and move into the world of imaginations mediates or whether it means estrangement from reality.

Манана Думбадзе

Проблемы взаимоотношений воспитанников детского дома

Резюме Абсолютное большинство воспитанников детского дома

недовольны своим положением, так как реально они не способны внести какие-либо

значительные изменения в свое социальное положение и не чувствуют эмпатию к себе со стороны окружающихся, то это вызывает закрытие их внутренного психологического мира и опосредует перемещение в мир воображений или же это означает отчуждение от реальности.

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miranda TurmaniZe

mSoblebis gazviadebuli mzrunvelobis

problema

ojaxuri bedniereba da stabiluroba ganuyofladaa

dakavSirebuli ojaxuri tradiciebis SeqmnasTan. tradicie-bi asaxavs mis gansakuTrebulobas da individualurobas. zo-gierTi ojaxis tradiciebi gadadis Taobidan Taobaze. bav-Svis cxovrebiseuli xedva pirdapir iqneba dakavSirebuli ramdenad Camouyalibeben samyaros suraTs mSoblebi, rac ufro met sixaruls da pozitiur energias daanaxebT patara-obidanve bavSvs, miT ufro naTlad aRiqvams samyaros.

mSoblebi bavSvTan urTierTobisas mas gadascemen im tradiciebs, Rirebulebebs, qcevis im normebs, romelic da-maxasiaTebelia mocemuli sazogadoebisaTvis; Tumca aris SemTxvevebi, roca bavSvebi Zalian bevr rames swavlobs saku-Tari dakvirvebis wyalobiT.

aqedan gamomdinare raTqmaunda ojaxuri tradicia upirvelesad aris siTbo, sulieri atmosfero ojaxSi, rome-lic Sedgeba dRiuri ganrigiT, cxovrebis wesiT, CvevebiT; magaliTad zog ojaxSi miRebulia adre adgoma, sauzmoba, sa-diloba da a. S. risTvisac bevr ojaxs, gansakuTrebiT ki ga-dametebuli mzrunvelobiT gamorCeuli deda an piriqiT cdilobs Tavisi Svilebis garkveul CarCoebSi moTavsebas da imis swavlebas Tu rogori qcevaa misaRebi, risTvisac gamoi-yofa mSobelTa kategoriis Semdegi saxe:

1. avtoritaruli marTvis stili,roca mSobeli iRebs erTpirovnul gadawyvetilebas.

2. demokratiuli marTvis stili, roca arCevanis gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi bavSvis azrsac iTvalis-wineben.

3. liberaluri marTvis stili. roca mSoblebi saerTod ar erevian mozardebis saqmianobasa da mis gadawyve-

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tilebaSi’ TiTqosda mitovebulni arian mSoblebisagan bav-Svebi.

absolituri Caurevloba bavSvis cxovrebaSi gulis-xmobs mis datovebas Rirebulebebis, qcevis yovelgvari gan-msazRvrelebis gareSe, Tumca am asakSi bavSvebi aucileblad saWiroeben miniSnebebs swor qcevaze. ar aris ra mzad bavSvi damoukideblobisaTvis da rCeba pirispir damoukidebeli moqmedebis, saWiroebis mqone situaciebis pirispir misi qce-va garkveulwilad gauazrebelia da xSirad spontanur xasi-aTs iZens, rac zrdis Secdomebis risks da uSualod bavSvis pasuxismgeblobas, Tumca am asakSi bavSvs pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba sakmarisad aqvs ganviTarebuli da miTumetes Semec-nebuli. Sedegad ki viRebT realobas, romelSic bavSvi da-tovebulia mocemulobaSi sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis maRa-li wiliT da sakmarisad ganuviTarebeli Sesatyvisi unar-CvevebiT.

gansxvavebulia damokidebuleba, rodesac saqme gvaqvs demokratiuli fsiqotipis mSobelTan, aseT dros ar vxdebiT im or ukiduresobas, romelic damaxasiaTebelia av-toritaris da liberalis mSoblebisaTvis. Sesabamisad de-mokrati tipis mSobeli icavs erTgvari oqros Sualeds, ga-daWarbebul kontrolsa da srul Caurevlobas Soris. aseT dros mSoblis monawileoba bavSvis ganviTarebaSi, is aris Se-degze orientirebuli da azRvevs mas, rogorc zedmeti pa-suxismgeblobis tvirTisagan, aseve damoukidebeli unar-Cve-vebis mokveTisagan. amgvari damokidebulebiT bavSvi yalib-deba gaazrebuli Rirebulebebis matarebeli adekvaturi pa-suxismgeblobisa da unar-Cvevebis mqoned.

tradiciis aRmzrdelobiTi Zala uwinares yovlisa is aris, rom maTSi arsebul gamocdilebas momavali Taoba iRebs yvelaze bunebrivi gziT. bavSvebis qvecnobieri yvela-fers isrutavs, masSi ileqeba da garkveul dromde inaxeba, mere ki situaciis Sesabamisad amotivtivdeba da pirovnebis qcevaze povebs 0

asaxvas, amitom Zalze mniSnelovania, qvecnobierSi Se-monaxuli “naleqi”, rac SeiZleba pozitiuri iyos.

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saswavlo da aRmzrdelobiT dawesebulebebSi xSirad cdiloben mozardebSi SiSis daTesvas. SiSze dafuZnebuli meTodebi-yvirili, dasja, samwuxarod dResac aqtualuria, Tumca arcTu saxarbieloa maTi Sedegi. deda Svils fiziku-rad da sityvierad imis gamo sjis , rom misi elementaruli Txovna ar Seasrulada a.S..

Cemi praqtikuli gamocdilebidan mravali magaliTi arsebobs da minda erT-erTi magaliTi ganvixilo bavSvis kve-basTan dakavSirebiT, sadac bavSvi uars acxadebs kvebaze, ris gamoc deda-Svils Soris daZabuli urTierTobaa. es ki uar-yofiTad moqmedebs bavSvis fsiqikis ganviTarebaze anu arian impulsurebi, ver axdenen yuradRebis koncentrirebas sagak-veTilo procesSi da rac mTavaria uWirT kontaqtis damyare-ba TanatolebTan, aseve axasiaTebT mijaWvuloba kerZo peda-gogis mimarT, radgan amsgavseben Tavis e.w. mzrunvel mSo-bels, Tumca amavdroulad arian kritikulebic, aqvT momav-lis SiSi, TiTqosda iTvaliswineben mSoblis rCeva darigebis gaTvaliswinebas, magram maTi survili ufro Zlieria da moq-medeben sakuTari survilebiT, ris gamoc mSobeli bavSvis aseT saqciels ukeTebs Semdegi saxis komentarebs: mamasaviT jiuti xar, daujerebeli, Taviseburi da a. S. rac Zlier moq-medebs bavSvis fsiqikur ganviTarebaze, ris gamoc aRzrdis es xerxi araTu Sedegs ver gamoiRebs, ufro metad gaarTu-lebs situacias. ufro metic, aRzrdis procesSi daSvebul Secdomebze bavSvebi emociurad mZimed ganicdian, xdebian kritikulebi da eWviT uyureben mSoblis mier siyvarulis gamovlinebas

aqedan gamomdinare ki mniSvnelovania, rom pirvel rigSi mSobelma Zalian kargad gaerkves aRzrdis am meTodis efeqturobasa da SedegianobaSi, radganac praqtikaSi gamom-dinare tradiciuli meTodebidan yvelaze xSirad vawydebiT mSobelTa avtoritarizms (araTu iSviaTad agresiuls) amde-nad gacilebiT metad varT praqtikosi fsiqologebi motivi-rebulebi, rom vsrulyoT avtoritarizmidan demokratiisa-ken mimarTuli fsiqologiuri berketebi, romelTa kompleq-suri amoqmedebac daexmareba mSobels iyos ufro samarTlia-

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ni da bavSvis interesebze orientirebuli qcevis matarebe-li.

Миранда Турманидзе

Проблема преувеличеного опекунства родителей

Резюме

Воспитательная сила семейной традиции прежде всего в том, что имеющий жизненный опыт новое поколение получает естественным путём. Детское подсознание всасывает всё, откладывается в них и хранится определённое время. А потом зависимо от ситуации всплывает и отражается на поведение личности. Поэтому важно, что сохранённое в подсознании «осадок» был позитивным. В первую очередь важно чтобы родители хорошо разобрались в эффективности и результативности этого метода воспитания, так как исходя из практики традиционных методов, чаще всего сталкиваемся родительским авторитаризмом (нередко агрессивное). Следовательно психологи более мотивированы чтобы направить психологические рычаги для перехода от авторитарного к демократическому воспитания. Это поможет родителям быть более справедливым и ориентированными к детским интересам.

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Miranda Turmanidze

The Problem of de Exeggerated Supervision of the Parents Summary

The educational power of family traditions is that the new

generation receives experience in natural way. Subconsciousness of children absorbs everything that they see and hear and saves this information for some period. Then, depending on the situation this information comes up and influences on the child’s behavior. Therefore it is necessary that the information being saved in the subconsciousness should be positive. First of all it is important that the parents investigate the efficiency and results of this method of education, since, as practice of traditional methods show, we often face the parents’ authoritarianizm (often aggressive). Consequently, psychologists are motivated to activate psychological levers to pass from authoritarian educations towards democratic. This will help the parents to be fairer and take account of the children’s interests.

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naTela eminaZe

aleqsiTimiis fenomenis kvleva sxvadasxva

asakobriv jgufebSi

aleqsiTimia (Berthoz, 2005: Hill, 291‐298) sityvasityviT

niSnavs “sityvebis ar arsebobas grZobebis gamosaxatavad.

amJamad, am terminma mtkiced daikava adgili lite-raturaSi, romelic eZRvneba fsiqosomatur sneulebebs

(Поллок,1978: 224-228;Аммон,256; Вереэин,1978:281-291; Симерницкая,1978:298-305; Лунц,1978:292-297) da masTan dakav-Sirebuli aleqsiTimiis koncefcia sul ufro met popu-larobas iwvevs. aleqsiTimia aris fsiqologiur maxasia-TebelTa erToblioba, romelsac axasiaTebs: grZnobebis aRwerisa da gansazRvris sirTuleebi, grZnobebsa da sxe-ulebriv SegrZnebebs Soris gansxvavebulobis sirTuleebi, fantaziisa da warmosaxvis siRaribe, yuradRebis koncen-traciaufro metad gare garemoebebze, vidre Sinagan gan-cdebze, siZnele ganasxvavon emocia da garegnuli Seg-rZnebebi. kanonzomierad dgeba sakiTxi – gamowveulia Tu

ara aleqsiTimia Tandayolili defeqtiT, aris Tu ara is bioqimiuri deficitis Sedegi, gamomdinareobs Tu ara is ganviTarebis, ojaxis socialuri da kulturuli SezRud-vebis rezultatidan? – am kiTxvebs pasuxi ar gaaCnia. mag-ram arsebobs winaswari mosazreba, romelic migviTiTebs, rom ZiriTadi mniSvneloba eniWeba genetikur faqtorebs. alqsiTimia SeiZleba Segvxvdes, rogorc janmrTel adamia-nebSi, agreTve sxvadasxva sneulebebiT daavadebul avad-myofebSi. amitom unda vicodeT, rom aleqsiTimia – ar

aris “dasabuTebuli daviwyeba”, romelic SeiZleba av-xsnaT ubralo gandevniT an uaryofiT.

ramdenime xnis win gamoqveynda Sroma, romelSic

asaxuli iyo aleqsiTimiis axali aspeqti, misi kavSiri sa-sikvdilo riskis SemTxvevebTan. saubaria imaze, rom aleq-

206

siTimiiT daavadebul mamakacebSi 42-60 wlis asakSi matu-lobs riski somaturi sneulebebisa. aris namuSevrebi, romlebSic wamyvani roli aleqsiTimiis formirebaSi mie-kuTvneba ojaxs. siZneleebi sakuTari emociebis aRweraSi, dakavSirebuli iqna dedis mzrunvelobis dabal donesTan, agreTve bavSvze dedis gadametebul mzrunvelobasTan.

cnobilia, rom aleqsiTimiiT umetesad arian daava-debulebi mamakacebi dabali socialuri mdgomareobiT da SemosavlebiT, agreTve dabali codnis donis pirovnebebi. aleqsiTimiis zrda SeiniSneba (34%-mde) asakis matebasTan erTad. aleqsiTimia gvxvdeba umetesad im adamianebs Soris (85%), romlebic daavadebulia autisturi aSlilobebiT.

dadasturebulad iTvleba, rom aleqsiTimias ag-reTve axasiaTebs: fantaziis uunaroba, Raribi sizmrebi, sqematuri, rigiduli azrovneba (Lumley,1996: 1271‐1300; De Gucht, Heiser,2003).

saSualo monacemebis Sedarebisas evropis masSta-biT aleqsiTimiis damaxasiaTebeli done inglisurenovan mosaxleobaSi naklebia, vidre arainglisurenovan mosax-leobaSi. Cinur enaze mosaubreebma aleqsiTimiis ufro ma-Rali saSualo qula aCvenes, evropelebTan SedarebiT, am-rigad SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom aleqsiTimia zogjer gan-pirobebulia xalxis kulturuli TaviseburebebiT.

aleqsiTimia, misi koncefciidan gamomdinare SeiZ-leba aRmoCenili iqnes janmrTel adamianebSi da SemuSave-buli meTodebis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia misi ganviTa-rebis SeCereba, radgan SemdgomSi zogjer aleqsiTimia Se-uqcevad xasiaTs Rebulobs da gadadis ama Tu im fsiqo-somatur sneulebebSi. mizani iyo Segveswavla skolis mos-wavleebis 3 asakobriv jgufSi (meoTxe, mecxre, meTerTme-te klasebi) aleqsiTimiis gavrcelebuloba.

aleqsiTimiis donis Seswavla moxda “torontos

aleqsiTimiuri skal”-is saSualebiT, (TAS) (Карвасарскии Б.Д. 2007, 484-487.871). romelic damuSavebulia v.m. bexterevis in-stitutSi, literaturuli monacemebis Tanaxmad es aris

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erT-erTi saukeTeso meTodi aleqsiTimiis Sesaswavlad, romelic akmayofilebs testebisadmi wardgenil moTxov-nebs.

Sedegebis Teoriuli monacemebi SeiZleba 26 – dan 130 qulamde. meTodikis avtoris monacemebiT “aleqsiTimi-uri” pirovneba Rebulobs 74 qulas da mets, “ara aleqsi-Timiuri” pirovneba Rebulobs 62 qulas da ufro naklebs.

gamokvleva Catarebuli iyo baTumis #8 sajaro

skolis me-11 klasSi, qobuleTis #1 sajaro skolis me-4, me-9 da me-11 klasebSi. baTumis skolaSi gamokiTxuli iyo

30 me-11 klaseli, aqedan 17 gogo da 13 vaJi. qobuleTis #1

sajaro skolis me-4 klasSi gamokiTxuli iyo 14 moswavle, aqedan 7 gogo da 7vaJi. me-9 klasSi gamokiTxuli iyo 21

moswavle, aqedan 5 gogo da 16 vaJi. me-11 klasSi gamokiT-xuli iyo 26 moswavle, aqedan 15 gogo da 11 vaJi. sul ga-mokiTxuli iyo 91 moswavle, 55 vaJi da 36 gogo.

miRebuli masalebis damuSaveba: miRebuli masale-bi damuSavda da dajgufda 4 cxrilSi. maTi analizis sa-fuZvelze Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saerTod janmrTel

bavSvebSi aleqsiTimia sakmaod aris gavrcelebuli, radgan 91 cdispiridan maRali aleqsiTimia aRmoaCndaT 28 moswav-les, anu moswavleTa 30 %-s., aqedan 14 gogoa. radgan aleqsiTimiis gamovlena SesaZlebelia adreul asakSi,Dsav-sebiT SesaZlebelia bavSvebTan fsiqoTerapiuli muSaoba, (miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi avtori fsiqoTerapias uSedegod miiCnevs). Ees SesaZleblobas mogvcems Sevafer-xoT aleqsiTimiis gadazrda fsiqosomatur aSlilobebSi.

zogadi monacemebis mixedviT baTumis #8 sajaro

skolis me-11 klasSi 30 moswavlidan aleqsiTimia daudas-turda 20 moswavles, aqedan dabali aleqsiTimiuroba 12 cdispirs aReniSna, xolo maRali aleqsiTimiuroba ki 8-s anu es Seadgens 66,7 % anu umravlesobas. sayuradReboa is, rom Tu dabali aleqsiTimiuroba daaxloebiT Tanab-rad aris gavrcelebuli mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebs Soris, maRali aleqsiTimiuroba ufro

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metad mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebSi miviReT.

(mdedrobiTi 7, mamrobiTi 1). anu rogorc Cveni monaceme-bidan Cans aleqsiTimia skolis moswavleebis yvela jgu-fis did nawilSi dadasturda. A

mTlianad skolis moswavleebis monacemebi asaxavs 91 cdispiris maCvenebels. amis mixedviT aleqsiTimia udasturdeba 45 moswavles, rac 49,45% Seadgens.

kvlevis Sedegad gairkva, rom mTeli rigi monace-mebis Sesabamisad “torontos aleqsiTimiuri skalis” mi-xedviT gamovlenili aleqsiTimiis mqoneT axasiaTebT Sem-degi Tvisebebi:

yvela kategoriis cdispirSi daSorebulobis ga-movlenis siZlieris zrda iwvevs paralelurad SiSis zrdasac, rac aleqsiTimiis SeswavlaSi manamdec iyo da-dasturebuli.

cnobilia agreTve, rom aleqsiTimia problemebs qmnis azrovnebis procesSic. Cvenma monacemebma daadastu-ra, rom es gansakuTrebiT SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis pro-cesis Senelebas exeba. rodesac azrovnebis procesSi iz-rdeba e.w. “miwis tkepna” anu unayofo mosazrebebis Semo-Tavazeba.

cnobilia mcdeloba aleqsiTimiis stresTan dakav-Sirebisa. Cveni monacemebiT Zlieri wuxilis maCvenebeli yvela gamokiTxulTa jgufSi avlens zrdis tendencias, rac uTuod stresis gamovlinebasTan unda gavaigivoT.

amave dros aSkarad mcirdeba simSvidis maCveneble-bi, rogorc Cans, aleqsiTimiis mqone adamianebs axasia-TebT Sinagani wuxili.

mcirdeba, agreTve pirovnuli gaxsnilobis maCve-neblebi, romlebic ar aris miTiTebuli CvenTvis misaw-vdom literaturaSi da ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es imiT unda iyos gamowveuli, rom Caketiloba anu gulCaT-xrobiloba, romelic Cveni monacemebiT izrdeba aleqsi-Timiis dros, blokirebas ukeTebs emociebis aRweris Se-saZleblobas.

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mniSvnelovania erTi faqti, somaturad janmrTel

skolis moswavleebSi (Кон,1978:32-50; Кон,1989:33-46; Шеффер,2003:556-648) aleqsiTimiis zrdasTan erTad metwi-lad izrdeba gaRizianebuloba, rac SeiZleba imiT iyos gamowveuli, rom es cdispirebi gamoxataven sakuTari mdgomareobiT Sewuxebulobas da amitom maTi gaRiziane-bulobis done izrdeba.


Caganava g. ganwyobis fsiqologiis aqtualuri prob-

lemebi. „aWara“. baTumi. 2001. 224 gv. Аммон Г. Психодинамика Бессознательного в случае

психосоматической болеэнии: Предварительные методологические соображения. Бессознательное. Мецниереба, Тбилиси, 1978. 256-267 с.

Березин Ф. Б. Некоторые механизмы интрапсихической адаптации и психосоматические отношения. Бессознательное. Мецниереба, Тбилиси, 1978. 281-291 с.

Карвасарскии Б.Д. Клиническая психология. < Питер>. М., 2007.

Кон И. С. психология ранней юности. Просвещение. М, 1989. 255 с.

Шэффер Д. Дети и подростки. Психология розвития, Питер. М., 2003. 973 с.

Berthoz S., hill E.l. Reliability of the Bermond – vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire. Data from adultsnwith autism spectrum disorder, their relatives and normal controls. European Psychiatry, 2005,v. 20, p. 291-298.

De Gucht v. Heiser. W. Alexitymia and somatisation: Quantitative review of the literature. Journal of psychosomatic research, 2003, v. 54(5),p. 425-434.

Lumley M.A. Alexithymia, emotional disclosure, and health: A program of research. Journal of personality, 2004, v. 72(6)p. 1271-1300.

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Natela Eminadze

The Alexithymi phenomenon research in different age grouf Summary

The Experimental research of the phenomenon of Alexithymia has

shown that in accordance with “Toronto Alexithymia Scala” amongst pupils the extension of Alexithymia achieves 50%. However amongst somatic sick persons this factor achieves 96%. The research of the Alexithymia phenomenon by means of “Questionnaire of asthenic sufferings” (G. CHAGANAVA) has shown that growing of the sufferings of remoteness causes growing of awe feeling, difficulties in mentation – an offer of the fruitless considerations, growing of carelessness – a difficulties in description and determination feeling and so long.

Натела Еминадзе

Иследование Адекситимических феноменов в разных вазрастных группах

Резюме

Экспериментальное исследование явлений алекситимии показало, что в соответствии с <Торонтской Алекситимической Шкалой> среди учащихся распространенность алекситимии достигает 50%. Однако среди соматических болных этот показатель достигает 96%. Исследование явлений алекситимии посредством <Вопросника астенических переживаний> (Г. Чаганава) показало, что рост переживания удаленности вызывает рост чувства страха, трудности в процессе мышления – предложение бесплодных соображений, рост невнимательности – трудности в описании и определении чувств и т. д.

211

sazogadoebasTan urTierTobebi da

marketingi

Public Relations and Marketing Связи с общественностью и маркетинг

guranda SamiliSvili

brendis fsiqologiuri arqetipis

problema

cnobili, rom yovel brends gaaCnia sakuTari indi-

vidualuroba, anu reputaciebis, imijebis, emocionaluri da informaciuli faqtorebis krebuli. msxvili brendebis Semqmnelebi intuiciurad mividnen im daskvnamde, rom brendi wamoadgens funqcionaluri daxasiaTebebisa da Ri-

rebulebis krebuls, romelic gamoxatulia arqetipebis universaluri saxeebiT. arqetipi - es aris fsiqologiuri struqtura, romelic Cadebulia Cvens qvecnobierSi da gansazRvravs yovelives, rac Cven irgvlivaa. am Tvalsaz-

risiT, aucilebelia codnis gaazreba da miznobrivi audi-torebis fsiqologiuri gansakuTrebulebebis koreqtuli gamoyeneba, romelic marketinguli programebis SemuSa-vebis dros mis erTerT mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoad-

gens. praqtikam gviCvena, rom momxmareblis survilebis ga-

geba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, tradiciuli marketingis TvalsazrisiT SesaZlebelia mxolod daukmayofilebeli moTxovnilebebis gamovlineba da maTi Semdgomi dakmayo-

fileba. sirTules warmoadgens is, rom ganebivrebulma

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momxmarebelma ubralod ar icis, ras elis mas Tanamed-rove samyaros mravalferovani saqonlis arCevis pirobeb-

Si, arCevisa da yidvis gadawyvetilebis miReba metwilad damokidebulia mis qvecnobierze. momxmareblis motavaci-

asTan dakavSirebul kiTxvaze pasuxis, maTi faruli moT-xovnilebis gamovlinebis mizniT marketologebi yuradRe-bas aqceven Tanamedrove mecnierul namuSevrebs fsiqo-

logiis, neirofiziologiis, da aseve miTologiisa da kulturologiis sferoSi (Терентьева Н. Теория архетипов К.Г. Юнга и ее значение для понимания механизмов восприятия предметного мира, 2007).

brendis individualuri Sesabamisoba konkretul arqetipTan kompaniis, politikosebisa da msoflio do-

nis kulturis moRvaweebis warmatebis sawindaria. am Teo-

riis praqtikuli gamoyeneba dafuZnebulia imaze, rom ar-qetipebi uzrunvelyofen momxareblis motivaciasa da mis uSualo moqmedebas Soris yvela aucilebel rgols. pro-duqtis arqetipuli individualuroba pirdapir mimarTu-

lia fsiqikis siRrmeSi arsebuli xatebis mimarT, romelic iwvevs adamianSi misTvis nacnobisa da mniSvnelovanis Seg-

rZnebas. Sveicarieli fsiqologi da fsiqiatri karl gus-

tav iungi (26.07.1875 – 6.06. 1961) iTvleba arqetipebis Teori-

is fuZemdeblad. igi 1906 - 1913 ww. muSaobda z. froidTan, SemdgomSi is ganerida klasikur fsiqoanalizs da Seqmna sakuTari analitikuri fsiqologiis momarTuleba, rome-lic dafuZnebuli iyo miTologiidan analogiebis gamoye-

nebaze sizmrebis analizebis TanxlebiT. mravalwliani klinikuri dakvirvebis Sedegad iungi mivida daskvnamde, rom adamianis fsiqikaSi arsebiT rols TamaSobs ara mxo-

lid individualuri, aramed koleqtiuri qvecnobieri, romlis Sinaarsic warmodgenilia arqetipebSi da gadmoe-

cema STamomavlobiT winaprebisagan. sakuTari pacientebis sizmrebisa da fantaziebis Seswavlis safuZvelze, iungma

213

aRmoaCina maTSi imgvari saxeebi da ideebi, romlebic vera-nairad ukavSirdebodnen adamianis gamocdilebas erTi si-

cocxlis farglebSi. yvelaze saocari iyo is, rom es qvec-nobieris plasti dakavSirebuli iyo miTologiur da re-

ligiur TemebTan, romlebic arsebobdnen erTmaneTisgan sakmaod daSorebul kulturebSi. amgvarad arqetipebi (berZnulidan ”arqe” - ”dasawyisi” da ”tipos” – ”saxeba”) - Zlieri fsiqikuri pirvelsaxe, romelic dafarulia qvec-

nobieris siRrmeSi, Tandayolili universaluri ideebi, aRqmis, azrovnebisa da gancdebis pirveladi modelebia. es erTgvari pirveladi warmodgenaa sicocxleze da sam-

yaroze, romelic damokidebuli ar aris miRebuli cod-

nis doneze. is gadaecema Taobidan Taobas da Seadgens msoflmxedvelobis struqturas. cxovrebiseuli gamocdi-

leba ar cvlis mas, aramed mxolod avsebs axali Sinaar-

siT. TiTqmis erTobliobaSi gvxdeba erTi da igive simbo-

loebi, romlebic aRniSnaven sicocxlesa da sikvdils, ma-

makacisa da qalis sawyisebs, casa da dedamiwas, naRvelsa da sixaruls, avadmyofobasa da janmrTelobas, Zalasa da sisustes, wesrigsa da qaoss. iungis Tanaxmad, arqetipebi warmoadgenen qvecnobieris struqturulad formulire-

bul elementebs. am elementebidan izrdeba arqetipuri saxeebi (adamianebis, cxovelebis, bunebrivi Zalebis, demo-

nebis), romlebic dominireben rogorc adamianis azrovne-

baSi, aseve kulturaSic. iungi arqetips adarebs mdinaris gamSral kalapots, romelic gansazRvravs fsiqikuri di-

nebis mimarTulebas, magram dinebis xasiaTi damokidebu-

lia TviT dinebaze. arqetipebi TviTon ugononi arian, magram SeuZliaT azrovnebaSi warmodgenilni iyvnen arqe-

tipebis saxeebis saxiT. SemdgomSi arqetipebis Teoriam miiRo Tavisi ganviTareba maiers - brigsis TeoriaSi, kar-

sis, Svarcis, bernis, kempinskis, augustinaviCiutes, mark &

214

pirsonisa da sxva naSromebSi. dRes iungis arqetipebis Teoria aqtiurad gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso sareklamo da kvleviT saagentoebis moRvaweobaSi da warmoadgens war-matebuli brendebisa da efeqturi reklamis Sesaqmnis er-

TerT moqmed instruments. arqetipebi uzrunvelyofen klientis motivaciasa da saqonlis gayidvas Soris auci-

lebel rgolebs. produqtis (momsaxurebis) arqitipuri in-dividualuroba pirdapir mimarTulia fsiqikis siRrmeSi aRbeWdili saxisaken, romelic aiZulebs gaaRviZos cnobie-rebis SegrZneba raRac Zalian nacnob da mniSvnelovanTan dakavSirebiT.

neirofiziologiis, fizikuri qimiisa da kiberneti-

kis bolo kvlevebis Tanaxmad - adamianis fsiqika warmo-adgens gare da Sinagani informaciis damuSavebis siste-

mas. iungma gamoyo informaciis aRqmis ramdenime saxeoba: logikuri da mxatvruli (emociuri), sensoruli (aqcenti aRqmis organoebze) da intuiciuri (aqcenti warmosaxvaze). garda amisa, man SemoiRo adamianis fsiqikis ori wesi: eq-

straversia (motivirebuli Zala, upirveles yovlisa ekuT-

vnis obieqts, yuradReba metwilad mimarTulia gareT, ga-

re samyaros obieqtze) da introversia (adamiani, upirve-

les yovlisa, motivacias iRebs Signidan, yuradReba upi-

ratesad mimarTulia SigniT, subieqtze). sxva sityvebiT, fsiqika gvaCvenebs, Tu rogor urTierTvmoqmedebT gare samyarosTan da sad mivmarTavT energias.

fizikaSi arsebobs cneba ”rezonansi” - rxevis am-

plitudis Zlieri zrdis movlena (eleqtronuli, meqaniku-

ri, bgeriTi da sxva), romelic damokidebulia gare faq-torebze da sistemis sakuTari rxevebis sixSire emTxveva garemoze damokidebul rxevis sixSires. amdagvari xdeba adamianis aRqmaSic, rodesac mravalferovani informaciis

215

saerTo masidan is gamoyofs imas, razec is aris Semar-

Tuli, romelic mis mier moTxovnadia. iungma gviCvena, rom arqetipebi

warmoadgenen adamianis moTxovnilebebis anarekls kon-

kretul ”informaciaSi” (sityvis farTo gagebiT), rac sa-

Sualebs iZleva avRweroT arqetipebis sabaziso krebuli, rogorc aRqmis saxeobebis Sexameba fsiqologiur mxares-

Tan. “sensorika - intuiciisa” da ”logika - eTikis” ganzomi-

leba warmoqmnis moTxovnilebebis matricas, romelic kargad cnobili maslous moTxovnilebebis piramidis identuria. Tavdapirvelad xorcieldeba moqmedebebi Se-

degebis miRwevis (Power), Semdeg - TviTidentifikaciis ( Identity), socializaciis (Community) da ganviTarebis moT-

xovnilebebTan dakavSirebiT (Explorer). brendebi xels uw-yoben am moTxovnilebebis realizebas Sesabamis komunika-

ciebis aTvisebis pirobebSi. isini adamians aZleven saSua-

lebas akeTos, iyos, miekuTvnebodes, gaxdes ukeTesi. mo-

cemuli matrica aris DMB&B- s mier gamomuSavebuli Leadership Equity Models Teoriis safuZveli (Архетип и символ, М., 1991). brendis urTierTobis sistema momxmarebelTan, romelic iTvaliswinebs ara mxolod uSualo sareklamo komunika-

cias, aramed xels uwyobs brendis erTiani saxis warmoq-

mnas, romelic Tavis mxriv gansazRvravs mis moqmedebas bazarze da mis atributebs:

216

Camoyalibda warmodgena, rom Tanamedrove samya-

roSi msoflio brendebma aiRes sakuTar Tavze nawilob-

riv religiuri funqcia. isini warmoadgenen siRrmiseuli moTxovnilebebis gamomxatvelebs, romlis funqciebsac ad-

re inawilebdnen sxvadasxva RvTaebebi. Disney-is arqeti-

pi gaxda bavSvis simbolo, Nike - gmiris gansaxiereba, hor-

vardi - brZenis simbolo, xolo Levi’s - Tavisuflebis maZi-

eblis saxiT. politikosebi, msaxiobebi, kompaniebis lide-

rebi, saxelmwifo moRvaweebi, romlebmac SeZles sazoga-

dasaxeleba simb olo

niSnis gamovlinebis aRwera

analogebi

eqstaversia E mimarTva gareT, meti saubari, kontaqti

gamosxiveba iani mze

introversia 1 mimarTva SigniT, meti mosmena, sakuTar TavTan darCena

STanTqva ini mTvare

logika Т obieqturoba, analizi, orientacia faqtebze, racionalu-roba

marcxena sfe-ros azrovne-

ba, konkretuloba, azrovneba

grZnobebi F subieqturoba, emociebi, garSemomyo-febTan urTierTobis orientacia

marjvena sfe-ros azrovne-

ba, mxarvruloba, gancdebi

intuicia N ocnebebi, fantaziebi, romanti-

ka, umaRlesi moTxovni-leba

intuicia siaxle informacia

sensorika S praqtikuloba Zala materialuri moTxov-nilebebi

SegrZnebebi kontroli obieqti

217

doebis mier moTxovnadi arqetipis Sesabamisobis mikvleva gaxdnen Tavisi drois gmirebi. praqtika gviCvenebs, rom warmatebuli brendebi translireben wamyvani arqetipis Rirebulebebs da avseben maT. Coca – Cola (yvelaferi iqneba Coca – Cola!) - bavSvi + mSvenieri patara, Pepsi (aiRe cxovre-

bisagan yvelaferi) - gmiri + maZiebeli, Shweppes (gaxalisebs gansakuTrebiT) - damcveli + mmarTveli.

arqetipis modeli

brendis modeli

universaluri moTxovnileba

momxmarebel-Tan kavSiris tipi

ST Power keTeba romeli gadaw-yvetilebaa uke-

Tesi? SF Identity yofna vin var me si-

namdvileSi? NF Community mikuTvnileba me minda aRviq-

va sakuTari Ta-vi rogorc di-

dis nawili! NT Explorer ganviTareba me SemiZlia mi-

vaRwio mets!

nebismieri adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia yvela es moTxovnileba da ese igi sabazo arqetipebic, magram maTi prioritetebi individualuria. sabaziso arqetipebis gamovlinebis gafarToebuli aRweris magaliTebi adamia-

nis xasiaTebSi da qcevebSi amgvaria: mmarTveli - Tu adami-

anSi aqtiurdeba mmarTvelis arqetipi, is didi siamovne-biT iRebs sakuTar Tavze xelmZRvanelis rols da cdi-

lobs maqsimalurad akontrolos irgvliv yvelaferi. moRvaweobis organizaciis saukeTeso saSualebebze fiqri da strategiebisa da procedurebis gamomuSaveba aniWebs mas sakuTari Tavis flobisa da samyaroze Zalauflebis SegrZnebas, romelsac Tavis mxriv moaqvs didi kmayofi-

lebis SegrZneba.

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adamianebi, visac Zlier aqvs gamoxatuli mmarTve-

lis arqetipi, axasiaTebT imijis, statusisa da prestiJis sakiTxebze zrunva ara imitom, rom zedapirulobis mata-

rebelni arian, aramed maT esmiT, Tu raoden mniSvnelova-nia Zalauflebis gaZlierebisaTvis gare samyaros zemoq-

medeba. marTvelis mamoZravebel Zalas Tavisi saukeTeso gamovlinebiT warmoadgens survili daexmaros samyaros, xolo uares SemTxvevaSi es gamovlendeba avtoritarizmSi da tiraniaSi; gmiri - misTvis bunebriv garemos warmoad-

gens brZolis veli, sportuli Sejibrebebi, quCebi, samu-

Sao adgili an sxva nebismieri, sadac sirTuleebi da ga-

mowvevebi iTxoven mamac da energiul moqmedebebs. gmirs surs samyaro gaxados ukeTesi. sulis siRrmeSi mas eSinia damarcxebis, eSinia, rom ver miiyvans saqmes bolomde da ver miaRwevs gamarjvebas. es arqetipi xels uwyobs adamia-

nebSi disciplinis, yuradRebis, gadawyvetilebebisa da mi-

zanmimarTulebis gamomuSavebas. gmiris samosi da garemo pirobebi funqcionaluria

da ara Zvirfasi. misTvis arsebiTad zedmeti komforti warmoadgens saSiSroebas, radgan mas SeuZlia adamianis xa-

siaTis Serbileba. rodesac adamianSi aqtiurdeba gmiris arqetipi, masSi iRviZebs Rirsebebi da mzad aris miiRos gamowveva. gmiri icavs maT, visac Tvlis, rom udanaSau-

loa, mgrZnobiare da visac ar SeuZlia daexmaros saku-

Tar Tavs damoukideblad. gmiris saukeTeso gamovlinebas warmoadgens diadi

saqmeebi, xolo yvelaze uares SemTxvevaSi - itanjebian am-

partavnobiT, sisastikiT da arian mtris mudmiv ZiebaSi. adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebi aRwerilia sabazisoo arqetipebis meSveobiT, romlebic Seicaven maTi realiza-

ciis rogorc pozitiur, aseve negatiur SesaZleblobebs.

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mmarTveli SeiZleba gadaiqces tiranad, gmiri - sas-

tik karieristad, damcveli - konservatorad, romlisaTvi-

sac yovelive axali ucxo da miuRebelia da a.S. ( Герой и бунтарь. Создание бренда с помощью архетипа / Марк М., Пирсон К. -СПб.:Питер, 2005) sabaziso arqetipebi SeimCneva adamianis mTel istoriul - kulturul danatovarSi - zRaprebSi, TqmulebebSi, religiebSi. magaliTad, romaul da beZnul miTologiaSi arqetipebi gamomJRavnebulia RvTaebriv personaJebSi: mmarTveli - iupiteri, zevsi; gmiri - marsi, aresi; brZeni - minerva, aTena; sayvareli - venera, afrodi-

te; damcveli - cerera, demetra. gasaocaria is faqti, rom msgavsi saxeebi arsebobs yoveli droisa da xalxis kul-

turaSi. arqetipebi, rogorc qvecnobieris universaluri ena, saSualebas iZleva gaviazroT brendebis konkurenciis buneba: Coca – cola -as momxmareblebisaTvs ZiriTad Rirebu-lebas warmoadgens dResaswaulisa da Tbili urTierTo-

bis SegrZneba (dResaswaulis arqetipi), xolo Persi ey-

rdnoba gmiris arqetips (aiRe cxovrebisagan yvelaferi). brendmeikerebisaTvis aseve mniSvnelovania imis gaTvalis-

winebac, rom arqetipebi Sexamebulni arian erT saxeSi. pirobebSi, rodesac sainformacio datvirTva mom-

xmarebelze izrdeba geometriuli progresis saxiT, uZve-lesi arqetipebi adamians saSualebas aZleven miiRon swo-ri gadawyvetileba da daakmayofilon sakuTari moTxovni-

lebebi.

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1. Терентьева Н. Теория архетипов К.Г. Юнга и ее

значение для понимания механизмов восприятия предметного мира, 2007

2. Архетип и символ / Карл Г. Юнг - М.: Ренессанс, 1991 3. Герой и бунтарь. Создание бренда с помощью архетипа /

Марк М., Пирсон К. -СПб.:Питер, 2005 4. Теория архетипов и практика брендинга /

ИващенкоА.http://www.advertology.ru/article19720.html 5. http://mmr.ua/news/id/kak-postroit-uspeshnyj-brend-zachem-

nuzhny-arhetipy-27564/

Гуранда Шамилишвили

Психологическая праблема архетипа бренда

Резюме

Создатели крупных брендов интуитивно пришли к пониманию того, что бренд - это средоточие функциональных характеристик и ценностей, выраженных универсальными образами архетипов. С этой точки зрения, необходимо понимать, что знание и корректное использование психологических особенностей целевых аудиторий, является одним из основополагающих факторов при разработке маркетинговых программ. Соответствие индивидуальности бренда определенному архетипу признается ключевой составляющей успешности компаний, политиков и деятелей культуры мирового уровня. Архетип - это психологическая структура, которая заложена в нашем подсознании и определяет восприятие всего, что нас окружает. Согласно Юнгу, архетипы являются структурно-формирующимися элементами бессознательного. Из этих элементов вырастают архетипические образы , которые доминирую и в мышлении людей, и в культуре. В условиях “рекламного шума”, когда

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информационная нагрузка на потребителей растет в геометрической прогрессии, древние архетипы позволяют человеку принимать правильные решения и удовлетворять свои потребности.

Guranda Shamilishvili

Psychological Problem of a Brand Archetype Summary

Founders of large brands intuitively came to understanding of that

the brand is a center of functional characteristics and the values expressed in the universal images of archetypes. From this point of view, it is necessary to understand that the knowledge and correct use of psychological features of target audiences, is one of fundamental factors when developing marketing programs. Compliance of identity of a brand to a certain archetype admits to a key component of success of the companies, politicians and cultural figures of world level. The archetype is a psychological structure which is put in our subconsciousness and defines perception of everything that us surrounds. According to Jung, archetypes are structural being formed elements unconscious. Archetypes images which I dominate and in thinking of people, and in culture grow from these elements. In conditions of "advertizing noise" when information load of consumers grows in a geometrical progression, ancient archetypes allow the person to make the correct decisions and to satisfy the requirements.

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guranda SamiliSvili

sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis roli

turistuli kompaniebis marketingul

strategiebSi

Tanamedrove samyaroSi turizmi milionobiT adamianis cxovrebis stilad iqca. izrdeba misi dadebiTi gavlena saer-TaSoriso masStabiT politikuri, socialuri da kulturu-li kavSirebis ganviTarebaze, pirovnebaTa Soris urTierTo-bebze. turistuli organizaciebi sul ufro met yuradRebas aqceven sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis sferos, rogorc grZelvadian, ndobaze damyarebul, ormxrivad momgebiani urTierTobis saSualebas organizaciasa da sazogadoebas Soris. turistuli biznesis warmateba damokidebulia efeqtur komunikaciaze, romelic uzrunvelyofs tur-produqtis win wawevas da kavSirs turistuli momsaxure-bis mwarmoebelsa (turoperators) da momxmarebels (tu-rists) Soris. Tanamedrove pirobebSi warmoudgenelia ne-bismieri dawesebulebis muSaoba kargad daregulirebuli marketinguli komunikaciis gareSe. integrirebuli mar-ketinguli komunikaciis efeqturi dagegmvis tendencia — e.i. erToblivi reklamis, Public Relations, gayidvebis sti-mulireba, pirdapiri gayidvebi, gayidvebis adgilebSi in-formaciisa da komunikaciis uzrunvelyofa Tanamedrove marketinguli kompleqsis mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels warmoadgens. dRes sul ufro meti yuradReba eqceva sazo-gadoebis yvela jgufis TanxlebiT xarisxisa da stabilu-robis safuZvelze organizebul komunikaciebs, pozitiu-ri imijis Seqmnasa da saimedo saqmiani reputaciis dam-kvidrebas. winamdebare naSromis mizania Public Relation –is adgilisa da rolis Seswavla turizmis sferos marketin-guli komunikaciebis saerTo sistemaSi. mecnierebis az-

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riT, ,,fabliq rileiSenzs’’ gaaCnia kvlevis sakuTari saga-ni _ sazogadoebrivi kavSirebi, romelebic yalibdeba ur-TierTmoqmed subieqtebs Soris mmarTvelobiTi moRvaweo-bis procesSi, mas aseve gaaCnia sakuTari meTodologiuri safuZveli, romlebic aisaxeba urTierTqmedebis princi-pebze da miznebis Teoriul mtkicebulebebze, maT amoca-nebsa da ganxorcielebis saSualebebze. piari flobs saku-Tar meTodebs, kvlevebsa da gegmebs, sakuTar instrumen-tebsa da teqnologiebs da bolos kavSirs sazogadoebas-Tan. is, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva mecniereba, operi-rebs sakuTari, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli katego-riebis sistemiT, anu metnaklebad saerTo cnebebiT, rome-lebic asaxaven ama Tu im sazogadoebrivi procesis an mov-lenis arss. piari moicavs sazogadoebrivi institutebis sakmaod farTo speqtrs, magaliTad profkavSirebs, sam-Tavrobo saagentoebs, moxaliseTa asociaciebs, fondebs, saavadmyofoebs, skolebs, kolejebs da religiur organi-zaciebs. dasaxuli miznebis miRwevisaTvis es subieqtebi iZulebulni arian ganaviTaron efeqturi damokidebule-bebi sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebTan: momsaxure per-sonalTan, momxmareblebTan, aqcionerebTan, sxva struq-turebTan da sakuTriv sazogadoebasTan. sagulisxmoa mecnieruli mosazrebebic sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis sferos funqciebis gansazRvrisas. mecnieri i. aleSina wignSi ,,fabliq rileiSenzi menejerebisa da marketolo-gebisaTvis’’ sazogadoebasTan urTierTobas ganixilavs, rogorc menejmentis erTerT funqcias, romlis statusic erTmniSvnelovania iseTi funqciebisa, rogoricaa finan-suri menejmenti, adamianebis resursebis menejmenti (per-sonali), sainformacio sistemebis menejmenti, operaciu-li menejmenti, marketingi da gvaZlevs Semdeg ganmarte-bas: ,,sazogadoebasTan urTierToba warmoadgens menejmen-tis damoukidebel funqcias, romelic aregulirebs orga-nizaciasa da sazogadoebasTan komunikaciis damyarebisa da mxardaWeris process’’ A( Алешина И.В. Паблик рилейшнз дня менеджеров и маркетологов. М.: Гном-пресс, 2003).

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mkvlevarTa nawili Public Relation ganixilavs, ro-gorc organizaciuli moRvaweobis saxes. magaliTad, bri-taneTis sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis institutis gan-martebiT - ,,sazogadoebasTan urTierToba warmoadgens dagegmil da ganuwyvetel moRvaweobas, romelic mimarTu-lia dadebiTi urTierTdamokidebulebisa da urTierTga-gebis Camoyalibebaze, mxardaWeraze organizaciebsa da im Tanasazogadoebebs Soris, romlebic uSualod dakavSire-bulni arian am organizaciis moRvaweobasTan’’. aqve gvin-da avRniSnoT, msoflio samecniero praqtikaSi farTod gavrcelebuli ,,fabliq rileiSnzis’’ ganmartebis sxva midgomac, romlic PR‐s ganixilavs, rogorc integrire-buli marketinguli komunikaciebis sistemis instru-ments. a.a. romanovis definiciiT ”PR warmoadgens marke-tinguli komunikaciis gansakuTrebul funqcias, rome-lic xels uwyobs marTvaze orientirebuli urTierTda-mokidebulebis Camoyalibebas sxvadasxva kontaqtur au-ditoriebTan’’ (А.А.Романов, А.В. Панько, Маркетинговые коммуникации, М., 2006). am midgomis Tanaxmad, PR warmoad-gens organizaciis integrirebuli marketinguli komuni-kaciebis ganuyofel elements reklamasTan, personalur gayidvebTan da gayidvebis stimulirebasTan erTad. marke-tinguli komunikaciis sistema warmoadgens sxvadasxva sa-xis moRvaweobis erTobliobas, maT Soris momxmarebli-saTvis produqtis Rirsebebze informaciis gadacemas da maTSi produqtis SeZenis survilis stimulis warmoqmnas. saqonlis win waweva gulisxmobs kontaqtis damyarebas calkeul pirovnebebTan, adamianebis jgufebTan an orga-nizaciebTan pirdapiri, an iribi komunikaciis saSualebe-bis gamoyenebiT organizaciis sasaqonlo produqciis ga-yidvis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. marketingi es aris kon-cefciis gamomuSavebis, fasis warmoqmnis, ideebis, saqon-lisa da momsaxurebis win wawevis procesi, romelic uz-runvelyofs gacvliTi procesebis damakmayofilebel ur-TierTobebs. gacvlis procesSi, rogorc wesi, CarTulni

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arian momxmareblebi, romlebic axorcieleben sakuTari resursebis (fulis, droisa da moRvaweobis) urTierTgac-vlas firmis produqtze, an momsaxureobaze. marketingi uzrunvelyofs gacvlis process momxmareblis moTxovni-lebebisa da survilebis detalurad Seswavlis safuZvel-ze: a) produqtisa da momsaxurebis gamomuSaveba, romel-Tac ZaluZT am moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba, b) kon-kretuli fasis produqtis SeTavazeba, romelic misaRebia momxmareblisaTvis; g) konkretli momsaxurebis adgilis, an arxis Seqmna; d) win wawevis programis damuSaveba, an ko-munikaciebis uzrunvelyofaa gaTvicnobierebisa da inte-resis Seqmnis mizniT. 1960 წ . makartim SemogvTavaza kla-sifikacia, romelic cnobilia ,,4P” - iს saxelwodebiT. is aerTianebs oTx elements: (product, place, price, promotion). ro-gorc SeniSnavs mkvlevari i. aleSina, PR xdeba ,,marketin-guli kompleqsis rigiTi mexuTe ,,p” elementi, ,,product” (produqti), ,,price” (fasi), ,,promotion” (win waweva), ,,place” (adgil) —Tan erTad ( Алешина И.В. Паблик рилейшнз дня менеджеров и маркетологов. М.: Гном-пресс, 2003). marketingul kompleqsSi xuTi elementis gaerTianeba niSnavs, rom ba-zarze momuSave organizaciis yvela gadawyvetileba unda miiRebodes am elementebis kompleqsuri urTierTdamoki-debulebis gaTvaliswinebiT.kompaniis warmatebuli moR-vaweoba bazarze ganisazRvreba xuTi elementidan TiTeu-lis mkafio damuSavebiT maTi urTierTkavSirisa da urTi-erTdamokidebulebidan gamomdinare. dRes msoflios wam-yvan kompaniebSi marketingis agebis ZiriTad safuZvels warmoadgens integrirebuli marketinguli komunikacie-bi — es ki niSnavs klientis siRrmiseul gagebas, misi moT-xovnilebebis gaTvaliswinebas da mis winaSe socialuri pasuxismgeblobis SegrZnebas. PR –is, reklamisa da di-reqt-marketingis mTavar amocanas warmoadgenspozitiu-ri urTierTobis formireba, romelic xels uwyobs moqme-debas. Tu auditoria umoqmedoa, maSin iTvleba, rom sako-munikacio programam mizans ver miaRwia. organizacia ver

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miaRwevs Sedegs, Tu mas ar eqneba pozitiuri urTierToba miznobriv auditoriasTan. rac ufro konkurentunaria-nia bazari, miT ufro met mniSvnelobasiZens es urTierTo-ba. integrirebuli marketinguli komunikaciebi gulis-xmoben PR-isa da reklamis CarTvas marketingis mTeli procesis stadiebze — dagegmvidan dawyebuli realizaci-iT damTavrebuli. komunikaciurma gegmam mkafiod unda gansazRvros reklamis, PR‐isa da marketingis pasuxis-mgeblobis zonebi. yovel mimarTulebas gaaCnia sakuTari amocanebi: reklama saSualebas iZleva gaavrcelos kon-trolirebadi informacia, marketinguli RonisZiebebi xels uwyoben gayidvebs, PR produqts da saerTod organi-zaciis dadebiTi reputaciis Seqmnas. ,,urTierTqmedebis marketingis’’ Teoriis farglebSi mkvlevari g. l. bagievi gansazRvravs PR-is ZiriTad mizans, rogorc ,,urTierTga-gebisa da biznes struqturis SeTanxmebis miRwevas sazo-gadoebriv organizaciebTan, sazogadoebriv azrTan am struqturis moRvaweobis sferoSi’’ (Г.Л. Багиев, В.Н. Тарасевич, Х. Анн, Маркетинг, М., 2001). am debulebidan ga-momdinare, mkvlevarebi gamoyofen rig amocanebs, romlis gadaWrac SesaZlebelia piar—teqnologiebis saSualebiT marketinguli komunikaciebis farglebSi: firmisaTvis dadebiTi sazogadoebrivi imijis formireba;radiosa da televiziaze dakvirvebis gziT firmis beWdviTi Setyobi-nebis zegavlenis Sefaseba sazogadoebriv azrze; xerxebi-sa da meTodebis sistemis damuSaveba, romelic mimarTuli iqneba urTierTgagebis gaumjobesebaze firmasa da mis mravalricxovan auditorias Soris;akrZalvebis im zoma-Ta realizacia, romelic mimarTulia im barierebis gada-laxvisken, romlebic xels uSlis firmis Sesaxeb informa-ciis gavrcelebas da im zedmet dabrkolebebs, romlebic warmoiqmnebian firmisa da misi miznobrivi auditoriis komunikaciis procesSi (mavne, cru informaciis gavrce-leba da a.S.) Sida korporatiuli kulturis formireba, romelic daeyrdnoba im adamianebis Sexedulebebsa da Ri-

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rebulebebs, romelTanac muSaobs organizacia; situaciis mudmivi kontroli, romelic yalibdeba firmis muSaobis procesSi TanamSromelTa Soris da Sesabamisi zomebis mi-Reba mis kontrolTan da optimizaciasTan dakavSirebiT; konfliqtur da krizisul situaciaSi reagirebis siste-mis gamomuSaveba; nius-relizebis ilustracia bazarze axali produqtebisa da da momsaxurebis Sesaxeb; sainfor-macio saSualebebSi PR –is specialuri aqciebis, savaWro RonisZiebebis, gamofenebisa da bazrobebis gaSuqeba; kor-poratiuli produqtebisa da momsaxurebis win wawevis stimulirebasTan dakavSirebuli formebisa da meTodebis gamomuSaveba; kompaniis specialistebis momzadeba sazo-gadoebis winaSe gamosvlisaTvis. PR-s rogorc integrire-buli marketinguli komunikaciebis mniSvnelovani kompo-nents, miznebis sistemisa da amocanebis garda, gaaCnia funqciebis mkafiod gansazRvruli kompleqsi. g.l. bagie-vi gamoyofs PR-is Semdeg ZiriTad funqciebs marketin-guli komunikaciebis sistemaSi: informaciulis, saimi-jos, mmarTvelobiTs, sakomunikacios, sicocxlisunaria-nobis SemnarCunebels. 1. informaciuli funqcia dakavSi-rebulia firmis Sesaxeb informaciis wardgenaze miznob-rivi jgufebisaTvis, raTa iyos sruli informacia dawese-bulebisa da misi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb; 2. imijis funqcia niSnavs dawesebulebis arsebuli da mudmivad ganaxleba-di saxis formirebas sazogadoebriv azrovnebaSi; 3. mmar-TvelobiTi funqcia — es aris firmis poziciebis reguli-reba bazarze sazogadoebrivi azris gaTvaliswinebiT; 4. komunikaciuri funqcia pasuxismgebelia dawesebulebis kontaqtebisa da urTierTmoqmedebis formirebaze sazo-gadoebriv da teritoriul warmonaqmnebTan(gaerTiane-bebTan, religiur da partiul organiaciebTan, momxmareb-lebTan, sxva qveynebTan); 5. sicocxlisunarianobis Senar-Cuneba gvTavazobs RonisZiebebis Catarebas konkretuli firmis moRvaweobis sargeblobasTan da sazogadoebisad-mi ndobis dasabuTebis aucileblobasTan dakavSirebiT. mkvlevari i.m. siniaeva marketingis sferoSi PR-is gansa-

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kuTrebulobis ganxilvisas zemoTaRniSnul funqciebs amatebs PR-is Semdeg funqciebs: 6. analitikul-progno-zul funqcias, romelic gulisxmobs informaciuli po-litikis gamomuSavebas, mis strategiasa da taqtikas, di-namikaSi movlenebis moZraobis dafiqsirebas;7. socia-lur-humanisturi funqcia mimarTulia ndobis atmosfe-ros Seqmnaze, SeTanxmebaze, urTierTgagebaze, rogorc kompaniiis SigniT, aseve gare partniorebTan. ormxrivi komunikaciuri procesis warmarTvisaTvis da sazogadoe-basTan urTierTobis damyarebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs moRvaweobis principebis gamomuSavebas. R-menejerma zustad unda icodes, Tu rogor imoqmedebs imisTvis, rom warmatebiT gadaWras dasaxuli amocanebi (И.М.Синяева, В.М.Маслова, В.В. Синяев, Сфера PR в маркетинге, 2007).

a.v. koCetkovas azriT, sazogadoebasTan urTierTo-bis principebi warmoadgenen urTierTmoqmedebis agebis strategiul normebs komunikaciuri procesebis ramdeni-me monawiles Soris’’ (А.В. Кочеткова, В.Н.Филиппов, Я.Л.Скворцов, А.С. Тарасов, Теория и практика связей с общественностью, 2009) sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis prin-cipebi samuel adamsis SexedulebiT piaris saZirkvels gansazRvravs. maT Soris ZiriTadia Semdegi: nacionaluri da emocionaluri simbolikis, aseve advilad dasamaxsov-rebeli simboloebis gamoyeneba; movlenebis integraciaSi oponentebis winswreba da moqmedebis drouli organiza-cia, romelic moaxdens emociur zegavlenas sazogadoeba-ze; mudmivi da uwyveti zemoqmedeba sazogadoebriv azrze nebismieri sakomunikacio arxebis saSualebiT. piaris me-qanizmis gamoyenebis erTerT ZiriTad princips sabazro kavSirebisas warmoadgens urTierTmogebis uzrunvelyo-fis principi firmisa da sazogadoebis komerciuli saqmi-anobis pirobebSi, romelic dafuZnebulia im adamianebis samarTlianobasa da patiosnebaze, romlebic awarmoeben kavSirebis realizacias sazogadoebriv institutebTan. miuxedavad amisa, am principebis CamonaTvali iqneba aras-ruli im principTa gareSe, romelic gagviziara da Teori-

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ulad dagvisabuTa ingliselma sociologma sem blekma. piari aris — informaaciis Riaoba. es iTvleba wamyvan principad, romelic uzrunvelyofs urTierTmomgebiani da garantiebis mqone damokidebulebebis formirebas sa-zogadoebaSi; uzrunvelyofs individualurobis mimarT pativiscems, is orientirebulia adamianze, mis Semoqmede-biT SesaZleblobebze (С. Блек, Паблик рилейшнз, Что это такое? М., 1990).

aseve aucilebelia aRiniSnos piaris, rogorc mecni-

eruli institurtis moRvaweobis mTeli rigi principebi, romelic SemuSavebulia am dargSi moRvawe amerikeli mec-nierebis d. niusomis, a. skotis, j. Turqis mier: sainfor-macios saSualebebis gamoyeneba Setyobinebis gadacemis

ფაბლიქ რილეიშენზი ტურიზმის სფეროში

საზოგადოებრივი აზრი

ფინანსური ურთიერთობა

სტატისტიკა და კვლევა

საზოგადოებრივი ცხოვრება

საზოგადოებასთან

ურთიერთობა

მასობრივი ინფორმაციის საშუალებები

სამრეწველო ურთიერთობები

საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობები

სახელისუფლებო კავშირები

ურთიერთობა მომხმარებლებთან

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arxebis staatusis saxiT sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi jgu-febisadmi; ormxrivi komunikaciis ganxorcieleba firma-sa da mis miznobriv sazogadoebas Soris urTierTgagebis miRwevis mizniT;

Tanamedrove turizmis sferoSi sul ufro metad xdeba zemoTmoyvanili piaris Teoriuli aspeqtebis gamo-yeneba. magaliTad, ganviTarebuli turizmis qveynebSi na-cionaluri administracia TavisTavze iRebs nacionalu-ri tur-produqtis win wawevas, qveynis iseTi imijis Seq-mnas, romelic momxibvleli iqneboda turistebisaTvis, amaSi aqtiur rols TamaSoben qveynaSi moqmedi piar-struqturebi. turistuli firmebi sTavazoben konkre-tul windadebebs —turebis- sastumroebis, gasarTobi da sakvebi sistemis SeTavazebas. qveynis dadebiTi saxis Seq-mna da nacionaluri tur-produqtis SeTavazeba iwvevs klubebis Seqmnas (Sveicariis klubi, ungreTis klubi da a.S)msxvil turistul qalaqebSi, romlebic iTvlebian po-tenciur turistul qalaqebad. sajaro RonisZiebebis, or-ganizebuli dResaswaulebis, xelovnebis festivalis, sxvadasxva saxis Sousa da koncertis Catareba did gavle-nas axdens qveynis mimzidveli saxis Seqmnaze. amis magali-Tia q. moskovis 850 wlisadmi miZRvnili RonisZiebebi (1997w.). mimzidveli imijis SeqmnisaTvis farTo SesaZleb-lobas warmoadgens turistuli gamofenebi da bazrobebi, aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom mxolod marketinguli ko-munikaciis integracias(kompleqsur gamoyenebas) ZaluZs xelis Sewyoba biznesSi saukeTeso Sedegebis miRwevas da warmoadgendes konkurentul prZolaSi gadarCenis garan-tias. SeiZleba gamovyoT ,,sazogadoebsTan urTierTobis’’ ramdenime ZiriTadi mimarTuleba da RonisZiebaTa siste-ma, romlis meSveobiTac miiRweva piar-kampaniebis miznebi. turistuli kompaniebisaTvis mniSvnelovania RonisZiebe-bi, romlebsac didi wvlili miuZRviT rogorc calkeuli turfirmebis, aseve qveynis dadebiTi imijis formirebaSi. amis dasadastureblad SeiZleba moviyvanoT saqarTvelo-sa da misi regionebis, kerZod, baTumis, stabilurobisa

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da simSvidis viTarebaSi mimdinare aRmSeneblobisa da ga-naSenianebis procesebzze Tvalis devneba msoflios wam-yvani telearxis CNN —is reportaJebis saSualebiT. CNN —is mier momzadebuli fablisiTi Cveni qveynis, rogorc turistuli regionis pozitiuri imijis formirebas uw-yobda xels.

msoflios msxvil turistul qalaqebSi klubebis Seqmnisa da moZraobis mizans warmoadgens turoperato-rebis gaerTianeba, romlebic muSaoben erTi mimarTule-biT, raTa ufro warmatebiT wawion bazarze sakuTari tur-produqti. msgavsi aliansebis arseboba momgebiania ara marto turistuli firmebisaTvis, aramed saboloo mom-xmareblisaTvisac, radganac reklamisa da marketingisaT-vis gankuTvnili xarjebis Semcireba turis Rirebulebis 5-10% -iT Semcirebas. turoperatorebi, romlebic warmo-adgenen amaTuim klubs, aerTianeben sakuTar Zalebs sa-reklamo kompaniebSi, xSirad organizebas ukeTeben bile-Tebis, vizebis, kompleqsur bronirebas, turistul gamo-fenebSi monawileobas. magaliTad, ,,ungreTis klu-bis’’firmis wevrebma pirvelebma gamouSves qveynis turis-tuli potencialis ganmsazRvreli erToblivi katalogi. sagulisxmoa, ,,maltis klubis’’ wevrebis mier ganxorcie-lebuli sareklamo kampaniebi gazeTSi ,,eqstra-m’’, Jur-nalSi ,,turizmi da dasveneba’’, aseve Seqmnli iqna diskon-turi sistema rusi turistebisaTvis. mudmivi klientebi iReben diskontur ruqebs, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZ-lebelia momsaxurebis SeZena 5%-iani fasdaklebiT. tu-ristuli firmis solidurobis imijis Seqmnaze did gav-lenas axdenen iseTi elementebi, rogoricaa, kompaniis korporatiuli kultura (biznesis marTvis stili) da korporatiuli suli (koleqtivis SigniT arsebuli at-mosfero). korporatiuli kultura unda iqmnebodes biz-nes-gegmis formirebis stadiaze da iyos cnobadi da erTi-ani firmis yvela danayofisaTvis. magaliTad, turistul saagentoSi ”Iro Travel” gamomuSavebulia konkretuli we-sebi, romlebic unda daicvas nebismieri donis yvela Ta-

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namSromelma. es wesebi gadmocemulia specialur samax-sovro baraTze, rolis saxelwodebacaa ,,kompaniiis poli-tika da wesebi’’. masSi asaxulia monacemebi “Iro Travel” —is istoriisa da struqturis Sesaxeb, Camoyalibebulia kor-poratiuli Rirebulebebi, CamoTvlilia personalis mi-marT saerTo moTxovnilebaTa speqtri.kompanias SODIS ga-aCnia Sida sabuTebi, romlebic aregulireben ofisis gan-rigs, telefoniT saubrisa da klientebTan urTierTobis wesebs. korporatiuli kultura moicavs Semdeg elemen-tebs: firmis misiis Seqmnasa da damuSavebas; eTikur ko-deqsa da korporatiul meTodologias; kredosa da idea-lebs; firmis personalis stilsa da garegnobas; sistemur dizains. korporatiuli sulis Semqmneli ZiriTadi Ro-nisZiebebidan SeiZleba gamoiyos iseTebi, roogricaa: Si-da RonisZiebebis Catareba, iubileebisa da kalendaruli dResawaulebis aRniSvna, dasvenebis dReebis erTad gata-reba bunebaSi, firmis SigniT yvela SesaZlebeli konkur-sebis Catareba, baneris gamoSveba da a.S. turistuli biz-nesisaTvis korporatiuli kulturis iseTi elementi, ro-ogricaa safirmo stili, Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan is gansxvavebulad warmoaCens kompanias sxva kompaniebisa-gan, xolo misi uqonloba mkveTrad amcirebs warmatebis Sanss. iaponel konsultantebs mohyavT paraqtikuli me-Todebi safirmo stilis formirebasTan dakavSirebiT : sa-kancelario nivTebis damzadeba; erTiani saqmiani stilis gamomuSaveba; simbolikis gamoyeneba; personalisaTvis formis Seqmna; sagamofeno darbazebis specifikuri aR-Wurviloba; firmis simbolikiT dajildovebis sistemis praqtika; kompaniis droSisa da emblemis Seqmna; sapatio sigelebiT dajildoveba da sxva. turis SeZenisas firmaSi ,,soltur-este’’ korporatiuli kulturis amaRlebis miz-niT turistebisaTvis gankuTvnilia ,,safirmo saqaRal-de’’, romelSic ideba yvela aucilebeli sabuTi. specia-lizirebuli gamofenebisaTvis firma uSvebs suvenirebs kompaniis logotipebiT — maisurebs, kalmebs, sanTebe-lebs. turistebs maiorkSi Cuqnian iaffasian saiuveliro

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nakeTobebs — mZivebs, gusabnevebs, romelic moTavsebulia firmis logotipis gamosaxulebis mqone patara kolofeb-Si. rusuli turizmis praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba iseTi xerxe-bi, roogricaa tvirTisaTvis gankuTvnili specialuri sa-niSneebi da firmis logotipiani pasportisaTvis gankuT-vnili tyavis gadasakravi, xolo VIP klientebisaTvis —tyavis saqaRalde. kompania ,,zevs-Treveli’’ kviprosSi Ca-sul turistebs xvdeba yvavilebiTa da patara koniakis boTlebiT, romlebic firmis logotipis gamosaxulebian suvenirebis tomaraSia moTavsebuli. turistuli kompa-niis ,,soltur-estes’’ TanamSromlebs acviaT specialuri samuSao forma, romelSic SexamebuliawiTeli, TeTri da lurji ferebi. amgvari kostiumebiT Semosilni arian saa-gentos TanamSromlebic, romlebic xvdebian da acileben turistebs aeroportSi, registraciaze. gamofenebsa da prezentaciebSi momuSave personalic igive formas ata-rebs.

amgvarad, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sazo-gadoebasTan urTierTobis koncefcia marketinguli ko-munikaciis sistemaSi unda agebuli iyos sxvisi azris, gan-wyobis, upiratesobis, interesebisa da miznobrivi audi-toriis qvevis mimarT ndobis, yuradRebis, urTierTdamo-kidebulebisa da pativiscemis safuZvelze.warmatebuli moRvaweobis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT daculi unda iyos yvela zemoTaRniSnuli principi. turistuli bizne-sis ganviTareba, marketingis Teoriisa da praqtikis srulyofileba ganuyrelad aris dakavSirebuli piaris koncefciaTan da mis principebTan, romlebic uzrunvel-yofen sasurvel garemo pirobebs saqmiani aqtiurobebis formirebisaTvis, romlis gareSec turistuli kompaniis miznebi da amocanebi SeiZleba miuRwevli aRmoCndes.

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1. deflori denisi, masobrivi komunikaciis gaazrebi-saTvis, sazogadoebriv saqmeTa instituti, Tb. 2009

2. Алешина И.В. Паблик рилейшнз дня менеджеров и маркетологов. М.: Гном-пресс, 2003

3. Романов А.А., Панько А.В. Маркетинговые коммуникации. М.: Эксмо, 2006

4. Багиев Г.Л., Тарасевич В.Н., Анн Х. Маркетинг. М.: - Экономика, 2001

5. Синяева И.М., Маслова В.М., Синяев В.В. Сфера PR в маркетинге: учеб. пособие для студентов вузов. -- М.: ЮНИТИ-ДАНА, 2007

6. Кочеткова, А.В., Филиппов В.Н., Скворцов Я.Л., Тарасов А.С. Теория и практика связей с общественностью. СПб.: Питер, 2009

7. Блек С. Паблик рилейшнз. Что это такое? М.: Новости, 1990 8. Королько В. Основы паблик рилейшнз. М.,Рефл-

бук;К.:Ваклер,2000 9. www.cnn.com/WORLD/

Guranda shamilishvili

The role of public relations in the marketing Strategy of tourism

Summary

Success of tourism industry, like any other business largely depends on the effectiveness of communications, that ensure the promotion of tourism products and the relationship between the provider of tourist services (tour operator) and the customers (tourists). In the current conditions it is impossible to provide work of any company without a well-established network of marketing communications. Tendency to better planning of integrated marketing communications, i.е. planning of shared

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use of advertising, Public Relations, sales promotion, direct sale, and communications at points of sale and event marketing in conjunction with the other elements of the complex marketing is one of the important marketing features of recent years. Tourism is becoming a way of life of millions of people on our planet. Recently, in the tourism organizations more attention is paid to public relations as a way of building long-term, trusting and mutually beneficial relationships between an organization and its public. Public events, organized holidays, arts festivals, variety shows and concerts also has a great influence on the creation of an attractive image of the country. The most important for the tourism industry are the activities associated with the formation of a positive image as separate firms, and the country as a whole.

Гуранда Шамилишвили

Роль связи с общественностью в маркетинговых стратегии туристических компании

Резюме

Успех туристического бизнеса, как у любого другого бизнеса во многом зависит от эффективности коммуникаций, которые обеспечивают продвижение турпродукта и связь между производителем туристических услуг (туроператором) и потребителем (туристом). В современных условиях невозможно представить работу любого предприятия без хорошо налаженной сети маркетинговых коммуникаций. Тенденция к эффективному планированию интегрированных маркетинговых коммуникаций, т.е. планирование совместного использования рекламы, Public Relations, стимулирования сбыта, прямой продажи, коммуникаций в местах продажи и событийного маркетинга во взаимосвязи с другими элементами комплекса маркетинга является одной из наиболее значительных

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маркетинговых особенностей последних лет. Туризм становится стилем жизни миллионов людей на нашей планете. В последнее время в туристических организациях все большее внимание уделяется связям с общественностью как способу налаживания долгосрочных, доверительных и обоюдно выгодных отношений между организацией и ее общественностью. Проведение публичных мероприятий, организованных праздников, фестивалей искусств, различных шоу и концертов также оказывает большое влияние на создание привлекательного образа страны. Наиболее значимыми для туристской индустрии являются мероприятия, связанные с формированием положительного имиджа как отдельной турфирмы, так и страны в целом.

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biznesis administrireba

Business Administration Бизнес Администрирование

ia mesxiZe

biznesis Rirebulebaze moqmedi

zogierTi faqtori

biznesis Rirebulebis Sefaseba mizanmimarTuli pro-cesia, romlis amocanaa obieqtis fasis fulad formaSi gamo-xatva im potenciuri da realuri Semosavlebis CaTvliT, romlebic drois mocemuli momentisTvis aqvs sawarmos.

biznesis Rirebulebis Sefasebas bazris subieqtebi-saTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs:

_ myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebisaTvis_ realuri (mi-saRebi) fasis dasadgenad.

_ kreditorebisaTvis_ kreditis gacemis Taobaze swori gadawyvetilebis misaRebad.

_ sadazRvevo kompaniebisaTvis_ mosalodneli zara-lis SefasebisaTvis.

_ sagadasaxado organoebisaTvis_ uZrav qonebasTan dakavSirebul garigebasTan swori sagadasaxado ganakveTe-bis gansazRvrisaTvis.

_ saxelmwifo struqturisaTvis mmarTvelobiTi da ma-regulirebeli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisaTvis da a.S.

sawarmos Rirebuleba ar aris mxolod sawarmos Seqmna-ze an SeZenaze gaweuli xarjebis odenoba. is moicavs sabazro faqtorebis urTierTqmedebis xarjebsac: droisa da riskis,

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konkurentunarianobis, Sesafasebeli obieqtis unikaluro-bis da a.S.

sawarmos Rirebulebis Sefasebis Sedegad adgenen sa-warmos gasayid, realur fass, romelic gamoxatavs sawarmos, rogorc saqonlis xasiaTs, kerZod, sargeblianobas dainte-resebuli pirisaTvis da sargeblianobis Tanmxleb xarjebs.

auditis organizaciisa da midgomebis SerCevisaTvis aucilebelia SemuSavdes gegma, romlebic gansazRvraven sxvadasxva kriteriumebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebs, dad-genis wessa da masStabebs. kerZod: Sesasrulebeli samuSaos masStabi, auditoruli midgomebi, gansakuTrebuli faqto-rebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen biznesis Rirebulebaze, amocanis amoxsnis moTxovnebi biznesis Sefasebisas, finansu-ri angariSgebis gamoyeneba, biznesis Sefasebis gansakuTre-buli SemTxvevebi.

biznesis Sefaseba xorcieldeba sabazro Rirebulebis safuZvelze, xolo im SemTxvevaSi Tu gamoyenebulia Sefase-bis sxva safuZveli, maSin unda aixsnas amgvari Rirebulebis gamoyenebis mizezebi.

auditorma da momxmarebelma yuradReba unda miaqcios biznesis, rogorc sameurneo subieqtis Rirebulebis gan-sxvavebas. kerZod, sameurneo subieqtis sakuTrebaSi arsebu-li aqtivebisa da kapitalisa da mesakuTreTa wilis wils.

biznesis Sefasebisas realuri Sedegis misaRebad audi-tis miznebidan gamomdinare gamoiyeneba Sesabamisi midgome-bi.

qonebrivi midgomis arsi mdgomareobs valdebulebebis wminda jamis gamoqviTviT aqtivebidan wminda Rirebulebis misaRebad. sakuTrebiTi midgomis realizaciisas sabalanso angariSi, Sedgenili pirveladi danaxarjebis bazaze, icvle-ba sabalanso angariSiT, sadac yvela aqtivia, (materialuri da aramaterialuri) da valdebuleba warmodgenilia mimdi-nare sabazro RirebulebiT. qonebrivi midgoma ar unda iyos gamoyenebuli Sefasebis mxolod erTaderTi meTodi.

Tu auditi tardeba sawarmos likvidaciidan gamomdi-nare, maSin savaldebuloa aqtivebi Sefasdes sabazro Rire-

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bulebiT da am Rirebulebidan unda gamoiqviTos likvidaci-asTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi.

ufro metad gavrcelebuli meTodi SemosavliTi mid-gomis farglebSi aris Semosavlebis kapitalizacia da fula-di nakadis an dividendebis diskontireba. mocemul SemTxve-vaSi miRebuli Rirebuleba moicavs miwas, Senobas, manqana-danadgarebs, gudvilsa da sxva aramaterialur aqtivebs.

Semosavlebis kapitalizacia winaswar iTvaliswinebs biznesis Rirebulebis dadgenas, aseve wils biznesis sakuT-rebaSi an fasian qaRaldebSi.

fuladi nakadebis an dividendebis diskontireba ad-gens biznesis Rirebulebas da wils biznesis sakuTrebaSi an fasian qaRaldebSi. sadiskonto ganakveTi unda Seesabamebo-des miRebul fulad nakads.

kapitalizaciis ganakveTi da sadiskonto ganakveTi ga-nisazRvreba bazris monacemebiT da vlindeba rogorc fasis multiplikatori an rogorc saprocento ganakveTi (rome-lic ganisazRvreba alternatiuli investiciebis monaceme-biT). mosalodneli Semosavali an mogeba gamoisaxeba Rirebu-lebiT formaSi, romelic iTvaliswinebs mosalodnel zrdas, mogebis miRebis dros risks da valutis kurss da gamoanga-riSebuli unda iqnas kapitalis struqturis da biznesis sa-angariSo periodis mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, biznesis ganviTarebis perspeqtiviT, aseve saerTo ekonomikuri faq-torebiT.

SedarebiTi midgomisas xdeba biznesis Sedareba ana-logiur biznesTan misi

sakuTrebis wiliT biznesSi an fasian qaRaldebSi, ro-melic gayiduli iqna Ria bazarze. arsebobs sami zogadad mi-Rebuli monacemebis wyaro, romelic gamoiyeneba SedarebiTi midgomisas, es aris Ria safondo bazrebi, sadac xdeba sakuT-rebis wilis gayidva analogiur biznesze; bazari, sadac xde-ba mTlianad biznesis gayidva da ideba momavali garigebebi biznesis dasakuTrebasTan dakavSirebiT.

SedarebiTi gayidvebis meTodi ufro Sromatevadia. is

moicavs მსგავსი kompaniebis aqciebis sakontrolo paketis sa-

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bazro Rirebulebis analizs. sabazro Rirebulebis Sefaseba am meTodiT Sedgeba ramodenime etapisagan:

1. msgavsi sawarmoebis bolo gayidvebis Sesaxeb informaciis Segroveba.

2. sawarmos gayidvebis fasebis koreqtireba, maT Soris gansxvavebebis gaTvaliswineba.

3. Sesafasebeli sawarmos sabazro Rirebulebis

gansazRvra მსგავსი kompaniis koreqtirebuli Rirebulebis safuZvelze.

aRniSnul modelSi ganiხilaven kompaniebs, romlebic

unda ekuTvnodnen im dargebs, romelsac ეკუთვნის Sesafase-beli sawarmo, msgavsi sididiTa da sakuTrebis formiT.

biznesis Sefasebis ZiriTadi meTodebis Sedare-biTi upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi warmodgenilia cxri-lebSi-1;2.

biznesis Rirebulebaze moqmedi faqtorebi zegavlenis xarisxis mixedviT SeiZleba daiyos gansakuTrebul da mniS-vnelovan faqtorebad. esenia:

- uflebebi, privilegiebi an pirobebi, dakavSirebuli sakuTrebis wilTan, xolo am ukanasknelis floba gamoxa-tulia korporaciuli formiT, partniorobiT an individu-aluri warmoebiT.

- saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi sakuTrebiTi uflebe-bi ganimarteba iuridiuli dokumentebiT. aseTi dokumen-tebi SeiZleba moicavdnen wilis gadacemis SezRudvebs.

241

cxrili#1

Semosavliani midgoma firmis sabazro Rirebulebis Sefasebisas

meTodis da-saxeleba

pirobebi, romlis dro-sac rekomendirebulia

gamoyeneba

Sesafasebeli Rirebulebis

saxe

Rirseba Tu upiratesoba?

2.1. a. wminda Semosavlis kapitali-zaciis me-Todi. 2.1.b.kapita-lizaciis multipli-katuri me-Todi

Semosavali miiReba Ta-nabrad. 2.1.b. meTodi upirobod Semosavlia-ni firmebisaTvis da im pirobisas, rom multip-likatoris mniSvnelo-ba gansazRvrulia gay-idvebis obieqtebis Se-darebis reprezantiu-li SerCeviT

sabazro Rire-buleba; sain-vesticio Ri-rebuleba; sa-gadasaxado, sadazRvevo, sagiravno Rr-ebuleba.

iTvaliswinebs momaval Se-mosavals; angariSsworebis simartive; sawarmos Rire-bulebis gansazRvra kapita-lizaciis ganakveTis cvli-lebasTan damokidebule-biT.

2.2. divi-dendis ka-pitaizaci-is meTodi

kompaniis aqciebis ko-tireba xdeba bazarze; daxuruli kompaniebis-aTvis gamoiyeneba Ria analogi-kompaniis mo-nacemebi

sabazro Rire-buleba da mi-si modifika-cia

iTvaliswinebs momaval Sem-osavals; sawarmos Sefase-bisTvis mosaxerxebeli, di-videndebis Sesaxeb finans-uri angariSebis gamoqveyne-ba

2.3. moWar-bebuli Se-mosavlis kapitali-zaciis me-Todi

firmebisaTvis aramate-rialuri aqtivebiT; arsebobs varaudi ara-mdgradi Semosavlebisa momavalSi; sawarmo ume-tesi wiliT damokideb-ulia erTaderT kon-traqtze

sabazro Rire-buleba; Rire-buleba dabe-gvrisaTvis.

gamosaxavs momavals Semo-savals Sefasebuli Rirebu-lebiT; iZleva aramateri-aluri aqtivebis gansaz-Rvris SesaZleblobas; SeiZ-leba gamoyenebuli iqnas aramdgradi Semosavlisas momavalSi.

2.4. fuladi nakadis diskonti-rebis meTo-di

nebismieri firmebisaT-vis

sabazro Rire-buleba da mi-si modifikac-ia (kerZod, sa-investicio Rirebuleba)

SesaZleblobas iZleva uf-ro realurad Sefasdes saw-armos momavali potencia-li, universaluri meTodi; ganixilavs konkretul pe-riods da Semosavlis cvli-lebis dinamikas; ganixil-avs mesakuTrisa da kredit-oris interesebs; SesaZle-blobas iZleva ganxorci-eldes sawarmos rekonstr-uqciis variantuli anga-riSgeba.

242

cxrili #2

SedarebiTi gayidvebis midgoma sawarmos sabazro Rirebu-lebis Sefasebisas

meTodis da-saxeleba

pirobebi, ro-mlis drosac rekomendire-bulia gamoy-eneba

Sesafa-sebi Ri-rebule-bis saxe

Rirseba Tu upira-tesoba?

aklovaneba sfe-roebi

3.1.`oqros kveTis wesi (dargobri-vi koefici-entebis me-Todi)

arsebobs dar-gebis mixed-viT saWiro monacemebi; rekomendire-bulia damxma-re meTodis saxiT

sabazro Rirebu-leba

iZleva realur sa-bazro Sefasebas, bazridan miRebuli analogiuri firme-bis informaciidan gamomdinare; Sesa-Zleblobas iZleva preventulad mom-zaddes meTodis re-alizaciis Sesaxeb informaciuli ba-za; maTematikuri statistikisa da ko-mpiuteruli mode-lirebis aparatis m-ozidvis SesaZleb-loba

iZleva cru S-edegs kompani-is ganszRvru-li strategii-sas.

yidva-gayid-va

3.2 gayidve-bis Sedare-bis meTodi

arsebobs in-formacia da-rgis mixedv-iT; aucilebe-lia reprezen-tatuli amo-rCeva gayidu-li analogiu-ri sawarmoe-bidan

sabazro Rirebu-leba

ix. meTodi 3.1. Zalian Sroma-tevadia; SeuZ-lebelia gamo-yeneba, Tu ar aris cnobili informacia analogi-fir-mis yidva-ga-yidvis xel-Sekrulebebis Sesaxeb an ar aris ganviTa-rebuli sawa-rmos yidva-ga-yidvis bazari

yidva-gayid-va

3.3. multi-plikatore-bis meTodi

sxva meTodeb-iT miRebuli Sedegebis ga-damowmebisaT-vis

sabazro Rirebu-leba

kargi Sedegi msxvi-li aqcioneruli sa-zogadoebis Sefase-bisas

sadavo momen-ti:Sedegebis utyuaroba daxuruli kompaniebis SefasebisTvis

yidva-gayid-va

- radgan Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba warsuli sakuTre-

bidan mogebis miRebis SesaZleblobebiT, istoria warmoad-

243

gens faseulobas, radgan man SeiZleba mogvces orientiri biznesis momavlis Sesaxeb.

- ekonomikuri perspeqtivebi, romlebmac SeiZleba ze-gavlena moaxdinos gansaxilvel biznesze, maT Soris politi-kuri perspeqtivebi da saxelmwifo politika.

- konkretuli dargebis mdgomareoba da perspeqtivebi, romlebmac SeiZleba zegavlena moaxdinon biznesze. aRniSnu-li biznesis aqtivebi, valdebulebebi, sakuTari kapitali da finansuri mdgomareoba.

- mogebisa da dividendebis arseboba //ararseboba. - aramaterialuri aqtivebis arseboba //ararsebo-

ba. - warsuli wilebi gansaxilveli wilebiT biznesSi,

romlebic warmoadgenen Sefasebis sagans. - Riad gayidvadi aqtivebisa da partniorebis wilis

sabazro fasi an fasi, miRebuli wiliT biznesSi. - biznesSi wilis SefardebiTi zoma, romlebic gan-

kuTvnilia SefasebisTvis. - sxva sabazro monacemebi, rogorc Semosavlis ga-

nakveTi investiciebis alternatiuli variantebis mixedviT, upiratesoba kontrolidan an zarali arasakmarisi likvidu-robis gamo da sxva.

- yvela sxva informacia, romelsac kavSiri aqvs biznesis SefasebasTan.

biznesis Sefaseba, miuxedavad Sefasebis mizne-bisa, eyrdnoba rig cvlilebebs. maTi aucilebloba SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebuli konkretuli situaciidan gamomdinare, magram bevr SemTxvevaSi Rirebulebis daskvnaze gavlenas ax-dens iseTi Sida cvlilebebi, rogoricaa:

a) Sesafasebeli wilis sidide (maJoritaruli an minoritaruli).

b) xmis micemis ufleba; g) kompaniis likviduroba. d) sakuTrebis uflebis SemzRudavi mdgomareoba; e) specialuri privilegiebi;

244

v) Sesafasebeli obieqtis finansuri mdgomareoba da sxva.

unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom yvela calkeuli aqcione-ruli paketis Rirebulebis jami SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes mTlianad sawarmos Rirebulebisgan. xSir SemTxvevaSi calke-uli paketebis Rirebulebis jami naklebia mTlianad biznesis Rirebulebaze, Tu is SeZenili iqneboda erTi myidvelis mi-er. kompanias, rogorc erTianad Sesafasebels, gaaCnia sxva Rirebuleba, radgan ukanaskneli dakavSirebulia sxva ufle-bebTan da interesebTan, vidre mTlianad interesebis jami, aRebuli minoritul safuZvelze.

Sida cvlilebas warmoadgens Sesafasebeli obieqtis finansuri mdgomareoba. es ufro mniSvnelovani xarisxiani maCvenebelia sawarmos (biznesis) mdgomareobisa, radgan na-Telia, rom zaralian bizness, myofs gakotrebis piras, ar Se-iZleba hqondes gadaxdisunari da momgebiani biznesis msgav-si Rirebuleba.

finanasuri aRricxvis mdgomareobis miznebisaTvis sa-warmos Sefasebis ganxorcielebisas gamoiyeneba iseTi rao-denobrivi maCvenebeli, rogoricaa sabrunavi kapitalis zed-metoba (deficiti). is iangariSeba saWiro sabrunavi kapita-lisa da arsebuli sabrunavi saSualebebis Sepirispirebis me-TodiT.

Tu sawarmos finansuri mdgomareobis ganxorcielebu-li analizi gamoavlens sabrunavi kapitalis zedmetobis ar-sebobas, maSin savaldebuloa igi sawarmos fass davamatoT, radgan is sidide gamoxatavs arsebul aramoTxovnad maRal-likvidur aqtivebs.

sabrunavi kapitalis deficitis gamovlenisas, saWiroa misi gamoqviTva sawarmos miRebuli fasidan, radgan am sidi-des warmoadgens Tavis mxriv fuladi saSualebebi, romlebic unda daabandos mflobelma (investorma) sawarmoSi momaval-Si misi Seuferxebeli funqcionirebisaTvis.

erT-erT mniSvnelovan cvlilebas, romelic gavlenas axdens biznesis Rirebulebaze, warmoadgens kontrolis do-ne. kontrolis Rirebuleba damokidebulia SesaZleblobaze

245

ganxorcieldes nebismieri ufleba an uflebebis mTeli rigi, dakavSirebuli sawarmos kontrolTan. kontrolis zegavle-nis Sefasebisas unda ganisazRvros sxvadasxva elementebis arseboba an ararseboba konkretul situaciaSi da yuradRe-ba mieqces TiToeuli elementis zegavlenas kontrolis Ri-rebulebaze.

praqtikaSi arsebobs biznesis sakontrolo paketis Rirebulebis gansazRvris sami midgoma:

1. mTlianad sawarmos proporciuli nawilis Ri-rebulebas gamoklebuli Sesabamisi fasdaklebebi;

2. sxva arasakontrolo paketebis gayidvis pir-dapiri Sedareba;

3. midgoma `qvemodan zeviT~. dawyebuli nulova-ni niSniT TandaTan jamdeba arasakontrolo paketis yvela arsebuli elementi.

likviduroba amaRlebs biznesis Rirebulebas da piri-qiT likvidurobis ararseboba amcirebs mis Rirebulebas. sxva sityvebiT, bazari ixdis premias likvidurobisTvis da amcirebs fass misi ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi.

vinaidan daxuruli kompaniebis paketebi ar mimoiqce-va Ria kompaniebis maRal likvidur bazarze, amitom wili da-xurul kompaniebSi Rirs naklebi, vidre Ria kompaniebis ana-logiuri moculobis paketi. sxvadasxva paketis likviduro-baze moqmedebs mravali faqtori. mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes aseve wilis sidides. rig SemTxvevebSi ufro marti-via gaiyidos mcire wili, sxva SemTxvevaSi- piriqiT. drois ganmavlobaSi likvidurobis faqtoris mniSvneloba biznesis SefasebaSi iZens ufro did aRiarebas. mravali rekomendacia da faqti adasturebs, rom usargebloba gayidvebTan amci-rebs aqciis (wilis) Rirebulebas daxurul kompaniebSi Ria kompaniebTan SedarebiT 35 — 50%-iT.

`Sefasebis meTodebis gonivruli ganxilva SeuZlebe-lia romelime zogadad miRebul gansazRvrebasTan mibmis ga-reSe~.

davuSvaT, rom Sefasebis gamomwvevi mizezi CvenTvis cnobilia da dgeba sakiTxi Rirebulebis sawyisi saxis arCevi-

246

sa. rom gavarkvioT es procedura gavixsenoT, rom bazari ix-dis mxolod im aqtivebSi, romlebsac misTvis moaqvT Semosa-vali. biznesis Rirebulebis adekvaturi standartis arCevi-saTvis ZiriTadi niSani aris Semosavlis formirebis wyaro. gamoiyofa Semosavlebis formirebis ori wyaro:

1. sawarmos saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavali. 2. sawarmos aqtivebis gayidvidan miRebuli Semo-

savali. aqedan gamomdinare, gamoiyofa Rirebulebis ori saxe: - moqmedi sawarmos Rirebuleba — es Rirebuleba, rome-

lic gamoxatavs Semosavlis pirvel wyaros, varaudobs, rom sawarmo agrZelebs moqmedebas da moaqvs mogeba.

- sawarmos Rirebuleba aqtivebis mixedviT - es Rirebu-leba, romelic gamoxatavs Semosavlis meore wyaros, varau-dobs, rom sawarmo iqneba likvidirebuli, e.i. sawarmo fasde-ba elementebis mixedviT.

qvemoT mocemulia Semosavlebis formirebis wyaroebis gamomxatveli ufro xSirad gamoyenebadi Rirebulebis saxee-bi (standartebi)

praqtikaSi arc erTi CamoTvlili meTodi da midgoma ar aris urTierT gamomricxavi, aramed avsebs erTmaneTs. ra Tqma unda, ucnauri iqneboda yvela SesaZlo meTodis gamoye-neba erTi obieqtis SefasebisTvis. Cveulebriv biznesis Se-fasebisas Sefasebis miznidan gamomdinare, sawyisi Rirebu-lebisa, dadgenili pirobebis, TviT obieqtis mdgomareobiT da ekonomikuri garemos mdgomareobisas gamoiyeneben ori- sami meTodis naerTs, ufro Sesabamiss mocemuli situacii-sas.

247

cxrili#3

moqmedi sawarmo

elementebis mixedviT Sefaseba

dasabuTebuli sabazro Rirebuleba. Rirebulebis aRniSnuli saxe gamo-xatavs orive midgomas da Seesabameba orive midgomidan miRebuliRire-

bulebis maqsimums

sainvesticio Rirebuleba. es aris sawarmos dasabuTebuli Rirebule-ba konkretuli an savaraudo mflo-belisaTvis. iTvaliswinebs mogebis zrdas nou haus gamoyenebidan, re-organizaciis gegmas da sxva. sava-

raudo mflobels.

salikvidacio Rirebuleba. es aris sawarmos aqtivebis gayidvis dasa-buTebuli Rirebuleba valdebu-

lebebisa da Sesyidvebis xarjebis saerTo jamis gamoklebiT.

biznesis Sefasebis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro meTo-

debis SerCevis procesSi aucilebelia upiratesobebisa da naklovanebebis warmodgena, romelic gaaCnia TiToeul mid-gomasa da meTods.

saWiro meTodebis saboloo SerCeva xorcieldeba jan-saRi gonebiT. magaliTad, Tu Sefasebis mizania - salikvida-cio Rirebulebis gansazRvra, maSin Semosavliani meTodisa da analogi kompaniebis meTodebis gamoyenebas ar aqvs azri.

miuxedavad imisa, gamoiTvales Tu ara biznesis Rirebu-leba im meTodebiT, romlebic dafuZnebulia momaval prog-nozebze, is eyrdnoba rig cvlilebebs. maTi mniSvneloba Se-iZleba iyos gansxvavebuli konkretuli situaciidan gamom-dinare, magram Rirebulebis saboloo Sedegze

248

midgoma

sabazro Semosavliani aqtivebis dagro-

veba

1 sruliad sabaz-

ro meTodi 1

erTaderTi me-Todi,rome-

lic iTvalis-winebs moma-

val molodi-nebs

1efuZneba realu-rad arsebul aq-

tivebs

2

gamoxatavs Ses-yidvis arsebul realur praqti-

kas

2

iTvaliswi-nebs sabazro aspeqts (sa-bazro dis-

konts)

2

gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia zo-

gierTi saxis kom-paniebisTvis

upirate-soba

3 3

iTvaliswi-nebs ekonomi-kur moZvele-

bas

1

dafuZnebulia warsulze, ar

arsebobs moma-vali molodi-

nis gaTvaliswi-neba

1Sromatevadi

prognozi 1

xSirad ar iTva-liswinebs (НМА) da goodwill-is

Rirebulebas

2 saWiroa mTeli

rigi Sesworebe-bi

2

nawilobriv atarebs alba-Tobis maxasia-

Tebels

2

statikuri, ar iTvaliswinebs momaval molo-

dins

naklova-nebani

3 rTulad misaw-

vdomi monaceme-bi

3ar ganixilavs mo-

gebis dones

gavlenas axdens iseTi Sida cvlilebebi, romlebic mo-

iTxoven koreqtirebas, rogoricaa: - biznesis Sesafasebeli wilis sidide (sakontrolo an

monitoruli). - xmis micemis uflebis arseboba. - biznesis an misi wilis likviduroba. - sakuTrebis uflebebis SemzRudveli mdgomareoba. - Sesafasebeli obieqtis finansuri mdgomareoba da

sxva.

249

koreqtirebis umetesoba xorcieldeba saeqsperto me-Todebis safuZvelze. gansakuTrebuli adgili Sefasebis obieqtebs Soris uWiravs bizness (sawarmo, organizacia, kom-pania). biznesis Sefasebisas obieqtad gamodis saqmianoba mi-marTuli mogebis miRebisaken, romelic xorcieldeba sawar-mos sakuTrebiTi kompleqsis funqcionirebis safuZvelze.

sawarmo, organizacia warmoadgens samoqalaqo ufle-bebis obieqts, erTveba sameurneo brunvaSi, monawileobs sa-meurneo operaciebSi. Sedegad Cndeba misi Rirebulebis Se-fasebis moTxovna.

sawarmos qonebriv kompleqsSi Sedis yvela saxis qone-ba, misi miznebis realizaciisaTvis gankuTvnili, sameurneo saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis, mogebis miRebisaTvis. maT Soris uZravi qoneba (miwis nakveTebi, Senobebi, xelsawyoebi), manqanebi, danadgarebi, satransporto saSualebebi, inventa-ri, produqcia, aseve fasiani qaRaldebi, aramaterialuri aq-tivebi da inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtebi, maT Soris safirmo saxelwodeba, patentebi, licenziebi, nou-hau, sa-vaWro niSnebi.

amitom biznesis Sefasebisas Semfasebeli afasebs mTlianad sawarmos, gansazRvravs rogorc mis sakuTar kapi-tals, aseve qonebrivi kompleqsis calkeul nawilebsac (aq-tivebs da valdebulebebs).

sawarmos, rogorc Sefasebis obieqts, unda hqondes mkacrad gansazRvruli sazRvrebi, Sesafasebeli biznesi moi-cavs sxvadasxva Semadgenel nawilebs. sawarmos struqturaSi SeiZleba Sediodes nakveTebi, momsaxure meurneobebi, speci-aluri qveganayofebi, komunikaciis saSualebebi, romlebic SeiZleba ganTavsebuli iyos sxvadasxva adgilas da sxvadas-xva regionSic ki.

sawarmos arsebobisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs orga-nizaciul-samarTlebriv formas. Sefasebis obieqti SeiZle-ba iyos holdingi, gaerTianebebi, safinanso jgufebi. am Sem-TxvevaSi erTi biznesis CarCoSi erTiandeba ramdenime Svilo-bili kompania, ganyofileba da filiali.

250

swori SefasebisTvis savaldebuloa gavakontroloT fuladi nakadebis formirebis procesi da maTi moZraobis mimarTuleba, aseve TiToeuli qvedanayofis roli da ufle-ba.

aseve saWiroa gairkves, Sedis Tu ara socialur-kul-turuli sferoebi Sefasebis obieqtSi, arsebobs Tu ara saer-To sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis obieqtebi.

biznesis Sefasebisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas, rom sawarmo garda iuridiuli pirisa, warmoadgens sameurneo su-bieqtsac, amitom misi Rirebuleba unda iTvaliswinebdes gan-sazRvrul iuridiul wesebsac.

es aris biznesis, rogorc Sefasebis obieqtis, erT-er-Ti ZiriTadi Tavisebureba. sxva gansxvaveba mdgomareobs ima-Si, rom biznesis Sefasebisas Semfasebelma unda gansazRvros rogorc qonebrivi kompleqsis Rirebuleba, aseve Semosavlis miRebis procesis efeqturoba da Rirebulebis zrdis SesaZ-lebloba Sesafasebeli biznesis CarCoebSi.

Ia Meskhidze

Some factors affecting business costs Resume

The article analyses the basics for business evaluation, the essence of

a business cost and factors affecting it. According to the level of effect special and important factors have been separated.

While defining costs a concrete method of evaluation is used that mostly coincides with the goals of evaluation, natural conditions and tasks.

It is defined that the cost received after evaluation undergoes different corrections considering different factors and without this it is impossible to define the target level of the cost.

251

Ия Месхидзе

Некоторые факторы, влияющие на стоимость бизнеса

Резюме

В статье «Некоторые факторы, влияющие на стоимость бизнеса» рассмотрены основа оценки бизнеса, сущность стоимости бизнеса и действующие на стоимость факторы. По влиянию на стоимость выделяют особенные и важные факторы.

При определении стоимости использованы те конкретные методы оцнки, которые больше всего соответствуют целям и условиям среды.

Установлено, что полученная по итогам оценки стоимость, испытывает корректирование, учитывая различные факторы. Без этого невозможно определение объема целевой стоимости.

252

Jurnalistika

Journalism Журналистика

Nnestan mamuWaZe

regionaluri media

centraluri gazeTebisa da televiziebisagan gan-sxvavebiT, regionalur presasa da televizias awyobili marketingisa da reklamis pirobebSic ki ar SeuZlia mxo-lod gayidvis imedad iyos da metwilad, donorTa mxar-daWerazea damokidebuli. beWduri mediis momxmarebelTa mcire raodenoba regionalur gazeTebs SesaZleblobas ar aZlevs Semosuli Tanxebi sakuTari instituciuri ganvi-TarebisaTvis gamoiyenos. ramdenadac donorTa da saer-TaSoriso organizaciaTa daxmarebis masStabi regionalu-ri mediisaTvis SedarebiT Semcirda, es mimarTuleba im Tavisufal niSad ikveTeba, sadac `mediis mxardaWeris programam~ mniSvnelovani roli unda Seasrulos.

regionaluri mediis umniSvnelovanesi problemaa materialur-teqnikuri bazis ganaxleba da profesiuli kvalifikaciis amaRleba; mediis, rogorc biznesis axlebu-ri midgomis waxaliseba; distribuciis inovaciuri gegme-bis, originaluri sareklamo kampaniebis, gayidvebis gaum-jobesebis strategiis mxardaWera; regionaluri mediis treningi menejmentsa da marketingSi, individualuri konsultaciebi mowveuli da adgilobrivi specialistebis monawileobiT; regionaluri mediis qseluri ganviTarebis

253

waxaliseba sxva donorebTan TanamSromlobiT; profesiu-li gaerTianebebis mxaradaWera resursebis ganawilebis, informaciis gacvlisa da erToblivi proeqtebis ganxor-cielebis mizniT.

mediis ganviTarebis zogad sirTuleebze naTlad metyvelebs xarisxiani media-produqtebis iSviaTobac. sa-zogadoeba moiTxovs maRalprofesiul satelevizio Tu radio debatebs, Toq-Souebs, Jurnalisturi gamoZiebis masalebs. cotaa maRalxarisxiani analitikuri Jurnalis-tikis magaliTebic.

problema: `Jurnalisturi gamoZiebebis, Toq-Soue-bis, dokumenturi, analitikuri Tu sadiskusio programe-bisa da sxva media-produqciis xarisxobrivi da raodenob-rivi zrda;

sagamoZiebo da analitikuri Jurnalistikis popu-larizacia regionaluri mediis meSveobiT da internet-

gavrcelebis gziT. sagamoZiebo Jurnalistikis xvedriTi wlis gazrda ara mxolod telesivrceSi, aramed beWdur

mediaSic;

pirdapiri Toq-Souebisa da debatebis, adgilobriv Temebze orientirebuli programebis mxardaWera damouki-debel tele da radioarxebze rogorc TbilisSi, ise re-gionebSi;

Tematuri treningi JurnalistebisTvis biznesis, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Tu sxva sferoebis gaSuqe-bis kuTxiT;

akademiur wreebTan mediis TanamSromlobis gaaqti-ureba. Jurnalistikis studentebisa da profesionali Jurnalistebis erToblivi treningi. Aakademiuri dawese-bulebebis profesiuli resursis CarTva da sxvadasxva sa-xis sakonsultacio Tu saswavlo aqtivobebSi mediisaT-vis~ ~(2008 wlis krizisi saqarTveloSi winapiroba, realo-ba, perspeqtivebi 2008:56).

...da mainc, ra aris Tanamedrove regionaluri medi-is aqtualuri problematika?

254

Jurnalisti ia anTaZe 2009 wlis dasawyisSi regio-naluri mediis problematikas ase ayalibebda (www.tavisufleba.org.ge. 18. 01. 2009): `2009 wlis dasawyisi rTuli aRmoCnda regionaluri gazeTebisaTvis. finansuri krizisidan gamomdinare, ramdenime gazeTi am wels jer

kidev ar gamosula da isinic, romlebic gamodian, sam-kvdro-sasicocxlo safrTxis pirispir dganan. jerjero-biT ar gamodis da finansur krizisTan brZolis strate-gias amuSavebs ramdenime wamyvani mediasaSualeba: gazeTi `baTumelebi~, quTaisuri àxali gazeTi~, àxalcixis ore-novani qarTul-somxuri gazeTi `samxreTis karibWe~, fo-Tis `reziume~, goris `qarTlis xma~. mimdinare movlenebma kidev erTxel daadastura, rom ramdenadac maRalia regi-onaluri presis profesiuli xarisxi, TiTqmis imdenadve dabalia misi mdgradobis xarisxi.

da mainc, regionaluri media dRevandel mdgomare-obaSi iZleva saSualebas, vicodeT ra xdeba saqarTvelo-Si. yvelaze xmauriani ambavi gurjaanSi moxda: policiis ufrosi soso martaSvili ori dRis ganmavlobaSi _ sava-raudod, nasmvam mdgomareobaSi, Jurnalistebs uSveri sityvebiT lanZRavda da narkotikebis CadebiT emuqrebo-da. es faqti gaaSuqes gurjaanis telekompaniam, radio

`hereTma~ da kaxeTis sainformacio centrma. gavrcelda audioCanaweri, sadac mataSvili pirdapiri teqstiT agi-nebs Jurnalistebs. Cveni kolegebis sajaro komentarebis Tanaxmad, mravalwliani saqmianobis manZilze, msgavsi Seu-racxyofa profesiuli movaleobis Sesrulebisas maTTvis aravis miuyenebia. am faqtis gaxmaurebis Semdeg, kaxeTis gubernatoris moadgilem, giorgi sibaSvilma, radio `he-reTs~ ganucxada: ès ambavi mediis saSualebiT gavige. Tu

faqti marTalia, vwuxvar, magram zogadad, sakiTxi gadasa-mowmebelia~. vidre gadamowmeba Wianurdeba, kaxeTSi momu-Save Jurnalistebi amboben, rom maT policiisa da kon-stituciuri usafrTxoebis departamentis TanamSromlebi uTvalTvaleben da rom maTze terori grZeldeba. gurja-

255

anis policiis ufrosi ki posts dRemde inarCunebs. amasobaSi, media ityobineba, rom gurjaanis sakre-

buloSi erTi axali fraqcia Seiqmna, qobuleTis sakrebu-loSi ki _ ori. savaraudod, axal fraqciebs saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqis sakrebuloebSi nino burjanaZis mom-xreebi qmnian, romlebic mmarTveli partiis rigebs tove-ben.

kaxeTis sainformacio centri da gazeTi `Cemi xa-ragauli~ iuwyebian, rom 2009 wlidan adgilobrivi xeli-suflebis warmomadgenlebis xelfasebi izrdeba. am cvli-lebebis safuZvlad, saqarTvelos prezidentis 2008 wlis 30 dekembris brZaneba devs. dokumentis mixedviT, sakre-bulos Tavmjdomaris yovelTviuri xelfasis zeda zRvari 2360 lari iqneba, umcrosi sajaro Tanamdebobis pirebis xelfasis qveda zRvari ki _ 400 lars miaRwevs. Sesabami-sad, xaragaulis 2009 wlis biujetSi saxelmwifo momsaxu-rebis xarji mTliani biujetis 43%-ia da yvela calke aRebul xarjs ramdenjerme aRemateba.

xelisuflebis yofil wevrs, sakrebulos yofil

Tavmjdomares exeba foTis gazeTis `Tavisufali sityvis~, saredaqcio statia. daviT SurRaia or Tveze metia, daka-vebulia narkotikebis Senaxva-moxmarebisa da Tanamdebo-bis borotad gamoyenebis braldebiT. meore braldeba mi-si mkurnalobisTvis gadaricxul 907 lars ukavSirdeba biujetis im muxlidan, romelic socialurad daucveli adamianebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. statiis avtoris azriT,

am Tanxis gacemis gamo, SesaZloa problema foTis mersac Seeqmnas da SurRaiam masTan dapirispirebuli vano saRi-naZec Tan Seiyolos sapyrobileSi.

mimoxilvis bolos, isev vubrundebiT im faqts, rom xuTi regionaluri gazeTis gamocema erTdroulad SeCerda. iqneb, am gazeTis problemebiT, radio `Tavisuf-lebis~ garda, sxva mediasaSualebebic dainteresdnen~.

gadavamowmeT da davrwmundiT, rom zemoTxsenebu-li perioduli gamocemebi gamosvlas dResac ganagrZoben,

256

magram uamravi problema rom kvlavac mougvarebeli rCe-ba, esec cxadi gaxda. regionalur arxTa umravlesoba aR-niSnavs, rom profesionalur kadrTa simwiresTan erTad,

maTi umniSvnelovanesi problema materialur-teqnikuri bazaa. maTive xelmZRvanelobis TqmiT (isev maTive Txovni-dan gamomdinare, saxelisa da gvaris dasaxelebisagan Tavs SevikavebT, radgan kvlavac dapirebul donorebs elode-bian), Jurnalistis mier momzadebul reportaJs xarisxs xSir SemTxvevaSi, sworedac, rom materialur-teqnikuri bazis gaumarTavoba ukargavs. saubroben imazec, rom iqe-dan gamomdinare, rom esa Tu is regioni pataraa, uWirT

sxvadasxva profesiuli standartis dacvac (ar vexebiT

erT konkretul regions). dagverwmunebiT, amgvar viTarebaSi muSaoba rTu-

lia, magram Tuki qarTul medias jer kidev SerCenia Zala rom aRmavlobis gziT iaros, Tuki demokratizmis berke-tebi CvenSi myaradaa, aseT SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnul proble-masac eSveleba.


1. 2008 wlis krizisi saqarTveloSi winapiroba, rea-loba, perspeqtivebi, 2008 w. damoukidebel eqspertTa klubi 2009 w.

2. mediis TviTregulirebis qrestomaTia, 2004 w. Sem-

dgeneli redaqtori Tamar kinwuraSvili, gamomcemloba Ta-visuflebis instituti

3. www. tavisufleba. Org.ge 4. www.media.ge 5. www.presa.ge 6. www.diaspora.ge

257

Nestan Mamuсhadze

Regional media Summary

Few consumers of printed media does not allow to use the regional

newspapers moneys income for their own institutional development. On the overall the difficulties of the development of media clearly indicates uncommon low level quality of media-product. Commercial media- organizations are often dependent on donor support. Therefore, the quality of the media-product is often mediated by the lack of the necessary technical base.

Нестан Мамучадзе

Региональная медия Резюме

Малое число потребителей печатной медии не позволяет

региональным газетам использовать поступившиеся денежные средства для собственного институционного развития. Об общих трудностях развития медии ясно указывает редкость качественного медии - продукта. Комерческие медии - средства часто зависят от поддержки доноров. Поэтому качество медии - продукта часто опосредовано отсутствием необходимой технической базы.

258

Sromebis krebuli Сборник трудов

PROCEDINGS

socialur mecnierebaTa sakiTxebi

Вопросы социальных наук Problems of Social Sciences

IV

redaqtori:

irakli manveliZe

gamomcemlobis redaqtori:

iza xarebava

tiraJi 200

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 1, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]

krebuli iv tomi - nplgdspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/140919/1/sotsialur_metsnierebata... · 2...

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