kultura - gfsis · nemde mazdeanoba saqartvelosi, ziritadad, iran-tan msvidobiani urtiertobis gzit...

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qarTul-iranuli urTierTobebi uxsovari droidan iwyeba. ro-

gorc Cans, jer kidev qarTvelur tomebs hqondaT intensiuri kav-

Sirebi iranul tomebTan da es kavSirebi upirvelesad Cveni enis siR-

rmeebSi aisaxa. aseulobiT sityvaa Semosuli qarTulSi sparsulidan

da zogi maTgani ise Zveli nasesxobaa, rom dRes adamians azradac ar

mosdis, rom es sityvebi odesRac qarTuli enis organuli nawili ar

yofila. es nasesxobani sparsuli enis ganviTarebis samive donezea

dadasturebuli da gvaqvs rogorc Zveli, ise saSualo da axali spar-

sulidan Semosuli da damkvidrebuli leqsika.

akademikos mzia andronikaSvilis fundamenturi, or did tomad

dastambuli gamokvleva swored am sakiTxs Seexeba da aTasze met

saleqsikono erTeuls moicavs. iranuli leqsikis qarTulSi dam-

kvidrebuli erTeulebis asaxvis garda mecnieri Seecada gaerkvia am

nasesxobaTa qarTulSi Semosvlis gzebi da fonetikuri adaptaciis

sakiTxebi. naSromidan gavigebT, rom Cveni yoveldRiuri metyvelebi-

saTvis iseTi organuli da bunebrivi sityvebi, rogoricaa: quCa, qarx-

ana, fanjara, farda, xeivani, baRi, daRi, aqandazi, fiandazi, xaliCa,

noxi, qoxi, magram, albaT, burji, xurjini, Wa, spa, laSqari da bevri

da kidev bevrze bevri qarTuli sityva CvenSi swored ara mxolod

kultura

mzia andronikaSvili (1920-2006) – aRmosav-leTmcodne, qarTul iranuli enobrivi urTierTobebis mkv-levari

qarTul-iranuli urTierTobebi erTi Tvalis gadavlebiT

giorgi lobJaniZe

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sparsuli, aramed, saerTod, iranuli enebidan da dialeqtebidan

Semovida. praqtikulad dadasturebulia nasesxobis yvela saxeoba,

rogorc zepiri, aseve werilobiTi gziT.

leqsikuri nasesxobebis aseTi siuxve TavisTavad metyvelebs qar-

Tul-iranuli samyaros intensiur politikur, ekonomikur da kul-

turul urTierTobebze mTeli Cveni istoriis manZilze.

sagulisxmoa, rom swored sparselebTan ideologiuri da poli-

tikuri brZolis aspeqtebs Seexeba qarTuli literaturis Cvenam-

de moRweuli pirveli Zegli – iakob curtavelis `SuSanikis wameba“.

mexuTe saukuneSi Seqmnili am nawarmoebis avtoria curtavis epis-

koposi iakobi, romelic wignSi aRwerili ambebis uSualo Semswre da

monawilec yofila. am periodisaTvis qvemo qarTls ganagebs piti-

axSi, romelic damoukidebeli mTavari Cans, magram Tu misi iranu-

li warmoSobis tituliT (pitiaxSi) vimsjelebT, is didad unda iyos

daaxloebuli sasanuri iranis samefo karTan, romelsac, rogorc

Cans, gadawyvetili aqvs am mxaris saqarTvelosagan saboloo Camo-


sparsuli indoevro-puli enaa da is Sedis iranul enaTa ojaxSi. iranul enaTa ojaxi, sa-kuTriv sparsulis gar-da, aerTianebs: avRanur, tajikur, qurTul, osur enebsa da, aseve, Zvel da saSualo spar-sulsac.

siauSi – XVI saukunis qarT-veli mxatvar-miniatur-isti. moRvaweobda iranSi, Sah-Tamazis karze. Cvenamde moaRwia misma orma minia-tiuram. pirvelze Savar-denia gamosaxuli (arSiaze sparsuli warweraa — „si-auSis xeloba“, inaxeba len-ingradis m. saltikov-SCe-drinis saxelobis sajaro biblioTekaSi), meore nad-irobis scenas gamosaxavs (daculia parizis erovnul biblioTekaSi).

siauSi, nadirobis scena

70

cileba. maTi ideologiis mTavar iaraRad ki spar-

selTa erovnuli religia – mazdeizmi gvevline-

ba, romelsac qarTvelTa mxridan qristianobis,

marTlamdidebluri sjulis, ukve kargad organize-

buli struqtura upirispirdeba.

`SuSanikis wamebaSi“ mkafiod ar Cans, magram ig-

rZnoba, rom qarTuli saxelmwifo da eklesia er-

Toblivi ZalebiT cdiloben gareSe dampyroblis,

anu sparseTis poziciaTa dasustebas da sabolood

qveynidan gaZevebas, sparselebi ki – qveynis re-

gionebis gamgebelTa da, gansakuTrebiT, saqarTve-

los ganapira mxareebis mmarTvelTa gadabirebas.

am mmarTvelTa mxridan ki qristianobis daTmoba da

mazdeanur sjulze moqceva swored iranuli mxaris

maT upirobo qveSevrdomobas miuTiTebs.

sxvaTa Soris, qarTul warmarTobazec sruli-

ad aSkarad Cans iranuli religiebisa da saerTod

iranuli religiuri cnobierebis gavlenis kvali.

mcxeTaSi aRmoCenili armazis kerpisa da misi saxe-

lis òrmozdTan“, anu avesturi mazdeanobis uzen-

aesi RvTaeba ahuramazdasTan identificireba savse-

biT Tavisuflad SeiZleba. mkvlevarTa erTi nawili

swored mazdeanobisa Tu cecxlTayvanismcemlobis

naSTebad miiCnevs qarTuli warmarTobis droidan

darCenil da qristianobaSi transformirebul `Wi-

akokonobis“ tradicias.

amave periodSi unda iyos damkvidrebuli sityva

èSma“ an èSmaki“, iseve, rogorc mazdeanobis sxva

terminebi: taZari, kerpi, zvaraki, marTali, warmar-

Ti, droSa, anderZi, dasturi da sxva.

sagulisxmoa, rom aqemenianTa epoqaSi sasanianTa

gamefebamde, anu Zv. w. VI saukunidan ax. w. III sauku-

nemde mazdeanoba saqarTveloSi, ZiriTadad, iran-

Tan mSvidobiani urTierTobis gziT vrceldeboda.

imasac varaudoben, rom erTxans, roca, `qarTlis

cxovrebis“ cnobiT, saqarTvelos samefo taxtze

arSakianTa erT-erTi dinastiis warmomadgenlebi

gamefdnen, zoroastrizmi, SesaZloa, saxelmwifo

religiadac ki yofiliyo gamocxadebuli.

sasanianTa dinastiis aRzevebas iranSi (ax. w. III-VII

mazdeanoba (anu cecxlTayvanismcem-loba) Zveli iranuli religiaa, romelic aseve cnobilia, rogor zoroastrizmi. zoroastrizmi modis am religiis mqa-dageblis saxelis – zardoSTis, anu zaraTuSTras elinizebuli formisa-gan. platonis mixedviT, is cxovrobda Zveli welTaRricxvis 64-e saukuneSi. zoroastrizmis mTavari RvTaebaa ahur-amazda, amitom am religias mazdeanoba-sac an mazdeizmsac uwodeben. aRniSnuli religiis ganviTarebaSi mkvlevrebi ram-denime mniSvnelovan etaps gamoyofen. zoroastrizmis yvelaze aRiarebuli mkvlevris, germaneli mecnieris, ceneris TvalsazrisiT, àvesturi mazdeanizmi“ aris zoroastruli religiis is etapi, roca erT kanonikur krebulad yalibdeba da mimoqcevaSi Semodis am religiis um-Tavresi wigni – àvesta“. zoroastrizmi werilobiT dadasturebuli (anu saku-Tari wminda werilis mqone) pirvel mono-Teistur religiad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, Tumca is dualisturi bunebisaa.

kultura

aqemenianebi (sparsulad: haxamen-eSian) – daaxloebiT 2500 wlis winaT dRevandeli iranis teritoriaze warmo-Sobili Zlevamosili imperiis damaarse-beli samefo dinastia, romelmac gaaer-Tiana sparsuli modgmis tomebi da safuZveli Cauyara maT batonobas mTel wina aziaSi. dinastiis faqtobriv fuZem-deblad miCneulia kiros (spars. quruS) II didi (Zv. w. aR-is. 558-530), romelmac daipyro midia, lidia, mcire aziis ber-Znuli polisebi, Sua aziis mniSvnelo-vani nawili, babiloni da asureTis yvela provincia. misma Zem qambizma ki daipyro egvipte. qambizis sikvdilis Semdgom imperia daSlis saSiSroebis winaSe aR-moCnda, magram darios (spars. dariuS) I-is mier ganxorcielebuli efeqtiani reformebis Sedegad moxerxda rRvevis SeCereba. Zveli welTaRricxvis 330 wels iranis imperia aleqsandre makedonelma daipyro da aqemenianTa dinastiis arse-bobac Sewyda.

sasanianebi (sparsulad: sasanian) –samefo dinastia iranSi (226-651), warmo-SobiT farsis provinciidan. dinastiis fuZemdeblad miCneulia sasani, rome-lic farsis samefo sagvareulos ekuT-vnoda. dinastias bolo mouRo arabTa mier iranis dapyrobam.

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ss.) mohyva iranis mcdeloba, Tavisi saxelmwifo religia aRmosavleT saqarTve-

loSi ZalmomreobiT gaevrcelebina da amiT sakuTari politikuri batonobis ide-

ologiuri dasayrdeni Seeqmna. `SuSanikis wamebis“ garda, ramdenime qarTul weri-

lobiT ZeglSi (magaliTad, `evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba“, leonti mrovelisa

da juanSeris cnobebi) Cans kargad, Tu rogor upirispirdeba qarTveloba mazdea-

nobis ZaliT gavrcelebas. winaaRmdegobebis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos qalaqebsa

da zogan sofladac arsebobda zoroastrizmis mimdevari mosaxleoba. magaliTad,

mematianis cnobiT, vaxtang gorgaslis zeobisas (daaxl. V saukunis 40-iani wlebi)

sofel niqozSi aRmarTuli iyo `sagebeli cecxlisai~ – cecxlTayvanismcemelTa

taZari, anu `aTeSgahi“.


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sainteresoa, rom saqarTveloSi mazdeanobis erTgvari `gamococxleba“ uka-

vSirdeba im dros, roca TviT iranSi es religia devnil religiad iqca, radgan

arabebma sasanianTa imperiis damxobis Semdgom islami iq cecxliTa da maxviliT

gaavrceles da, rogorc Cans, devnili cecxlTayvanismcemlebis nawili saqarTve-

losac Seexizna.

kultura

73

savaraudod, am zoroastrelTa STamomavlebi mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmav-

lobaSi saxlobdnen TbilisSi, rasac mowmobs saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi dRemde

SemorCenili `aTeSgas“, anu cecxlTayvanismcemelTa taZris nangrevebi.

islamis gavrcelebis Semdeg viTareba Zireulad icvleba rogorc iranSi, ise ka-

vkasiaSi. formalurad orive es geografiuli areali arabTa saxalifos Semadgen-

lobaSia da erTi saxelmwifos sxvadasxva nawils warmoadgens.

IX saukunidan axali ZaliT iwyeba iransa da saqarTvelos Soris kulturuli urT-

ierToba da TiTqmis mTel Sua saukuneebs gasdevs qarTul literaturaze iranuli

mwignobrobisa da literaturis kvali. zogi mkvlevari swored am zegavlenas ukav-

Sirebs saerTod qarTuli saero mwerlobis warmoSobas. SesaZloa, amgvari Sefaseba

gadaWarbebuli iyos, Tumca sruliad aSkaraa qarTvelebis didi gataceba sparsuli

literaturiT, rasac am Zeglebis qarTuli Targmanebi da, ufro metic, maTi gax-

alxurebuli, qarTuli versiebi mowmobs. mkvlevarTa SefasebiT, XII saukuneSi unda

iyos sparsulidan Targmnili nizami ganjelis `vis o ramini“, romlis qarTuli ver-

sia, `visramianic“, qarTuli literaturis ubrwyinvalesi Zeglia da lamis tols ar

udebs SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosans“. swored am didi literaturuli Rirse-

bebis gamo gamoiTqva varaudic, rom SesaZloa `visramianis“ qarTuli Targmanic

SoTa rusTavelis kalams ekuTvnodes.

`visramianis“ garda CvenSi metad popularuli iyo iranelTa erovnuli eposi – XI

saukunis genialuri sparseli poetis firdousis `Sahname“, romlis calkeuli naw-

ilebi xalxuri Tqmulebebis saxiTac vrceldeboda saqarTveloSi. zogi mkvlevaris

varaudiT, `Sahnames“ wignebis umetesoba qarTulad Targmnili XII saukuneSi unda


74

yofiliyo, Tumca imdroindel Targmanebs

Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. amJamad xelTa gva-

qvs XV-XVIII saukuneebSi SemuSavebuli qar-

Tuli versiebi, romelTac udidesi popu-

laroba moipoves mTel saqarTveloSi.

sxva rom araferi, mTeli es litera-

turuli urTierTobebi kargad migvi-

TiTebs, ramdenad axlos iyo da rogor

moqmedebda erTmaneTze ori – qarTuli da

iranuli-kulturuli samyaro.

ivane javaxiSvilma savsebiT samar-

Tlianad SeniSna: „axal sparsul poezias

didi gavlena hqonda qarTvelebze da misi

sagmiro da saaSiko sityviereba qarTve-

lobas uyvarda da Sehxaroda imgvaradve,

rogorc TviT sparselebi Sehxarodnen.

Tumca „Sah name“ (rostomiani) firdou-

sisa, „visramiani“, „qilila da damana“,

„leil-mejnuniani“ sparseli mahmadiani

kultura

qarTul enaze arsebobs `Sahnames“ rogorc poeturi, ise prozauli versiebi.

leqsiTi versiebia: 1. `rostomiani“, romelSic amba-vi gadmocemulia zaalis dabadebidan gosTaSfis gar-dacvalebamde, zogjer am saTauris qveS gaerTianebulia yvela qarTuli versia. 2. `zaaqiani“ – aq galeqsilia zaaq-isa da ferdiunis (fridonis) Tavgadasavali; 3. `uTru-Tian-saamiani“ – aRwerilia ambavi gaiomarTis mefobidan zaalis Sobamde.

prozauli versiebia: `fridoniani“, romelSic moTxro-bilia zaaqis, feridunisa da manuCehris istoria. 2. `uT-ruTian-saamiani“, sadac gadmocemulia ambavi gaimorTis mefobidan zaalis Sobamde. 3. `wigni saam falavanisa“ mo-icavs ambavs jamSidis mefobidan zaalisa da rudabes epi-zodamde. 4. `baamiani“ – aRwerilia baamanis brZola ros-tomis STamomavlebTan.

`visramianis~ qarTuli Targmanis sizuste da originalis zedmiwevniTi erTguleba, sxva literaturul Rirse-bebTan erTad, gansacvifrebelia. qarTveli mTargmneli ise zustad mihyveba sparsul teqsts, rom qarTuli `vis-ramiani“ sparsuli `vis o raminis“ teqstualuri kvlevis-as erT-erT umniSvnelos wyarod iqna aRiarebuli. Zeglis ena da sparsul originalTan Sesatyvisoba siRrmiseu-lad Seiswavles XX saukunis meore naxevarSi gamoCenilma qarTvelma iranistebma aleqsandre gvaxariam da magali Toduam.

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mgosnebis dawerili iyo, magram qristiani qarT-

velebic gatacebiT kiTxulobdnen, maTTvisac

es Txzulebebi xelovnebis Zvirfasi ganZi iyo.

sxvaTa Soris, xom sparsuli mwerlobis gavle-

nis wyalobiT aRorZinda qarTuli poeziac. Tu

politikur cxovrebaSi saqarTvelo sxvadasxva,

mahmadianTa samTavroebs da sparseTs ebrZoda,

poezia da kultura qarTvel-sparsTa sulier

erTobas qmnida da mtrobis magier siyvaruls

Tesavda. qarTvelebisTvis sparsul-mahmadi-

anuri kultura ucxo rame ar yofila da Tavisi

politikuri mtrebis mwerlobas, mecnierebas

da xelovnebas isini did pativs scemdnen“.

aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTvelebmac mniSvnelovani

roli iTamaSes iranis – sefianTa iranis politi-

kur, kulturul da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.

Sah abas I (1587-1629) da Sah abas II-is ( (1642-1666)

karze mravali qarTveli iyo maRal administraci-

ul Tanamdebobaze dawinaurebuli. iranis imJamin-

del dedaqalaqSi, ispaanSi, dResac SemorCenil-

ia iq moRvawe da mcxovrebi qarTvelebis mkafio

kulturuli nakvalevi. magaliTad kmara ispaanis

mSveneba, 33 niSiani xidi – `siosefoli“, romelic

am qalaqis dedamdinareze – zaiande-rudze (ze-

nderudze) alaverdixan undilaZis brZanebiTa da

didi finansuri xelSewyobiT augiaT. garda amisa,

mis saxels ukavSirdeba grandiozuli skolisa da

qarvaslis mSenebloba qalaq SirazSi.

politikisa da samxedro saqmis garda, imdroin-

del iranSi qarTvelebs didi wvlili SehqondaT

iranis literaturis, mecnierebisa da xelovnebis

ganviTarebaSic. magaliTad SegviZlia dav-

asaxeloT XVI saukunis didi qarTveli miniatur-

isti siauS (siavaS) gorji.

1881 wels, saqarTvelos ruseTTan mierTebis

Semdgom, TandaTanobiT sustdeba iranelTa gav-

lena qarTul yofaze, sazogadoebriv da kul-

turul cxovrebaze. XIX saukuneSi iranelebi, Zir-

iTadad, SemorCenili arian TbilisSi. bolo xans

maT mniSvnelovani gamokvleva miuZRvna qarTvel-

ma iranistma marine aleqsiZem.

XX saukunis bolodan, anu 1991 wels saqarTve-

76

kultura

los damoukideblobis gamocxadebidan iwyeba axali

da principulad gansxvavebuli etapi iranel-qarT-

velTa mravalsaukunovan urTierTobaSi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom dRevandeli iranis islamuri

respublika iyo erT-erTi pirveli qveyana, romel-

mac 1992 wels scno saqarTvelos damoukidebloba

da teritoriuli mTlianoba da mas Semdeg ganuxre-

lad icavs keTilmezoblobis am ZiriTad principebs.

am xnis ganmavlobaSi Sedga qarTvel saxelmwifo

da saeklesio moRvaweTa ramdenime mniSvnelovani

viziti da, piriqiT, iranis umaRlesi rangis moxele-

Ta vizitebi TbilisSi, ramac Sedegad moitana is,

rom or suverenul saxelmwifos Soris kavSir-urT-

ierToba dRemde dinamikurad da gansakuTrebuli

bevri qarTveli mecnieri ikvlevda `Sah-namesTan“ dakavSirebul problema-tikas. `Sah-names“ qarTuli versiebs ram-denime sayuradRebo naSromi uZRvna didma mecnierma niko marma, romelic studento-bis wlebidan dainteresda am ZegliT. maT Seswavlas ki mtkice safuZveli Cauyara iustine abulaZem `Sah-names“ qarTuli ver-siebis gamoqveynebiT (1916). gansakuTre-biT didia am mxriv aleqsandre baramiZis Rvawli. man pirvelma aRmoaCina zogi axali qarTuli versia, sistemaSi moiyvana isini, gaarkvia da daazusta mTargmnelTa vinao-ba. aRsaniSnavia pirveli monografia fir-dousis Sesaxeb, romelic masve ekuTvnis da saiubileo TariRs mieZRvna (firdousi da misi `Sah-name“, 1934) amave wels a. SaniZis, i. abulaZis, k. kekeliZis, p. ingoroyvasa da al. baramiZis redaqciiT gamoqveynda `Sahnames“ qarTuli versiebis mere tomi. es saqme gaagrZela da warmatebiT daagvirgvi-na daviT kobiZem. qarTuli versiebis spar-sul wyaroebs man sagangebo monografia uZRvna (1959), xolo 1974 wels gamoaqveyna qarTuli versiebis ukanaskneli, mesame tomi.

`Sahnames“ ikvlevda meoce saukunis meo-re naxevris gamoCenili qarTveli irani-sti aleqsandre gvaxariac. sul axlaxan gamoica lili JorJolianis originaluri gamokvleva `Sah-names“ qarTuli versiebis Sesaxeb.

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alaverdi-xani iyo iranis sardali da politikuri moRvawe, gamahmadianebu-li qarTveli, romelic bavSvi waiyvanes saqarTvelodan tyved da mogvianebiT igi Sah-abas I-is marjvena xeli da praq-tikulad misi samxedro saqmeebis mniS-vnelovani ganmkargulebeli gaxda.

eqscesebis gareSe viTardeba.

Sah abasi dam is gver-diT alaverdi-xan un-dilaZe

kultura - gfsis · nemde mazdeanoba saqartvelosi, ziritadad, iran-tan msvidobiani urtiertobis gzit...

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