kuliah unpad dr. farhan
DESCRIPTION
Kuliah Unpad Dr. FarhanTRANSCRIPT
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NEURORADIOLOGYNEURORADIOLOGY
dr. Farhan Anwary, Sp.Rad
Bagian/SMF RadiologiFK Unpad / RS dr. Hasan Sadikin
Bandung
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NEURORADIOLOGY (NEUROIMAGING)
Plain Film CT Scan (Computed tomography) MRI (Magnetic Resonance
Imaging) Angiography / DSA (Digital
Subtraction Angiography) Sonography / USG / Color Doppler Nuclear Medicine
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PLAIN FILM/CONVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY
SKULL : - Lateral view- Sella- Straight posteroanterior view- Caldwell view- Towne view- Basal (submentovertex) view- Waters view
Normal, Radiographic, Anatomy
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LATERAL VIEW
Sutures Calvarium Sella Dorsum sellae Sinus sphenoidalis
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STRAIGHT POSTEROANTERIOR VIEW
Coronal - lamdoid suture
Orbital roof, petrus ridge,
internal auditory canal,
cribriform plate - crista galli,
maxillary sinus, nasal cavity,
upper lateral rim orbita
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CALDWELL VIEW
Lesser - greater wings Foramen rotundum ( V2 ) Orbital rim Zygoma - zygomaticofrontal
suture Floor of anterior cranial fossa Frontal sinus
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TOWNE VIEW
Occipital, parietal, frontal Sagital suture Posterior clinoid processes -
dorsum sellae Internal auditory canal
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WATERS VIEW
Maxillary - frontal sinuses Orbital margin -
zygomaticofrontal suture Zygomatic process Body, ramus, condyle,
coronoid process
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BASAL (SUBMENTOVERTEX) VIEW
Odontoid Middle fossa Foramen ovale ( V 3 ) Foramen spinosum ( mma ) Sphenoid sinus
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I . SINGLE LUSCENT DEFECT IN THE SKULL
DDX : Normal variant Pacchionian granulation Parietal foramina
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DDX : Abnormal solitary luscent skull defect ( “Help Me” ) Hemangioma Epidermoid, dermoid Leptomeningeal cyst Paget's : osteoporosis circumscripta Post surgical Metastatic (solitary) Eosinophilic granuloma Encephalocele
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II. MULTIPLE LUCENT DEFECTS IN THE SKULL
DDX : - Metastases - Myeloma - Hystiocytocis - Hyperparathyroidism - Cushing's - Osteomyelitis - Radiation
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III. INCREASED SKULL DENSITY
A. Diffuse increased skull density
DDX : - Osteopetrosis - Hematologic; anemias, myelofibrosis- Fibrous dysplasia- Paget's disease- Acromegaly - Metastasis - Dilantin - Hypervitaminosis D
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B. Focal increased skull density
DDX : - Osteoma- Hyperostosis frontalis- Meningioma- Fibrous dysplasia- Paget's disease- Metastasis- Calcified cephalhematoma
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IV. INTRACRANIAL CALCIFICATION
A. Physiologic can occur in
1. Pineal
2. Habenula
3. Basal ganglia
4. Choroid
5. Dura
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B. Phatologic calcifications
1. Tumorsa. O1igodendriglioma (90%)b. Craniopharyngioma (70%)c. Ependymoma (60%)d. Choroid plexus papilloma (25%)e. Low-grade astrocytoma (20%)f. Meningioma (10%)g. Other (Dermoid, pineal tumor, lipoma)
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B. Phatologic calcifications
2. Infection : CMV, toxoplasmosis, cysticercosis
3. Vascular :a. Atherosclerotic disease b. Aneurysm c. Arteriovenous malformation
4. Pathologic basal ganglia calcification
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B. Phatologic calcifications
5. Neurocutaneous
syndromes
a. Neurofibromatosis
b. Sturge-Weber
syndrome
c. Tuberous sclerosis
6. Post trauma
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C. Basal Ganglia Calcifications
DDX : Endocrine : hypothyroidism,
pseudohypoparathyroidism Infectious : CMV, toxoplasmosis,
cysticercosis Toxic/Anoxic : CO, lead, radiation Congenital : Tuberosclerosis,
Fahr's disease
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V. Large Sella
DDX : Tumor : Adenoma,
craniopharyngioma, optic nerve glioma
Aneurysm Increase intracranial pressure Empty sella
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CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE
I. Cerebral Infarction
a. Etiology1. Atherosclerosis (large vessels)2. Atherosclerosis (small vessels)3. Hypoxia / anoxia4. Dissection
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CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE
I. Cerebral Infarction
a. Etiology
5. Fibromuscular dysplasia
6. Vasculitis
7. Basal arteriovascular occlusiv disease
8. Venous thrombosis
9. Miscellaneous; vasospasm, trauma
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b. Imaging in ischemia / infarction :
- Vascular distribution- Evidence of cytotoxic edema- Involvement of cortex- Hemorrhagic transformation
c. IMAGING : CT, MR, MRA, Angiography
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II. Spontaneous Intracranial Hematoma;
Intraparenchymal hematoma
DDX : Causes of intraparenchymal hematoma
1. Aneurysm rupture
2. Arteriovenous malformation rupture
3. Hypertension
4. Tumor
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DDX : Causes of intraparenchymal hematoma
5. Blood dyscrasia
6. Anticoagulant
7. Drug abuse
8. Infarct
9. Amyloid angiopathy
10. Idiopathic
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III. Spontaneous Intracranial Hemorrhage;
Subarachnoid and extra-axial
1. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
2. Extra-axial hemorrhage (SDH, EDH)
IV. Intracranial Aneurysm
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V. Cerebrovascular Malformations
1. Capillary telangiectasis
2. Cavernous angioma (hemangioma)
3. Venous angioma
4. Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
5. Occult cerebrovascular malformation (cryptic AVM)
6. Vein of galen aneurysm
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CRANIAL TRAUMA
1. ImagingSkull film, CT, MRI
2. Type of Injuries a. Directb. Indirectc. Skull fractures
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3. Types of the Hemorrhages
a. Appearance of hemorrhage by
CT
b. Appearance MR
c. Extra axial hemorrhage
CRANIAL TRAUMA
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Extra Axial Hemorrhage
1. Epidural hematomas
2. Sub dural hematomas
3. Sub arachnoid hemorrhage
(S.A.H)
4. Intra ventricular hemorrhage
5. Intra parenchymal hemorrhage
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DDX : Parenchymal Hematoma
Aneurysm rupture AVM rupture Hypertension Hemorrhagic infarct Hemorrhagic tumor Bleeding diathesis Amyloid angiopathy
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INTRACRANIAL MASSES
1. Radiografic Characteristic of Lesion
a. Intrinsic CT density
b. Contrast enhancement BBB (ring, gyriform, homogenous)
c. Multiple lesions
d. MR appearance
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DDX : Intracranial Mass (‘TEACH’ )
Tumor Edema Abcess, AVM, aneurysm Cyst Hematoma
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A. Primary Tumor
1. Gliomaa. Astrocytomab. Ependymomac. Oligodendrogliomad. Ganglioglioma
2. Meningioma 3. Lymphoma
B. Metastatic Tumor
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DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS BY LOCATION
DDX : Enhancement pattern of focal cerebral parenchymal lesions
A. Cerebral parenchymal lesion “Ring” : - Glioma
- Meta- Abcess- Resolving hematoma- Resolving infarction
Homogenous :
- Lymphoma- Aneurysm
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DDX : Intraventicular Mass Lesion
Meningioma, Astrocytoma, Choroid
plexus papilloma, Colloid cyst, Meta,
Ependymoma, Subependymoma,
AVM, Oligo, Lymphoma
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DDX : Pineal Region Mass
Germ cell tumor, Pineal cell
tumor
Germinoma, Pineoblastoma,
Teratoma, Glial cell tumor,
Dermoid, Epidermoid,
Choriocarcinoma, Meta
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DDX : Juxta Sellar and Supra Sellar
Adenoma Craniopharyngioma Aneurysm Meningioma Uncommon : Meta,
Arachnoid cyst, Glioma
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DDX : CPA Mass
Acoustic neurinoma Trigeminal neurinoma Meningioma Arachnoid cyst Epidermoid Aneurysm Meta
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INTRACRANIAL INFECTIONS DISEASE
I. Focal Lesions
A. Pyogenic brain abcess
B. Atypical brain abcess
C. AIDS : Toxo, Lympho, TB,
Abcess
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II. Encephalitis
Congenital : “ TORCH “
Toxo, CMV, Rubella, Herpes
III. Meningitis
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WHITE MATTER DISEASE
A. Demyelinating Diseases
DDX : - Primary : MS- Viral- Toxic and Metabolic- Post therapy- Vascular / SAE
B. Dysmyelinating Diseases
- Leucodystrophies
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IMAGING OF THE SPINE
I. Approach1. Primarily a bony lesion
2. Primarily a joint-space lesion
3. Primarily a lesion involving the soft tissues with the neural canal or exit foramina
4. Congenital abnormality may involve dysplastic changes of both osseous and neural components
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II. Primarily an Osseous Lesion
1. Primary bone tumor2. Secondary bone tumor3. Inflammatory bone disease4. Hematologic or vascular5. Trauma6. Metabolic7. Congenital anomaly
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III. Primarily a Joint-space Lesion
1. Degenerative disc disease
2. Trauma (iatrogenic)
3. Disc-space infection
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IV. Primarily a Lesion Involving Soft Tissues of Canal or Foramina
1. Intramedullary
2. Intradural and
extramedullary
3. Extradural
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V. Congenital Anomalies
1. Scoliosis
2. Vertebral anomalies
3. Dysraphism
4. Syrinx
5. Tumors
6. Neurofibromatosis
7. Spinal stenosis
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dr. Farhan Anwary, Sp.Rad
TERIMA KASIH