kyat pyay storiesၾကပ္ေျပးနန္းတြင္း...

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk------------- okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH 1

-uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&+yfawmfykH

(trSwf 1=26)

2009 ckESpf/ ZGefv

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk/ okawoeESifh rSwfwrf;wifXmerS xkwfa0onf?



trSmpm

'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk (NDD) . okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXmerS “=uyfajy;eef;wGif; t&_yfawmfykH” acgif;pOfjzifh tywfpOfa&;om;jzef@a0cJhonf@ jynfwGif;owif;oHk;oyfcsufrsm;udk pkpnf;I pmtkyftoGif jzifh xkwfa0jzef@csdjcif; jzpfygonf? owif;rSefrsm;udk zHk;uG,ftarSmifcsxm;avh&dSonf@ ppftkyfpk. twGif;a&;owif;rsm;ESifh jynfwGif;owif; rsm;udk rdrdwdk@Xmetaejzifh &SmazGpkaqmif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;+yD; xdkowif;tcsuftvufrsm;tay: tajccHI ppftm %m&Sifpepf. twGif;o&kyfrSefrsm;udk wyfrawmfom;rsm;tygt0if jynfoltrsm; tvG,fwul avhvmod&dSEdkifap&ef oHk;oyfwifjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? Tpmtkyfyg ta=umif;t&m tcsuftvufrsm;onf rnfol@udkr# yk*~dKvfa&;t& xdcdkufepfemap&ef &nf&G,f csufr&dSyg? odk@aomf ppftm%m&Sifrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@todkif;t0dkif;. pdwfaeoabmxm;rsm;/ pOf;pm;awG;ac:csufrsm;/ vkyf enf;vkyf[efrsm;udk wpHkw&m avhvmod&dSjcif;tm;jzifh ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk jrefrmhajray:rS wGef;vSefz,f&Sm;&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfapEdkifvdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unfygonf? ?

okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme

'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk (tJef'D'D) 2009 ckESpf/ ZGefv(9)&uf?



rmwdum ta=umif;t&m pmrsufESm 1? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(1)------------------------------------------3 2? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(2)------------------------------------------7 3? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(3)------------------------------------------10 4? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(4)------------------------------------------13 5? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(5)------------------------------------------17 6? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(6)------------------------------------------20 7? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(7)------------------------------------------24 8? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(8)------------------------------------------27 9? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(9)------------------------------------------31 10? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(10)----------------------------------------35 11? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(11)----------------------------------------39 12? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(12)----------------------------------------42 13? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(13)----------------------------------------46 14? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(14)----------------------------------------49 15? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(15)----------------------------------------53 16? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(16)----------------------------------------56 17? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(17)----------------------------------------59 18? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(18)----------------------------------------63 19? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(19)----------------------------------------67 20? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(20)----------------------------------------71 21? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(21)----------------------------------------75 22? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(22)----------------------------------------80 23? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(23)----------------------------------------82 24? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(24)----------------------------------------85 25? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(25)----------------------------------------88 26? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(26)----------------------------------------91



NNNeeetttwwwooorrrkkk fffooorrr DDDeeemmmooocccrrraaacccyyy aaannnddd DDDeeevvveeelllooopppmmmeeennnttt DDDooocccuuummmeeennntttaaatttiiiooonnn aaannnddd RRReeessseeeaaarrrccchhh DDDeeepppaaarrrtttmmmeeennnttt

P.O Box 179, Mae Sod, Tak, 63110, Thailand. Tel: 66 (0) 81 7241 281, [email protected], [email protected]

“=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfyHk trSwf(1)”

etzppftpdk;&twGif; tajymif;tvJwcsdK@udk etz ppfaumifpDu ZGefv(20)&ufae@ &ufpGJeJ@ xkwfjyef

a=unmcJhygw,f? umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; pdk;odef;udk trSwf(2)pufr_0ef}uD;Xme 0ef}uD;tjzpf ajymif;vJcef@tyfcJh+yD; trSwf(2)pufr_0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyfapmvGifudkawmh vl0ifr_}uD;=uyfa&;ESifh jynfol@tif tm;0ef}uD;Xme 0ef}uD;tjzpf ajymif;vJcef@tyfa=umif; etzppfaumifpD twGif;a&;rSL;(1) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oD[ ol& wifatmifjrifOD;&J@ vufrSwfeJ@ xkwfjyefcJhwm jzpfygw,f? wcsdefwnf;avmufrSmyJ jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ xdyfydkif; &mxl;wcsdK@rSmvnf; tajymif;tvJawG jyKvkyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? 'gayrJh wyfrawmftwGif;u tajymif;tvJawGudk awmh etzppftpdk;&u w&m;0if xkwfjyefavhr&dSygbl;?

tpdk;&tzGJ@0ifawGeJ@ t&yfbuf0efxrf;t}uD;tuJawG&J@ cef@tyf/ ajymif;vJ/ xkwfy,fr_awGudk tpdk;& a*Zuf (Gazette) awGrSm az:jya=unmay;&wJh oabmobm0&dSayrJh wyfrawmftwGif;u cef@tyf/ ajymif;vJ/ xkwfy,fr_awGudkawmh MS Order taeeJ@ wyfrawmftwGif;rSmom uef@owf+yD; xkwfjyefavh&dSwmudk awG@&yg w,f?

tckwpf}udrfjyKvkyfcJhwJh etzwyfwGif;u tajymif;tvJawGrSm etzppfaumifpDtzGJ@0if xdyfwef; 'kwd, AdkvfcsKyf}uD; (5)OD;udk wm0efawGu tem;ay;vdkuf+yD; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wpfOD;udkawmh 0ef}uD;tjzpf ajymif;a&$@cef@tyf cJhwm awG@&ygw,f? vuf&dSwm0efawGu tem;ay;cHcJh&wJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGuawmh umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme trSwf(1) ppfqifa&;txl;tzGJ@rSL; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; &Jjrifh/ trSwf(2) ppfqifa&;txl;tzGJ@rSL; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ausmf0if;/ trSwf(3) ppfqifa&;txl;tzGJ@rSL; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; cifarmifoef;/ wyfrawmfppfaq;a&;t&m&dScsKyf (=unf;/ a&/ av) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; armifbdk/ wyfrawmfavhusifha&;t&m&dScsKyf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; atmifaxG; wdk@jzpf =u+yD; 0ef}uD;tjzpfeJ@ ajymif;a&$@wm0efay;cH&oluawmh umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&) 'kwd,AkdvfcsKyf}uD; pdk;odef; jzpfyg w,f?

olwdk@&J@ae&mawGrSm ppfwdkif;rSL; (5)OD;eJ@ ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf(a&) wdk@udk csufcsif;tpm;xdk; cef@tyfcJhwmudkvnf; awG@&dS&ygw,f? ryc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyftkef;jrifh/ &rc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfatmifoef;xGÉf/ w*c wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfrif;atmif vd_if/ wycwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfudkudk wdk@udk upxrSL;awGtjzpf tpm;xdk;cef@tyfcJh+yD; &uc wkdif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf vSaX;0if;udk wyfrawmfavhusifha&;t&m&dScsKyf/ eyc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfarmif&dSef udk wyfrawmfppfaq;a&;t&m&dScsKyf (=unf;/ a&/ av) tjzpfeJ@ tpm;xdk; cef@tyfcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf(a&) AdkvfcsKyf^m%fxGef; udkvnf; umuG,f a&;OD;pD;csKyf (a&) tjzpf tpm;xdk;cef@tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f?

vpfvyfoGm;wJh ppfwdkif;rSL;awG&J@ ae&mawGudkvnf; wyfrrSL;awG ppfausmif;tkyf}uD;awG/ aq;wyfrSL;awGeJ@ csufcsif;tpm;xdk;cJhwm awG@&ygw,f? wyfrawmf(=unf;) wdkufcdkufa&;oifwef;ausmif;(Axl;wyf+rdK@) ausmif;tkyf}uD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;0if; ukd ryc wdkif;rSL;/ wyfrawmfaq;wuUodkvf ygarmuQcsKyf AdkvfrSL;csKyf&mjynfh udk &yc wdkif;rSL;/ OD;pD; t&m&dS wuUodkvf(uavm) ausmif;tkyf}uD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmf+zdK;udk w*c wdkif;rSL;/ wyfr(77) wyfrrSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyf



0if;jrifh udk &uc wdkif;rSL;/ wyfr(11) wyfrrSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyfvSrif; udk wyc wdkif;rSL;/ ponfjzifh tpm;xdk;cef@tyf wm0ef ay;cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? (&yc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfaomif;at;udk eyc odk@ ajymif;a&$@cJhonf?)

qifhuJqifhuJ vpfvyfoGm;wJh ae&mawGudkvnf; tpm;xdk;cef@tyfr_awG jyKvkyfcJh&wJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; (1)OD;/ 'kwd,AkdvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; (1)OD;/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD; (2)OD;/ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; (12)OD; ('kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;vpmudk pm; ae+yDjzpfaom AdkvfcsKyfomat;/ AdkvfcsKyfcifaZmfESifh AdkvfcsKyf ol&jrifhatmif wdk@rygao;yg)/ AdkvfcsKyf (50)ausmf/ AdkvfrSL; csKyf (100)ausmf/ AdkvfrSL;}uD; 340 ausmf/ 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;}uD; 1,300 ausmfavmuf&dSwJh jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif;rSm tenf;qHk; t&m&dS (200) ausmfavmufudk tajymif;tvJawG jyKvkyfcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? etzppfaumifpD/ etz ppftpdk;&eJ@ etzwyfrawmftwGif;rSm aemufxyftajymif;tvJawG qufvufjzpfay:EdkifwJh tvm;tvm &dSygw,f?

etz wyfwGif;u 'Dtajymif;tvJawG[m r=umcifurS jyKvkyfcJhwJh etzppfaumifpD&J@ 2008 ckESpf yxr av;vywf tpnf;ta0;t+yD;rSm ay:xGufvmwmjzpfygw,f? 'DESpftapmydkif;rSm jyKvkyf&rJh 2007 ckESpftwGuf etz ppfaumifpD&J@ wwd,av;vywf tpnf;ta0;udk yHkrSeftwdkif; usif;yrjyKvkyfEdkifcJhwmudk axmuf&_jcif;tm;jzifh etz wyfwGif; ae&mtajymif;ta&$@ udpPawGeJ@ywfouf+yD; ppfaumifpDtwGif;rSm rausvnfr_awG &dSaeEdkifw,fvdk@ ,lq& ygw,f? wm0efuae tem;ay;cHvdkuf&wJh etzppfaumifpDtzGJ@0if 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; (6)OD;vHk;[m tjrifhqHk; tm %mydkiftzGJ@tpnf;jzpfwJh tzGJ@0if(19)OD;yg ppfaumifpDuvnf; E_wfxGufay;vdkuf&+yDvdk@ ,lq&ygw,f?

AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m wyfrawmfuaetem;r,lcif ol@&J@ wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfae&mudk qufcH rJholeJ@ wyfrawmf&J@ xdyfwef;&mxl;}uD;awGudk qufcH&rJholawGudk txl;owdxm;+yD; a&G;cs,faeyHk&ygw,f? aocsmwJh tcsufwpfckuawmh vuf&dS 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfwJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;armifat;udk ol ouf&dSxif&Sm;&dS aeoa&G@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf wm0efay;cef@tyfrSmr[kwfbl;qdkwJh tcsufjzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$ taeeJ@ ol,Hk=unfpdwfcsolawGudk ol@ae&meJ@ wyfrawmf&J@xdyfydkif;&mxl;awGrSm wm0efay;cef@tyf+yD;&if oleJ@twl 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat;/ 0ef}uD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;odef;pdef/ twGif;a&;rSL;(1)eJ@ ppfaxmufcsKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; oD[ol&wifatmifjrifhOD;/ umuG,fa&;ypPnf;xkwfvkyfa&;t&m&dScsKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifat;/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf (av) 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; jrwf[def; wdk@udkyg wyfrawmftwGif;u qGJ+yD;ac:xkwfoGm;rSm aocsmae+yDjzpfygw,f? ( 1988 ckESpf ZlvdkifvtwGif; usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonfh rqvygwD. ta&;ay:ygwDnDvmcHwGif ppftm%m&Sif}uD; OD;ae0if;u oleJ@ twl OD;pef;,k/ OD;at;udkESifh OD;ausmfxif wdk@udkyg qGJac:oGm;ovdkrsdK; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$uvnf; 'kwd, AdkvfcsKyf rSL;}uD;armifat;udk cg;zuf+yD; oleJ@twl qGJac:oGm;&ef }uHpnfaeonf[k ,lq&ygonf?)

AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$[m ol@&J@ wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfae&mudk qufcHrJholtjzpf AdkvfcsKyfol&a&$ref; udk 2001 ckESpfuwnf;u pwifa&G;cs,f owfrSwfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? DSA tywfpOf(11)ausmif;qif; ewc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfol&a&$ref;udk 2001 ckESpf Edk0ifbm(15)&ufae@rSm umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&Hk;udk ac:,lcJh+yD; (!d‡Ed_if;uGyfuJ a&;rSL;-=unf;/ a&/ av) tjzpf &mxl;opfwpfck wDxGifzefwD; wm0efay;cJhwJhtjyif 2002ckESpf pufwbFmvrSm 'kwd, AdkvfcsKyf}uD;/ 2003 ckESpf =o*kwfvrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;tjzpf &mxl;awGudk wqifh+yD;wqifh wdk;jr‡ihfay;tyfcJhwm awG@Edkifyg w,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a&$ref;[m AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ i,fwynfh&if;wpfOD; r[kwfayrJh vl&dk;vlat; wpfOD;jzpfwJhtjyif txufucdkif;wJhtwdkif; vkyfudkifwwfol jzpfwma=umifh ol@udk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u vufoyfarG;zdk@ qHk;jzwfcJhwm jzpfEdkifygw,f? (AdkvfcsKyfa&$ref;&J@ZeD; a':cifav;oufu AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;uawmf a':}udKif}udKifeJ@ om;orD;awG&J@ 0wf }uD;0wfi,fawGudk ae@pOf0ifxGuf jyKpkay;aewJhtwGuf a':}udKif}udKif&J@ !$ef=um;csuft& AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$u AdkvfcsKyfa&$ref;udk tckvdk csD;jr‡ifhajr‡mufpm;cJhwmjzpfw,fvdk@ AdkvfcsKyfuawmftodkif;t0dkif;rSm ajymqdkae=uwmawG awmh &dSygw,f?)

wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf odk@r[kwf 'kwd,wyfrawmf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf AdkvfcsKyf}uD; a&$ref;eJ@ twl ,SOfwGJvsmxm;cH&olwpfOD;uawmh DSA tywfpOf(15)ausmif;qif; trSwf(5) txl;ppfqifa&;tzGJ@rSL; 'kAdkvf csKyf}uD;jrifhaqG jzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;jrifhaqGuawmh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;uawmf a':}udKif}udKifeJ@ aqGrsdK; awmfpyfwJhtwGuf wyfr(11) wyfrrSL;/ &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL;/ wyfrawmfppfbufa&;&m vHk+cHKa&;t&m&dScsKyf pwJh &mxl;awGudk tvG,fwul &&dScJhwJhtjyif 2005 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvrSm 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;tqifh wdk;jr‡ifhay;wmudk



cHcJh&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a&$ref;udk ol@ae&mqufcHzdk@ rlvu vsmxm;cJhayrJh tcktcsdefrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a&$ref;&J@toufu (60)ausmfae+yDjzpfvdk@ wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfae&mtwGuf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; jrifhaqGu tvm;tvm ydkaumif;aea=umif;/ 'ga=umifh &efukef pD;yGm;a&;avmutodkif;t0dkif;u 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; jrifhaqGeJ@ydk&if;eSD;atmif }udK;pm;ae=ua=umif; =um;od&ygw,f?

touft&G,f }uD;&ifhae+yDjzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$taeeJ@ jrefrmhwyfrawmfudk uef@vef@um aemufuG,f u qufvuf}udK;udkifEdkifzdk@ }udK;yrf;tm;xkwf&mrSm rqvppftm%m&Sifa[mif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; 1988 ckESpfu jyKvkyfrdcJhwJhtrSm;rsdK; xyfrvkyfrdatmif txl;owdxm;+yD; vkyfaqmifaewmawG@&ygw,f? wyfrawmf&J@ xdyfwef; &mxl;}uD;awGudk qufcHrJh rsdK;qufopfwyfrSL;awGudk ol@pdwf}udKuf tcsdef,la&G;cs,f+yD; umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&Hk;eJ@ wdkif;/ wyfrawGrSm ae&mcsxm;ay;aewm awG@&ygw,f? 1997 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvtwGif; e0wppfaumifpDtzGJ@0if 'kAdkvfcsKyf }uD; wpf'gZifausmfudk jzKwfxkwfz,f&Sm;ypfvdkufwJh tcsdefupvdk@ jrefrmhwyfrawmfwpfckvHk;udk ol@pdwf}udKuf cs,f vS,fzefwD; yHkoGif;,lvmcJhwm jzpfygw,f? ol@udkajc&mwdkif;+yD; uvefuqefvkyfzdk@ }udK;pm;cJhwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@eJ@ ol@&J@ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;wpfzGJ@vHk;udk 2004 ckESpf ESpfukefykdif;rSm ajrvSef&Sif;vif;ypfvdkufwJhtcsdefup+yD; wyfxJrSm ol@udk armf=unfh&JwJhol wpfa,mufrSr&dSawmhwm awG@&ygw,f?

wyfrawmf 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat; taeeJ@vnf; 1994-95-96 avmuf u wyfrrSL;tqifhavmuftxd ajymif;a&$@cef@tyfr_awGudk udk,fhoabmeJ@udk,f vkyfydkifcGifh&dScJhayrJh aemufydkif;rSmawmh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ twnfjyKcsufryg&if bmrSvkyfvdk@r&awmha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'DvdktajctaeawGa=umifh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;armifat; udk,fwdkif jzKwfxkwf&Sif;wJhtxJ ygroGm;&atmif tajctaeudk=unfh+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL; }uD;oef;a&$ &kwfw&ufaoqHk;rJhtcsdefudk t&ufaomuf&if;eJ@ xdkifapmifhae&w,fvdk@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&Hk;rSm ESpf twef=um wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhbl;wJh wyfrawmft&m&dSwpfOD;u ajymqdkcJhbl;ygw,f?

AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$[m wyfrawmf&J@ xdyfydkif;&mxl;awGtwGuf rsdK;qufopf AdkvfcsKyfawGudk arG;jrLvmcJh&m rSm tckqdk&if umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&Hk;rSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD; a&$ref;/ 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; jrifhaqG/ 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; jrifhvd_if/ 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; &Jjrifh (p&c) eJ@ r=umcif 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGjzpfvm=uawmhrJh AdkvfcsKyfomat;/ AdkvfcsKyfcifaZmf AdkvfcsKyf ol&jrifhatmif wdk@tjyif tcktopfcef@tyfvdkufwJh AdkvfcsKyftkef;jrifh/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifoef;xGÉf/ AdkvfcsKyfrif;atmifvd_if/ AdkvfcsKyfvSaX; 0if;/ AdkvfcsKyfudkudk eJ@ AdkvfcsKyf m%fxGef; wdk@ a&muf&dSae=u+yDjzpfygw,f? ppfwdkif; (13)wdkif;rSmvnf; DSA tywfpOf (22)ausmif;qif; wdkif;rSL;(7)OD; (AdkvfcsKyfausmfaqG/ AdkvfcsKyfwifaiG/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;0if;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf&mjynfh/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf ausmf+zdK;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf0if;jrifh/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfvSrif;) tygt0if rsdK;qufopf ppfwdkif;rSL;awGeJ@ tpm;xdk;xm;+yD;jzpfovdk/ wyfr(10)ck/ puc(19)ck eJ@ 'up(7)ck rSmvnf; rsdK;qufopfwyfrSL;awGeJ@ tpm;xkd;ae+yDjzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif ppf&Hk;csKyf tulvuf&Hk;wyfzGJ@awGeJ@ wyfrawmf(av)/ wyfrawmf(a&)wdk@rSmvnf; rsdK;qufopfwyfrSL;awGeJ@ tpm;xdk;ae+yD jzpfyg w,f?

etzu em*pfavrkefwdkif;'%fa=umifh twd'kuQa&mufae=uwJh jrefrmjynfolawGudk riJhuGufyJ olwdk@pdwfwdkif; usa&;qGJxm;wJh 2008 zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk twif;tusyf twnfjyKEdkifcJhayrJh 2010 a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifcifrSm &ifqdkif&rhJ pdrfac:r_awG trsm;tjym;usef&dSaeao;wmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? jrefrmhwyfrawmfudk ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&wJh rsdK;qufopfwyfrSL;awG&J@vufxJudk pepfwus v$Jajymif;ay;Edkifa&;/ ygvDreftqifhqifheJ@ A[dktpdk;&/ jynfe,ftpdk;& pwJh tkyfcsKyfa&;tqifhqifhrSm ppfAdkvf(25)&mcdkifE_ef; yg0ifEdkifzdk@twGuf wyfxJrSmoHk;r&rJholawGudk pDppfa&G;cs,f ap v$wfEdkifa&;/ }uH@zGH@toif;udk toGifajymif;zGJ@pnf;rJh ppfwyfydkifEdkifiHa&;ygwD}uD;rSm wyfrawmfxJu tdky,fawGudk ae&m csxm;ay;a&;/ tem*gwfjrefrmEdkifiH&J@ pD;yGm;a&;avmuudk wyfrawmftodkif;t0dkif;u qufvuf vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm; Edkifatmif pepfwus jyifqifxm;&dSEdkifa&;eJ@ typf&yf/ typfr&yf/ vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;awGudk tcsdefrD vufeuf jzKwfodrf;Edkifa&;/ pwJhudpPawGudk 'DESpfawGtwGif;rSm +yD;jywfatmifjyKvkyf&zdk@ usef&dSaeygw,f?

ppftm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m tul;tajymif;umvrSm ppftm%m&Sifa[mif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;vdk trSm;rsdK;eJ@ r}uHK&atmif owdxm;+yD; jyifqifvkyfudkifaewmawG@&ayrJh tcef@roifh&if udk,faz:wJhaq;cg;}uD;udk udk,f jyefaomuf&wJhudef; qdkufEdkifygw,f? olwdk@udk,fwdkif twif;tusyftwnfjyKcJhwJh 2008 zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya't&



umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&J@ vkyfydkifcGifhawG[m orRwqdkol&J@ vkyfydkifcGifhawGxufawmif ydkrsm;aewma=umifh wcsdefcsdefrSm 0Ëfvnf+yD; udk,farG;cJhwJharsmufudk udk,fjyefa=umuf&rJhtjzpfqdk;eJ@ }uHKawG@&Edkifa=umif; oHk;oyfwifjyvdkuf&ygw,f? ?

*****************************




rqv ppftm%m&Sifa[mif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; vufxufu “'dk@vlawG &dSao;vm;” qdk+yD; r=umc%ar; avh&dSygw,f? “'dk@vlawG”qdkwmu olwyf&if;rSL;vkyfcJhwJh trSwf(4) Armhaoeyfudkifwyf&if;rSm oleJ@twlwm0efxrf; cJh=uwJh ol@wynf@&if; t&m&dS/ t&mcH/ t=uyfwyfom;awGudk &nf!$ef;wmjzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; umuG,fa&; OD;csKyfjzpfvmcJhwJh 1949 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dvup+yD; oleJ@oabmxm;csif; rwdkufqkdifwJh Armhwyfrawmf&J@ xdyfydkif; wyfrSL;}uD;awG (AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm tygt0if) udk wOD;csif;jzpfap/ tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkufjzpfap wajz;ajz; z,f&Sm;ypf cJh+yD; “'dk@vlawG” eJ@ tpm;xdk;cJhygw,f? tck etzppftm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ vufxufrSmvnf; ol umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmcJhwJh 1992 ckESpf {+yDvup+yD; jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ xdyfydkif;&mxl;awGrSm “ol@vlawG” eJ@ tpm;xdk;Edkifzdk@ pwif}udK;yrf;vmcJh wm awG@&dS&ygw,f? tckvuf&dS ol@ab;rSm 0ef;&Hxm;oltrsm;pk[m ol wyf&if;rSL;/ AsL[mrSL;/ wyfrrSL;/ wdkif;rSL;eJ@ 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf/ pwJhwm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifcJhpOfu ol@wynf@&if;jzpfcJhbl;olawG/ oludk,fwdkif ,Hk=unf pdwfcs tm;udk;&olawG jzpfaewmudkawG@Edkifygw,f? OTS tywfpOf(9) oifwef;qif; t&m&dSwOD;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m cv&(1)/ cr&(101)/ wyfr (88)/ taemufawmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf(ewc) pwJh wdkufcdkufa&;wyfawGrSm wm0eftqifhqifhudk xrf;aqmifcJhbl;ayrJh wdkufcdkufa&;bufrSm xl;c|efatmifjrifwJh wyfrSL;wOD;awmh rjzpfcJhygbl;? 1980 ckESpfavmufu wyfr(88) wyfrrSL;b0 eJ@ usdKif;wHka'orSm ppfqifa&;wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifaepOf wyfr(88)udk Auy (815)ppfa'o (,QK OD;pdkif;vif;. rdkif;vm; typf&yftxl;a'o) vufatmufcHwyfawGu jyif;jyif;xefxef ydwfqdk@wdkufcdkufacsr_ef;cJhwJhtwGuf wyfr (88)vufatmufcH trSwf(3)ucsifaoeyfudkifwyf&if; XmecsKyfygusqHk;cJh&+yD; ppfonfawGeJ@ rdom;pktrsm;tjym; aoqHk;cJh&bl;ygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$[m tJ'Dtcsdefu OD;ae0if;&J@ txl;,Hk=unfpdwfcs&wJh ppfacgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfaewJh twGuf ta&;,lrcH&wJhtjyif tJ'DESpftwGif; usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh rqvygwD&J@ pwkwˆt}udrfygwDnDvmcHrSm A[dkaumf rwD0iftjzpfawmif csD;jrSifhajrSmufpm;wmudk cHcJh&ygw,f? 1983 ckESpfrSm ewcwdkif;rSL;eJ@ {&m0wDwdkif;&J@ a'oygwD aumfrwDOuUX &mxl;awGudkyg csD;jrSifhcHcJh&+yD; 1985 ckESpfrSmawmh 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf jzpfvmcJhygw,f? tJ'D tcsdefu touf(52)ESpf t&G,fom&dSao;wJh AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$[m &mxl; tqifh(2)qifhudk ckefysHausmfwuf+yD; 'kwd, umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf jzpfvmwJhtay: rqvwyfrawmf xdyfydkif;wyfrSL;awGtwGif;rSm rauseyfr_awG trsm;tjym; &dScJh=uygw,f? 'gayrJh ppftm%m&Sif}uD;OD;ae0if; a&S@rSmawmh tm;vHk; a&iHkE_wfydwfaecJh=u&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oef;a&$[m ppfrwdkufwwfayrJh “vBufawmh aumif;aumif;xkwfwwfw,f” qdkwJh vlpm;xJrSm ygyHk&ygw,f? olu t&m&dSaygufpb0eJ@ uu§jynf/ ryc eJ@ wyfr[m(1)wdk@rSm e,fvSnf@ pdwf"gwfppfqifa&;rSL; wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifcJhbl;wJhtjyif A[dkEdkifiHa&;wuUodkvfrSmvnf; enf;jywm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifcJhbl;wJh tawG@t}uHKawGa=umifh vlawG&J@ pdwf"mwfoabmobm0eJ@ EdkifiHa&;tvm;tvmwcsdK@udk }udKwifwGufcsuf cef@rSef; Edkif+yD; vl}uD;awG ESpfoufoabmusatmif aexdkifjywwfwJht&nftcsif;&dSa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'gayrJh 1988 ckESpf &Spfav;vHk;ta&;tcif;umvrSmawmh ppftm%m&Sif}uD; OD;ae0if;eJ@ orD;}uD; AdkvfrSL; pENm0if;wdk@u AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$udk acgufxm;+yD; ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcif!Gef@udk a&S@wef;wif yGJ xkwfvmwJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$&J@ pdwfxJrSm OD;ae0if;rdom;pkeJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcif!Gef@wdk@tay: t+idK;taw;awG pwif jzpfay:cJhw,fvdk@ ,lq&ygw,f? 1988 ckESpf pufwbFmvtwGif; ppftm%m&Sif}uD; OD;ae0if;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD; apm armifeJ@ AkdvfcsKyfcif!Gef@wdk@udk ol@&J@tdrfawmfrSm ac:,lawG@qHk+yD; ppfwyfeJ@tm%modrf;zdk@/ ppftm%modrf;aumifpDrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu OuUXvkyf+yD; AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@eJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfwifOD; wdk@udk twGif;a&;rSL; (1)eJ@(2) vkyfcdkif;zdk@ !$ef=um;cJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifuvnf; 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$udk tm%m



odrf;ppfaumifpDrSm omreftzGJ@0ifwOD;tjzpfeJ@om xnf@oGif;cJh+yD; ta&;ygwJh ppfa&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m ay:v pDawGudk udkifwG,fcdkif;jcif;r&dSyJ vrf;azguf/ wHwm;aqmuf pwJhvkyfief;wcsdK@udkom }uD;=uyfapcJhwma=umifh AdkvfcsKyf }uD;oef;a&$u AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifeJ@ OD;ae0if;wdk@tay: t+idK;taw;xm;cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$&J@ rauseyfr_awGudk &dyfrdvmwJh AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@u e0wtwGif; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk a&S@&_+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$udk e0wppfaumifpD&J@ 'kwd,OuUXtjzpf cef@tyfwm0efay;zdk@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifudk t}udrf}udrf em;cspnf;&Hk;cJhwma=umifh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifu 1990jynf@ESpf tapmydkif;a&mufrS AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oef; a&$udk e0w 'kwd,OuUXtjzpf cef@tyfwm0efay;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh t+idK;taw;}uD;wJh AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$[m AdkvfcsKyf rSL;}uD;apmarmif&J@ ajcvSrf;trSm;udk apmifhqdkif;&if; qif}uH }uHaecJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$[m ae&mwum ol@ vufol@ajc jzpfaewJh AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@udkvnf; odyf=unf@r&ayrJh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@[m &Spfav;vHk;ta&;tcif;umvtwGif; tzsuftarSmifhvkyfief;awGudk vsdK@0Sufvkyfudkif+yD; ppftmodrf;zdk@ tajctaeawG ay:aygufvmatmif zefwD;vkyfaqmifay;cJhol jzpfaewma=umifh wcsdefcsdefrSm ol@twGufvnf; toHk;0ifvmEdkifw,f qdkwJhtawG;eJ@ tcsdKowfqufqHxm;zdk@ qHk;jzwfcJhyHk&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif[m 1990 taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJrSm wpnygwD tEdkif&r,fxif+yD; a&G;aumufyGJ +yD;&if wyfrawmfu ppfwyfv#m;udkjyefr,fvdk@ tmacsmifrdcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh pDpOfxm;ovdkjzpfrvmbJ NLD ygwDu tjywftowf tEdkif&&dSoGm;wJhtcg AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$ OD;aqmifwJh oabmxm;wif;rmol e0wAdkvfcsKyfawGu v$wfawmfac:ay;zdk@udpPeJ@ NLD ygwDudk tm%mv$Jay;zdk@udpPawGtay: tjyif;txef qef@usifuef@uGufcJh=uygw,f? NLD ygwDu olwdk@tm%m&cJh&if jrefrmhwyfrawmfudk jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; jyKvkyfzdk@/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;eJ@txuf wyfrawmf t&m&dS}uD;awGudk z,f&Sm;oef@pifypfzdk@ pDpOfaea=umif; wpdwfudkwtdyfvkyf+yD; wyfrawmftwGif;rSm aoG;xdk;vH_@aqmfr_ awGudkvnf; jyKvkyfcJh=uygw,f? ab;uswfeHuswf tajctaeawGeJ@ &ifqdkifvm&wJh tm%modrf;ppfacgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmif [m pdwfxGufayguf&SmwJhtaeeJ@ t&ufudk ae@a&mnyg aomufvmcJh&mu aemufqHk;rSm pdwfa0'emyg pGJuyfvm+yD; rdef@cGef;ac|&mrSm trSm;t,Gif;awG jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f? tuGufaumif;udkacsmif;aewJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$[m Adkvf csKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif&J@ rdef@cGef;awGudk wvHk;rS jyifqifwnf;jzwfjcif;rjyKbJ a&'D,dkeJ@ &kyfjrifoH=um;uae xkwfv$ifhcdkif; cJh+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifudk jynfolvlxkeJ@ wyfrawmfom;awGt=um;rSm ynmom;ygygeJ@ oduQmcszdk@ }udK;pm;cJhyg w,f? aemufqHk;rSm wyfrawmfaq;!$ef=um;a&;rSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmf0if; (aemif t*FvefEdkifiHqdkif&m jrefrmoHtrwf }uD;) OD;aqmifwJh orm;awmf}uD;awGudk ppfaq;cdkif;+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif&J@ usrRma&;tajctae raumif;awmh a=umif; aq;axmufcHpm a&;cdkif;cJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oef;a&$[m e0w ppfaumifpDtzGJ@0ifawGeJ@ ppftpdk;&tzGJ@0if awGudk 'Daq;pmjy+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmifudk tem;ay;zdk@ pnf;&Hk;cJhwJhtjyif ppfwdkif;rSL;wOD;csif;pD&J@ oabmxm; udkvnf; ac:,lar;jref;wmawG jyKvkyfcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? tppt&m&m tuGufaphatmif zefwD;EkdifcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$[m oludk,fwdkif vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;wJh e0w a=ujimcsuftrSwf 8§92 udk 1992 ckESpf {+yDv(23)&ufae@ &ufpGJeJ@ xkwfjyefcJh+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmif udk wm0eft&yf&yfu tem;ay;a=umif; a=ujimcJhygw,f? “EdkifiHawmf. jrm;ajrmif}uD;av;vSaom tvkyfwm0efrsm;. '%fa=umifh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif. usef;rma&;onf tem;r,lv#if rjzpfawmhonf@tajctaetxd csdK@,Gif;vm ojzifh wm0efrsm;jyefvnfxrf;aqmifEdkifaom usef;rma&;tajctaeodk@ a&muf&dSonftxd tem;,lae&ef u|rf;usif aom q&m0ef}uD;rsm;u t}uHjyK axmufcHwifjyvmygonf? Txufyg q&m0ef}uD;rsm;. t}uHjyKaxmufcHcsufudk EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ tpnf;ta0;wGifwifjy+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmiftm; tem;,lap&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufa=umif; a=ujimtyfygonf?” qdk+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$ u AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif udk ynmom;ygyg z,f&Sm;ypf+yD; tm%modrf;cJhygw,f? e0w twGif;a&;rSL;(1) AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@uvnf; tJ'Dae@&ufpGJeJ@ e0wa=ujim csuftrSwf 9§92 udk xkwfjyefcJh+yD; e0wOuUXae&mudk ,QKtcsdefup+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u qufvuf wm0ef,l oGm;rSmjzpfa=umif; a=ujimcJhygw,f? (wu,fawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$[m {+yDv(22)&ufae@ uwnf;u umuG,f a&;OD;pD;csKyf wm0efudk pwifxrf;aqmifae+yD jzpfygw,f?)



'DjzKwfxkwftm%modrf;yGJudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@wdk@ yl;aygif;vkyfudkifcJh=uwm jzpfEdkifygw,f? ol@txufuAdkvfcsKyfawGudk &Sif;xkwfypf+yD; wajz;ajz;ae&m,lzdk@ }uHpnfaewJh ar#mfrSef;csuf}uD;rm;ol ppfaxmufvSrf; a&;t}uD;tuJ AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@eJ@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$wdk@[m udk,fht}uHtpDeJ@udk,f yl;aygif;vkyfcJh=uwm jzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmiftay: opPmazguf+yD; aemufausmudk"m;eJ@xdk;cJh=uwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@ wdk@udk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif&J@ZeD; a':at;at;&D u cHjyif;a'goxGuf+yD; umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&Hk;ay:txd wufqJ cJhwmudkvnf; tJ'Dtcsdefu &efukefppf&Hk;csKyfrSm wm0efusaeolwdkif; od&dScJh=uw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m umuG,fOD;a&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmwmeJ@ w+ydKifeuf ol@&J@taetxm;udk cdkifrmatmif pwifwnfaqmufcJhygw,f? ol yxrqHk;vkyfcJhwJhtvkyfuawmh ppf&Hk;csKyfeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@&J@ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;Xme awGrSm “ol@vlawG” udk ae&mcsxm;vmjcif; jzpfygw,f? ol wyfr(88)wyfrSL;tjzpf xrf;aqmifcJhpOfu ppfOD;pD;rSL; ('kwd,wef;) tjzpfeJ@ ol@vufatmufrSm wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhbl;wJh 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD; ausmf0if; (rEWav; trSwf(1) ppf axmufvSrf;a&;wyfrSL;) udk arvtwGif;rSm &efukefppf&Hk;csKyfudkac:,lcJh+yD; wyfrawmfaxmufvSrf;a&;!$ef=um;a&;rSL; &Hk;rSm 'kwd,!$ef=um;a&;rSL;tjzpfeJ@ cef@tyfum AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@udk xdrf;csKyfEdkifzdk@ pwif}udK;yrf;cJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif rdef;rudpP&_wfaxG;r_awGa=umifh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifu tjypfay;wJhtaeeJ@ ppf&Hk;csKyfuae ,m ,D ESifxkwfxm;wJh ol@wynf@&if; AdkvfcsKyfwifOD; (twGif;a&;rSL; 2) eJ@ AdkvfrSL;}uD;cifarmifoef; (ppfOD;pD;rSL; yxrwef;) wdk@udkvnf; ppf&Hk;csKyfudk jyefvnfac:,l wm0efay;tyfcJhygw,f? AdkvfrSL;}uD;cifarmifoef;udk wyfr(11) wyfrrSL;tae eJ@ cef@tyfwm0efay;cJhwmjzpfayrJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u ol@teD;rSmac:,lxm;+yD; ppf&Hk;csKyfuae wyfr(11)udk uGyf uJapcJhygw,f? ol@&J@vHk+cHKa&;twGuf tumtuG,f&atmif wyfr(11)rSL;udk tem;rSmac:,lxm;cJhjcif; jzpfEdkifygw,f? aemufydkif;rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif &J@ vlawGtm;vHk;udk ppf&Hk;csKyfuz,f&Sm;ypfcJh+yD; ol@vlawGeJ@ tpm;xdk;cJhygw,f? ,kwfpGtqHk; AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$ ewc wdkif;rSL;b0eJ@ ykodrf+rdK@rSm wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhpOfu wdkif;rSL;uawmf a': r}udKif&J@pum;udk ajr0,frus em;axmifcJh=uwJh AdkvfrSL;ae0if;u EdkifiHawmforRw&J@ ppfbufvufaxmuf AdkvfcsKyf ae0if; jzpfvm+yD;/ AdkvfrSL;qef;qifh u ppf&mxl;cef@csKyf AdkvfcsKyfqef;qifh/ wdkif;rSL;&J@tdrfawmfapmifh vHk+cHKa&;t&m&dS Adkvf}uD;vSatmifodef; u ajcv#ifvnf;rqif;/ ppfvnf;rwdkuf&bJ ol&Jaumif;rSwfwrf;0ifwHqdyf csD;jrSifhcH&+yD; ppf&Hk; csKyfpcef;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfvSatmifodef; jzpfvm=ua=umif; wifjyvdkuf&ygw,f? ?

*****************************




1988 ckESpf pufwbFm ppftm%modrf;yGJ[m rqvppftm%m&Sif}uD; OD;ae0if;&J@ !$ef=um;csuft& AdkvfcsKyf }uD;apmarmif OD;aqmifwJhppftkyfpku rsufvSnfhjy+yD; tm%mudk v$Jajymif;,lvkdufjcif;om jzpfygw,f? 1988 ckESpf pufwbFm(17)&ufae@rSm wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AkdvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifeJ@ wyfrawmf ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;!$ef=um;a&;rSL;csKyf AdkvfrSL;csKyfcif!Gef@ wdk@[m &efukef+rdK@ AD vrf;rSm&dSwJh OD;ae0if;&J@aetdrfudk oGm;a&mufcJh+yD; wjynfvHk;rSm jzpfay:aewJh vlxktHkºuGr_tajctaeawGeJ@ wyfrawmf&J@ vuf&dStaetxm;awGudk OD;ae0if;xH &Sif;vif;wifjycJh&ygw,f? aemufwpfae@ pufwbFm(18)&ufae@ reuf(9)em&DrSm OD;ae0if;u rqvygwD acgif;aqmifawGjzpfwJh OD;pef;,k/ OD;pdefvGif/ OD;at;udk/ a'gufwmarmifarmif/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&ausmfxifeJ@ OD;xGef;wif wdk@udk ol@tdrfrSmac:,lawG@qHk+yD; ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;wpf&yf usif;yjyKvkyfcJhygw,f? 'Dtpnf;ta0;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD; apmarmifeJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcif!Gef@wdk@udkvnf; wufa&mufcdkif;cJh+yD; vuf&dStajctaeawGudk tao;pdwf xyfrH&Sif;jyzdk@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcif!Gef@udk OD;ae0if;u !$ef=um;cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? a'gufwmarmifarmifacgif;aqmifwJh tpdk;&tzGJ@taeeJ@ wdkif;jynf&J@vuf&dStajctaeawGudk qufvuf xdef; odrf;oGm;zdk@ b,fvdkrSrjzpfEdkifawmhwJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif OD;aqmif+yD; ppfwyfutm%modrf;zdk@/ tm%m odrf;ppfaumifpDrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif OuUX/ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcif!Gef@eJ@ AdkvfrSL;}uD; wifOD; (ppfOD;pD;rSL;AdkvfrSL;}uD;)wdk@udk twGif;a&;rSL;awGtjzpfeJ@ wm0efay;tyfzdk@/ 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf 'kwd, AdkvfcsKyf }uD;oef;a&$ tygt0if umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&Hk;u xdyfydkif;AdkvfcsKyfwcsdK@eJ@ ppfwdkif;rSL;awGudk tm%modrf; ppfaumifp tzGJ@0ifawGtjzpfeJ@ xnfhoGif;wm0efay;tyfzdk@/ 'dk@wm0efta&;oHk;yg; tygt0if a&G;aumufyGJawG tjrefqHk; usif;y jyKvkyfay;zdk@ qdkwJh OD;wnfcsuf(4)&yfudkyg tJ'Dtpnf;ta0;rSm OD;ae0if;u csrSwfay;cJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? ppftpdk;&&J@ zGJ@pnf;yHka&;qGJzdk@eJ@ EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfawGudk aemufuG,fu xdef;a=umif;ay;oGm;zdk@twGufvnf; a'gufwmarmifarmif acgif;aqmifwJh yJhudkifaumfrwDwpf&yfudk zGJ@pnf;wm0efay;tyfcJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? wyfrawmfu EdkifiHawmf&J@tm%mt&yf&yfudk odrf;ydkufvdkufa=umif; a=unmcsufudkvnf; tJ'Dtpnf;ta0; rSmyJ vufa&;rleJ@a&;om;cJh+yD; qufoG,fa&;!$ef=um;a&;rSL; AkdvfrSL;}uD;rsdK;oef@ (aemif jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;) eJ@ ppf axmufvSrf;a&; 'kwd,!$ef=um;a&;rSL; 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;oef;xGef; (aemif b¾ma&;eJ@tcGef0ef}uD;Xme 'k0ef}uD;) wdk@u tJ'Dae@nae (4)em&DrSm jrefrmhtoHudkoGm;a&muf+yD; 'Da=unmcsufudk xkwfv$ifhcdkif;cJh=uwmjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$[m ueOD;rSm e0wppfaumifpDtwGif; omref tzGJ@0ifwpfOD;taeeJ@om rxifr&Sm; yg0ifcGifh &&dScJh+yD; ta&;}uD;wJh ay:vpDydkif;qdkif&mudpPawGudkvnf; udkifwG,faqmif&GufcGifh r&&dScJhygbl;? 1989ckESpf arv(23)&uf ae@rSm pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhwJh e,fpyfa'oESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_taumiftxnfaz:a&;A[dktzGJ@rSm om OuUXtjzpf cef@tyfwm0efay;wmudk cHcJh&ygw,f? OD;ae0if;[m cyfxHkxHk trlt&m&dSwJh AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$tay: olcdkif;or#vkyfrJholtjzpf&_jrif+yD; 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftxd wm0ef}uD;awGudkay;tyfcJhayrJh aemufydkif;rSm bm a=umifh AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$tay: oabmxm;ajymif;vJoGm;&ovJ qdkwmudkawmh OD;ae0if;uvGJ+yD; b,folrS twdtus odEdkifrSm r[kwfygbl;? OD;ae0if;u AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$tay: tjrifr=unf jzpfvmwm[m OD;ae0if;eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$ wdk@t=um;u jy\ema=umifh rjzpfEdkifbJ OD;ae0if;&J@orD;}uD; AdkvfrSL;cifpENm0if;eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$&J@ ZeD; a':r}udKif/ orD;awGjzpf=u wJh cif+yHK;a&$/ =unf=unfa&$/ at;at;opfa&$/ a'0ga&$/ oEWma&$ wdk@t=um;u +ydKifqdkifr_awGeJ@ remvdk0efwdkpdwfawG a=umifh jzpfEdkifw,fvdk@ AdkvfcsKyfuawmfwcsdK@u oHk;oyfajymqdkcJh=uygw,f? 2008 ckESpf pufwbFm(18)&ufae@rSm OD;ae0if;&J@ rqvtpdk;&vufu EdkifiHawmftm%mudk wyfrawmfu odrf;vdkuf+yDqdkayrJh AD vrf;rSm&dSwJh OD;ae0if;&J@aetdrfudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@wdk@ ae@pOfvdkvdk 0if xGufoGm;vmaewmawG@&+yD; OD;ae0if;xH tpD&ifcHwifjywmawG/ OD;ae0if;&J@=o0g'udk cH,lwmawG/ qufvuf jyKvkyfcJh



=uygw,f? OD;ae0if;&J@ aetdrfudkvnf; cgwdkif;vdk vHk+cHKa&;tapmifhwyfzGJ@awG tjynfht0 csxm;ay;cJhygw,f? 1989 ckESpf rwfv(27)&uf wyfrawmfae@(zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ae@) npmpm;yGJrSmvnf; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;0wfpHkudk 0wfqif+yD; tm%modrf;ppfaumifpD0ifawG&J@ pm;yGJxdyfrSm cef@cef@}uD;ae&m,lxm;wJh OD;ae0if;udk e0w owif;rD'D,mawGu wcrf;wem;az:jyay;cJh=uwmudk awG@&ygw,f? 'ghtjyif e0wppfaumifpDOuUX&Hk;tygt0if tpdk;&&Hk;awGrSmvnf; Adkvf csKyf}uD;ae0if;&J@ "gwfyHkawGudk qufvuf csdwfqGJxm;cJh=uwm awG@&ygw,f? 1990 ckESpftwGif; 'nif;ukef;wyfrawmfa*gufuGif;rSm 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$/ AdkvfcsKyfarmifarmifcif/ AdkvfcsKyfbkef;jrifh eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfcspfaqGwdk@ a*guf&dkufupm;aepOf OD;ae0if; &kwfw&ufa&muf&dSvmwJhtwGuf upm;wmudk acwW&yfem;+yD; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$u OD;ae0if;udk tav;jyK}udKqdkE_wfqufcJhwJhtjyif olwm0ef,lvkyfaqmifae wJh a'ozGH@+zdK;a&;vkyfief;tajctaeawGudk wifjytpD&ifcHcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifudk z,f&Sm;+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmwJhtcsdefu pvdk@ OD;ae0if;tay: AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$&J@ qufqHa&;tajctaeawG[m vHk;0 ajymif;vJoGm;cJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$u OD;ae0if;udk ADvrf;&dS umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfaetdrfu qif;cdkif;cJhwJhtwGuf OD;ae0if;[m ol@orD;}uD; cif pENm0if;&J@aetdrfudk ajymif;a&$@ay;cJh&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? OD;ae0if;&J@ teD;uyfvHk+cHKa&;wyfzGJ@u t&m&dS/ t&mcH/ t=uyf wyfom; tm;vHk;udkvnf; oufqdkif&m wyf&if;wyfzGJ@awGudk jyefydk@cJh+yD;/ AD vrf;t0eJ@ a':cifpENm0if; tdrfw0dkuf rSmom trSwf(4) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;u wyfcGJ(1)cGJudk qufvuf csxm;ay;cJhygw,f? tJ'Daemufydkif; tpdk;&&Hk;awGrSmcsdwfqGJxm;wJh OD;ae0if;&J@"gwfyHkawGudk jyefvnfjzKwfodrf;ay;zdk@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$u zdtm;ay;cJhwJhtwGuf 1992 ckESpf arv(4) &ufae@xkwf e0wppftpdk;&owif;pmawG&J@ rsufESmzHk;rSm OD;ae 0if;&J@ rnDrnmvufa&;eJ@ a&;om;xm;wJh arwWm&yfcHpmwpfapmifudk awG@=u&ygw,f? “t+idrf;pm;orRw ae0if;. oufqdkifolrsm;tm; arwWm&yfcHcsuf” vdk@ acgif;pOfwyfxm;wJh 'Da=ujimcsufwdkav;rSm “tpdk;&e,fbuf/ ppfbuf &Hk;rsm;/ Xmersm;wGif u|efawmf."gwfyHkrsm; csdwfqGJxm;jcif;udk y,fzsuf=uyg&efESifh aemifwGifvnf; rcsdef=uyg&ef arwWm&yfcHtyfygonf?” qdk+yD; a&;om;az:jyxm;ygw,f? OD;ae0if;[m tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; orD;jzpfol a':cifpENm0if;&J@+cH0if;twGif;rSm oD;jcm;tdrfi,fwpfvHk; aqmuf vkyfaexdkifcJh&+yD; bmoma&;tvkyfawGudkom tm&HkpdkufvkyfudkifcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? aemufydkif;rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$ u a':cifpENm0if;&J@ aetdrfw0dkufu vHk+cHKa&;tapmifhawGudkyg jyefvnf&kwfodrf;cdkif;cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$[m a':cifpENm0if;udk ydk+yD; rsufrkef;usdK;wJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmif e0wOuUX jzpf pOfu a':cifpENm0if;wdk@rdom;pkudk csay;xm;wJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfydkifcGifhawGudk ol@vufxufrSm jyefvnfxdef;csKyfcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@trdef@t& GSM rdkbdkif;w,fvDzkef; wifoGif;a&mif;cscGifhudk wpfOD;wnf; rlydkiftjzpf a':cifpENm0if;wdk@ rdom;pkudk csay;cJhwJh qufoG,fa&;pmwdkufeJ@a=u;eef;0ef}uD;Xme 0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyf0if;wif udk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$u 2001 ckESpf arv(10)&ufae@rSm jzKwfxkwfz,f&Sm;ypfcJh+yD; GSM w,fvDzkef;awG wifoGif;a&mif;cscGifhudk wdkuf&dkuf }uD;=uyfzdk@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat;udk wm0efay;cJhygw,f? GSM w,fvDzkef;awG wifoGif;zdk@udpPrSm t&if;tESD; a':vmoef;(200)avmuf vdktyfwJhtwGuf a':cif pENm0if; u AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@&J@tultnDeJ@ typf&yf UWSA tzGJ@udk &S,f,m(80)&mcdkifE_ef; a&mif;pm;xm;cJhwJhtjyif w,fvDzkef;awGudkvnf; }udKwifa&mif;csxm;cJhwma=umifh 'DudpPawGtwGuf oyGwftlvdkuf+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@ wdk@t=um;rSm wif;rmr_awG ydkrdkjzpfay:cJh&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? tJ'Daemufup+yD; AdkvfcsKyfcif !Gef@&J@ =oZmtm%mudk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat;wdk@u wajz;ajz; csKyfudkifvm=uwm a=umifh AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@taeeJ@ a':cifpENm0if;wdk@ rdom;pktay: oHa,mZOf&dSayrJh ulnDaqmif&Gufay;Edkifwm r&dS oavmuf enf;oGm;cJh&w,fvdk@qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ orD;(4)OD;[m EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;XmerSm twGif;0ef&mxl;awGudk &,lxm;=uwJh twGuf OD;ae0if; EdkifiHjcm;udk aq;ukoxGufwJhtcg oufqdkif&mEdkifiHawGrSm&dSwJh jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;awGeJ@ oH&Hk;t&m&dS awGu OD;ae0if;udk EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJvdk orD;jzpfol a':cifpENm0if; udk (First Lady) vdk oabmxm;+yD; jymjym ovJ oGm;a&muf}udKqdk {nfhcHae=uwmudk remvdkr&_pdwfjzpf+yD; zcifjzpfol AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$udk wpdwfwtdwf



vkyfum wdkif=um;cJh=uygw,f? ppftm%m&Sifa[mif;}uD; OD;ae0if;eJ@ ol@&J@rdom;pktay: tjrifr=unfvifawmhwJh ppftm%m&Sifvufopf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u OD;ae0if;&J@ ol@&J@om;orD;awGudk vHk;0 }udKqdkE_wfqufjcif;/ {nfhcHjcif;/ rjyKvkyf=uzdk@ EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;Xmeudk csufcsif; trdef@xkwfcdkif;cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? (trSefuawmh a':cifpENm0if;udk (First Lady) vdk@ ajrSmufyifhac:a0:+yD; }udKqdkcJhwJhEdkifiHqdkvdk@ uGefjrLepf ajrmufudk&D;,m;EdkifiHwpfckwnf;om &dScJhygw,f? 1970 ckESpfaESmif;ydkif;rSm ajrmufudk&D;,m;EdkifiH +yHK,rf;+rdK@awmfudk ppf tm%m&Sif}uD; OD;ae0if;eJ@ orD;jzpfol a':cifpENm0if;wdk@ cspf=unfa&; tvnftywfc&D; oGm;a&mufpOfu tJ'Dvdk ac: a0:oHk;pGJ+yD; }udKqdkcJhwmjzpfygw,f?) AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$t=um;u rausvnfr_awGxJrSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifudk z,f &Sm;+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$u tm%modrf;vdkuf+yD;aemufydkif; vpfvyfoGm;cJhwJh e0w 'kOuUX ae&mudk AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@ udk ray;yJ AdkfvfcsKyfarmifat; udk ay;vdkufwJhudpPvnf; xdyfqHk;uyg0ifw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? OD;ae0if;eJ@ rqv xdyfwef; acgif;aqmif}uD;awGu 1988ckESpfrSm wyfrawmfudk tm%modrf;zdk@trdef@ay;cJhpOfuwnf;u tm%modrf;tzGJ@rSm Adkvf csKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif+yD;&if AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@udk 'kwd,acgif;aqmiftaeeJ@ owfrSwfay;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$[m vpfvyfoGm;wJh ol@&J@ 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfwm0efudk &yc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf armifat;udk 1993 ck rwfv(27)&ufae@rSm v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJhygw,f? wu,fawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifeJ@ AdkvfcsKyf }uD;oef;a&$wdk@ touf(60)jynfhvdk@ oufjynfhyifpifeJ@ t+idrf;pm;,loGm;&if jrefrmhwyfrawmfudk qufvufOD;aqmifzdk@ twGuf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfavmif;tjzpf vsmxm;cH&olawGxJrSm rlvu AdkvfcsKyfarmifat; rygcJhbl;vdk@ qdkygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu &wc wdkif;rSL;jzpfcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyf^m%fvif; (DSA-1) (touf 52 ESpf)udk umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfavmif; tjzpf owfrSwfvsmxm;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyf^m%fvif; u usrRma&;raumif;wJhtwGuf 1991 ckESpf rwfv(18)&ufae@rSm aq;yifpifeJ@ t+idrf;pm;,loGm;cJh&wma=umifh oleJ@ppfwuUodkvfwywfpOfxJjzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyf armifat;udk rv$Jra&Smifom a&G;cs,fvdkuf&wmjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@taeeJ@uvnf; ol@ppfr_xrf;oufwrf;wav#muf wdkufcdkufa&;wm0efawGxuf Staff Duty ac: OD;pD;t&m&dSwm0efawGudkom ydk+yD;xrf;aqmifcJh&wJhtwGuf ppfbufa&;&mudpPawGxuf EdkifiHa&;udpPawGrSm ydk+yD; pdwf0ifpm;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@taeeJ@ 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl;udk &&dSzdk@ar#mfvifhrxm;ayrJh e0w'kOuUX&mxl; &&dSzdk@udkawmh trsm;}uD;ar#mfvifhxm;cJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u Adkvf csKyfcif!Gef@udk 'Dvdk&mxl;rsdK;ay;zdk@ rlvuwnf;u pdwfrul;cJhbl;vdk@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@u &nf&G,fcsuf}uD;+yD; yg;eyfr_vnf;&dSwJhtjyif OD;ae0if;rdom;pktygt0if rqv ppfacgif;aqmifa[mif;awGuvnf; ol@udk tm;ay;axmufcH ae=uwJhtwGuf 'D&mxl;ay;vdkuf&if e0wOuUXae&mudkyg +cdrf;ajcmufvmrSmpdk;&drfwma=umifh 'D&mxl;udk b,fol@udk rSray;bJ (2)ESpfeD;yg;avmuf=umatmif tcsdefqGJxm;cJhygw,f? e0w ppftm%modrf;aumifpDeJ@ 0ef}uD;tzGJ@twGif; 'D&mxl;udk AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@om &xdkufw,f/ AdkvfcsKyf }uD;armifat;om &xdkufw,feJ@ twGif;}udwf tkyfpkwdkufyGJawGay:aygufcJhonftxd jzpfcJh&ygw,f? 'gayrJh aemufqHk; rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ wOD;wnf;&J@ qHk;jzwfcsufeJ@ e0w 'kOuUX&mxl;udkvnf; 1994 ckESpf {+yDv(27)&ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;armifat; udkom csD;jr‡ifhay;tyfcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@[m pdwf"mwfus+yD; ol@udk E_wfxGufcGifhay;zdk@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$xH t}udrf}udrf awmif;qdk cJhayrJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u E_wfxGufcGifhvnf;ray;/ vkyfydkifcGifhvnf; wdk;ray;bJ }udK;&Snf&SnfeJ@ vSefxm;cJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@udk tm%m&dSoa,mif/ vkyfydkifcGifh&dSoa,mif vljrifuGif; rD'D,mawGay:rSm jyoay;xm;ayrJh ta&; }uD;wJhvkyfydkifcGifhrSefor#udk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;armifat; wdk@uom aemufuG,fu xdef;csKyfxm;cJh a=umif; oHk;oyfwifjyvdkuf&ygw,f? ?

*****************************




=uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_wfawmfyHkudkavhvm&mrSm ppftm%m&SifAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG&J@ twGif;yËdyuQawGavmufudk avhvm&kHeJ@ jynfhpHkrSmr[kwfygbl;? ppftm%m&SifAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG&J@ xl;qef;wJhpdwfa&m*gawGeJ@ olwdk@aemufuG,fu ra[oD}uD;awG&J@ “rD;zdkacsmifuufbdeuf” tajctaeawGudkyg yl;wGJavhvmEdkifrSom eef;wGif;t&_wfawmfyHk&J@ t a=umif;&if; Zpfjrpfudk ydkrdkem;vnf oabmaygufrSm jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh yk*~dKvfa&;qefwJh wcsdK@ta=umif;t&mawG udk raz:jycsifayrJh eef;wGif;t&_wfawmfyHkeJ@ qufEG,fywfoufaewJh ta=umif;t&mwcsdK@udkawmh rv$Jra&Smifom xnfhoGif;az:jy&zdk@ vdktyfvmygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmif u ol@udk,fol usefcJhwJhppfom; “usefppfom;” qdk+yD; ol@&J@ urBmausmf rm&oGef rdef@cGef;&Snf}uD;wpfckrSm xnfhoGif;ajymqdkcJhbl;ygw,f? ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;awGOD;pD;wJh aomif&if;pmay0dkif; qdkwJhtzGJ@ uvnf; “rsm;pGmaom cyfodrf;aomoltaygif;wdk@onf om;wuGJ/ r,m;wuGJ/ rdwuGJ/ bwuGJ jzpf=u&ukef.? xdkolwdk@. qif;&Jjcif;'kuQudk ig+idrf;ygtH@? xdkolwdk@. rsuf&nfudk igokwfygtH@? ig. vusFmvufjzifh qefpyg; &duQmudk ay;tH@? ig. vuf0Jvufjzifh 0wfpm;wefqmudk ay;tH@? trdonf om;i,fudk &ifcGifYESpfodrfhapouJhodk@ igonfvnf; wdkif;oljynfom;wdk@udk ESpfodrfhaptH@? (usefppfom;rif; c&pfESpf 1084-1112) qdk+yD; “rk'dwm” qdkwJh acgif;pOfeJ@ olwdk@&J@ vpOfxkwf jrufcif;opf r*~Zif;awG&J@ a&S@qHk;pmrsufESmawGuae “rif;&l;bHkaqmf” vkyfay;cJhbl;ygw,f? aemufqHk;&vm'fuawmh usefppfom;rif;tjzpf ,Of,Ofav;&l;ae&mu ppf&Hk;rSm&dSor# vufatmuft&m&dSawGudk ol@pdwfykwD;udk vufeJ@xdcdkif;+yD; “b,fvdkxl;jcm;wJh cHpm;r_rsdK;&dSovJ”vdk@ ae@pOfar;wJhtxd oGufoGufcgwJhtqifhudk a&muf&dSoGm;cJhjcif; jzpfygw,f? tJ'D usefppfom;rif;udkz,f&Sm;+yD; tm%modrf;cJhwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$uvnf; ol@Zmwd ausmufqnfa' orSm wcsdefu bk&ifjzpfcJhwJh “omvGefrif;w&m;}uD;” 0ifpm;olvdk@ ol@udk,fol ,Hk=unfaeoljzpfygw,f? cv&(1) wyf&if;rSL;uawmf a':r}udKif wjzpfvJ EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJuawmf a':}udKif}udKif uvnf; 2002 ckESpfup+yD; ol@udk “r,fawmf}uD;” vdk@ ac:+yD; ol@orD;awGudk “orD;awmf” awGvdk@ ac:a0:=uzdk@ olwdk@rdom;pkeJ@eD;pyfwJh ppfbuft&yf buft&m&dS}uD;awGudk E_wfrdef@eJ@ !$ef=um;cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'ghtjyif EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJ&J@ pHtdrfawmf {nfh cef;rrSmvnf; rif;=wm;}uD;eJ@ r,fawmf}uD;twGuf qdkzm(2)vHk;omcsxm;+yD; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat;eJ@ a':jr jrpef; wdk@tygt0if vmor#{nfhonftm;vHk; =urf;jyifay:rSm ykqpfwkwf xdkifcdkif;avh&dSw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? orD;awmf awG&J@ pHtdrfawmfawGrSmvnf; tvm;wl {nfhonfawGudk =urf;ay:rSm xdkifcdkkif;avh&dSa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? ol@udk,fol qifjzL&Sifrdbk&m;}uD;0ifpm;olvdk@ ,Hk=unfaewJh r,fawmf}uD; a':}udKif}udKifu &cdkifjynfe,f b*Fvm;a'h&Sfe,fpyfu zrf;rdvmwJh qifjzLawGudk &efukefta&muf avSwwef/ um;wwefeJ@ o,faqmifcdkif;+yD; tif;pdef (9)rdkif w&kwfocFsdKif;ae&ma[mif;rSm qifjzLawGxm;&dSzdk@twGuf taqmuftOD;awGudk wcrf;wem; aqmuf vkyfapcJhygw,f? r,fawmf}uD;eJ@ orD;awmfawG[m olwdk@ udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaewJh aA'if/ euQwf q&mwcsdK@&J@ tcg awmfay;csuft& 2003 ckESpfeJ@ 2004 ckESpfawGtwGif; nzufrSm eef;0wfeef;pm;awGudk0wfqif+yD; qifjzLawGpD;zdk@ (9)rdkifocFsdKif;udk oGm;a&mufcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? t0wftpm; udk;,dk@um;,m;eJ@rdk@ qifawGuvef@+yD; xGufajy;wJh twGuf awmf0ifrdom;pk qifay:u jyKwfusolus/ jzpfcJh&w,fvdk@qdkygw,f? tJ'Dtjzpftysufudk twGif;usus od&dS cJh=uwJh etz0ef}uD;awGeJ@ ppf&Hk;csKyft&m&dS}uD;awGuawmh uG,f&mrSm “qifeif;+yD; jrif;uefcHvdkuf&wJh awmf0ifrd om;pk” qdk+yD; [movkyf ajymqdkae=ua=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? awmf0ifrdom;pkrSm om;awmf(3)yg;eJ@ orD;awmf(5)yg;a=umif; od&dSygw,f? OD;}udKifpef;a&$/ OD;xGef;Edkifa&$ ac: OD;xGef;xGef;Edkif/ OD;oef@aZmfa&$ ac: OD;armifarmif eJ@ a':cif+yHK;a&$/ a':=unfrma&$ ac: a':=unf=unfa&$ ac: r=o/ a':opfopfa&$ ac: a':at;at;opfa&$/ a':a'0ga&$eJ@ a':oEWma&$ ac: aygufayguf wdk@ jzpfygw,f? orD;(4)OD;u zcif



jzpfol&J@ =oZmt&dSeft0gudk toHk;jyK+yD; EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;XmerSm twGif;0ef&mxl;awGudk &,lxm;=ua=umif; od&dS& ygw,f? OD;}udKifpef;a&$&J@ZeD;u a'gufwmcif0if;pdef jzpf+yD; a*s'dk;ewf pm;aomufqdkifawGudk ydkifqdkifa=umif; od&dS&yg w,f? OD;xGef;Edkifa&$&J@ ZeD;u a':cifoEWmjzpf+yD; a[mifaumifeJ@ puFmylEdkifiHawGrSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awG trsm;tjym; ydkfifqdkifa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? a':cif+yHK;a&$&J@ cifyGef;u AdkvfrSL;}uD;odef;Edkif (wyfrawmf-av)jzpf+yD; r=umcifu jyKvkyf cJhwJh wyfwGif;&mxl;tajymif;tvJawGrSm AdkvfrSL;csKyftqifheJ@ r*Fvm'Hkavwyfpcef;rSL;tjzpf wm0efay;tyfcHcJh& a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? a':=unfrma&$ ac: a':=unf=unfa&$&J@ cifyGef;u AdkvfrSL;}uD; aepdk;armif (wyfrawmf-aq; wyf) jzpf+yD; olwdk@&J@om;jzpfwJh zdk;vjynfh ac: aea&$aoG;atmif[m AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ tcspfqHk;ajr;wpfOD;jzpf a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? (aea&$aoG;atmif rl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;pGJaea=umif; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ od&dSoGm;cJh&mrS rD;cdk; ºuGufav#mufvdkuf&if; rl;,pfaq;0g;jzef@jzL;a&mif;csol atmifaZmf&Jjrifh ('kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;&Jjrifh.om;)ESifh pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&Sif armif0dwfwdk@udk r=umcifu zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cJhjcif;jzpfa=umif; od&dS&onf?) pdefpDaomn AGD'D,dkrif;orD; a':oEWma&$ ac: aygufayguf&J@ cifyGef;uawmh pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme ukefoG,fa&;!$ef=um;r_ OD;pD;XmerS 'kwd,!$ef=um;a&;rSL; AdkvfrSL;aZmf+zdK;0if; jzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ rdom;pk[m pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;awGudk xifxifay:ay: xlaxmifvkyfudkifwmrsdK; rawG@&ayrJh oufqdkif&m0ef}uD;XmetoD;oD;uae yHkrSefqufa=u;aiGawGeJ@ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfydkifcGifhvdkifpifawGudk vuQH& ,l+yD; jyefa&mif;pm;wmawG jyKvkyfaea=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 2004 ckESpf pufwbFm(18)&ufae@rSm jzKwfxkwfz,f&Sm; cHvdkuf&wJh v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;eJ@qnfajrmif;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyf!Gef@wif&J@ vmbfpm;r_awGudk tif;pdef txl; w&m;&Hk;rSmppfaq;wJhtcg AdkvfcsKyf!Gef@wif&J@ZeD; a':cifrsdK;OD;u olwdk@&wJhvmbfaiGawGxJu r,fawmf}uD; a':}udKif }udKifeJ@ orD;awmfawGudk wpfvHk;v#if tar&duefa':vm (1³5)oef;wefwJh pdef(5)vHk;eJ@ uefawmhcJh&w,fvdk@ xGufqdkcJh a=umif; 2005 ckESpf atmufwdkbm(12)&ufae@xkwf befaumufydk@pfowif;pmrSm aqmif;yg;&Sif v,f&Da*s*if u xkwf az:a&;om;cJhwm awG@&ygw,f? 'ghtjyif opfawm0ef}uD; OD;atmifzkef;qDu awmif;,l&&dSxm;wJh opfxkwfvkyfcGifh vdkifpifawGudk a':}udKif}udKifu opfvkyfief;ukr`%DawGudk a&mif;pm;cJh&mrSmvnf; tJ'Dvdkifpifyg opfawmawG[m ckwf vSJa&mif;csxm;+yD;jzpfvdk@ ckwfp&m wpfyifrSrusefawmha=umif; ukr`%Du a':}udKif}udKifudk jyefvnfwdkif=um;cJhwJh twGuf OD;atmifzkef;[m csufcsif; jzKwfxkwfz,f&Sm; cHcJh&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;&J@rdom;pku yk*Hava=umif;vdkif;tygt0if olaX;av;OD;awZeJ@ olaX;av;armif0dwf wdk@&J@ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGrSmvnf; tpk&S,f,mawG trsm;tjym; xnfh0ifxm;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? &efukef uefawmf}uD; uef&dyfompm;aomufqdkifeJ@ ausmufqnf-rEWav; ajy;qGJaewJh qifjzLawmf [dkif;vwfum;oif;awGudkvnf; AdkvfcsKyf rSL;}uD;&J@ orD;awmfawGu ydkifqdkif=ua=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? orD;awmf(4)OD;vHk;[m EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmerSm twGif;0ef&mxl;awGudkvnf; &,lxm;=uygw,f? a':cif+yHK;a&$ [m 2000-2001 ckESpfu qGpPvefEdkifiH *seDzmoH&Hk;rSm wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh&ygw,f? 'gayrJh twGif;0efwpfOD;&J@ tvkyf awGudk vkyfudkifjcif;rjyKbJ bk&ifhorD;awmfwpfa,mufvdkaexdkif+yD; EdkifiHawmfaiGawGudk xifovdk oHk;+zHK;aecJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? oHtrwf}uD; OD;jroef;u a':cif+yHK;a&$udk wpfcGef;rS jyefrajym&JwJhtjyif a':cif+yHK;a&$ !$ef=um;wJhtwdkif; waoGrwdrf; vdkufemvkyfaqmifay;cJh&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? a':cif+yHK;a&$[m vifa,musFm;}uD; &dSygv#ufeJ@ qGpPvef oH&Hk;rSm wm0efusaewJh oH&Hk;twGif;0ef udkaZmfxGef;OD; (etztwGif;a&;rSL;(2) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;&J@om;) eJ@ bmbmnmnm toHAvH awGxGufcJhwJhtwGuf udkaZmfxGef;OD;eJ@ ol@ZeD; roDwm (&efukef+rdK@awmf0ef OD;udkav;. orD;) wdk@t=um;rSm tdrfaxmifa&; jy\emawG t}uD;tus,fwufcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'Djy\emawGa=umifh aemufqHk;rSm udkaZmfxGef;OD;udk rav;&Sm;oH&Hk;udk ajymif;a&$@cdkif;cJh&+yD; a':cif+yHK;a&$ udk awmh &efukefudk jyefvnfac:,lcJh&ygw,f? bmrqdkifnmrqdkif =um;u ixGm;cg;em jzpf&oluawmh oHtrwf}uD; OD;jroef; jzpfygw,f? orD;awmfudk aumif;aumif; xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufEdkifr_r&dSbl;qdkwJh pGJcsufeJ@ OD;jroef;udk qGpPvef oH&Hk;rSmrxm;zdk@ r,fawmf}uD;udk,fwdkif !$ef=um;cJhwma=umifh jrefrmjynfudk csufcsif; jyefvnfac:,lcHcJh&+yD; ol@ae&m udk *smr%DEdkifiHqdkif&m jrefrmoHtrwf}uD; OD;!Gef@armif&dSefeJ@ tpm;xdk;cJh&a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?



a':cif+yHK;a&$[m jrefrmjynfa&mufwmawmif EdkifiHjcm;udk r=umc%xGuf+yD; udkaZmfxGef;OD;eJ@ qufvuf awG@ qHk qufoG,faeao;wm =umifh aemufqHk;rSm trd_ufupjy\'frD;avmif qdkovdk vli,fawG&J@tr_u rdbawGtxd a&mufvm+yD; vl}uD;csif;yg “nd” cJh=uw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? 'ga=umifh 2001 azaz:0g&DvrSm &[wf,mOfysufus aoqHk; oGm;&wJh etztwGif;a&;rSL; (2) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;eJ@ 2004 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv(5)&ufae@rSm ajymif;a&$@z,f&Sm; jzKwfxkwfcHvdkuf&wJh &efukef+rdK@awmf0ef OD;udkav; (t+idrf;pm;AdkvfrSL;}uD;) wdk@&J@ tjzpftysufawGaemufuG,frSm wjcm; rjrifEdkifwJhta=umif;t&mawG trsm;tjym;&dSaeEdkifao;w,fvdk@ ,lq&ygw,f? vGefcJhwJhESpfu vufxyfcJhwJh a':oEWma&$ uawmh w&kwfEdkifiH yDuif;jrefrmoH&Hk;u twGif;0efwpfOD;jzpfyg w,f? 'gayrJh twGif;0efwm0efawGudk rxrf;aqmifbJeJ@ &Sef[Ju wuUodkvfwpfckrSm yg&*lbGJ@,lzdk@ EdkifiHawmfpm;&dwfeJ@ ausmif;wufaecJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? &Sef[JrSmausmif;wufaepOf 0wf}uD;0wfi,fjyKpkay;zdk@twGufvnf; yDuif;jrefrm oH&Hk;u oH&Hk;0efxrf; trsdK;orD;wpfOD;udkyg (On duty) taeeJ@ xnfhay;cJh&ygw,f? 'gayrJh a':oEWma&$&J@ &ifh&ifhoD; oD; qufqHcdkif;apr_'%fawGudk rcHEdkifwJhtwGuf 4/ 5 &uftwGif;rSm oH&Hk;udkjyefvmcGifhjyKzdk@ wifjyawmif;qdkcJhygw,f? oHtrwf}uD;u EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;Xme 'kwd,0ef}uD; OD;cifarmif0if;udk qufvufwifjycJh&mrSm OD;cifarmif0if; u jyef ac:zdk@ cGihfjyKcJhwJhtwGuf tJ'D0efxrf;trsdK;orD;udk yDuif;oH&Hk;udk jyefac:cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'DudpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; a':oEWma&$u r,fawmf}uD;a':}udKif}udKifudk wdkif=um;wma=umifh a':}udKif}udKif&J@trdef@eJ@ oH&Hk;t&m&dS trsdK;orD; wpfOD;eJ@ oH&Hk;0efxrf;trsdK;om;wpfOD;udk a':oEWma&$ vufwdkvufawmif;cdkif;apzdk@ &Sef[Judk csufcsif; apv$wfay;cJh& w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? a':}udKif}udKif&J@ rsufrmefawmf&Sr_udk cHvdkuf&wJh 'kwd,EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; OD;cifarmif0if; [m vnf; 2004 ckESpf pufwbFm (18)&ufae@rSm jzKwfxkwf&Sif;wJhtxJ ygoGm;cJh&ygw,f? a':at;at;opfa&$eJ@ a':=unf=unfa&$wdk@ nDtr(2)OD;uawmh puFmyljrefrmoH&Hk;u twGif;0efawG jzpfyg w,f? EdkifiHawmfvpmeJ@ cHpm;cGifhawGudk,l+yD; puFmylrSm&dSwJh udk,fydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGudkOD;pD;&if; pmoifae=u olawG jzpfygw,f? puFmylrSm taumif;qHk;aetdrf/ taumif;qHk;um;awGeJ@ pnf;pdrf&dS&dS aexdkif=uwJhtjyif tywfpOf aom=umae@wdkif; EkdifiHawmfydkif MAI ava=umif;vdkif;u av,mOfawGeJ@ jynfawmfjyefavh&dSygw,f? wcgw&H olwdk@ nDtrawG aps;0,faewmudk apmifhay;ae&wJhtwGuf av,mOfxGufcGmcsdefawG aemufusavh&dSa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'DnDtr (2)OD;[m olaX;av; OD;awZeJ@ pD;yGm;a&;t& yk*~dKvfa&;t& eD;uyfpGmqufqH&wJhtwGuf a0zefajymqdkoH awG trsdK;rsdK;ay:xGufcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? omvGefrif;=wm;}uD;0ifpm;wmvdk@ udk,fhudk,fudk ,Hk=unfaewJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$uawmh jrefrmhordkif;rSm ol@rif;qufudkwnfaxmifEdkifzdk@ pdwful;,Ofaeoljzpfygw,f? ol@udk,fol pwkwWajrmuf jrefrmEdkifiHawmf&J@ t&SifoQif tjzpf ordkif;armfuGef;wif usef&pfcJh&atmif pDpOfvkyfaqmifaeygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m ol@a&S@u xifay: ausmf=um; =oZm}uD;rm;wJh wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifawG&J@ordkif;udk arS;rdefaysmufuG,foGm;atmif pepfwus tuGufcs vkyfaqmifaewm awG@&ygw,f? ol@&J@ q&m&if;jzpfcJhwJh ppftm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&J@ =oZmtm%m t&dSeft0g tm;vHk;udk wyfrawmftwGif;rSm jrLwrH_awmifrusef&atmif z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;ypfcJhovdk/ wyfrawmf&J@zcif}uD;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&J@ t&dSeft0gudkvnf; wyfrawmfxJrSmomru jynfolvlxktwGif;rSmyg vHk;0 aysmufuG,foGm; atmif }udK;yrf;vkyfaqmifaeygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m 1992 ckESpf (45)}udrfajrmuf tmZmenfae@up+yD; tpdk;&tqufqufu (44)ESpf =um usif;yjyKvkyfvmcJhwJh tmZmenfae@tcrf;tem; tpOftvmawGudk pepfwus zsufqD;cJhygw,f? 'DESpf Zlvdkif (19)&ufae@ (61)ESpfajrmuf tmZmenfae@tcrf;tem;[m tqdk;&Gm;qHk;jzpfwmudk awG@jrifEdkifygw,f? 'DESpfrSm tmZm enfae@tcrf;tem;udk EdkifiHawmftqifhtaeeJ@awmif rusif;yawmhyJ &efukef+rdK@awmf0efavmufu OD;aqmifusif;ywJh tqifhtxd arS;rdefav#mhcsypfcJhwm awG@Edkifygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$om raorcsif; quf+yD;tm%m&aeOD;r,fqdk&if aemufydkif;rSm tmZmenfae@qdkwmudkawmif jrefrmhordkif;u vHk;0 azsmufzsufypfEdkifygw,f? wyfrawmf&J@zcif}uD;eJ@ jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;ydokum}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ ol@rdom;pktay: oleJ@+ydKifzuf jzpfcJhwJh ppftm%m&Sif}uD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;eJ@ ol@rdom;pku remvdkrkef;wD;pdwfawG&dScJh =uwmudk jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif; ta=umif; avhvmod&dSxm;olawGtaeeJ@ }udK;pm;+yD;em;vnfay;vdk@ &aumif;&EdkifygvdrR,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfatmif



qef; usqHk;csdefrSm touf(14)ESpfom; t&G,fom&dSao;wJh tnmom; armifoef;a&$u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ tmZm enfacgif;aqmif}uD;awGtay:rSm *k%fjyKav;pm; tm;us&rSef;rodbJ remvdkrkef;wD;pdwfawG 'Davmuftxd jyif;xef aewmudkawmh b,fvdkordkif;ynm&SifrS em;vnfoabmaygufEdkif=urSm r[kwfygbl;? pdwfynm&SifawGtaeeJ@ ordkif; ynm&SifawGxufpm&if wpHkw&mydk+yD; em;vnfEdkifpGrf; &dS=uygvdrR,f? trSefuawmh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ ol@rdom;pku AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ ol@orD;tay: 'Davmuftxd emusnf; rkef;wD;ae=uwm[m tm%m&Sifa&m*ga=umifhom jzpfygw,f? ?

*****************************




AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmif [m 1991 ESpfukefydkif;avmufup+yD; pdwfa0'emcHpm;vm&wJhtwGuf 'k-OuUX AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oef;a&$ OD;aqmifwJh e0wtzGJ@u AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif&J@ vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mawGudk wpfck+yD;wpfck odrf; ,lcJh=uygw,f? 1991 ckESpf pufwbFm(18)&ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif wm0ef,lxm;wJh EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; wm0efawGudk OD;tHk;a*smfudk v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJhygw,f? 1992ckESpf rwfv(20)&ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif&J@ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; wm0efudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$u v$Jajymif;&,lcJhygw,f? 1992 ckESpf {+yDv(22)&ufae@rSm um uG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfwm0efudkyg v$Jajymif;,lcJhygw,f? {+yDv(23)&ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmifudk usef;rma&; ta=umif;jy tem;ay;vdkuf+yD; e0wOuUX&mxl;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$u v$Jajymif;,lcJhygw,f? {+yDv(24)&ufae@rSm e0wppftpdk;&&J@ 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;udkyg wygwnf; v$Jajymif;&,lcJhygw,f? wu,fawmh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif[m txufuay;wJhtrdef@twdkif; vdkufemaqmif&GufcJhwJh ppfom; wpfOD;om jzpfygw,f? ol@rSm tm%mudk a&&Snfqkyfudkifxm;vdkwJhqENeJ@ }uD;rm;wJhEdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csuf r&dSbl;qdkwm olajymcJhwJh rdef@cGef;awGeJ@ ol@vkyf&yfwcsdK@rSm txift&Sm; awG@Edkifygw,f? vGwfvyf+yD;w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyGJ wpf &yf usif;yjyKvkyfay;+yD;&if wyfrawmfu ppfwef;vsm;udk jyefr,fvdk@ ajymcJhbl;ovdk/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' a&;qGJzdk@qddkwm 'kd@tvkyf r[kwfbl;/ ordkif;w&m;cH tjzpfrcHEdkifbl;vdk@vnf; vlod&Sif=um; ajymqdkcJhbl;ygw,f? wu,f vnf; 1990 arv taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJudk vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#watmif usif;yjyKvkyfay;cJhwm awG@Edkifygw,f? 'gayrJh a&G;aumufyGJrSm trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfu tjywftowf tEdkif&&dSoGm;wJhtcg tm%mudkvufrv$wf csif=uwJh e0wAdkvfcsKyfawGu AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmifudk 0dkif;0ef;uef@uGuf zdtm;ay;vm=uygw,f? ppfom;yDyD udk,fajymcJhwJh pum;/ udk,fay;cJhwJhuwdudk rzsufcsifwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif[m tJ'Dtcsdefupvdk@ ab;usyfeH usyfjzpf+yD; pdwfzdpD;r_a0'emudk cHpm;cJh&ygw,f? ol@&J@pdwfa0'emudk ydkrdkqdk;0g;apwmuawmh 1990 ckESpf =o*kwfv(27)&ufae@rSm rEWav;+rdK@&dS oHComr*~D tzGJ@csKyfuOD;aqmif+yD; e0wppfAdkvfcsKyfawGtygt0if tm%mydkifawGtm;vHk;udk “ywWeduUKZ…e” uHaqmif oydwf arSmufcJhjcif; jzpfygw,f? rEWav;upvdkufwJh 'DuHaqmifoydwfwdkufyGJ[m ppfudkif;/ rHk&GmeJ@ &efukef+rdK@awG tygt0if wjynfvHk;udk awmrD;vdk csufcsif;jyef@ESef@oGm;wJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif tygt0if e0wppftkyfpkwpfckvHk;udk txl;wkefv_yf ajcmufjcm;oGm;apcJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh &Spfav;vHk;ta&;tcif;rSm ausmif;om;jynfol &[ef;&Sifvl awGudk um,uHajrmuf owfjzwfcJh=u&wJh wyfrawmf&J@atmufajcydkif;udk pdwf"mwfa&;&mt& ydkrdkxdcdkufapcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif taeeJ@ 'DudpPudk odrfodrfarG@arG@eJ@ udkifwG,fajz&Sif;vdkwJhqEN&dSayrJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oef;a&$ OD;aqmifwJh acgif;rm*dk%f;u tm%mpufeJ@ cyfjywfjywfudkifwG,fzdk@ twif;tusyf zdtm;ay;awmif;qdkvm wma=umifh aoG;xGufoH,dkESdrfeif;r_awG jyKvkyfcJh&wJhtay:rSmvnf; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif&J@ pdwfa0'em[m ydkrdk qdk;&Gm;cJh&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$uawmh EdkifiHawmf&J@tm%mawGtm;vHk; ol@vufxJudk a&muf&dSvmwJhtcsdefup+yD; Akdvf csKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif wm0efcHvkyfaqmifcJhwJh vkyfief;rSefor# oleJ@bmrSrqdkifovdk oabmxm;cJhygw,f? ol@vufxJu tm%mudk t"du+cdrf;ajcmufoljzpfvmwJh trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfudkvnf; b,fawmhrS tm%mv$Jray;zdk@ qHk; jzwfcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$ EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfwm0efudk v$Jajymif;,lwJhae@rSmbJ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJzdk@ trsdK;om;nDvmcHac:,lwJh a=unmcsufudk xkwfjyefcJhygw,f? ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtygt0if e0w ppfaumifpD0if(19)OD;vHk;[m rqv ppftm%m&Sifa[mif;}uD; OD;ae0if; udk,f wdkif a&G;cs,fwm0efay;xm;cJholawG jzpfygw,f? rqv ppftpdk;&acwfrSm umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol& ausmfxif jzpf+yD; wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifjzpfayrJh wu,fawmh olwdk@(2)a,mufvHk;



[m jrefrmhwyfrawmfwpfckvHk;tay:rSm OD;ae0if;avmuf =oZmoufa&mufr_ r&dScJhygbl;? olwdk@[m &kyfjyoabm avmufomjzpf+yD; tm%mtm;vHk;udk OD;ae0if;uom csKyfudkifxm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? tm%m&Sif}uD; OD;ae0if;[m ppfwyfu ol@udk tmcHykefuefvdk@r&atmifvnf; wyfrawmf&J@ xdyfwef;wyfrSL;}uD;awGtwGif;rSm aoG;cGJtkyfcsKyfwJhpepf udk usifhoHk;xm;wma=umifh 1988 ckESpftwGif; ppfwyfu tm%mv$Jajymif;,lcJh&wJhtcsdefrSm ppfwdkif;rSL;trsm;pk[m 'kumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$udk rqdkxm;eJ@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif udkawmif &dkaoav;pm;r_odyfr&dSwmudk txift&Sm; awG@&ygw,f? cyfrdkufrdkuf ppfwdkif;rSL;awGjzpf=uwJh erc (,QK vyc) wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfxGef;=unf/ ryc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf ausmfb eJ@ vyc wkdif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf at;aomif wdk@[m ppf&Hk;csKyfu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGudk odyf*&krpdkufyJ olwdk@vkyfcsif&m udk pGyfvkyfwwfolawGvdk@ tJ'Dtcsdefu eHrnf}uD;cJhygw,f? “&kwf&kwf &kwf&kwfawmh rvkyfeJ@/ 'dk@(3)a,muf aygif; vdkuf&if jrefrmEdkifiHudk ESpfydkif;cGJypfvdk@&w,f”vdk@ (4)vywftpnf;ta0;wpfckrSm ppf&Hk;csKyfudkawmif cyfajymifajymif +cdrf;ajcmuf&JwJholawG jzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk ppfwdkif;rSL;rsdK;awG&dSaeoa&G@ wyfrawmfwpfckvHk;udk ol@vufol@ajc xifovdk csKyfudkifvdk@r&Edkifbl;qdkwm }udKwifod&dS oabmaygufaewJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$uvnf; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif&J@ usef;rma&;tajctae qdk;vmwJhtcsdefup+yD; cyfpGmpGmAdkvfcsKyfawGudk wyfrJhAdkvfcsKyfawGjzpfvmatmif pepfwus pwifvkyfaqmifvmcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? 1992 ckESpf rwfv(5)&ufae@rSm ppfa&;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfjrifhatmifudk v,f,m pdkufysdK;a&;0ef}uD;/ eycwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfjroif; udk or0g,r0ef}uD;tjzpf ajymif;vJcef@tyfcJhygw,f? ppfa&;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfjrifhatmif qdkoluvnf; acol r[kwfygbl;? &Spfav;vHk;umvtwGif; ewcwkdif;rSL;tjzpfeJ@ {&m0wDwdkif; ykodrf+rdK@rSm wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOf “wjynfvHk; 'Drdkua&pD&&ifawmif ighwdkif;rSmawmh rar#mfvifheJ@/ ighwouf b,f awmhrSray;bl;/” vdk@ wif;wif;rmrm ajymqdkcJholwpfOD; jzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oef;a&$[m AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifudk wm0eftm;vHk;u vHk;0 z,f&Sm;ypfvdkuf+yD;wJhaemufydkif; rSm “oHk;a,mufaygif;avmif;ausmf” ppfwdkif;rSL;awGjzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfxGef;=unf/ AdkvfcsKyfausmfb eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfat;aomif wdk@udkvnf; 0ef}uD;awGtjzpfeJ@ uefwifvdkuf+yD; wyfeJ@ tqufjzwfypfcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfxGef;=unfudk ukefoG,fa&; 0ef}uD;/ AdkvfcsKyfausmfbudk [dkw,fESifhc&D;oGm;vma&;vkyfief;0ef}uD;/ AdkvfcsKyfat;aomifudk tvkyform;0ef}uD;awG tjzpfeJ@ 1992 ck ESpf pufwbFm(24)&ufae@rSm ajymif;a&$@cef@xm;cJhwm jzpfygw,f? ppfwdkif;rSL;wm0efawGuae &kwf odrf;+yD; wyfeJ@tqufjzwfcHcJh&ayrJh AdkvfcsKyftqifh ppfbufqdkif&m&mxl;awGudk qufvufay;xm;wJhtjyif tJ'Dtcsdef u +rdK;+rdK;jrufjrufav;pm;&wJh 0ef}uD;XmeawGudkay;+yD; ESpfodrfhvdkufwJhtwGuf cyfpGmpGm ppfwdkif;rSL;wpfpk tidkufrd oGm;cJh=uygw,f? tJ'Dae@rSmbJ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;armifarmifcif eJ@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf (av) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifxGef; wdk@udkvnf; 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyfawGtjzpfeJ@ ajymif;a&$@cef@xm;vdkuf+yD; avwyf/ a& wyfawGeJ@ tqufjzwfypfvdkufygw,f? vpfvyfoGm;wJh umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(av)/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&)eJ@ ppfwdkif;rSL;awGae&mrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oef;a&$ ,Hk=unfpdwfcsolawGeJ@ tpm;xdk;cef@tyfcJhygw,f? wyfrrSL;ae&mawGeJ@ ppf&Hk;csKyfu ta&;}uD;wJhae&mawGrSm vnf; ol@&J@wynfh&if;awGudk wm0efay;cef@tyfr_awG csufcsif;jyKvkyfcJhygw,f? wyfeJ@tqufjzwfcH&+yD; txufudk uef wifcHvdkuf&wJh AdkvfcsKyfawGudk ESpfodrfhzdk@}udK;yrf;wJhtaeeJ@ 1993 ckESpf rwfv(27)&ufae@rSm 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG tjzpf &mxl;awGwdk;ay;cJh+yD; oludk,fwdkifvnf; tJ'Dae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;&mxl;udk wdk;jr‡ifh&,lvdkufygw,f? tJ'Dae@rSmyJ wpfESpfeD;yg;avmuf vpfvyfxm;cJhwJh 'kwd,wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfwm0efudkvnf; ta&S@ydkif;wdkif; ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;udk csD;jr‡ifhay;tyfcJhygw,f? jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ ppfbufwm0efawGeJ@ &mxl;awGudk W.E (War Establishment) t& vdktyfcsufeJ@tnD a&;qGJjyXmef;xm;wmjzpfwJhtwGuf 'kwd, umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf ae&mudk 'Davmuft=um}uD; vpfvyfxm;p&m ta=umif;r&dSygbl;? 'D&mxl;udk 'Davmuf=um=um vpfvyfxm;cJh&wm [m e0wppfaumifpDtwGif;rSm 'Dwm0ef/ 'D&mxl;twGuf tkyfpk*dk%f;*%wdkufyGJawG tjyif;txef jzpfyGm;aecJhwm a=umifhom jzpfEdkifygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$taeeJ@ 'Dwm0efudk AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;udk odyfray;csifayrJh AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;eJ@ DSA tywfpOfwpfckwnf;jzpfwJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;xGef;=unf wdk@tkyfpk&J@ axmufcHr_awGa=umifh AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;[m



aumfaumifjzpfoGm;+yD; 'D&mxl;udk &&dSoGm;cJh&wmjzpfw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; xGef;=unf uvnf; ol@udk wyfeJ@tqufjzwfcHvdkuf&ayrJh oleJ@ ppfwuUodkvfwpfckwnf;/ tywfpOfwpfckwnf; qif;wJh AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;om wyfrawmft}uD;tuJjzpfvmcJh&if olwdk@twGufvnf; tmrcHcsufeJ@ tcGifhta&;awG ydkrdk&&dS vdrR,fvdk@ar#mfvifh+yD; Adkvf csKyfarmifat;udk yHkatmaxmufcHcJh=uwm jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh olwdk@ ,Hk=unfar#mfvifhxm;ovdk jzpfrvmbJ AdkvfcsKyf }uD;armifat;u AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$udk ausmf+yD; bmrSrvkyf&JwJhtjyif AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ t}udKufudkom vdkuf emvkyfaqmifay;avh&dSwJhtwGuf ,lusHK;r& a':ojzpfcJh=u&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@wdk@aygif;+yD; 1997ckESpf Edk0ifbm(15)&ufae@rSm e0w ppfaumifpD tzGJ@0if 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;(13)OD; (bkef;jrifh/ atmif&Jausmf/ pdefatmif/ cspfaqG/ jroif;/ jrifhatmif/ ausmfb/ xGef;=unf/ rsdK;!Gef@/ armifoifh/ at;aomif/ ausmfrif;) wdk@udk tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif; vkyfcJhcsdefrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD; armifat; u wpHkw&m 0ifa&muf tumtuG,fay;jcif;r&dScJhwJhtay:rSmvnf; 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;xGef;=unfeJ@ ausmfb wdk@tkyfpku &ifxkrem jzpfcJh=u&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u 1997 ckESpf Edk0ifbm(15)&ufae@rSm e0w ppfaumifpDtzGJ@0if w+yHKwr}uD;udk z,f&Sm;ypfcJh+yD; e0wudk etzvdk@trnfajymif;vdkufwm[m e0wppftkyfpkwGif;u tkyfpk*dk%f;*ewdkufyGJ/ tm%m vkyGJawGrSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@tzGJ@u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@eJ@ ol@&J@ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@udktoHk;cs+yD; vufOD;r_ ,lvdkufjcif;jzpfw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$taeeJ@ 'Dtm%modrf;yGJudk udk,fhudk,fudk ,Hk=unfr_ tjynfheJ@ vkyfcJh&wJhoabmrsdK;awmh rawG@&ygbl;? bmjzpfvdk@vnf;qdkawmh jzKwfxkwfz,f&Sm;cHvdkuf&wJh 'kwd, AdkvfcsKyf}uD;(13)OD;eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfpdk;jrifh wdk@udk topfzGJ@pnf;vdkufwJh etzppfaumifpD&J@ t}uHay;tzGJ@taeeJ@ wm0efay; a=umif; tJ'Dae@&ufpGJeJ@ a=unmcsufxkwfjyef+yD; ací;odyfacsmharmhcJhwm awG@&d&vdk@jzpfygw,f? e0wppfaumifpDtzGJ@0if 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;(13)OD;udk tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf z,f&Sm;cJhr_&J@aemufuG,frSm wyfwGif;r+idrfroufjzpfr_awGeJ@ wyfwGif; ykefuefr_awG ay:aygufvmrvm;qdkwJh pdk;&drfr_a=umifhom olwdk@udk t}uHay;tzGJ@tjzpf [efjywm0efay;+yD; apmifh=unf@ cJhwm jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif;&dS b,fwynfhwyef;urS jzKwfxkwfz,f&Sm;cHvdkuf&wJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGtwGuf a'goaygufuGJ+yD; rausreyf qlyltHkºuGwmawG rvkyfcJh=uygbl;? txuft&m&dSwpfa,muf jyKwfoGm;&if 'dk@twGuf &mxl;wqifh wdk;wmayghvdk@,lq+yD; 0rf;omauseyfaeolawGom &dScJhygw,f? wu,fawmh jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif;rSm &Jabmf&Jbufpdwf"mwf qdkwmr&dSygbl;/ t+rD;usuft+rD;pm;/ acgif;usufacgif;pm;/ pdwf"mwfrsdK;awGom &dSygw,f? ppfwyfxJrSm txuft}uD;tuJtay: &dkaoav;pm;&r,f/ opPmapmifhod&r,fqdkwmawGu &mxl;vufudkif&dSaepOf umvtwGufom jzpfygw,f? “0efuawmfao wpfusyf/ 0efrif;ao wrwf” qkdwmrsdK;vdk udk,fhrSm vkyfydkifcGifhtm %m&dSaepOf tcdkuftwef@av;twGufom wynfhwyef;awG/ ajc&Hoif;yif;awG 0dkif;0dkif;vnfaewm jzpfygw,f? 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGudk tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf z,f&Sm;vdkufayrJh wyfrawmftwGif;rSm wpHkw&m&dkufcwfr_ bmrSr&dSwJhtwGuf (7)veD;yg;t=um 1998 ckESpf ZGefv(5)&ufae@rSm t}uHay;tzGJ@udk zsufodrf;vdkufa=umif; etz u a=unmcJhygw,f? topfjyefvnf zGJ@pnf;vdkufwJh etz ppfaumifpDtzGJ@0if (19)OD;xJrSm 1988 ckeSpf pufwbFm (18)&ufae@rSm zGJ@pnf;cJhwJh e0wppfaumifpDtzGJ@0ifawGteuf AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oef;a&$/ AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;/ AdkvfcsKyfcif !Gef@eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfwifOD; wdk@ (4)OD;om qufvufyg0ifawmh+yD; usefwJ htzGJ@0iftrsm;pku AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$ pdwf}udKuf a&G;cs,fxm;olawG jzpf=uygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; EdkifiHawmf&J@ tcsKyftjcmtm%mawGtm;vHk;[m ppftm%m&Sifvufopf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$&J@vufxJudk vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; a&muf&dSoGm;w,fvdk@qdkEdkifa=umif; oHk;oyfwifjyvdkuf&ygw,f? ?

*****************************




AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m 1933 ckESpfrSm arG;zGm;cJholjzpfwJhtwGuf jrefrmjynf jynfwGif;ppf}uD; pwifjzpfyGm; cJhwJh 1948 ckESpfrSm (15)ESpfom;t&G,favmufom &dSygao;w,f? udkoef;a&$ [m jynfwGif;ppfrD; jyif;xefaecsdefrSm ppfxJudkr0ifao;yJ pmwdkufpma&;av;tjzpfeJ@ (udk&_armifvdk) tr_xrf;cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? jynfwGif;ppft&dSef txdkuftav#muf av#mhusoGm;cJhwJh 1953 ckESpfrSm ukdoef;a&$[m pmwdkufpma&;b0eJ@ ol@b0wdk;wufvrf; r&dSEdkif bl;vdk@wGufq+yD; ppfxJudk0ifa&mufum Adkvfavmif;oifwef; tywfpOf(9)udk wufa&mufcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@twl Adkvfavmif;oifwef;tywfpOf(9)udk wufa&mufcJholawGxJrSm rdwˆDvm+rdK@e,f a&$ppfonfaus;&Gmom; 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;}uD; pdk;!Gef@(xDvmppfol) (etz 'kwd,jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;a[mif;)/ 'kwd, Adkvf csKyf}uD; jroif; (e0w tzGJ@0ifa[mif;) eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;bkef;jrifh (e0wtzGJ@0ifa[mif;) wdk@vnf; yg0ifcJhygw,f? 1953 Zlvdkif(11)&ufae@rSm Adkvfoifwef;qif;wJhtcg Adkvfavmif; pdk;!Gef@&J@ udk,fydkifeHygwfu (=unf;§6590)/ Adkvf avmif; jroif;&J@ udk,fydkifeHygwfu(=unf;§6605)/ Adkvfavmif; bkef;jrifh&J@ udk,fydkifeHygwfu (=unf;§ 6662) jzpf+yD; Adkvfavmif; oef;a&$ uawmh udk,fydkifeHygwf (=unf;§6710) eJ@ aemufqHk;ydwftqifhu atmifjrifcJhwmawG@&ygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$[m tm;tm;&dS&if ppfabmif;bDtdyfxJudk vufESpfzufvHk;E_duf+yD; ai;idkif pOf;pm;aeavh&dSwJhtjyif Adkvfoif wef;rSmvnf; aemufqHk;tqifhuae atmifjrifcJhwmawGa=umifh (Bad Cadet - tdyfEd_uf oef;a&$) qdk+yD; vkyfaz: udkifzufoli,fcsif;awG&J@ avSmifajymifac:a0:wmudk cHcJh&w,fvdk@qdkygw,f? b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf Adkvfoifwef;ausmif;rSm aemufqHk;tqifhuatmifcJhwJh Adkvfavmif;oef;a&$[m tcktcsdef rSmawmh a&S@vlawGtm;vHk;udkjzwfausmf+yD; jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@xdyfqHk;ae&mudk &atmif,lEdkifcJh+yD jzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf rSL;}uD; oef;a&$[m tm%m/ ae&meJ@ ywfoufvm&if b,fol@udkrSr!Smbl;qdkwm oleJ@twl Adkvfoifwef;wufcJhbl; wJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; jroif;eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; bkef;jrifh wdk@udk 1997 ckESpf Edk0ifbm(15)&ufae@rSm jzKwf xkwf&Sif; vkyfcJhwJhjzpf&yfudk=unf@&ifjzpfap/ e0w jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;Xme 'kwd,0ef}uD; OD;pdk;!Gef@ udk 2003 ckESpf =o*kwfv (25) &ufae@rSm jzKwfxkwf&Sif; vkyfcJhwmudk=unf@&ifjzpfap/ odEdkifygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ ppfxJudk pwif0ifa&mufwJhtcsdef[m jrefrmEdkifiHxJudk tvHk;t&if;eJ@ usL;ausmf0if a&mufvmwJh w&kwfjzLwyfawGudk jyefvnfwdkufxkwfzdk@ jrefrmhwyfrawmfu jyifqifaewJhtcsdef jzpfygw,f? tJ'D tcsdefu Armhwyfrawmf&J@ppfOD;pD;csKyf[m AdkvfcsKyfae0if;jzpf+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$uawmh cv&(1)rSm wyfpkrSL; 'kAdkvfav;tqifheJ@ pwifwm0efxrf;aqmifaecsdef jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;&J@ ppfr_xrf;rSwfwrf;awGudk avh vm=unf@wJhtcg AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm acgif;aqmifwJh jrefrmhwyfrawmf wyfzGJ@awGu w&kwfjzLwyfawGudk 1954ckESpf rwfvup+yD; wdkufcdkufarmif;xkwfcJhwJh “bk&ifhaemifppfaq;a&;”rSm yg0ifcJhwmudkvnf; rawG@&/ 1955 ckESpf rwfv rSmpwifcJhwJh “&ef}uD;atmifppfqifa&;”rSm yg0ifcJhwmudkvnf; rawG@&ygbl;? tJ'DwdkufyGJpOfawGrSm AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmf aZmeJ@twl wav#mufvHk; vufwGJwdkufyGJ0ifcJholuawmh ,QKtxd aetdrftus,fcsKyfcscHae&wJh NLD 'kOuUX Adkvf csKyf}uD;a[mif; ol& OD;wifOD; jzpfygw,f? Adkvf}uD;wifOD; [m *syefawmfvSefa&;rSmomru w&kwfjzLawGudk armif; xkwfwJhwdkufyGJawGrSmyg &Gwf&Gwfc|Hc|H wdkufyGJ0ifcJhwJhtwGuf EdkifiHawmfucsD;jrSifhwJh “ol&” bGJ@udk xdkufxdkufwefwef &&dS cJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ ppfr_xrf;rSwfwrf;awGudk avhvm=unf@&if ol[m wdkufcdkufa&;rSmxl;c|efwJh wyfrSL; r[kwfbl;qdkwm awG@Edkifygw,f? 'gayrJh Adkvf}uD;oef;a&$[m AdkvfcsKyfae0if;&J@ ajrawmifajrSmufay;r_t& pdwf"gwfppf qifa&;eJ@ EdkifiHa&;bufrSmawmh ESH@pyfcJhwmudk awG@&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tdrfapmifhtpdk;&0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfeJ@ EdkifiH awmftm%mudk yxrqHk;&,lcJhwJhtcsdef 1958ckESpf pufwbFmvrSm Adkvf}uD;oef;a&$[m umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme



jynfol@qufqHa&;ESifhpdwf"mwfppfqifa&;!$ef=um;a&;rSL;&Hk;(uu§jynf)&J@ pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;XmerSm wm0efay;tyf cHcJh&ygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; Adkvf}uD;oef;a&$[m AdkvfcsKyfae0if;&J@ ppftm%m&Sifpepfxlaxmifa&; pDrHudef;}uD;rSm ta&;}uD;wJhtcef;u¾uae pwifyg0ifvmcJh&w,fvdk@ qdkEdkifygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfae0if;[m tdrfapmifhtpdk;&&J@ 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfeJ@ tcd kuftwef@tm%m&cJhwJh tcsdefwdkumvav;rSm r=umcif oltaumiftxnfaz:awmhrJh ppftm%m&SifpepftwGuf a&cHajrcHawGudk pepfwus pwifjyifqif wnf aqmufcJhygw,f? ppfa&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ 0g'jzef@csDa&;/ pwJh e,fy,ftoD;oD;rSm }udKwifjyifqifr_awG jyKvkyfcJh wmjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvdk jyifqifwnfaqmufr_awGxJrSm “EdkifiHawmf}uH@cdkifa&;toif;”vnf; wcktygt0if jzpfyg+yD; 'Dtoif;}uD;[m ygwDEdkifiHa&;eJ@ qufpyfywfoufr_vHk;0r&dSwJh omrefvlr_a&;toif;tzGJ@wckom jzpfw,fvdk@ 0g'jzef@ um 0efxrf;awGeJ@t&yfom;awGudk twif;tuswf 0ifa&mufcdkif;cJhygw,f? vlr_a&;toif;vdk@ trnfcHxm;ayrJh toif;}uD;&J@A[dkaumifpD 'kOuUXae&meJ@ twGif;a&;rSL;ae&mawGrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&J@ nmvuf&Hk;eJ@ b,fvuf&Hk;awGjzpfcJh=uwJh 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmif}uD;eJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmifwdk@u &,lxdrf;csKyfxm;cJhwmudk =unf@jcif;tm;jzifh 'Dtoif;[m ppfwyfcg;ydkufaqmif EdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkwckomjzpfw,fqdkwm vlwdkif; em;vnfcJh=uygw,f? Adkvf}uD;oef;a&$[m 'D}uH@cdkifa&;toif;}uD;udk zGJ@pnf; xlaxmif&mrSm tptqHk; yg0ifcJh&wJhtwGuf oludk,fwdkif ppftm%m&SifjzpfvmwJhtcgrSmvnf; ppfwyfvufudkifwkwf EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pktjzpftoHk;cszdk@ }uH@zGH@ ac: jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;eJ@zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;}uD;udkzGJ@pnf;zdk@ 1993 ckESpfrSm qHk; jzwfcJhwm jzpfEdkifygw,f? 1962ckESpf rwfv(2)&ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; acgif;aqmifwJh awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu EdkifiHawmftm%m udk t+yD;tydkifodrf;ydkufvdkufcsdefrSm Adkvf}uD;oef;a&$[m wyfr[m(1)rSm pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;t&m&dStjzpfeJ@ wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJh&ygw,f? ppftm%modrf;acgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;[m EdkifiHa&;udk vHk;0 pdwf0ifpm;olr[kwfayrJh tJ'D acwf/ tJ'Dtcsdefu vlwdkif;pdwf0ifpm;aewJh qdk&S,fvpf0g'udkAef;jy+yD; jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efqdk&S,fvpf0g' trnfcH tm%m&Sif0g'wckudk oGwfoGif;zdk@twGuf OD;b+idrfeJ@ OD;cspfvd_if wdk@udk q&mwif+yD; 1963 ckESpftwGif;rSm A[dkEdkifiHa&; wuUodkvfudk pwifzGifhvSpfcJhygw,f? pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;t&m&dStjzpf ESpftwef=um tawG@t}uHK&dSae+yDjzpfwJh Adkvf }uD;oef;a&$udkvnf; tJ'DwuUodkvfudk enf;jyq&mwOD;tjzpfeJ@ ajymif;a&$@cdkif;cJhygw,f? ppftm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;eJ@ Adkvf}uD;oef;a&$ wdk@[m tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; wOD;eJ@wOD; r=umc%awG@qHk &zdk@ ta=umif;zefvmcJhygw,f? vlawG&J@pdwfta=umif; em;vnfxm;wJh Adkvf}uD;oef;a&$[m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tyg t0if wyfrawmfxdyfydkif;t&m&dS}uD;awG&J@ tm&Hkpdkufr_udk&&dSatmif enf;trsdK;rsdK;eJ@ }udK;pm;tm;xkwf jyEdkifcJhygw,f? wajz;ajz;eJ@ vl}uD;awG&J@tm&Hkpdkufr_udk &&dSvmcJhwJh A[dkEdkifiHa&;wuUodkvfenf;jyq&m Adkvf}uD;oef;a&$twGuf 1967 ckESpfaemufydkif;up+yD; pifawmfaumufcH&rJhtcGifhtvrf;awG ay:aygufvmcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? uu§=unf; u Adkvf }uD;oef;a&$udk 1967ckESpf =o*kwfvtwGif;rSm cr&(101)udk XmecsKyfwyfcGJrSL;wm0efeJ@ ,m,Dajymif;a&$@ay;cJhygw,f? (3)vausmft=um tJ'DESpf'DZifbmvrSm AdkvfrSL;tqifhudkwdk;jrSifhay;vdkuf+yD; ppfOD;pD;rSL;('kwd,wef;)tjzpfeJ@ uu§ =unf;udk ac:,lwm0efay;tyfwm cHcJh&ygw,f? AdkvfrSL;oef;a&$[m uu§=unf;rSm wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOf txuf vl}uD;awGoabmusatmif aexdkifjyEdkifcJhwJhtwGuf aemufydkif;rSm cv&(1)wyf&if;rSL;/ ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)/ wyfr (88) ppfAsL[mrSL;/ wyfr(88)wyfrrSL;/ ewc wdkif;rSL;/ 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf pwJh xdyfydkif;&mxl;awGudk wqifh+yD; wqifh&&dSvmcJhwm jzpfygw,f? 'kAdkvfav;b0uae 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfwJhumvtxd wav#mufvHk; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&J@ =oZm v$rf;rdk;r_udkcHcJh&wJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m ol@vufxJudk EdkifiHawmftm%mawGa&muf&dSvmwJh 1992 ckESpf aemuf ydkif;up+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;. =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_atmufu &kef;xGufEdkifzdk@twGuf trsdK;rsdK; }udK;yrf;tm;xkwfvmwm awG@&ygw,f? OD;ae0if;eJ@ol@rdom;pkudk ay;tyfxm;wJhtcGifhta&;awGudk jyefvnf&kyfodrf;cJhwJhtjyif OD;ae0if;&J@ raumif;a=umif;awGudkvnf; tm%modrf;ppfaumifpD (4)vywftpnf;ta0;awGrSm w&m;0if xkwfaz:ajymqdkwm awG jyKvkyfvmcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ awmf0ifrdom;pkuvnf; olwdk@tay: wcsdefu OD;ae0if;eJ@ ol@rdom;



pk&J@ armufarmufrmrm qufqHcJh=uyHkawGeJ@ OD;ae0if;&J@ ajr;awGjzpf=uwJh at;ae0if;/ ausmfae0if;eJ@ ZGJae0if; wdk@&J@ qdk;oGrf;&rf;um;r_owif;awGudk olwdk@eJ@&if;ESD;wJh AdkvfcsKyfuawmfawGudk r=umc% ajymjyavh&dSw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$*dk%f;om; AdkvfcsKyfawGuvnf; ol@pum;awGudkoHa,mifvdkuf+yD; OD;ae0if; acgif;aqmif wJh rqvtpdk;&&J@ rSm;,Gif;wJhay:vpDawGeJ@ !H@zsif;wJhpDrHcef@cGJr_awGa=umifh wdkif;jynf&J@zGH@+zdK;wdk;uufr_[m wdk;wufoifh oavmuf rwdk;wufcJh&wmjzpfw,fqdk+yD; olwdk@&J@rdef@cGef;awGrSmyg xnf@oGif; a0befajymqdkvm=uwm awG@&ygw,f? ppftpdk;&xdrf;csKyfxm;wJh pme,fZif; awGuvnf; aemufydkif;rSm 'Dta=umif;t&mawGudk ajymifajymifwif;wif; a&; om;az:jyvm=uwm awG@&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ ol@&J@acgif;rm*dk%f;[m olwdk@&J@ tm%mwnfaqmufr_ cdkifrmvmwmeJ@tr# AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@ tygt0if OD;ae0if;rdom;pkeJ@ yk*~dKvfa&;&if;ESD;=uwJh AdkvfcsKyfawG&J@ vkyfydkifcGif hawG udkvnf; wpwpeJ@ xdrf;csKyfr_awG jyKvkyfcJh=uygw,f? aemufydkif;rSm ydkrdk vuf&JZuf&Jjzpfvm+yD; wOD;csif;tvdkufjzpf ap/ tkyfpkvdkufjzpfap/ jzKwfxkwf&Sif; wmawGudkyg qufwdkufjyKvkyfcJh=uygw,f? 1997 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSm e0w tm%modrf;ppfaumifpDtzGJ@0if 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; w'gZifavmuf tpkvdkuf t+yHKvdkuf jzKwfxkwf&Sif; cHvdkuf&+yD;aemufydkif;rSm wyfrawmftwGif; usm;aoudktoufjyefoGif;ay;zdk@&nf&G,fwJh v_yf &Sm;r_wcsdK@ pwifay:aygufvmwm awG@&ygw,f? yxrqHk; xifomjrifom v_yf&Sm;vmcJholuawmh wcsdefu ppftm %m&Sifa[mif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&J@ nmvuf&Hk;jzpfcJhbl;wJh AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;atmif}uD; jzpfygw,f? AdkvfrSL;csKyf atmif}uD;[m 1998 ckESpf ZGefvtwGif; tar&duefudkoGm;a&mufcJh+yD; tar&duefEdkifiHrSmcdkvH_aewJh vkyfaz:udkifzuf AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmifeJ@ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;r_awG jyKvkyfcJhygw,f? tar&duefEdkifiHrSm a&muf&dSaepOf VOA, RFA pwJh toHv$ifhXmeawGeJ@awG@qHkcJh+yD; vuf&dS etz ppftpdk;&eJ@ NLD ygwD wdk@udk jypfjypfESpfESpf a0befajymqdkwmawG jyK vkyfcJhygw,f? 'DtajctaeawGudk 0ifa&mufxdrf;odrf;ay;Edkifol[m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; wOD;wnf;om&dSa=umif;eJ@ tcsdefrD0ifa&mufxdrf;odrf;ay;zdk@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;udk arwWm&yfcHa=umif; ajymqdkcJhygw,f? tJ'DaemufrSm ESpftwef=um wdrfjr_yfaysmufuG,faecJhwJh ppftm%m&Sifa[mif;}uD; OD;ae0if;&J@ v_yf&Sm;r_ wcsdK@ jyefvnfay:aygufvmcJhwm awG@&dS&ygw,f? 2001ckESpf rwfv(21)&ufae@rSm OD;ae0if;&J@ (90)ESpfajrmuf arG;ae@ tcef;tem;udk &efukef+rdK@ tif;,m;uefapmif;u qD'dk;em;[dkw,frSm wcef;wem; usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJhtjyif tJ'DarG;ae@ yGJudk &dkuful;xm;wJh AGD'D,dkacGawG[mvnf; jynfwGif;jynfyrSm csufcsif;jyef@ESef@oGm;cJhwm awG@&ygw,f? ADG'D,dkacGawG xJrSm OD;ae0if;[m usef;rmpGmeJ@ {nf@onfawGudk +yHK;+yHK;&$if&$if {nf@cHE_wfqufaeyHkawGudk az:jyxm;ygw,f? tJ'DESpf atmufwdkbmvqef;ydkif;rSm OD;ae0if;&J@ puFmylEdkifiHudkaq;ukcHzdk@ oGm;a&mufcJhwJhowif;/ aq;uk&mujyefvm+yD; aemuf usrRma&;tajctae t&rf;aumif;rGefaewJhowif;eJ@ r=umcif xdkif;bk&ifrif;jrwfeJ@awG@qHkzdk@ xdkif;EdkifiHudk vm a&mufzdk@&dSwJhowif;awG qufwdkufay:xGufvmwmudkvnf; awG@cJh&ygw,f? OD;ae0if;&J@arG;ae@tcef;tem;udk etz ppftpdk;&udk,fwdkif uruxvkyf+yD; usif;yay;cJhoa,mif xif&ayrJh vufawG@rSmawmh qD'dkem;[kdw,frSm usif;ywJh'Dtcef;tem;udk etz xdyfwef;AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGeJ@ 0ef}uD;tzGJ@0ifawG tygt0if tpdk;&t&m&dS}uD;awGtm;vHk; rwufa&mufzdk@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u trdef@xkwf !$ef=um;cJha=umif; od&dS &ygw,f? owif;,lzdk@twGuf tv,ftvwftqifh&dSwJh etzppfAdkvf(2)OD;om wufa&mufcJhwmawG@&w,fvdk@ qdkyg w,f? 'Djzpf&yfawGudk avhvm=unf@r,fqdk&if touft&G,fvnf;}uD; EdkifiHa&;vnf;aoae+yDjzpfwJh ppftm%m&Sif a[mif;}uD; OD;ae0if;udk jyefvnftoufoGif;zdk@&nf&G,fcsufeJ@ tiftm;pkwcku pepfwus jyifqifv_yf&Sm;cJhwmjzpf Edkifw,fvdk@ ,lq&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$uvnf; 'Dvkyf&yfawG&J@aemufuG,fu &nf&G,fcsufudk owdxm;rdvdrR,fvdk@ ,lq&yg w,f? 'ga=umifh OD;ae0if;rdom;pkeJ@ olwdk@todkif;t0dkif;udk ydk+yD; rsufajcrjywfapmifh=unf@zdk@ ol@&J@vl,Hkawmf ppfaxmuf vSrf;a&; 'kwd,!$ef=um;a&;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfausmf0if;udk oD;oef@wm0efay;cJhygw,f? OD;ae0if;rdom;pkeJ@ yk*~dKvfa&;eD;pyfr_ &dSwJh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@udk vkyfydkifcGifhtm%m tjynf@t0 ay;xm;oa,mif vljrifuGif;rSmjyoxm;ayrJh v_yfvdk@r&atmif txufatmuf!Syf+yD; xdrf;xm;wJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@[m pdwf "gwfus+yD; E_wfxGufzdk@txd pOf;pm;cJhbl;a=umif;/ 'gayrJh ol@udktm;udk;+yD; vkyfudkifae=uwJh wynf@awGeJ@ rdom;pkawG&J@



rsufESmudkaxmuf+yD; atmifhtnf;oD;cHaecJhwmjzpfw,fvdk@ 2004ckESpf ESpfukefydkif;rSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@eJ@twl jzKwf xkwf&Sif; cHvdkuf&wJh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t&m&dSwOD;u ajymqdkcJhbl;ygw,f? tm%meJ@ywfoufvm&if q&morm;vnf;rxm;/ vkyfaz:udkifzufqdkwmvnf; rxm;wwfwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL; }uD;oef;a&$[m OD;ae0if;&J@om;ruf OD;at;aZmf0if;eJ@ ajr;(3)a,mufjzpfwJh at;ae0if;/ ausmfae0if;/ ZGJae0if; wdk@udk EdkifiHawmftm%modrf;&ef}uHpnfr_/ EdkifiHawmfvkyf}uHr_/ pwJhpGJcsufawGeJ@ 2002 ckeSpf rwfv(7)&ufae@rSm zrf;qD; ta&;,lcJhygw,f? tm%modrf;&ef}uHpnfr_rSm yg0ifywfoufr_&dSw,fqdk+yD; OD;ae0if;rdom;pkeJ@eD;pyfol avwyf um uG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfjrifhaqG(av)/ }wd*Ha'owdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfcspfoef;/ urf;&dk;wef;wdkif;ppfXme csKyf wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfat;aºuGeJ@ &JcsKyf AdkvfrSL;}uD;pdk;0if; wdk@udkvnf; jzKwf/ xkwf/ z,f&Sm;+yD; ta&;,lwmawG jyKvkyf cJhygw,f? ppftm%m&Sifa[mif;}uD; OD;ae0if;eJ@ orD;jzpfol AdkvfrSL;a[mif; a':cifpENm0if; wdk@udkawmh touft&G,f }uD;+yD; bmrSrvkyfEdkifawmhbl;vdk@ ,lqwmuwa=umif;/ wyfrawmftwGif;rSm txdkuftav#muf =oZm&dSaeEdkifao; w,fvdk@ ,lqwmuwa=umif;/ pwJhta=umif;awGa=umifh EdkifiHawmftm%modrf;&ef}uHpnfr_eJ@ w&m;pGJqdkjcif;rjyKcJh ayrJh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aetdrftus,fcsKyfcsxm;cJhwm awG@Edkifygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m OD;ae0if;eJ@ ol@rdom;pktay: b,favmuftxd yk*~dKvfa&;emusnf;csuf jyif;xefcJh ovJqdkwm OD;ae0if; aoqHk;wJhtcsdefrSm &uful;cGifhray;/ rdom;pktm;vHk;pHkatmif apmifhqdkif;cGifhvnf;rjyKyJ/ csufcsif; rD;&d_@o+F*dKvf+yD; jymawGudkjrpfxJar#mcdkif;cJhwJhvkyf&yfudk =unf@jcif;tm;jzifh odEdkifygw,f? touf(93)ESpf &dS+yDjzpfwJh tm %m&Sifa[mif;}uD; OD;ae0if;[m &efukef+rdK@ r&rf;ukef;+rdK@e,f/ arcvrf;&dS orD;}uD;a':cifpENm0if;&J@ tdrfeHygwf(19)rSm aetdrftus,fcsKyfeJ@ aexdkif&if; 2002 ckESpf 'DZifbm(5)&ufae@rSm aoqHk;oGm;wJhtcg csufcsif; o+F*dKvfcHcJh&ygw,f? ao'%fcscHxm;&wJh rdom;pk0ifawGeJ@ EdkifiHjcm;rSma&muf&dSaewJh om;orD;awGudkvnf; vma&mufcGifhray;wJhtjyif/ etztzGJ@eJ@ jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif;u OD;ae0if;&J@wynf@a[mif;awGudkvnf; wufa&mufcGifhray;cJhygbl;? tJ'Dae@ ae@vnf(1)em&Du a&a0;ok\efrSm rD;oF+*dKvfcJhJwJh OD;ae0if;&J@ aemufqHk;c&D;udk orD;}uD; a':cifpENm 0if;eJ@ t&yf0wf ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tcsdK@tygt0if vl(25)OD;avmufom vdkufygydk@aqmifEdkifcJh=uygw,f? tJ'DvlawG xJrSm wcsdefu OD;ae0if;&J@wynf@ t+idrf;pm; a&wyfOD;pD;csKyfeJ@ EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0if AdkvfrSL;csKyfaomif;wif yg0ifae wmudk OD;ae0if;&J@tokbtcef;tem;ta=umif; &dkuful;xm;wJh AGD'D,dkrSwfwrf;rSm jrifawG@&wJhtcg AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$wa,muf t}uD;tus,f a'goaygufuGJ+yD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfaomif;wif&J@om; a&wyfAdkvfrSL; rdk;oufwif udk ta=umif;rJh &mxl;ujzKwfypfcJhwJhtjyif AdkvfrSL;csKyfaomif;wif&J@om;ruf weoFm&Da&wyfpcef;XmecsKyf/ XmecsKyfrSL; AdkvfrSL;}uD; csdKoef;armif udkvnf; csufcsif; t&yfbufudk ajymif;a&$@ypfcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? ?

*****************************




e0w uae etz tjzpf trnfajymif;vdkuf+yD;wJhaemufup+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m jrefrmhwyfrawmf wckvHk;udk ol@pdwf}udKuf jyifqifajymif;vJr_awG jyKvkyfcJhygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@toufu (64) ESpf &dSaeyg+yD? 1956 wyfrawmftufOya't&qdk&if touf(60)ausmfwmeJ@ jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm b,folrS wm0ef qufvufxrf;aqmifcGifh r&dSygbl;? jrefrmhwyfrawmfordkif;udk jyef=unf@r,fqdk&ifvnf; *ENDpmcsKyft& 1945 ckESpf pufwbFm(7)&ufae@rSm jyefvnfpkzGJ@cJhwJh tcsdefup+yD; 'Duae@txd umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfaygif; (7)OD;&dScJhwJhteuf vuf&dS wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$uvGJvdk@ b,folrS touf(60)ausmfwJhtxd 'D&mxl; udk qufvufzufwG,fxm;wmrsdK; rawG@cJh&ygbl;? ,kwfpGtqHk; acwfopfjrefrmhwyfrawmfordkif;rSm yxrqHk; ppftm %m&Sif}uD;jzpfcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;awmif wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl;udk touf(60)ausmfwJhtxd xrf; aqmifjcif; rjyKcJhygbl;? 'gayrJh jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ 'kwd,ppftm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$uawmh touf(75) ESpft&G,fudka&mufaewmawmif umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl;udk vufrv$wfao;bJ zufwG,fxm;wmawG@&ygw,f? ppf+yD;acwf jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ yxrqHk;umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfcJhwJh u&ifvlrsdK; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; prpf'Gef; (BC-5106) qdk&ifvnf; wm0efuz,f&Sm;cHvdkuf&wJh 1949 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv(31)&ufae@rSm touf(60) rjynf@ao; wm awG@&ygw,f? ol@ae&mudkqufcHcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyfae0if;(BC-3502) qdk&ifvnf; 1962ckESpfrSm ppfwyfeJ@tm%m odrf;cJhol jzpfwJhtwGuf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl;udk touf(60)ausmfwJhwdkifvufrv$wfyJ qufvufqkwfudkifoGm; r,fqdk&if aumif;aumif;}uD; &EdkifayrJh 1972ckESpf {+yDv(20)&ufae@rSm ol@&J@ wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf &mxl; udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pef;,k(BC-3569)udk v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&J@ arG;ouU&mZfu (14-5-1911) jzpfwJhtwGuf ol@touf(60)jynf@wJhtcsdefrSm ppfpnf;urf;udk av;pm;vdkufema=umif;jywJhtaeeJ@ ol@&J@ &mxl;udk pGef@v$wfcJhwmjzpfygw,f? wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pef;,k (arG;ouU&mZf 3-3-1918) uvnf; touf(60)rjynf@ cif 1974 ckESpf {+yDv(26)&ufae@rSm ol@&J@ &mxl;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&wifOD; (BC-3651) xH v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJhwm awG@Edkifygw,f? wyfrawmfom;awGeJ@ jynfolawG&J@ av;pm;cspfcifr_udkcHcJh&wJhtwGuf ppftm%m&SifawGupdk;&drf+yD; 1976ckESpf rwfv(6)&ufae@rSm jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif; cHvdkufwJh wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&wifOD;&J@ arG;ouU&mZfu (12-3-1927) jzpfwma=umifh tJ'DtcsdefrSm ol@touf[m (50)awmif rjynf@ao;wmudk awG@Edkifyg w,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&wifOD;&J@&mxl;udk qufcHcJhwJh wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&ausmfxif (BC-5332) uvnf; (1924) ckESpfrSm arG;zGm;cJholjzpfwJhtwGuf ol@touf(60)jynf@wJh 1985 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSm ol@&J@ &mxl;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif (BC-6187) xH v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? wu,fawmh ppftm%m&Sifvufopf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m ol@q&mjzpfcJhwJh ppftm%m&Sifvufa[mif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;avmuf owWda&m/ t&nftcsif;yg r&dSygbl;? oltm%m&vmwm ESpf(20)eD;yg;&dS+yD; toufuvnf; (75)ESpft&G,f a&mufaewmawmif/ ol@&J@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl;udk atmufvlawGxH ,Hk=unfpdwfcspGmeJ@ v$J ajymif; ray;&Jao;wmudk=unf@&if 'Dtcsufudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awG@jrifEdkifygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m aumufuspf,kwfrmwJhae&mrSmawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;xuf ydk+yD;tpGrf;xufwmudk awG@&ygw,f? ol@touf (60) ausmfvmwJhwdkifatmif umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl;udk rpGef@v$wfcsifao;wma=umifh 1997 ckESpfrSm e0w uae etz tjzpf trnfajymif;vdkuf+yD; oleJ@toufr&G,f rwdrf;r,drf; vkyfaz:udkifzuf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; w'gZifausmfudk wyf rawmftwGif;uae jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif;vif;ypfcJhygw,f? topfjyifqifzGJ@pnf;cJhwJh etz ppfaumifpDeJ@ 0ef}uD;tzGJ@xJrSm ol@wynf@ trsm;tjym;udk xdk;xnf@ ae&may;cJh+yD; oluawmh wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf &mxl;tygt0if xdyf



qHk;u vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mtm;vHk;udk qufvuf&,l xdrf;csKyfxm;cJhygw,f? ol@wynf@awGu ol@udk ruvefEdkifatmif vkyfwJhtaeeJ@vnf; ae&mopfawGeJ@ &mxl;opfawG trsm;tjym;udk wDxGifzefwD;+yD; cGJa0ay;tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? rlv e0wppfaumifpDrSm twGif;a&;rSL;(1)eJ@(2)om xm;&dScJh&mu topfzGJ@pnf; vdkufwJh etzppfaumifpDrSm twGif;a&;rSL;(3)qdkwJh ae&mopfwckudk xyfrHwDxGifzefwD;cJh+yD; ol@wynf@jzpfwJh ppfa&;csKyf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;0if;jrifh (BC-8809)udk yl;wGJudkifcdkif;cJhygw,f? 'Dvdk vkyfvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;0if;jrifh[m etztzGJ@rSm (5)OD;ajrmuf tm%mt&dS qHk;yk*~dKvfjzpfvm+yD; 1988 ckESpfupvdk@ twGif;a&;rSL; (1)eJ@(2) &mxl;awGudk&,lxm;cJh=uwJh 'kwd, Adkvf csKyf}uD; cif!Gef@eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifOD;wdk@&J@ vkyfydkifcGifhtm%meJ@ =oZmt&dSeft0gawGudkvnf; av#mhenf;usqif; oGm;apcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf0if;jrifh[m 1988 vlxkta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk &uf&ufpufpuf ypfcwfowfjzwf acsr_ef;&mrSm a&S@wef;u wufºuGpGmyg0ifcJhwJh wyfr(11)&J@ vufr&GH@wyfrSL;jzpfcJholrdk@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf jzpf vmwJh 1992 ckESpfrSm taemufydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wkdif;rSL;tjzpf ajymif;a&$@cef@tyfcJh+yD; 1995 ckESpfrSm ppfa&;csKyf tjzpfeJ@ ol@teD;udk ac:,lxm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme&dSygv#ufeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$[m 1997 ckESpf etzacwfrSm wyfrawmfa&;&m 0ef}uD;Xme qdkwmudk wDxGifzGJ@pnf;cJh+yD; ol@wynf@wOD;jzpfwJh ppfaxmufcsKyf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifvS (BC-8752) udk yl;wGJudkifcdkif;cJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif aemufwESpft=um 1998 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (14)&ufae@rSm 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyf &mxl; udkyg yl;wGJudkifcdkif;cJhjcif;tm;jzifh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifvSudk etztzGJ@rSm (6)OD;ajrmuf tm%mt&dSqHk;yk*~dKvf jzpfvm apcJhygw,f? 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifvS [mvnf; 1988 vlxkta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk &uf&ufpufpuf ypfcwfowfjzwf acsr_ef;&mrSm a&S@wef;uwufºuGpGmyg0ifcJhwJh wyfr(22)&J@ vufr&GH@wyfrSL;jzpfcJholrdk@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ umuG,f a&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmwJh 1992 ckESpfrSm taemufawmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wkdif;rSL;tjzpf ajymif;a&$@cef@tyfcJh+yD; 1995 ckESpf rSm ppfaxmufcsKyftjzpfeJ@ ol@teD;udk ac:,lxm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? wu,fawmh etz ppfaumifpDrSm twGif;a&;rSL;(3)OD;txd cef@tyfp&mrvdkbJ wOD;wnf;eJ@wif vHkavmuf w,fqdkwmudk 'Duae@ wOD;wnf;aomtwGif;a&;rSL;jzpfwJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oD[ol& wifatmifjrifOD; u ouf aojyaeygw,f? twGif;a&;rSL;&mxl;awG azgif;yGaewm[m ol@wynf@ukd,hfwynf@awGudk ae&may;zdk@eJ@ tcsif;csif; tm%mcsdefcGifv$mxdrf;!dSzdk@twGuf &nf&G,fjyKvkyfae=uwm jzpfEdkifygw,f? 2001 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv(19)&ufae@rSm &[wf,mOfysufus+yD; aoqHk;oGm;cJhwJh twGif;a&;rSL;(2) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;&J@ae&mudk (2)ESpfeD;yg;=umatmif vpfvyfxm;cJh+yD;rS 2003ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv(1)&ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ vl,HkawmfwOD;jzpfwJh ava=umif;&ef umuG,fa&;XmecsKyfrSL; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pdk;0if; udk tJ'Dwm0ef yl;wGJay;tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? 'gayrJh vmbfpm;r_ pGJcsufawGeJ@ 2001 ckESpf Edk0ifbm(9)&ufae@rSm jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif; cHvdkuf&wJh twGif;a&;rSL;(3) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; 0if; jrifh &J@ ae&mudkawmh tcktcsdefxd tpm;xdk;cef@tyfjcif;rjyKawmhyJ jyefvnfzsufodrf;vdkufwm awG@&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$[m ol@tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGufqdk&if wu,frvdktyfyJeJ@ wyfrawmfeJ@ 0ef}uD;tzGJ@ awG&J@ zGJ@pnf;yHkawGudk wdk;vdkufav#mhvdkufeJ@ ol vkyfcsifovdkvkyfcJhwJhom"uawG trsm;tjym;&dScJhygw,f? 1997 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSm e0w uae etztjzpf ajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;cJhpOfu jzKwfxkwfz,f&Sm;cHvdkuf&wJh Ad kvfcsKyf}uD;wpkudk ,m,DESpfodrf@zdk@}udK;pm;wJhtaeeJ@ “t}uHay;tzGJ@”qdk+yD; zGJ@pnf;ay;cJhayrJh (7)vrjynf@cif tJ'DtzGJ@udk jyefvnfzsuf odrf;ypfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? tvm;wl 0ef}uD;tzGJ@rSmvnf; 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyfawGudk (3)OD;txdxm;vdkuf aemufjyef zsufvdkuf/ wyfrawmfa&;&m0ef}uD;Xmeqdk+yD; ckzGJ@vdkuf aemufzsufvdkuf/ etzOuUX&Hk; 0ef}uD;/ 0ef}uD;csKyf&Hk; 0ef}uD;/ 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyf&Hk; 0ef}uD;/ qdkwmawGudkvnf; 2OD;pD/ 3OD;pD cef@xm;vdkuf jyefzsufypfvdkufeJ@ jzpf§ysuf oHo&m vnf aewmudk awG@&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m (de facto) tpdk;&jzpfwJh etzppftpdk;&&J@ 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;udkvnf; &,lxm;cJh ayrJh oludk,fwdkif EdkifiHwumtpdk;&awGeJ@qufqH&rSmudk pdk;&drfa=umufvef@aewma=umifh 1997 ckESpf e0wu etz trnfudk ajymif;vJcJhwJhtcsdefrSm umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; armifarmifcif eJ@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf (av) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifxGef; wdk@udk wef;+yD;jzKwfrypfao;bJ 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyfawGtjzpfeJ@ ol@atmufrSm cef@tyf wm0efay;cJhwJhtjyif aemufwESpft=umrSm 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifvS udkyg 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfeJ@ cef@tyf wm0ef



ay;cJhwma=umifh 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyf (3)OD;txd&dScJhwm jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'D 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyf(3)OD;vHk;udk 2001 ckESpf Edk0ifbm(9)&ufae@rSm etz wGif;(3) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; 0if;jrifheJ@twl wokwfwnf; jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif; ypfcJh+yD; aemuf ydkif;rSm 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyfqdkwm wa,mufrSr&dSawmhovdk/ wyfrawmfa&;&m0ef}uD;Xmeqdkwmvnf; wcgwnf; =uuf aysmufiSufaysmuf aysmufuG,foGm;cJhygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;udkvnf; vufrv$wf&J/ xrf;aqmif&zdk@vnf; 0efav;aewJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m 2003 ckESpf 'DyJ,if;vlowfyGJ}uD;t+yD;rSm EdkifiHwumtpdk;&awGeJ@ &ifqdkif&rSmudk ydkrdka=umufvef@vmwma=umifh 'Dwm0efudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@xH ycHk;v$Jay;zdk@ qHk;jzwfcJhygw,f? wcsufckwfESpfcsufjywfoabmeJ@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@udkvnf; ppf &Hk;csKyfu t+yD;tydkif armif;xkwfypfzdk@ }uHpnfcJh=uygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfwOD;&J@ wm0ef}uD;av;r_awGudk ta=umif;jy+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@&J@ rlv&mxl;awGjzpfwJh uu§vSrf; !$efrSL;&mxl;udk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ vl,Hkwynf@&if;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfausmf0if;vufudk v$Jajymif;ay;tyfzdk@/ twGif;a&;rSL;(1)&mxl;udkawmh twGif;a&;rSL;(2)jzpfwJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf }uD;pdk;0if; vufudk v$Jajymif;ay;zdk@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@udk zdtm;ay;r_awG jyKvkyfcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@ taeeJ@ twGif;a&;rSL;(1)&mxl;udk vufv$wfEdkifayrJh uu§vSrf; !$efrSL;&mxl;udk vufv$wfvdkuf&r,fqdk&if wyfeJ@tquf jywf+yD; “arsmufopfudkif;vGwf”ovdk jzpfoGm;r,fqdkwm }udKwifodjrifaewma=umifh uu§vSrf; &mxl;udkawmh v$J ray;Edkifbl;vdk@ tjywfajymcJhwJhtwGuf wif;rmr_awG jzpfcJh=u&ygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m oludk,fwdkif aemufuG,fu uGyfuJaqmif&GufcJhwJh 'DyJ,if;vlowfyGJudpP a=umifh EdkifiHwumzdtm;awG tqrwefjrifhwufaecsdefrdk@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@eJ@ tay;t,lvkyfaps;qpfaezdk@ tcsdefr& cJhygbl;? 'ga=umifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@udk r,Hk=unf/ rauseyfayrJh ol@&J@0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;udk 2003 ckESpf =o*kwfv(25) &ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@udk v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJhygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;xuf ydktm%m&dSwJh umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; &mxl;udkawmh b,fol@udkrSv$Jray;bJ oludk,fwdkif qufvufqkwfudkifxm;cJhwma=umifh etz0ef}uD;tzGJ@&J@ zGJ@pnf;yHk [m “bk&m;uatmuf/ arsmufutxuf” qdkwmvdk uarmufurawGjzpfaewm awG@Edkifygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvm&wJh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@uvnf; ol@udk,fol yGJxkwfzdk@}udK; pm;wJhtaeeJ@ ol@&J@r[mAsL[mavhvma&;Xmeu jyKpka&;qGJwifjyxm;wJh etz&J@EdkifiHa&;vrf;jyajryHk (Road Map) (7)csufudk ol0ef}uD;jzpfwJhae@rSm oludk,fwdkif zwf=um;toHv$ifhzdk@ pDpOfcJhayrJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ u wm;jrpfcJhwJh twGuf =o*kwfv(30)&ufae@a&mufrS xkwfjyefcJh&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$[m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@&J@ ta&; ygwJh etztwGif;a&;rSL;(1)&mxl;udk ol@vl,Hk wynf@&if;wOD;jzpfwJh twGif;a&;rSL;(2)ylylaEG;aEG; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; pdk;0if; udk v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJh+yD; twGif;a&;rSL;(2)&mxl;udkawmh aemufxyfvl,Hkwynf@&if;wOD;jzpfwJh ppfa&;csKyf 'kwd, AdkvfcsKyf}uD;odef;pdef udk yl;wGJudkifcdkif;cJhjcif;tm;jzifh ta&;ygwJhae&mrSefor# ol@vlawGeJ@tpm;xdk;+yD; xdrf;csKyf xm;cJha=umif; oHk;oyfwifjyvdkuf&ygw,f? ?

*****************************




AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m EdkifiHawmftm%mtm;vHk; ol@vufxJudk pwifa&muf&dSvmwJhae@up+yD; AdkvfcsKyf rSL;}uD; apmarmif vufxufu a&;qGJcsrSwfcJhwJh rl0g'awGeJ@ uwdu0wfawGtay: wm0efrcHawmhbJ ol@pdwf}udKuf jyifqifajymif;vJr_awG jyKvkyfcJhygw,f? ol@udk vrf;azgufwHwm;aqmuf vkyfief;awGrSm ab;z,fxm;cJh+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL; }uD; apmarmifeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@wdk@ OD;aqmifa&;qGJcJhwJh rl0g'(ay:vpD)awGrdk@ ol@taeeJ@ vufvnf;rcHEdkifbl;/ wm0ef vnf; r,lbl;qdkwJh oabmjzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$[m umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfeJ@ e0wOuUX jzpfrvmcifuwnf;u 1990 taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJrSmtEdkif&cJhwJh trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfudk tm%mv$Jay;zdk@ta&;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef qef@usifuef@ uGufcJhol jzpfygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJtEdkif& NLD ygwD acgif;aqmifwcsdK@xHu “ppfwyfudk jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyf& r,f/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;eJ@txuf wyfrawmft&m&dStm;vHk;udk z,f&Sm;ypf&r,f/ ppf&mZ0wfr_awGudk usL;vGefcJhwJh xdyfydkif; ppfacgif;aqmifwcsdK@udk “EsL&ifbwf” vdk EdkifiHwumppfcHk&Hk;rSmwif+yD; ao'%fay;&r,f?” pwJh pum;oHawG[m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$ acgif;aqmifwJh acgif;rm*dk%f;twGuf NLD ygwDudk tm%mv$Jray;zdk@ axmufjyp&mtuGuf aumif;awG jzpfoGm;cJh&ygw,f? 'DudpPrSm e0wtwGif;a&;rSL;(1)vnf;jzpf ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJvnf;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@ udk,f wdkifu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$&J@ &yfwnfcsufudkaxmufcHcJh+yD;/ 1990 a&G;aumufyGJtEdkif& v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawG&J@ wm0ef[m tpdk;&wpf&yfzGJ@pnf;xlaxmifzdk@r[kwfbJ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wpf&yf a&;qGJzdk@omjzpfw,fqdkwJh vrf; a=umif;udkajymif;vJypfzdk@ t}uHay;cJhygw,f? “EsL&ifbwf” ppfcHk&Hk;eJ@ Oyrmay;ajymqdkcJhwJh tzGJ@csKyf,m,DOuUX OD; =unfarmifudkvnf; a'gow}uD;eJ@ jyif;jyif;xefxef acsyajymqdkcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifvufxufu a&;qGJcsrSwfcJhwJh EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ oHwrefa&; pwJh rl0g'awGtm;vHk;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJr_awG jyKvkyfcJh&mrSm ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya' t& w&m;0ifjzpfvmatmif jyKvkyfa&;/ ppfwyfydkif tiftm;}uD;rm;wJh EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkwpf&yf zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifa&;/ 1990 a&G;aumufyGJtEdkif& EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGudk wajz;ajz;aysmufuG,foGm;atmif pepfwus acsr_ef;ypfa&;/ ppftif tm;udk (5) odef;txd wdk;jr‡ifhzGJ@pnf;a&;/ acwfrSD+yD; tiftm;awmifhwif;wJh wyfrawmfjzpfvmatmif wnfaqmufa&;/ tEkjrLvufeuftygt0if zsufqD;r_pGrf;tm;jrifhrm;wJh acwfrSDvufeufawG xkwfvkyfwyfqifEdkifa&;/ typf&yftzGJ@awG udk vufeufjzKwf+yD; vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ0ifqJ olykeftzGJ@tpnf;awGudkawmh tjywfacsr_ef;ypfa&;/ EdkifiHwumqufqH a&;eJ@ oHwrefa&;u¾rSm w&kwf/ tdENd,/ tmqD,H pwJhEdkifiHawGeJ@ qufqHa&;wdk;jr‡ifh+yD; ukvor*~eJ@ taemufEdkifiH awGudkawmh Offensive Diplomacy Strategy ac: xdk;ppftoGifaqmifwJh oHwrefa&;r[mAsL[mwpf&yf csrSwf aqmif&Gufa&;/ pwJh jyKjyifajymif;vJr_awGudk jyKvkyfcJhygw,f? taemufEdkifiHawGeJ@ ukvor*~wdk@&J@ zdtm;ay;r_awGa=umifh w&kwfEdkifiHwpfckwnf;tay: vHk;0 rDScdk&yfwnfae &wmrsdK; rjzpf&atmif tdENd,EdkifiH tmqD,HEdkifiHawGeJ@ ydkrdkeD;uyfpGmyl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkifrJh enf;vrf;awG&SmazGzdk@ twGuf uu§ vSrf; ppfr[mAsL[mavhvma&;Xme Xme}uD;rSL; AdkvfrSL;}uD;ausmfodef;eJ@ EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;XmerS OD;at; (aemif =opaw;vsESifh uae'gEdkifiHqdkif&m jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;) wdk@udk oDoef@ wm0efay;tyfcJhygw,f? tdrfeD; csif; tdENd,tpdk;& tqufquf[m jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDtwdkuftcHawGbufu wav#mufvHk; &yfwnfay;cJhayrJh 1992 ckESpf tdENd,0ef}uD;csKyf &m*spf*END vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&+yD;aemufydkif;upvdk@ rl0g'tajymif;tvJawG jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f? 'Dtajymif;tvJudk xdxda&mufa&muf toHk;csEdkifzdk@twGuf AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfodef;eJ@ OD;at;wdk@ acgif;aqmifwJhtzGJ@ [m tdENd,EdkifiHudk csOf;uyfcJh&mrSm atmifjrifr_awG &&dScJhygw,f? tvm;wl xdkif;EdkifiHtygt0if tmqD,HEdkifiHawGudk csOf;uyfcJh&mrSmvnf; atmifjrifr_awG &&dScJh=uygw,f?



wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tzGJ@awGeJ@ywfouf+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif vufxufu csrSwfxm;cJhwJh typftcwf&yfpJa&;rl0g'awGudk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ ol@&J@acgif;rm*dk%f;u jyifqifajymif;vJr_awG jyKvkyfcJh&mrSmawmh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; cif!Gef@eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$/ 'kAdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;armifat; wdk@t=um; oabm xm; uGJvGJr_awG t}uD;tus,f jzpfay:cJh=uygw,f? 1948 ckESpf jynfwGif;ppf}uD; pwifjzpfyGm;cJhwJhtcsdefup+yD; a&mifpHk vufeufudkifolykeftzGJ@tpnf;awGudk tjyKwfwdkufvdk@r&cJhovdk/ tºuGif;rJhvufeufcszdk@ }udK;yrf;r_awGvnf; ratmif jrifcJhwma=umifh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifvufxufrSm vufeufcszdk@/ Oya'abmiftwGif;0ifa&mufzdk@/ qdkwJh wpfzufeJ@ wpfzuf oHo,jzpfaprJhpum;awGudk wwfEdkifor#a&Smif+yD; a'ozGH@+zdK;r_awGudkvufwGJvkyfaqmif&if; ,Hk=unfr_wnf aqmuf=uzdk@/ aemufydkif;usrS EdkifiHa&;jy\emawGudk EdkifiHa&;t& awG@qHkaqG;aEG;tajz&Sm=uzdk@ qdkwJh rl0g'awGudk ajymif;vJcsrSwfcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifvufxufrSm csrSwfcJhwJh e0w&J@ typftcwf&yfpJa&;qdkif&mrl0g'awGxJrSm e0w&J@ 'dk@wm0efta&;(3)yg;udk oabmwlrwl ar;jref;zdk@/ oabmwl&if ESpfzuftypf&yf+yD; a'ozGH@+zdK;a&;vkyfief;awGrSm vuf wGJaqmif &Guf=uzdk@/ ESpfzufvufeufudkifwyfawGtwGuf v_yf&Sm;e,fajrawG owfrSwfay;xm;+yD; wyfv_yf&Sm;r_awGudk wpfzufeJ@wpfzuf Contact Point awGuwqifh !dSEd_if;vkyfaqmif=uzdk@/ wdkif;&if;om; vufeufudkif tzGJ@tpnf; awGudk pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awG vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vkyfudkifcGifhay;zdk@/ oabmxm;uGJvGJr_awGudk aemufydkif;rSm ay:ayguf vmrJh 'Drdkua&pDt&yfom;tpdk;&vufxufrSm EdkifiHa&;t& aqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;=uzdk@ qdkwJhtcsufawG yg0ifcJhw,fvdk@ qdkyg w,f? 'Drl0g'awGeJ@tnD AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@&J@ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@uOD;aqmif+yD; 1989 ckESpftwGif; AuyxHu cGJxGufcJh=uwJh wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJ@awGudk csOf;uyfpnf;&Hk;cJh=uygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmifvufxuf 1988 ckESpf uae 1992 ckESpftwGif; 'Drl0g'udkvufcH+yD; typftcwf&yfpJa&;jyKvkyfcJh=uwJh wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkif tzGJ@aygif; (9)zGJ@txd &dScJhygw,f? tJ'DtzGJ@awGuawmh udk;uef@tzGJ@/ 0tzGJ@/ Auy wyfr[m (768)eJ@ (815) ppfa'o &Srf;§tcg wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@/ SSA tzGJ@/ pckefwdef@,drf; acgif;aqmifwJh Auy(101)ppfa'o ucsiftrsdK;om;tzGJ@/ OD;rxkaemf acgif;aqmifwJh KIA wyfr[m(4) ucsiftrsdK;om;tzGJ@/ OD;atmifcrf;xD acgif;aqmifwJh PNO ytdk@0f trsdK;om;tzGJ@csKyf/ OD;tdkufrkef; acgif;aqmifwJh yavmifwdkif;&if;om; PSLP tzGJ@eJ@ a*b,fvfysH OD;aqmifwJh KNG u,ef;trsdK;om;tzGJ@wdk@ jzpf=uygw,f? 'gayrJh 1992 ckESpf {+yDvaemufydkif; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifudk z,f&Sm;+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$ tm%modrf; vdkufwJhtcsdefupvdk@ wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;awGtm;vHk; tºuGif;rJhvufeufcsa&;/ vuf&dStajctaerSm vufeufrcsEdkifao;&ifawmif vufeufudkifvrf;pOfudkpGef@v$wf+yD; Oya'abmiftwGif;0ifa&mufygw,fqdkwJh uwd pum;udk &atmif,lxm;a&;/ qdkwJh rl0g'udk ajymif;vJusifhoHk;cJhygw,f? typf&yfonfjzpfap/ typfr&yfonfjzpfap/ &efol[m&efolyJjzpfvdk@ tcktcsdefrSm rwdkufao;vnf; aemufwcsdefrSmwdkuf&rSmbJqdk+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u ppfaumifpDtpnf;ta0;awGeJ@ ppf&Hk;csKyf&J@ (4)vywftpnf;ta0;awGrSm t+rJvdkvdk owday; xnfhoGif;ajymqdkavh&dS a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'DudpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; typftcwf&yfpJa&;vkyfief;awGudk t"du wm0ef,lvkyfaqmifcJh&wJh AdkvffcsKyfcif!Gef@u tjyif;txefuef@uGufcJhayrJh oabmxm;wif;rmwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$bufu AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfwifOD; wdk@tjyif ppfwdkif;rSL;trsm;pkuyg &yfwnfay;cJh=uwJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@[m bmrSrwwfEdkifbJ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$ &J@ trdef@twdkif; vdkufemvkyfaqmifcJh&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ rl0g'opfatmufrSm 1993 ckESpfuae 1995 ckESpftwGif; typftcwf&yfpJzdk@oabmwlcJhwJh wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJ@ pkpkaygif;(6)zGJ@&dScJhwm awG@&ygw,f? tJ'DtzGJ@awGuawmh ucsiftrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@ (KIO)/ u&ifeD vlrsdK;aygif;pHkvGwfajrmufa&; wyfOD; (uvvw)/ u,ef;trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ygwD (KNLP)/ &Srf;jynfvlrsdK;aygif;pHkvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@ (&v vz)/ u&ifeDtrsdK;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwD (KNPP)eJ@ rGefjynfopfygwD (NMSP) wdk@ jzpf=uygw,f? 'DtzGJ@awG[m umvwpfcktxd vufeufqufudkifxm;cGifh &&dScJh=uayrJh vufeufudkifvrf;pOfudk pGef@v$wf+yD; Oya'abmiftwGif;0ifa&mufzdk@ oabmwlygw,fqdkwJhuwdudkawmh ay;cJh=u&ygw,f? 'gayrJh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@



u yGifhyGifhvif;vif;csjy+yD;rS 'Duwdudk &,lcJhwmrsdK;r[kwfbJ rvdrf@wywfvkyf+yD; &,lcJhwmawGvnf; &dScJha=umif; awG@& ygw,f? 1995 ckESpf rwfvtwGif; e0weJ@ typftcwf&yfpJa&;oabmwlnDcJhwJh (KNPP) tzGJ@[m typf&yfpJwJh w&m;0iftcrf;tem; jyKvkyfwJhae@usrS “vufeufudkifvrf;pOfudkpGef@v$wf+yD; Oya'abmiftwGif;0ifa&mufvmaom u&ifeDtrsdK;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwDtm; }udKqdkyg.” qdkwJh ezl;pD;pmwef;}uD;awGudk jrifawG@&+yD; rausrvnf jzpfcJh=u& w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? tJ'Dvdk rausrvnfjzpfcJh=u&muae e0weJ@ (KNPP)tzGJ@wdk@&J@ typf&yfoabmwlnDcsuf[m (3)vt=umrSm ysufjy,foGm;cJhwm awG@&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ acgif;aqmifwJh acgif;rm*dk%f;[m trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;qENeJ@ typftcwf &yfpJa&;udk &nf&G,fjyKvkyfcJhwmr[kwfbJ/ olwdk@bufu ppfa&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&; pwJh e,fy,ftoD;oD;rSm tiftm; awmifhwif;vmwJhtcsdeftxd tcsdKowf tcsdefqGJxm;zdk@twGuf typftcwf&yfpJa&;udk ,m,DjyKvkyfcJhwm xif&Sm;yg w,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; wajz;ajz; tiftm;awmifhvmwmeJ@tr# olwdk@&J@avoHeJ@ &yfwnfcsufawGyg ajymif;vJvm wm jzpfygw,f? e0w/ etz ppftpdk;&[m KNU tzGJ@eJ@vnf; typftcwf&yfpJzdk@twGuf 1995 ckESpfup+yD; t}udrf}udrf awG@qHk aqG;aEG;rlawG jyKvkyfcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh 1996 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvtwGif; armfv+rdKif+rdK@ ta&S@awmifwdkif; ppfXme csKyfrSm jyKvkyfcJhwJh ESpfbufawG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJawGtxd e0wOuUX AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ w&m;aorl0g'jzpfwJh vufeufudkifvrf;pOfudk pGef@+yD; Oya'abmiftwGif;udk0ifa&mufzdk@ KNUtzGJ@u oabmwlnDrSom qufaqG;aEG;Edkif r,fvdk@ e0wbufu wif;cHaecJhwma=umifh aqG;aEG;yGJawGwdk;wufr_r&bJ ESpftwef=um &yfqdkif;oGm;cJh&ygw,f? KNU tzGJ@taeeJ@ jrefrmEdkifiHrSm 'kwd,tiftm;t}uD;qHk; vlrsdK;pkvnf;jzpf/ EdkifiHa&;t&vnf; “obm” &ifh+yD; jrefrmhordkif;rSm oufwrf;t&SnfqHk; vufeufudkiftiftm;pkwpfckvnf; jzpfwma=umifh 'DtzGJ@udk wjcm;vlrsdK;pk tzGJ@awGvdk oabmrxm;oifha=umif;/ vlrsdK;pkvufeufudkiftzGJ@trsm;tjym; rdrdwdk@eJ@ typftcwf&yfpJxm;=u+yDrdk@ avmufavmufvm;vm;qdkvdk@ KNU wpfzGJ@wnf;om usefawmha=umif;/ 'DtzGJ@eJ@om typftcwf&yfpJatmif aqmif &GufEdkifcJhr,fqdk&if 'DtzGJ@udkA[dkjyK+yD; e,fpyfwpfav#mufrSm v_yf&Sm;aewJh twdkuftcHtiftm;pkawGtm;vHk; tcsdefwdk twGif; +ydKvJukefrSmjzpfa=umif;/ tJ'Dtcsdefa&muf&if jynfwGif;rSm&dSwJh NLDtzGJ@udkvnf; tvG,fwul acsr_ef;EdkifrSm jzpfa=umif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD; cif!Gef@u trsdK;rsdK; oHk;oyfwifjycJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$qDu wdusa&&mwJhtajzrsdK; r&cJhayrJh KNUtzGJ@eJ@ aqG;aEG;yGJawG jyefvnfpwifEdkif atmif uu§vSrf;u AdkvfrSL;}uD;pef;yGifh acgif;aqmifwJhtzGJ@udk 2003 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSm rJaqmufudkapv$wfcJh+yD; KNU tzGJ@eJ@ t}udK!d‡Ed_if;r_awG jyKvkyfapcJhygw,f? 2004 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvtwGif; &efukef+rdK@rSmjyKvkyfrJh ESpfbuf awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJudk KNUacgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmbdkjr ygwufa&mufzdk@ etz0ef}uD;csKyfvnf;jzpf/ ppfaxmuf vSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJvnf;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@u txl;zdwf=um;cJh+yD; zufvSJwuif;eJ@ awG@qHkE_wfqufcJhygw,f? tJ'DawG@qHkyGJtwGif; “zxD;eJ@ zdk;'dkwdk@acwfrSm +idrf;csrf;a&;udk t&wnfaqmuf=ur,f” vdk@vnf; udk,hfudkudk,f ,Hk=unfr_tjynfheJ@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@u O'gef;usL;&ifhjycJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ ol@&J@acgif;rm*dk%f;uawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@vdk oabmxm;tjrifrsdK; r&dS=uygbl;? u&ifvlrsdK;awG[m jrefrmEdkifiHrSm 'kwd,tiftm;t}uD;qHk; vlrsdK;pkjzpfwJhtjyif trsm;pku c&pf,mefbmom0ifawG jzpfw,f? taemufEdkifiHawG&J@axmufcHr_udkvnf; &&dSxm;wma=umifh KNU tzGJ@[m jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tEW&m,f t}uD;qHk;jzpfw,f/ 'ga=umifh KNU tzGJ@udk wjcm;typf&yftzGJ@awGvdk tcGifhta&;rsdK; ray;Edkifbl;/ vHk;0 vufeufcsrS om vufcHEdkifr,fqdk+yD; ydk+yD;wif;rmwJhoabmxm;rsdK;eJ@ &yfwnfaqG;aEG;cdkif;cJhwma=umifh KNUtzGJ@eJ@ typftcwf &yfpJa&;aqG;aEG;yGJawGudk wm0efcHaqmif&Gufae&wJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@eJ@ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;wpfzG J@vHk;[m “t&l;rvif vkyf&ovdk” rsufESmysufcJh&w,fvdk@ KNU eJ@ t}udKaqG;aEG;yGJawGjyKvkyfzdk@ rJaqmuf+rdK@udk AdkvfrSL;}uD; pef;yGifheJ@twl vdkufygcJhbl;ol AdkvfrSL;atmifvif;xGÉf udk,fwdkifu r=umcifu xkwfaz:ajymqdkcJhwm awG@Edkifygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@ acgif;aqmifwJh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@twGuf “t&l;rvif” vkyf&zdk@ =um=um tcsdef r&cJhygbl;? r+yD;jywfao;wJh zxD;eJ@ zdk;'dkwdk@ Zmwfvrf;udk qufaqG;aEG;zdk@ KNU udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@ &efukef+rdK@udk aemufwpf}udrf xyfrHa&muf&dScJhwJh 2004 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (18)&ufae@nrSm ppftkyfpktwGif;u jzKwf/ xkwf/



&Sif; tm%mvkyGJawGtwGif; AdkvffcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@eJ@wuG ol@&J@ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;wzGJ@vHk; &Sif;vif;cHvdkuf&vdk@ jzpfyg w,f? ?

*****************************




ppfwyfeJ@tm%modrf;w,fqdkwm[m vufeufudkifwyfawG&J@tiftm;udktoHk;jyK+yD; EdkifiHawmftm%mudk +cdrf;ajcmufvk,l odrf;ydkuf&wmrsdK;rdk@ vufeufudkifwyfawGudk wdkuf&dkuftrdef@ay;uGyfuJcGifh&dSol ppfAdkvfcsKyftrsm;pk&J@ axmufcHr_udk&&dSzdk@ txl;vdktyfwmawG@&ygw,f? 1962 ckESpf ppftm%modrf;yGJudk umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if;eJ@ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ AdkvfrSL;}uD;armifvGif(E_wfcrf;arG;)wdk@uOD;aqmif+yD; usdwfvkyfcJhwmqdkayrJh tm%modrf;a=umif; a=unm+yD; ppfaumifpDzGJ@pnf;wJhtcgrSmawmh ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtygt0if xdyfydkif;wyfrSL;}uD;awG udkyg tzGJ@0iftjzpf xnfhoGif;az:jycJhwm awG@Edkifygw,f? tm%modrf;ppfaumifpDrSm trnfxnfhoGif;az:jycHcJh=u&wJh AdkvfcsKyf/ AdkvfrSL;}uD; trsm;pk[m tm%modrf;yGJ rSm yg0ifzdk@aeaeomom }udKwif+yD;awmhvnf; rodcJh=ubl;vdk@qdkygw,f? 1962 tm%modrf;ppfaumifpDtzGJ@0if wyfrSL;}uD; trsm;pk[m Adkvfae0if;&J@ oeu(4) i,farG;+cHaygufawGeJ@ ol@=oZmudkrvGefqef&JwJh qdk&S,fvpfwyfrSL;awG jzpfae=uwma=umifh Adkvfae0if;u olwdk@udkrwdkifyifyJ tm%modrf;cJhwJhtjyif tm%modrf;ppfaumifpDrSmvnf; olwdk@ &J@trnfawGudk xnfhoGif;cJhayrJh apm'urwuf&Jvdk@ +idrfaecJh=uwmjzpfEdkifovdk/ udk,fwdkif bmrSvkyfp&mrvdkyJ tm %m&SifawGjzpfvm&wJh twGuf usdwf0rf;om+yD; rdSef;aecJh=uwmvnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f? 1958 ckESpfrSm Adkvfae0if;eJ@ ol@ aemufvdkufwpfpku EdkifiHawmftm%mudk yxrqHk;t}udrf tEk=urf;pD;cJhpOfu awmifydkif;wdkif;rSL; AkdvfcsKyfbvdwf wpfOD;omv#if yGifhyGifhvif;vif;qef@usif+yD; wyfrawmfuE_wfxGufoGm;cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfbvdwf[m rdrd&J@ ,Hk=unfcsuftwGuf &mxl;eJ@pnf;pdrfudk pGef@v$wf&JwJh &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; ppfom; aumif;wpfOD;vdk@ qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f? 1962 ckESpf ppftm%modrf;yGJrSmawmh AdkvfcsKyfbvdwfvdk ppfom;aumif;awG wpfa,mufrSay:xGufvmwm rawG@cJh&ygbl;? 1997 ckESpf Edk0ifbm(15)&uf e0w ppftkyfpkwGif; tm%mvkyGJrSmvnf; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m etz twGif;a&;rSL;(1)vnf;jzpf/ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJvnf;jzpfwJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; cif!Gef@eJ@aygif;+yD; e0w ppftkyfpktwGif;u ol@&J@t"du+ydKifzufawGudk tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf jzKwfxkwf&Sif; vkyfcJhwmjzpfygw,f? 1962 Adkvf ae0if; tm%modrf;cJhpOfu 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmif}uD;udk,fwdkifawmif }udKwifod&dScJhjcif; r&dSbl;vdk@ =um;bl;ygw,f? tck 1997 ppftkyfpkwGif; tm%mvkyGJrSmvnf; 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfwJh 'kwd, AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat; }udKwif od&dScJh&J@vm;qdkwm pOf;pm;p&m jzpfvmygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ Adkvfcif!Gef@wdk@aygif;+yD; jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif;ypfcJhwJh e0w ppfaumifpD0if 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wpf'gZifausmfxJrSm trsm;pk [m Adkvfarmifat;udk 'kwyfcsKyf}uD;jzpfvmatmif qGJwifay;cJhwJh vkyfaz:udkifzufawGjzpfae=uwma=umifh jzpfygw,f? 1997 tm%mvk etzppfacgif;aqmifawGxJrSm Adkvfoef;a&$/ Adkvfarmifat;eJ@ Adkvfcif!Gef@wdk@+yD;&if pwkwWeJ@ yOPr tm%mt&dSqHk; yk*~dKvfawGuawmh etzwGif;(2)vnf;jzpf ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf(=unf;) vnf;jzpfwJh 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifOD;eJ@ etzwGif;(3)vnf;jzpf ppfa&;csKyfvnf;jzpfwJh 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; 0if;jrifh wdk@jzpfygw,f? 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifOD;eJ@ 0if;jrifh wdk@[m AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&wJhwynfh&if;awGjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'Dtm%mvkyGJ[m 1962 ckESpf ppftm%modrf;yGJxuf ydk+yD;tEW&m,f}uD;w,fvdk@ qdkEdkifygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh 1962 ckESpf tm %modrf;yGJ[m t&yfom; 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&xHutm%mudk ppfwyfu odrf;ydkufcJhwmjzpf+yD; 1997 tm%mvkyGJuawmh wpfa,mufajcvSrf; wpfa,muf t+rJapmifh=unfhae=uwJh ppftm%m&Siftcsif;csif;=um;rSm jyKvkyfcJh&vdk@ jzpfygw,f? 'Dtm%mvkyGJrSmvnf; ppftm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(av)/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&)eJ@ ppfwdkif;rSL;(12)OD;udk }udKwifwdkifyif today;jcif;&dSr&dS pOf;pm;p&mjzpfygw,f? e0w ppftkyfpktwGif;u jzKwfxkwf&Sif;cHvdkuf&wJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wpf'gZifausmf[m tJ'Dtcsdefu wyfrJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGjzpfae=urJh olwdk@tm;vHk;[m ol@acwfol@tcgu wyfrawmfxJrSm =oZmtm%mxufcJholawG jzpf=u



wJhtwGuf q&marG;wynfharG;,Ofaus;r_ xGef;um;aewJh jrefrmhwyfrawmfxJrSm olwdk@udkaxmufcHwJh wdkif;rSL;/ wyfr rSL;/ pucrSL;/ 'uprSL;awGvnf; trsm;tjym;&dSaerSm aocsmygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dtm%mvkrJhowif;om }udKwif ayguf=um;cJh&if wyfrawmftwGif;rSm r+idrfroufjzpfr_awG ay:aygufvmEdkifygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$taeeJ@vnf; wyfwGif; qlylr_awGjzpfvmEdkifwJh tvm;tvmudk awG;a=umufcJhwma=umifh ol jzKwfxkwfcJhwJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; (13) OD;udk ,wdjywf &Sif;rypf&Jao;yJ t}uHay;tzGJ@qdkwJhtrnfeJ@ (7)veD;yg;txd cef@tyfjy+yD; tajctaeudk apmifh=unfhcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? wyfu bmrSwkef@jyefr_r&dSa=umif; aocsmwJhtcsdefa&mufrS t}uHay;tzGJ@qdkwmudkyg t+yD;tydkif zsuf odrf;vdkuf+yD; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf }uD;(13)OD;udk vHk;0z,f&Sm;ypfvdkufwm jzpfygw,f? etz tm%mvkppfaumifpDtopfrSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$ (OuUX)/ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat; ('k OuUX)/ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; cif!Gef@(wGif;-1)/ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD; (wGif;-2)/ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; 0if;jrifh (wGif;-3)/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf!Gef@odef; (umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf-a&)/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfoef; (umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf-av)eJ@ ppfwdkif;rSL;awG jzpf=uwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifaxG; (eyc)/ AdkvfcsKyf&Jjrifh (vyc)/ AdkvfcsKyfcifarmifoef; (&uw)/ AdkvfcsKyfausmf0if; (ryc)/ AdkvfcsKyfodef;pdef (w*c)/ AdkvfcsKyf ol& oD[ol&ppfarmif (u&c)/ AdkvfcsKyfa&$ref; (ewc)/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifhatmif (&wc)/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifbdk (&yc)/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf oD[ol& wifatmifjrifOD; (&rc)/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;0if; (erc)/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfwifat; (wyc)wdk@ yg0ifcJh=uygw,f? 'Dppfwdkif;rSL;awGtrsm;pk[m AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$udk,fwdkif pdwf}udKufa&G;cs,f cef@xm;cJholawGjzpf=uwmrdk@ olwdk@udk }udKwiftodray;cJh&ifawmif apm'uwuf+yD; tmcHrJholawGr[kwfwm aocsmygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfbvdwf vdk ppfom;aumif;wpfOD;wpfav yg0ifcJh+yD; rauseyfa=umif; xkwfaz:ajymqdkcJhr,fqdk&ifvnf; Adkvfoef;a&$u t&SifxGuf cGifh jyKvdrR,fr[kwfygbl;? 1997 ckESpf ppftkyfpktwGif; tm%mvkyGJt+yD;rSm Adkvfoef;a&$&J@ taetxm;[m ydkrdkcdkifrm vm+yD; =oZmtm%mydk}uD;vmwm awG@&ygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$udk ajc&mcsif;wdkif; ycHk;csif;,SOfEdkifwJh Adkvfarmifat;eJ@ Adkvfcif!Gef@wdk@[m “arsmufopfudkif;vGwf” wJh tajctaeudk a&muf&dSoGm;cJhygw,f? 'DyGJrSm Adkvfoef;a&$[m Adkvf cif!Gef@ udk aumif;aumif; toHk;cs+yD; Adkvfarmifat;udk “acG” xm;EdkifcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? 1997 ckESpf ppftkyfpkwGif;tm%mvkyGJudk OD;aqmifcJhol(4)OD;teuf Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ AdkvfwifOD;(wGif;-2) wdk@u q&mwl ppftkyfpkwpfckwnf;ujzpf+yD; Adkvfarmifat;eJ@ Adkvfcif!Gef@ wdk@uawmh oif;uGJarsmufawG jzpfygw,f? wu,f awmh Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ Adkvfcif!Gef@wdk@&J@ q&mawG[m ausmif;awmfu&efbufawG jzpfcJh=uygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ AdkvfwifOD; wdk@&J@q&m&if;[m rqvacwfrSm 'kwd,wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf/ aemufydkif;rSm ygwDtaxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;eJ@ EdkifiHawmfaumifpDtwGif;a&;rSL;txd &mxl;}uD;awGudk&&dScJhbl;wJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; at;udk jzpf a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@&J@ q&m&if;uawmh rqvacwfrSm pufr_(1)0ef}uD; eJ@ rqvygwD A[dk tvkyftr_aqmifjzpfcJhol AdkvfcsKyfwifhaqGjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? Adkvfat;udk[m Adkvfae0if;&J@ oeu(4)xGuf i,farG;+cHaygufwpfOD;jzpf+yD; Adkvfoef;a&$ wyfrrSL;vkyfcJhbl;wJh wyfr (88)&J@ pDeD,mwyfrrSL;wpfOD;vnf; jzpfygw,f? Adkvfat;udkeJ@ Adkvfoef;a&$wdk@[m b,ftcsdefuwnf;u q&m wynfhjzpfcJh =uovJqdkwm twdtusrod&ayrJh 1975 ckESpfrSm AdkvfrSL;}uD;at;udk u &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL; wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaepOf 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u uu§=unf;rSm ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;) wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJh wmawG@&ygw,f? Adkvfat;udk[m 1976 ckESpfrSm AdkvfrSL;csKyftqifheJ@ 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(=unf;) jzpfvm+yD; ppf&Hk;csKyfudk ajymif;a&$@vmcJhwJhtwGuf Adkvfoef;a&$[m Adkvfat;udk&J@ uGyfuJr_atmufrSm ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;) wm0efudk qufvufxrf;aqmifcJh&ygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$[m Adkvfat;udk atmufrSm wpfESpfavmuf wm0efxrf; aqmifcJh+yD;aemuf q&morm;&J@ apmifr=unfh&_r_eJ@ wyfr(88) 'kwyfrrSL; (,m,D)/ 'kwyfrrSL;/ wyfrrSL; pwJh &mxl; awGudk qufwdkuf&&dScJhwm awG@&ygw,f? AdkvfrSL;csKyfat;udk[m 1981 ckESpf pufwbFmvtxd 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif &if; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;/ EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0if/ rqvygwD A[dktvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwD0if/ wGJbuftaxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL; pwJh &mxl;}uD;awGudk qufwdkuf&&dScJhwmawG@&ygw,f? “a&jrifhv#if =umwifh” qdkwJh qdk&dk;eJ@tnD q&m jzpfolaumif;pm;aecsdefrSm wynfhawGvnf; aumif;pm;cJh=uwmudk awG@&ygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm Adkvfoef;a&$uvnf;



AdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifheJ@ wyfr(88)rSm wyfrrSL;jzpfvmcJhwJhtjyif 1981 ckESpf rqvygwD&J@ pwkwWt}udrfygwDnDvmcHrSm A[dkaumfrwD0ifyg jzpfvmcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? q&mjzpfol 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; at;udk u 1981 ckESpf pufwbFm(19)&ufae@rSm oufjynfhyifpifeJ@ wyfrawmf wm0efawGu z,fay;cJh&ayrJh tJ'DESpftwGif; usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh rqv A[dkaumfrwD&J@ pwkwˆt}udrftpnf;ta0;eJ@ wwd,t}udrf jynfol@v$wfawmf yxrt}udrftpnf;ta0;awGrSm rqvygwD&J@ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;eJ@ EdkifiH awmfaumifpD twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf a&G;cs,fcHcJh&+yD; =oZmtm%mt&dSeft0g ydkrdk}uD;rm;vmcJhygw,f? q&mu wyfr awmfxJrSm r&dSawmhayrJh ygwDvdkif;rSm taumif}uD;jzpfvmwma=umifh Adkvfoef;a&$uvnf; 1983 ckeSpfup+yD; ewc wdkif;rSL;/ a'oygwDOuUX/ 1985 Edk0ifbmvrSm 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf/ 1988 ZlvdkifvrSm 'kwd,umuG,fa&; 0ef}uD;eJ@ rqvA[dktvkyftr_ aqmifaumfrwD0if pwJh &mxl;}uD;awGudk&&dSvmwm awG@&ygw,f? etzwGif;(2)eJ@ ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifOD; [mvnf; Adkvfat;udk &J@ wynfh&if;wpfOD;jzpf a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfat;udk 'kcsKyftjzpf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&Hk;rSm pwifwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhwJh 1976 ckESpfrSm AdkvfrSL;wifOD;[m uu§=unf; ppfqifa&;XmerSm ppfOD;pD;rSL;('kwd,wef;) wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaewJhtcsdef jzpfygw,f? AdkvfrSL; wifOD;[mvnf; tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; AdkvffcsKyfat;udk&J@ wynfh&if;wpfOD; jzpfvmcJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdef u Adkvfoef;a&$uvnf; uu§=unf;rSm ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)wm0efudk xrf;aqmifae&wJhtwGuf Adkvfat;udk/ Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ AdkvfwifOD; wdk@[m wpf&Hk;wnf;/ wpfÏmewnf;rSm q&mwynfhawGtjzpfeJ@ twlvufwGJcJh=ubl;wm awG@Edkifygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfat;udk[m 1977 ckESpfrSm AdkvfrSL;wifOD;udk cr&(106)udk wyf&if;rSL;wm0efeJ@ acwWajymif;a&$@jy cdkif;cJh+yD; 1979 ckESpfuae ol 'kwyfcsKyfwm0ef u z,fay;cJh&wJh 1981 ckESpftxd 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;wifOD;udk uu§=unf; ppfqifa&;XmerSm ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)tjzpf wav#mufvHk; ac:,lxm;cJhwm awG@&ygw,f? Adkvfcif!Gef@&J@ q&m&if;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyf wifhaqG(zsmyHk)eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; at;udk(usHKaysmf) wdk@[m {&m0wD wdkif;om;awGjzpfayrJh i,fpOfuwnf; wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD; +ydKifbufawGjzpfcJh=uwmudk awG@&ygw,f? Adkvfat;udk eJ@ Adkvf wifhaqG wdk@[m 1943 ckESpfrSm ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfudk 0ifa&mufcJh=uygw,f? AdkvfwifhaqGu t*Fvdyf-jrefrm (10)wef; atmifxm;wJhtwGuf r*Fvm'HkAdkvfoifwef;ausmif;eJ@ *syefppfwuUodkvfawGrSm wufa&mufcGifh&&dScJh+yD; 1948 ckESpfrSm jyefwrf;0if t&m&dS jzpfvmcJhygw,f? Adkvfat;udkuawmh usHKaysmf ae&Sife,ftrsdK;om;ausmif;rSm (10) wef;txdom ynmoif=um;cJhbl;wJhtwGuf jznfhwif;a&;eJ@o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;wyf&if;rSm wyfom;tqifheJ@ pwif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh&+yD; aemufydkif;rSm ol@&J@yg;eyfxufjrufr_a=umifh t&mcHAdkvfuav;tqifhtxd cef@tyfcHcJh&yg w,f? 1945 ckESpf zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;umvtwGif; AdkvfwifhaqG u *syefjynfrSm ppfynmoifaecJh+yD; Adkvfat; udk u o&ufc&dkif a&S@wef;ppfOD;pD;XmecsKyfeJ@ wdkif;(1) yJEG,fukef;pcef;awGrSm *syefawmfvSefa&;wm0efawGudk xrf; aqmifaecJhwm awG@&ygw,f? Adkvfat;udk[m *syefawmfvSefa&;t+yD; topfjyifqifzGJ@pnf;cJhwJh Armhwyfrawmfudk 1946 ckESpfrSm xyfrH 0ifa&mufcJh&ygw,f? jynf+rdK@&dS Adkvfae0if; OD;pD;wJh oeu(4)rSm wyfom;tjzpfeJ@ wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh+yD; 1952 ckESpf usrS Adkvfoifwef; tywfpOf(6)udk wufa&mufcGifh&&dScJh+yD; jyefwrf;0ift&m&dSjzpfvmcJhol jzpfygw,f? AdkvfwifhaqGu 1962 ckESpfrSm AdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifheJ@ taemufawmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf (ewc)rSm 'kwdkif;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif aepOf Adkvfat;udkuvnf; ewcrSm 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifheJ@ ppfOD;pD;rSL;yxrwef; (G-1) wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? {&m0wDwdkif;om;csif;vnf;jzpf/ wyfwpfckwnf;rSmvnf; txufatmufwm0efawGudk twlwuG xrf; aqmifcJh&olawG jzpfcJh=ubl;ayrJh Adkvfat;udk [m yk*~dKvfa&;tmCmw }uD;rm;vGef;oljzpfwJhtwGuf 'kwdkif;rSL; Adkvf rSL;}uD;wifhaqG tay:rSm rvdkrkef;wD;r_awG &dScJha=umif;od&dS&ygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ AdkvfwifOD;wdk@&J@q&m&if; Adkvfat;udk[m Adkvfae0if;&J@ oeu(4) i,farG;+cHaygufyDyD pdwfo abmxm; ao;odrf&kwfnHhwJ@ae&mrSm ol@q&m}uD;jzpfwJh Adkvfae0if;xufawmif tqaygif;rsm;pGmydkEdkifw,fvdk@ oleJ@ twl wm0efuscJholawGu rSwfcsufjyK=uwm awG@&ygw,f? 1967 ckESpfrSm 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD; at;udk[m wyfr(88)rSm 'kwyfrrSL; jzpfvmcJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu wyfr(88)&J@ wyfrrSL;[m AdkvfrSL;}uD;oef;wif jzpfygw,f? Adkvfoef;wifeJ@ Adkvfat;udk wdk@t=um;rSmvnf; yk*~dKvfa&;t& wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD; rwnfhcJh=ubl;vdk@ qdkygw,f? Adkvfat;udk&J@ aemuf



ausm"m;eJ@xdk;wwfwJhtusifha=umifh ol@txuft&m&dSrSefor# ol@udk t+rJowdxm; qufqH=u&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfrSL;}uD;oef;wif &yc wdkif;rSL;tjzpf ajymif;a&$@oGm;wJhtcg AdkvfrSL;}uD;at;udk u wyfr(88)rSm wyfrrSL;jzpfvm cJhygw,f? yk*~dKvfa&;tmCmw }uD;rm;vGef;wJh AdkvfrSL;}uD;at;udk[m wdkif;rSL;a[mif; aexdkifoGm;cJhwJhaetdrfeJ@ wdkif;rSL; a[mif; pD;oGm;wJhum;awGudk qufroHk;yJ/ ol@twGuf tdrfopfaqmuf/ um;opf0,f+yD; toHk;jyKcJha=umif;vnf; od&dS& ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfat;udk[m rqvygwD&J@ wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifcJhwJhtcsdefrSmvnf; AdkvfcsKyf &GmrSm ol@twGufaqmufvkyfaewJhwdkuftdrfudk aqmuf+yD;umrS yHkpHr}udKufvdk@qdk+yD; jyefzsufaqmufcdkif;cJha=umif; od&dS &ygw,f? ,QK tus,fcsKyfcsrSwfcHae&wJh tzGJ@csKyf'kOuUX/ jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ pwkwˆajrmuf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf a[mif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&wifOD; udk 1976 ckESpfrSm &mxl;jyKwf+yD; wyfrawmfuxkwfy,fcH&atmif enf;trsdK;rsdK;eJ@ uvdefuuspf vkyfcJh=u&mrSmvnf; ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ vefbm; wifOD; (rsufrSef wifOD;) eJ@twl &efukef wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL; AdkvfrSL;}uD;at;udk yg0ifcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&wifOD;&J@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf oufwrf; 1974 ckESpfuae 1976 ckESpftwGif; &efukefrSmjzpfyGm;cJhwJh qENjyyGJwcsdK@rSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&wifOD; u ypfcwfacsr_ef;zdk@ cGifhrjyKcJhwJhtay: vefbm;wifOD;eJ@ wdkif;rSL; AdkvfrSl;}uD;at;udk wdk@u rausreyfjzpfcJh=uw,fvdk@ qdkyg w,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&wifOD;udk tjypf&Smvdk@r&wJhtwGuf ZeD;jzpfol a'gufwmwifrdk;a0 [m vl}uD;rdom;pk vdkufem& rJhpnf;urf;awGudk csdK;azgufcJhw,fvdk@pGyfpGJ+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&wifOD; udk 1976 ckESpf rwfv(6)&ufae@rSm twif;tusyf E_wfxGufcdkif;cJhwm jzpfygw,f? (Adkvfat;udk&J@ wynfh}uD;jzpfwJh Adkvfoef;a&$u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a[mif; ol&OD;wifOD;tay: tcktcsdeftxd t+idKw}uD;jzpfaewm[mvnf; ol@q&mqDu&&dScJhwJh pdwf"gwfawGa=umifh jzpfEkdifygw,f?) 'Dvdk pdwfaeoabmxm;&dSwJh Adkvfoef;a&$&J@q&m[m 1976 ckESpfrSm 'kwyfcsKyf jzpfvmcJhygw,f? rqvygwD OuUX}uD; OD;ae0if;uvnf; ol@ajc&meif;rJhwynfhqdk+yD; Adkvfat;udk udk jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm wpfcgrS ray;bl;ao;wJh 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; qdkwJh&mxl;udk ay;tyf+yD; csD;jr‡ifhajr‡mufpm;cJhwm awG@&ygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$[m “q&mqdk;wynfh” jzpf ayrJh ae&maumif;awGudkawmh &cJhygw,f? Adkvfat;udk aumif;pm;aecsdefrSm wynfh}uD;jzpfwJh Adkvfoef;a&$[mvnf; wyfr(88) 'kwyfrrSL;/ wyfrrSL;/ pwJh tqifhjrifh&mxl;awGudk wpfck+yD;wpfck &&dScJhygw,f? 1981ckESpf pufwbFmvrSm Adkvfat;udk[m touf (60)jynfhvdk@ 'kwyfcsKyftjzpfu z,fay;cJh&ayrJh =oZmtm%mydk}uD;rm;vSwJh ygwDtaxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;eJ@ EdkifiHawmfaumifpDtwGif;a&;rSL; &mxl;awGudk &&dScJhjyefwJhtwGuf ol@wynfh}uD;udkvnf; ewc wdkif; rSL;/ 'kwyfcsKyf}uD;/ pwJh &mxl;}uD;awG &&dSonftxd qGJwifay;cJhwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfwifhaqG wyfr(77) wyfrrSL;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaepOf Adkvf}uD;cif!Gef@ u wyfrrSL;&J@ udk,fa&; t&m&dS (PSO) tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhwma=umifh AdkvfcsKyfwifhaqG[m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@&J@vufOD;q&m jzpfcJh ygw,f? (AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@eJ@ ol@rdom;pktm;vHk; ESpf&Snfaxmif'%fawGcsrSwfcHae&csdefrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@&J@ajr;/ &JEdkif0if;&J@om;i,fwpfOD;udk AdkvfcsKyfwifhaqGu ac:,larG;pm;+yD; ausmif;xm;ay;xm;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f) AdkvfcsKyf wifhaqG[m &wc wdkif;rSL;/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme 'kwd,0ef}uD;/ 0ef}uD;csKyf&Hk; 'kwd,0ef}uD;/ trSwf(1)pufr_0ef}uD; Xme0ef}uD;/ rqvygwD A[dktvkyftr_aqmif/ pwJh &mxl;awGudk&&dScJhayrJh 'kwyfcsKyf &mxl;udkawmh r&&dScJhygbl;? um uG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&wifOD; vufxufrSm 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(=unf;)tjzpf AdkvfcsKyfwifhaqGudk cef@tyfzdk@qEN&dScJhayrJh OD;ae0if;&J@ !$ef=um;csuft& AdkvfcsKyfwifhaqG&J@ vufatmuft&m&dSjzpfcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyf ol&ausmf xif udkom cef@tyfcJh&ygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfwifhaqGeJ@ 'kwyfcsKyf ol&ausmfxifwdk@[m pdwfoabmxm; jynfh0ol awGyDyD wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD; tjyeftvSef wav;wpm;qufqHcJh=ua=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&ausmfxif wyfcsKyf}uD;jzpfvmcsdefrSmvnf; OD;ae0if;u AdkvfcsKyfat;udk udk 'kwyfcsKyftjzpf cef@tyfcdkif;cJhygw,f? q&m}uD;awGjzpfcJh=uwJh Akdvfat;udkeJ@ AdkvfwifhaqG wdk@&J@ ausmif;awmfu &efpawGudk wynfh&if;awGjzpfwJh Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ Adkvfcif!Gef@wdk@u vufqifhurf; o,faqmifvm+yD; jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ [oFmudk;aomif; tcef;quf Zmwfawmf}uD;udk qufvufujy/ toHk;awmfcHcJh=uwmjzpfa=umif; oHk;oyfwifjyvdkuf&ygw,f? ?

*****************************




Adkvfoef;a&$[m 1997 ppftkyfpkwGif; tm%mvkyGJt+yD;rSm tajcydkcdkifvmcJhovdk ol@&J@ wefcdk;=oZmt&dSeft0g [m vnf; ydkrdk}uD;rm;vmcJhygw,f? tm%mvkyGJrSm ol@bufu axmufcH&yfwnfay;cJh=uwJh ppfwdkif;rSL;awGudkvnf; vkyfydkifcGifh tm%mawG ydkay;cJhwmawG@&ygw,f? wdkif;rSL;awGudk oufqdkif&mppfwdkif;e,fajrtwGif; ppfbufqdkif&mudpP awGomru EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ 0ef}uD;Xmetm;vHk;&J@ pDrHcef@cGJr_qdkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mawGudkyg w&m;0ifay;tyfcJh wJhtwGuf ppfwdkif;rSL;awG[m oufqdkif&mppfa'oawG&J@ ppfbk&ifi,fawG jzpfvm=uygw,f? 1997 tm%mvk etz ppfaumifpDrSm aemufaygufwJ@a&$=umyiftjzpf wefcdk;xGm; wGifus,fvmoluawmh Adkvfoef;a&$&J@ wynfh&if;wpfOD;jzpfwJh ppfa&;csKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;0if;jrifh (=unf;§8809) jzpfygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$u Adkvf0if;jrifh udk etz wGif;(3)tjzpf wm0efcef@tyf ay;cJhwJhtjyif Adkvfoef;a&$ udk,fwdkif em,u(OuUX)}uD;vkyf+yD; zGJ@pnf;xm;cJhwJh }uH@zGH@toif;}uD;rSmvnf; 'kOuUXtjzpf cef@tyfcJhwmawG@&ygw,f? Adkvf0if;jrifh[m wdkif;jynf&J@ tjrwf tpGef;trsm;qHk; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rSefor#udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfudkifxm;wJh ppfwyfydkif jrefrmhOD;ydkifvDrdwuf&J@ OuUX }uD;vnf; jzpfygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$[m ol@wynfh&if;jzpfwJh Adkvf0if;jrifhudk ppfbufqdkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhawGudkomru EdkifiHa&;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhawGudkyg pk+yHKay;tyfcJhwJhoabm jzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf0if;jrifh [m 1988 ckESpf &Spfav;vHk; vlxkta&;awmfyHkumvtwGif; axmuf}uH@rSmtajcpdkufwJh wyf r (11)&J@ wyfrrSL;jzpfcJh+yD; +idrf;csrf;pGmqENjycJh=uwJh &[ef;&Sifvl ausmif;om;jynfolawGudk t=urf;zufypfcwf owf jzwfacsr_ef;&mrSm a&S@wef;u wufºuGpGmyg0ifcJholwpfOD; jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif u&ifjynfe,ftwGif; jyKvkyfcJhwJh ppfqif a&;awGrSmvnf; u&ifjynfolawGeJ@ tpPvmrfbmom0ifawGudk &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfcJholwpfOD;jzpfa=umif; od&dS &ygw,f? ppftm%m&Sif}uD;awG[m olwdk@&J@vHk+cHKa&;twGuf &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfeJ@ &efukef+rdK@awmf teD;w0dkufrSm tajcpdkufxm;wJh wyfr(11)/ wyfr(77) wdk@&J@ t}uD;tuJwyfrSL;awGtjzpf olwdk@ txl;,Hk=unfpdwfcs&olawGudkrS a&G;cs,fcef@xm;avh&dSwm awG@&ygw,f? &Spfav;vHk;ta&;tcif;umvtwGif; vufpGrf;jyEdkifcJhwJh wyfr (11)wyfrrSL; AdkvfcsKyf0if;jrifh[m ol@q&mAdkvfoef;a&$ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfeJ@ e0wOuUX&mxl;udk odrf;ydkufcJhwJh 1992 ckESpfrSm eyc wdkif;rSL;tjzpf cef@tyfolaumif;jyKwmudk cHcJh&ygw,f? 1995 ckESpfrSm Adkvfoef;a&$u Adkvf0if;jrifhudk ppfa&;csKyf &mxl; ay;tyf+yD; ol@teD;rSmac:,lxm;cJhwm jzpfygw,f? tm%mvk ppfaumifpDtzGJ@xJrSm yg0ifcGifhr&ayrJh Adkvfoef;a&$&J@ ae&may;r_a=umifh Adkvf0if;jrifheJ@twl ppf&Hk; csKyfrSm wGifus,fvmolwpfOD;uawmh ppfaxmufcsKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifvS(=unf;§8752) jzpfygw,f? AdkvfwifvS[m &Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyHkumvrSm qENjyolawGudk &uf&ufpufpufypfcwfowfjzwfcJhwJh bm;tHtajcpdkuf wyfr(22) &J@ wyfrrSL;jzpfcJhygw,f? AdkvfwifvS[m Adkvfoef;a&$&J@ wynfh&if;wpfOD;r[kwfcJhayrJh ol@&J@trdef@emcHr_/ opPm&dSr_awGudk oabmuswma=umifh Adkvfoef;a&$ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfeJ@ e0wOuUXjzpfvmcJhwJh 1992 ckESpfrSm ewc wdkif;rSL;tjzpf cef@tyfolaumif;jyKcJh+yD; 1995 ckESpfrSm ppfaxmufcsKyftjzpfeJ@ ol@tem;udk ac:,lxm;wmudkcHcJh&ol jzpfygw,f? AdkvfwifvS[m (18)&ufomcHwJh rqvOuUXeJ@ orRw}uD; OD;pdefvGifeJ@ trsdK;awmfpyfwma=umifh etz tm%mvk ppfaumifpDrSm tzGJ@0iftjzpf ae&may;zdk@twGufawmh Adkvfoef;a&$u wGef@qkwfaecJh[ef&dSygw,f? AdkvfwifvS[m etz ppfaumifpDtzGJ@0if rjzpfcJhayrJh ppfaxmufcsKyf/ ppfwyfydkif jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;aumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;&J@ OuUX/ wyfrawmfa&;&m 0ef}uD;/ 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyf pwJh ae&maumif;awGudk &&dScJhwmawG@&ygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$u ol@wynfh vufr&GH@vlowform;awGudk teD;rSmac:+yD; olaumif;jyK ae&may;vmwJhtay: etz xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifawGxJrSm rausvnfr_awG jzpfay:vmcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? e*dkvfxJurS wGif;(1) Adkvf cif!Gef@eJ@ wGif;(2) AdkvfwifOD;wdk@t=um; vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mtwGuf wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD; t+ydKiftqdkifjzpfaewmudk Adkvf oef;a&$u wGif;(3)qdk+yD; Adkvf0if;jrifhudkyg xyf+yD;xdk;xnfhay;vdkufwJhtwGuf wGif;(1/ 2/ 3) wdk@t=um; twGif;usdwf pm;cGufvkyGJ[m ydkrdkjyif;xefvmcJhygw,f? Adkvffcif!Gef@uawmh yg;eyfolyDyD Adkvfoef;a&$ wynfh&if;awG&J@ ajcvSrf;trSm;



udkapmifh+yD; tjywfcszdk@ jyifqifcJhygw,f? tJ'Dvdk wpfOD;ajcvSrf; wpfOD;=unfh+yD; OD;olpm;wrf;/ vnfolpm;wrf; ,Ofaus; r_udk usifhoHk;aewJh etz tm%mvk ppfaumifpDtwGif;rSm pv,f0ifzifrrJcif xif&Sm;wJh tufa=umif;awGeJ@ tuGJ t+yJawG ay:aygufvmcJhwmawG@&ygw,f? tm%mvkppfaumifpDxJu yxrqHk; t&SifxGuf xGufcJh&oluawmh &wcwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfjrifhatmif (=unf; §11509) jzpfygw,f? AIDS a&m*ga=umifh 2000jynf@ESpf atmufwdkbmvrSm tem;ay;cHcJh&wmjzpfygw,f? ol@ ae&mudk u&c wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif(=unf;§ 11716)udk ajymif;a&$@wm0efay;cJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif&J@ u&c wdkif;rSL;wm0efudk wyfr(88) wyfrrSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyfat;aºuG (=unf;§12125)eJ@ tpm;xdk;cef@tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? 'kwd,eJ@ wwd, taoxGuf xGufcJh&ol(2)OD;uawmh etz wGif;(2)vnf;jzpf/ txl;ppfqifa&;tzGJ@rSL;vnf;jzpf/ ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf(=unf;) vnf;jzpfwJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD; (=unf;§8182) eJ@ &wcwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfppfarmifwdk@ jzpf=uygw,f? 2001 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv(19)&ufae@ reufapmapmrSm u&ifjynfe,f bm;tH+rdK@teD; oHvGifjrpfxJudk xdk;usysufpD;oGm;cJhwJh &k&Sm;vkyf MI-17 &[wf,mOfeJ@twlygoGm;+yD; aoqHk;oGm;cJh=uwmjzpfygw,f? 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD; acgif;aqmifwJhtzGJ@[m azaz:0g&Dv(16)&ufae@uwnf;u weoFm&Dwdkif;eJ@ rGefjynf e,ftwGif;rSm&dSwJh wyf&if;wyfzGJ@awGudk vSnfhvnfppfaq;aecJhwmjzpfygw,f? azaz:0g&Dv(18)&ufae@rSm armfv+rdKif &wc ppfXmecsKyfrSm ntdyf&yfem;+yD; aemufwpfae@reufapmapmrSm u&ifjynfe,f bm;tH+rdK@udktoGm; tckvdk &[wf,mOfysufus+yD; aoqHk;oGm;cJhjcif;jzpfygw,f? AdkvfwifOD;[m tJ'Dtcsdefu Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ Adkvfarmifat; wdk@+yD; &if jrefrmhwyfrawmfxJrSm wwd,=oZmtm%mt&dSqHk;yk*~dKvf jzpfygw,f? aoqHk;csdefrSm touf(67)ESpf &dSae+yDjzpfyg w,f? 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifOD;[m rqvacwfrSmuwnf;u ppf&Hk;csKyf ppfOD;pD;AdkvfrSL;}uD;tjzpfeJ@ ppfqifa&;awGudk wav#mufvHk; uGyfuJvmcJholjzpfwma=umifh e0w/ etzacwfrSmvnf; wyfcsKyf}uD;eJ@ 'kwyfcsKyf}uD;wdk@udk,fpm; wpf jynfvHk;rSm&dSwJhwyfawGudk ppf&Hk;csKyfuae ae@pOf uGyfuJ!$ef=um;ae&ol jzpfygw,f? oleJ@twl aoqHk;oGm;cJhwJh Adkvf ppfarmif uawmh ol&/ oD[ol& qdkwJh jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ ol&owWdqdkif&m tjrifhqHk;qkwHqdyfawGudk &&dSxm;wJhtjyif olaoqHk;wJhtcsdefrSm toufu (50ESpf)om &dSao;wJhtwGuf tem*gwfjrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf avmif;tjzpf owfrSwfvsmxm;cH&olwpfOD; jzpfygw,f? 'D&[wf,mOfysufusr_[m &moDOwkqdk;0g;vGef;wma=umifh ysufuscJh&wmjzpfw,fvdk@ etzu tJ'Dae@nae rSmyJ csufcsif; owif;xkwfjyefa=unmcJhayrJh 'D&[wf,mOfysufusr_tay: wyfwGif;wyfjyifrSm }uD;rm;wJh oHo,jzpfr_ awG ay:aygufcJhygw,f? AdkvfwifOD;[m Adkvfcif!Gef@&J@ t"du+ydKifbufwpfOD;jzpfcJhwJhtjyif AdkvfwifOD;udk ypfrSwfxm;cJhwJh AHk;cGJvkyf}uHr_awG qufwdkufay:aygufcJhwJhom"uawGa=umifhvnf; tckvdk oHo,jzpfr_awG ay:aygufcJh&wmjzpfEdkifyg w,f? AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;[m (OTS-22) ausmif;qif;jzpf+yD; AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@u (OTS-25) ausmif;qif; jzpfwma=umifh AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@xufydk+yD; pDeD,musol jzpfygw,f? 1988 ckESpf &Spfav;vHk;vlxk ta&;awmfyHkumvtwGif; AdkvfrSL; }uD;cif!Gef@u ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@udk OD;pD;uGyfuJ+yD; wefjyeftzsuftarSmifhvkyfief;awGeJ@ vlxkta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk twGif;u+zdKcGJzdk@ }udK;yrf;aecsdefrSm ppf&Hk;csKyf&J@ ppfOD;pD;AdkvfrSL;}uD; wm0efxrf;aqmifaewJh AdkvfrSL;}uD;wifOD;u wdkufcdkuf a&;wyfawGudk pDrHcef@cGJ!$ef=um;+yD; ta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk tiftm;oHk; t=urf;zuf+zdKcGJEdkifzdk@ }udK;yrf;cJholjzpfygw,f? olwdk@(2)OD;&J@tultnDeJ@ ppfwyfu tm%modrf;cJhwmjzpfwJhtwGuf e0wxJrSm olwdk@ESpfa,mufpvHk;udk twGif;a&;rSL;(1)eJ@ (2)tjzpf ta&;ygwJhae&mawGrSm cef@tyfwm0efay;cJhwm jzpfygw,f? olwkd@ESpfa,mufpvHk;[m tJ'DtcsdefxJupwif+yD; t+ydKiftqdkif jzpfcJhyHk&ygw,f? 1992 ckESpfaemufydkif; 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmwJh Adkvfarmifat;eJ@ ol@&J@wdkuf&dkufuGyfuJr_atmufrSm ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf/ txl;ppfqifa&;tzGJ@rSL;qdkwJh wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifae&wJh AdkvfwifOD; wdk@[m Adkvfcif!Gef@xufpm&if wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD; ydk&if;ESD;Edkifygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$ r&dSawmh&if jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm Adkvfarmifat;u wyfcsKyf}uD;/ AdkvfwifOD;u 'kwyfcsKyf}uD;jzpfvmzdk@ aocsmoavmuf &dSygw,f? AdkvfwifOD;[m ppfom;yDyD vrf;wckckudka&G;+yD;&if wHk;wdkufwdkuf usm;udkufudkuf vkyfcsifpdwf&dSwJhtwGuf Adkvf csKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifeJ@ Adkvfcif!Gef@&J@ a0hvnfvnf r&Sif;rvif; vkyfaqmifr_rsdK;awGudk oabmruscJhbl;vdk@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@uvnf; AdkvfcsKyfwifOD; eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;wdk@udk EdkifiHa&;/ oHwrefa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ta=umif; em;r



vnfolawGtjzpfeJ@ txifao;cJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfwifOD; pdwfxJrSm AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@eJ@ ol@q&m AdkvfcsKyf rSL;}uD;oef;a&$tay: cdk;vdk;ckvkjzpfaewJhtcsufawG tawmfrsm;rsm;&dScJha=umif;vnf; od&ygw,f? t"dutcsufwpfck uawmh 1997ckESpf Edk0ifbm(15)&ufae@u e0w tzGJ@xJuae wtkyfwr}uD; z,f&Sm;ypfcHcJh&wJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; awGxJrSm olav;pm; =unf!dkwJh ol@q&mwpfOD;jzpfol 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;jrifhatmif ygoGm;cJhwJhtay: rauseyfwmvdk@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;[m 2001 ckESpfa&mufrS aoqHk;cJh&wmjzpfayrJh vkyf}uHowfjzwfa&;tzGJ@wpfcku 1996 ckESpf avmufuwnf;u ol@udkypfrSwfxm;+yD; okwfoif&Sif;vif;zdk@ ol@aemufudk t&dyfvdkvdkufaecJhwm xif&Sm;ygw,f? 1996 ckESpf 'DZifbm(25)&ufae@nu &efukef urBmat; r[mygoevd_if*lawmf}uD;rSm w&kwfjynfu yifhaqmifvm wJh pG,fawmfjrwfudk zl;ar#mfzdk@oGm;a&mufrJh wGif;(2) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;udk vkyf}uHzdk@twGuf bk&m;rSmAHk;axmif xm;cJhygw,f? yxrAHk;u tjyifzuf apmif;wef;teD;rSm tcsdefrwdkifrSD aygufuGJoGm;wJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;u ol@ c&D;pOfudk zsufvdkufygw,f? 'kwd,AHk;wpfvHk;u pG,fawmfa&S@rSm&dSwJh bk&m;yef;tdk;twGif;rSm axmifxm;wmjzpf+yD; vHk+cHKa&;wyfzGJ@0ifawG &SmazGaepOf aygufuGJoGm;cJhygw,f? 'DaygufuGJr_awGa=umifh vHk+cHKa&;0efxrf;(4)OD; aoqHk;cJh&yg w,f? w&kwfjynfupG,fawmfudk e0wudk,fpm; b,folb,fae@rSm vma&mufzl;ar#mfvdrR,fqdkwm tjyifvlawG vHk;0 rodEdkifovdk vHk+cHKa&;awGxlxyfpGmcsxm;wJh 'Dvdkae&mrsdK;udk tjyifutzsuform;qdkolawG 0ifa&mufAHk;axmifEdkifzdk@ qdkwm b,fvdkrS rjzpfEdkifygbl;? 'gayrJh e0wppfaxmufvSrf;a&;u 'Dvkyf&yfudk autif,lt=urf;zuform;awG&J@ vkyf&yfvdk@ oufaotaxmuftxm; wpfckrSr&dSyJeJ@ csufcsif; xkwfaz:pGyfpGJcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;udk ypfrSwfxm;+yD; 'kwd,t}udrfvkyf}uHzdk@ usdK;pm;cJhwmuawmh 1997 ckeSpf {+yDv(6)&ufae@ ol@aetdrfrSm jzpfygw,f? {+yDv(3)&ufae@uwnf;u ol@eHrnfeJ@a&muf&dSaewJh ygq,fxkyfudk {+yDv(6)&ufae@nrSm orD;}uD;jzpfol &efukefwuUodkvfordkif;Xme vufaxmufuxdu a':csdKvJhOD; u zGifhazgufvdkuf&mrSm AHk;aygufuGJ+yD; aoqHk;oGm;cJh&ygw,f? tJ'Dygq,fxkyfay:u wHqdyfacgif;eJ@ wHqdyfwHk;awG[m *syefjynfujzpfayrJh 'Dygq,fxkyf[m &efukefpmwkduf}uD; rSwfyHkwifXme/ pma0XmeawGuwqifh AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;&J@tdrfu vHk+cHKa&;wyfzGJ@udk tqifhqifhjzwf oef;cJh+yD;rS ol@{nf@cef;xJu pm;yGJay:udk acsmacsmarmarm a&muf&dSvmyHk[m rxl;aomfvnf; qef;aew,fvdk@ qdk&r vdkjzpfygw,f? 'Dygq,fxkyf a&muf&dSvmwJhae@u AdkvfcsKyfwifOD; c&D;xGufaewma=umifh ZeD;jzpfol a':cifoef;EGJ@u {nf@cef;xJupm;yGJay:rSm wifxm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfwifOD; jyefa&mufvmwJhae@rSmvnf; ygq,fxkyfudk ar@ae +yD; pm(2)apmifudkyJ ZeD;jzpfolu ay;cJhrdw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? ygq,fxkyf tdrfxJa&mufonftxd apmifh=unfhae[ef&dSwJh vkyf}uHowfjzwfa&;tzGJ@[m (3)&uf=umvdk@rS AHk;uGJwmudk r=um;&wJhtwGuf {+yD(6)&ufae@n (8)em&Dxkd;cgeD;rSm AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;tdrfudk zHk;quf+yD; ygq,fxkyf vufcH&/ r& ar;jref;cJhygw,f? w,fvDzkef;em;axmifcJhwJh a':csdKvJhOD;u tJ'DtcsdefusrS owd&+yD; ygq,fxkyfudk zGifh =unfhrd&mu AHk;aygufuGJoGm;cJh&wmjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? “trSefu usaemfhudk vkyf}uHwmyg/ orD;}uD;u usaemfh udk,fpm; toufpGef@oGm;&wmyg/ ol@tarudkvnf; udk,fcE<meJ@ umuG,fay;xm;ovdkjzpfcJhvdk@ csdKvJh[m usaemfwdk@ rdom;pkudkwifrubl;/ wpfEdkifiHvHk;udk t=urf;zuform;awG&J@ tEW&m,f&dSaea=umif; owday;oGm;wmyg” vdk@ AdkvfcsKyf wifOD;u ajymqdkcJha=umif; e0a'; pmwnf;tzGJ@u jyKpkxm;wJh “olESifh ol.b0yHk&dyf” qdkwJh AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;&J@ txkywdW pmtkyfrSm tao;pdwfa&;om; az:jyxm;wm awG@&ygw,f? AHk;uGJ+yD; (2)vausmft=um ZGefv(27)&ufae@rSmjyKvkyfcJhwJh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@&J@ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrSm 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; cif!Gef@u 'Dygq,fAHk;udk *syefjynfrSmaexdkif tvkyfvkyfudkifaewJh OD;odef;aiGeJ@ OD;aomrwfpf*k%f atmifwdk@u ydk@vdkufwmvdk@ twdtus pGyfpGJajymqdkcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh *syefawmf0if&JwyfzGJ@u olwdk@EdkifiHuay;ydk@wJh ypPnf;rSefor# aoaocsmcsmppfaq;+yD;rSom ay;ydk@wmrdk@ 'Dygq,fAHk;[m olwdk@EdkifiHu vmwmr[kwfbl;vdk@ jiif;qdk cJh+yD; OD;odef;aiGeJ@ OD;aomrwfpf*k%fatmif wdk@udk ac:,lar;jref;wmrsdK;awmif rvkyfcJhbl;vdk@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfwifOD;udk ypfrSwfxm;+yD; t}udrf}udrfvkyf}uHzdk@ }udK;pm;cJholawG[m b,folawGvJ/ AdkvfwifOD;xuf ydkt a&;ygwJh Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ Adkvfarmifat; wdk@udk ypfrSwfrxm;bJ bm&nf&G,fcsufeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;udk ypfrSwfxm;+yD; vkyf }uHzdk@ }udK;pm;cJh&ovJqdkwJh ta=umif;t&mawG[m tcktcsdeftxd tajzr&dSao;wJh ya[VdawGtjzpfeJ@ usef&dSae



ao;wm awG@&w,f? b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf tcsif;csif; t+ydKiftqdkifjzpfae=uwJh vli,fAdkvfcsKyfawGt=um; xdef;ay;ovdkeJ@ rodrom&efwdkufay;+yD; touf(75)ESpfausmfonftxd ol@=oZmtm%mudk qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;oluawmh AdkvfcsKyfrSL; }uD;oef;a&$omjzpfa=umif; oHk;oyfwifjyvdkuf&ygw,f? ?

*****************************




etz ppfaumifpD0ifawGxJu wGif;(2) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifOD;eJ@ &wcwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf oD[ol& ol&

ppfarmif wdk@ 2001 ckESpf azaz:0g&DvtwGif; taoxGufoGm;+yD;aemuf odyfr=umcif aemufxyf t&SifxGufcJh&ol wpfOD; uawmh wyfrawmf(av)&J@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfwJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ausmfoef; (av§1334) jzpfygw,f?

'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ausmfoef; [m 1997 Edk0ifbm(15)&uf ppftkyfpkwGif;tm%mvkyGJrSm wjcm; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf }uD; wpf'gZifausmfeJ@twl jzKwfxkwf&Sif;cHvdkuf&wJh avwyfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;odef;0if; &J@ ae&mrSm tpm;xdk;cef@tyfcHcJh&ol jzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfausmfoef;[m xl;c|efwJht&m&dSwpfOD; jzpfygw,f? 1994 ckESpf rwfvtwGif; pwifzGifhvSpfcJhwJh EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvf (National Defence College) oifwef;tywf pOf(1)rSm AdkvfrSL;}uD;awG jzpf=uwJh ausmf0if;/ armifbdk/ oD[ol& wifatmifjrifOD;/ oD[ol& ol& ppfarmif/ ol& a&$ref;wdk@eJ@twl wufa&mufcJholjzpf+yD; ol@&J@ oifwef;om;trSwfpOfu eHygwf(1) jzpfygw,f?

AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;wdk@ &[wf,mOfysufus aoqHk;cJh+yD;aemuf arvukefydkif;avmufup+yD; AdkvfcsKyfausmfoef;[m vljrifuGif;uae aysmufuG,faecJhygw,f? ZlvdkifvtwGif; umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a[mif; csmAmvpf OD;aqmif wJh xdkif;bk&ifhwyfrawmfu =unf;/ a&/ av OD;pD;csKyfawG jrefrmEdkifiHudk oGm;a&mufvnfywfwJhtcsdefrSm etz av wyfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfausmfoef; udk rawG@cJh&bl;vdk@ qdkygw,f? xdkif;avwyfOD;pD;csKyfeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfausmfoef; wdk@[m tar&duefEdkifiHrSm avwyfqdkif&mppfynmawGudk twloif=um;cJholawG jzpf=uwJhtjyif vuf&dSwm0eftqifh twef;t&vnf; Counterpart awG jzpfae=uwma=umifh xdkif;avwyfOD;pD;csKyfudk AdkvfcsKyfausmfoef;u }udKqdkE_wf quf {nfhcHjcif;rjyKwJhtay: avhvmolawGu pdwf0ifpm;cJh=uygw,f?

AdkvfcsKyfausmfoef; vljrifuGif;u aysmufuG,faer_a=umifh aumv[mvowif;awGvnf; trsdK;rsdK;ay:xGufcJhyg w,f? AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;wdk@tzGJ@ pD;eif;vdkufygoGm;wJh &k&Sm;vkyf MI-17 &[wf,mOfysufuscJhr_tay: wm0ef,lwJhtaeeJ@ EkwfxGufpmwif+yD; xGufoGm;cJhovdkvdk/ ol@udkrwdkifyifbJeJ@ etzOuUX AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ vufeufyGJpm; olaX; av; udkawZwdk@aygif;+yD; &k&Sm;eJ@w&kwfvkyf ppfav,mOfta[mif;awGudk 0,f,loHk;pGJcJhwma=umifh AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfppfarmifwdk@vdk wyfrawmfxdyfwef;t&m&dS}uD; trsm;tjym; xdcdkufaoqHk;cJh&r_/ wdkufav,mOfawG r=umc% ysufus+yD; avwyft&m&dSi,ftrsm;tjym; tcsD;ESD; toufqHk;&H_;cJh&r_eJ@ EdkifiHawmfb¾maiGawG ta[moduH jzpfcJh&r_ awGtay: rausreyfjzpf+yD; a'go,rf;tdk; aygufuGJrdwma=umifh ppftm%m&Sif}uD;&J@ +idKjiifr_udkcH&+yD; jzKwfxkwf&Sif;wm udk cHvdkuf&ovdkvdk/ owif;rsdK;pHk ay:xGufcJhygw,f?

ppftm%m&SifawG&J@xHk;pHtwdkif; 'Dvdk twGif;a&;udpPawGudk vlod&Sif=um; xkwfaz:a=unmavhr&dSwJhtwGuf ppftm%m&Sif}uD;awGu AdkvfcsKyfausmfoef;udk bma=umifh b,ftcsdefrSm b,fvdk z,f&Sm;vdkufovJqdkwmudk tck tcsdeftxd twdtus rod&ao;ygbl;? avwyfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf AdkvfcsKyfjrifhaqGudk avwyfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfopf tjzpfeJ@ 2001 ckESpf Zlvdkifv(17)&ufae@rSm rdwWDvm/ erfhpefeJ@ erf@aygif avwyftajcpdkufpcef;awGudk vSnfhvnfppf aq; vlvHk;jycdkif;awmhrS umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(av) AdkvfcsKyfausmfoef;wpfa,muf trSefwu,f “=u,faºuGoGm;+yD” qdkwmudk od=u&yg w,f?

jrefrmhwyfrawmfudk =unf;/ a&/ av eJ@ vuf&Hk; tul0efxrf;wyfawGqdk+yD; pkzGJ@ wnfaqmufxm;ygw,f? wyfrawmf =unf;/ a&/ av eJ@ vuf&Hk;tul0efxrf;wyfawG&J@ t}uD;tuJawG[m ppfwuUodkvf/ Adkvfoifwef;ausmif;/ ppfOD;pD; wuUodkvf/ EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvfawGrSm ppfynmawGudk twlwuG avhvmoif=um; cJh=u&wJh a&mif;&if;awG/ &Jabmf&JbufawG jzpf=uygw,f? 'gayrJh jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm avwyfeJ@ a&wyfudk =unf;wyf u t+rJ v$rf;rdk;csKyfudkifxm;wJh tpOftvm&dSwJhtwGuf uu§=unf; rSm wm0efxrf;aqmifaewJh t&m&dSawG[m uu§av eJ@ uu§a& u t&m&dS awGtay:rSm cGJjcm;wJhyHkpHeJ@ t+rJwrf; ESdrf@csqufqHavh&dSygw,f? uu§=unf;u ppfAdkvfawG



[m olwdk@uomv#if wdkif;jynfudk ydkrdkcspfjrwfEdk;olawG/ owWd&dSolawG/ ppfwdkuf&JolawGvdk@ cH,lxm;=u+yD; uu§av eJ@ uu§a& u t&m&dSawGudkawmh (Elite)awG/ tcGifhxl;cHawG/ ppfrwdkuf&JolawGtjzpfeJ@ &_jrifxm;=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh ppfom;csif;twlwl &mxl;tqifh wdk;jr‡ifhay;wm/ tcGifhta&;ay;wmutp avwyfeJ@ a&wyfu t&m&dS/ t&mcH/ t=uyfwyfom;awG[m cGJjcm;qufqHwmudk wpfav#mufvHk; cHcJh=u&ygw,f?

e0w/ etz ppftpdk;&oufwrf;umvtwGif; uu§=unf; u avwyfeJ@a&wyf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfawGudk pdwfrxif&if rxifovdk r=umc% jzKwfxkwfajymif;vkyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? 1997 Edk0ifbm(15)&uf ppftkyfpkwGif; tm%mvkyGJt+yD;rSm a&wyfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfopftjzpf cef@tyfcHcJh&wJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;!Gef@odef; [mvnf; 2001 ckESpf =o*kwfvrSm jzKwfxkwf&Sif;cHvkduf&+yD; ol@ae&mrSm ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf(a&) AdkvfcsKyf=unfrif; udk tpm;xkd; cef@tyfcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf!Gef@odef; udk touf(60)jynfhwJhtwGuf wyfrawmfpnf;urf;t& tem;ay;wmygvdk@ etz u owif;v$ifhcJhayrJh =o*kwfv(7)&ufae@eJ@ (8)&ufae@awGrSm uu§=unf;u OD;pD;usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh a&wyfqdkif&m r[mAsL[mtpnf;ta0;udk AdkvfcsKyf!Gef@odef;eJ@ a&wyfOD;pD;t&m&dS}uD;wcsdK@u vmrwufyJaecJh=uwma=umifh AdkvfcsKyf !Gef@odef;tygt0if a&wyft&m &dS (17)OD;udk wyfuxkwfvdkuf+yD; =o*kwfv(14)&ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyf=unfrif; (a&§ 1107) udk tpm;xdk;cef@ tyfcJhwmjzpfa=umif; wyfwGif;owif;awGt& od&dS&ygw,f?

AdkvfcsKyf!Gef@odef;eJ@ a&wyft&m&dS}uD;awG[m uu§=unf; u uu§a& udk ae&mwum 0ifa&muf v$rf;rdk; csKyfudkifaewJhudpP/ a&wyf&J@ umuG,fa&;qdkif&m r[mAsL[mawG a&;qGJcsrSwf&mrSm w&kwft,ltqawG v$rf;rdk;vm aewJh udpP/ uu§a& &J@ oabmxm;udk rawmif;cHyJ w&kwfvkyf Hainan trsdK;tpm; uif;vSnfh ppfoabFma[mif; (10)pD;eJ@ acwfrrDawmhwJh Rice Lamp trsdK;tpm; ypfcwfr_xdef;odrf;a&;a&'g/ Type-76 trsdK;tpm; (37 mm) oabFmwif puftajrmufawGeJ@ C-801/CSS-N-4/Sardine trsdK;tpm; oabFmcsif;ypf'Hk;ysHawGudk 0,f,ltoHk; jyKcJhwJhudpPawGtay: rausreyfjzpfcJh=ua=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? w&kwfEdkifiHuae 0,f,lcJhwJh Hainan trsdK;tpm; uif;vSnfhppfoabFmtrsm;pk[m jrefrmjynfudk v$Jajymif;ay;tyf+yD; ESpftenf;i,ft=umrSm ckwfarmif;r&awmhvdk@ a&wyftajcpdkufpcef;awGrSmyJ t+rJvdkvdk qdkufuyfxm;&ovdk w&kwfvkyf a&'gawGeJ@ 'Hk;ysHawGuvnf; acwfrrDawmh wJhtwGuf taemufEdkifiH}uD;awG&J@ a&wyfawGudkrqdkxm;eJ@ tdrfeD;csif; xdkif;/ rav;&Sm;/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf@ pwJhEdkifiHawG u a&wyfawGudkawmif b,fvkdrS ,SOf+ydKifEdkifrSmr[kwfbl;vdk@ qdkygw,f?

wyfrawmf(av)eJ@ wyfrawmf(a&) rSm wm0efxrf;aqmifae=uwJh t&m&dSawG[m ynmxl;c|efolawGjzpf=uwJh tjyif EdkifiHwum&J@tajctaeawGudkvnf; rsufajcrjywf avhvmqnf;yl; od&dSae=uolawG jzpfygw,f? xdyfydkif; t&m&dS}uD;wcsdK@[m taemufEdkifiHawGu ppfwuUodkvfawGrSm ynmoif=um;cJh=uolawG jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh olwdk@ &J@ avwyfeJ@ a&wyfawGudk tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHawGeJ@ ,SOf+ydKifwnfaqmuf&mrSm taemufEdkifiHawGuusifhoHk;aewJh acwfrD r[mAsL[mawGeJ@ enf;ynmawGudk toHk;jyKwnfaqmufzdk@ ydkrdktm;oef=ua=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'gayrJh wyfrawmf wpfckvHk;udk csKyfudkifxm;wJh ppftm%m&Sif}uD;awGu olwdk@&J@ tm%mwnf+rJa&;eJ@ olwdk@&J@ udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;wpfck wnf;udk=unfh+yD; w&kwfeJ@ &k&Sm;u acwfrrDawmhwJh ppfvufeufypPnf;ta[mif;awGudk 0,f,ltoHk;jyKaewJhtay: rauseyfcJh=ubl;vdk@ qdkygw,f?

wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfawGjzpf=uwJh uu§=unf;rS AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;(2)OD;u touf(70)ausmfwJhtxd olwdk@&J@&mxl;awGudk rpGef@v$wfyJ qufvufqkyfudkifxm;qJjzpfayrJh uu§av eJ@ uu§a& u umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf awG&J@b0uawmh ae@jrifnaysmufb0rsdK; jzpfaewmawG@&ygw,f? umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(av) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; jrifhaqG [mvnf; 2003 ckESpftwGif;rSm z,f&Sm;cHcJh&+yD; ol@ae&mrSm (DSA-17) ausmif;qif; AdkvfcsKyf jrwf[def; (av§ 1682) udk tpm;xdk;cef@cJhwm awG@&ygw,f? tvm;wl umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; =unfrif; [mvnf; odyf=um=umrcHyJ z,f&Sm;cHcJh&+yD; ol@ae&mrSm (DSA-11) ausmif;qif; AdkvfcsKyf pdk;odef; (a&§1181)eJ@ tpm;xdk; cef@tyfcJhwmawG@ &ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf pdk;odef; [m (!dSuGyf) vdk@ vlodrsm;vmwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a&$ref;eJ@ DSA tywfpOf wpfckwnf;ujzpf+yD; ppfwuUodkvfrSm taumif;qHk;Adkvfavmif; (Best Cadat) qkudk &&dScJhwJhtjyif rqv ppftpdk;&acwfrSm a&wyfOD;pD;csKyfjzpfcJhbl;wJh AdkvfcsKyf cspfvd_if(a&)&J@ udk,fa&;t&m&dS (PSO) wm0efudkvnf; xrf; aqmifcJhol jzpfygw,f?



umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; pdk;odef; udk ol@t&if a&wyfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfawGvdk jzKwf xkwf&Sif; rypfao;bJ 'DESpf ZGefv(20)&ufae@rSm trSwf(2) pufr_0ef}uD;Xmeudk 0ef}uD;tjzpfeJ@ ajymif;a&$@ay;wm[m oleJ@ ausmif;aebufoli,fcsif;jzpfcJhwJh etz&J@wwd,tm%mt&dSqHk;yk*~dKvf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a&$ref;&J@ apmifr=unfh&_r_awG a=umifh jzpfEdkifw,fvdk@ trsm;u ,lqae=uygw,f? umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&)tjzpfeJ@ topfcef@tyfcHcJh&wJh AdkvfcsKyf Om%fxGef;u (DSA-16) ausmif;qif; t&m&dSwpfOD;jzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&J@ rqv ppftpdk;&acwfrSm One and half vdk@ eHrnf}uD;+yD; vlwum zdef@zdef@wkefatmif a=umuf&GH@cJh&wJh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ/ EdkifiHawmf orRw&J@ ppfbufvufaxmuf/ EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0ifeJ@ rqvygwD&J@ wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;/ jzpfcJhol AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;(vHbm;)&J@ wynfh&if;/ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t&m&dSa[mif;wpfOD; jzpfygw,f? vHbm;wifOD;udk 1981 ckESpfrSm ta&;,lz,f&Sm;cJh+yD; ol@&J@ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;,EW,m;wpfckvHk;udk ajrvSefypfcJhcsdefrSm AdkvfOm%fxGef;u tuyf aumif;cJhwJhtwGuf jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif; cH&wJhtxJrSm ygroGm;cJhbJ wyfrawmf(a&)udk ajymif;a&$@cHcJh&wmjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?

umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(av) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; jrwf[def; uawmh tcktcsdeftxd vuf&dSwm0efawGudk xrf; aqmifcGifh &&dSaeqJjzpfayrJh olvnf; 'Dae&mrSm odyf=um=um rae&awmhbl;qdkwm oabmaygufae+yDvdk@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL; }uD;oef;a&$ u ol@&J@om;ruf (a':cif+yHK;a&$. cifyGef;) AdkvfrSL;}uD;odef;Edkif (av§1793) udk vGefcJhwJhvawG twGif; AdkvfrSL;csKyftqifh wdk;jr‡ifhay;cJh+yD; r*Fvm'Hkavwyfpcef;XmecsKyf(502)&J@ XmecsKyfrSL;tjzpf wm0efay;tyfcJhwm [m ol@udk tem*gwfwyfrawmf(av)&J@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfavmif;tjzpf vsmxm;a=umif; tm;vHk;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif; vif; }udKwiftoday;vdkufjcif;jzpfw,fvdk@ avwyftodkif;t0dkif;u ,lqae=ua=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? ?

*****************************




e0w/ etz ppftkyfpktwGif;u t&_wfawmfyHkawGxJrSm wyfrawmfom;awGa&m/ jynfolawGyg 'Duae@txd &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odcGifhr&ao;yJ/ ya[Vdqefqef ta=umif;t&mawG trsm;tjym; usef&dSaewmawG@&w,f? tJ'Dt a=umif;t&mawGteuf vltrsm;pdwf0ifpm;wJhta=umif;t&mwpfckuawmh 2001 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv(19)&ufae@ reufrSm &k&Sm;vkyf MI-17 &[wf,mOfysufus+yD; etztwGif;a&;rSL;(2)vnf;jzpf/ ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf(=unf;) vnf; jzpfwJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;eJ@ etzppfaumifpDtzGJ@0if ta&S@awmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf oD[ol& ol&ppfarmif tygt0if wyfrawmfxdyfwef;t&m&dS}uD; trsm;tjym; aoqHk;oGm;cJh&wJhtr_ jzpfygw,f? &moDOwkqdk;0g;r_a=umifh &[wf,mOfysufus&wmjzpfa=umif; etzu wdkwdkwkwfwkwf ajz&Sif;csufay;cJhayrJh etztwGif;rSmjzpfay:aewJh tm%mvkyGJ/ tkyfpkwdkufyGJawGa=umifh etz&J@ 'Dajz&Sif;csuftay: b,folurS t,Hkt =unfr&dScJh=uygbl;? ppftpdk;&u 'Dtr_udk w&m;0if pHkprf;ppfaq;r_awGjyKvkyf+yD; jzpfpOftao;pdwfudk wyfrawmfeJ@ jynf olvlxkudk tpD&ifcHwifjyzdk@ ysufuGufcJhwJhtay:rSmvnf; jynfolvlxk&J@ oHo,pdwfawGudk ydkrdk}uD;xGm;apcJhygw,f? 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD; acgif;aqmifwJhtzGJ@[m }wd*Hwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfe,fajr wmcsDvdwfa'orSm vwfw avm jzpfyGm;aewJh xdkif;jrefrm e,fpyfwdkufyGJtajctaeawGta=umif; urf;&dk;wef;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf e,fajrtwGif;rSm &dSwJh wyf&if;wyfzGJ@awGudk vSnf@vnf&Sif;vif;owday;zdk@ azaz:0g&Dv(16)&ufae@uwnf;u weoFm&Dwdkif; eJ@ rGefjynf e,fawGtwGif; vSnfhvnfoGm;vmaecJhwm jzpfygw,f? azaz:0g&Dv(18)&ufae@ ae@vnfydkif;rSm +rdwf+rdK@uae rGefjynf e,f armfv+rdKif+rdK@udk az:umav,mOfeJ@ qdkufa&mufvmcJh+yD; ta&S@awmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfrSm &Sif;vif;yGJxyfrHjyKvkyfcg ntdyf &yfem;cJhygw,f? aemufwpfae@ (azaz:0g&D19&uf) reuf(8)em&DrSm armfv+rdKifuae u&ifjynfe,f bm;tH+rdK@ udktoGm; w&kwfvSaus;&GmteD; reuf 8 em&D 55 rdepfrSm oHvGifjrpfxJudk &[wf,mOfysufuscJhwm jzpfygw,f? pHkprf;od&dS&wJhowif;awGt&/ tJ'Dae@reufu ysufuscJhwJh MI-17 trsdK;tpm; &k&Sm;vkyf &[wf,mOf}uD; ay:rSm etztwGif;a&;rSL;(2) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;/ ta&S@awmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf oD[ol&ol& ppfarmifeJ@ 0ef}uD;csKyf&kH;0ef}uD; AdkvfrSL;csKyf vGef;armifwdk@ tygt0if ppf&Hk;csKyfut&m&dS}uD;awG pkpkaygif;(22)OD;/ &[wf ,mOfrSL; AdkvfrSL;}uD; wif0if;/ wGJzuf&[wf,mOfrSL; AdkvfrSL;pdk;Edkif wdk@OD;aqmifwJh &[wf,mOftzGJ@om; (7)OD;eJ@ t&yf om; OD;aepdk;Edkif qdkolwpfOD;/ pkpkaygif; vl(30)wdwd pD;eif;vdkufygvm=uw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? &wc 'kwdkif;rSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyf rsdK;vSeJ@ armfv+rdKif trSwf(5)ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@rSL; AdkvfrSL;0if;a&$wdk@uawmh &[wf,mOfeJ@rvdkufyJ bm;tHudk um;eJ@oGm;cJh=uwJhtwGuf toufab;u vGwfajrmufoGm;cJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? &[wf,mOfysufuspOf aoqHk;olOD;a&[m (16)OD; odk@r[kwf (17)OD; jzpfEdkifw,fvdk@ ,lq&ygw,f? 'gayrJh pm&if; aumuf,lwJhtcgrSmawmh (14)OD;&J@ pm&if;udkom &&dScJhygw,f? 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD; &J@&kyftavmif;rSm ajcESpfzufvHk; aygif&if;ujywfaewmudk awG@=u&+yD;/ AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif&J@tavmif;udkawmh (3)&ufavmuf=umrS jrpf atmufydkif;wpfae&mrSm &kyfysufqif;ysufeJ@ jyefawG@cJh&w,fvdk@qdkygw,f? AdkvfrSL;}uD;(2)OD;&J@tavmif;uawmh vHk;0 &SmrawG@awmhyJ aysmufqHk;aea=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? aoqHk;oGm;olawGxJrSm 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;(67ESpf) (=unf; § 8182) (OTS-22) / etz wGif;(2)/ ppfqifa&;txl;tzGJ@rSL;/ ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf(=unf;)? AdkvfcsKyf oD[ol& ol& ppfarmif(50ESpf) (=unf;§11716) (DSA-12)/ wdkif;rSL; ta&S@awmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf/ OuUX w,u rGefjynfe,f? AdkvfrSL;csKyfvGef;armif(65ESpf) (=unf;§10133) (OTS-30)/ 0ef}uD;csKyf&Hk;0ef}uD;? AdkvfrSL;}uD;0if;vd_if(58ESpf) (=unf;§ 11467) (OTS-38)/ 'k!$ef=um;a&;rSL;-tajrmuf (uu§oH)? 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;}uD;vSydkif (44ESpf) (=unf;§14770) (DSA-20)/ ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;) (uu§=unf;)? AdkvfrSL;atmifzkef;Edkif (40ESpf) (=unf;§18171) (DSA-25) (uu§=unf;)? Adkvfcifarmifausmf(26ESpf) (=unf;§ 29470) (DSA-39) (uu§=unf;) wdk@ yg0ifwmawG@&ygw,f?



aoqHk;oGm;wJh &[wf,mOftzGJ@om;awGuawmh AdkvfrSL;}uD;wif0if; (51ESpf) (av§1633) (OTS-14)/ wyf rawmf(av)? AdkvfrSL;pdk;Edkif(udkudkarmif) (41ESpf) (av§1862) (DSA-23) wyfrawmf(av)? Adkvf}uD; aerif;atmif (29ESpf) (av§2174) (Tayza-20)/ trSwf(56)&[wf,mOftkyf/ wyfrawmf(av)? wyf=uyfodef;xGef; (40ESpf) (av§18400)/ trSwf(56)&[wf,mOftkyf/ wyfrawmf(av)? wyf=uyfausmfaqG (37ESpf) (av§19752)/ trSwf(56) &[wf,mOftkyf/ wyfrawmf(av)? wyf=uyfxdefvif;atmif (29ESpf) (av§22614)/ trSwf(56)&[wf,mOftkyf/ wyfrawmf(av) wdk@jzpfygw,f? etzu 'Dowif;udk ae@vnfydkif;owif;a=unmcsdefrSm csufcsif; xkwfjyefa=unmjcif;rjyKyJ zHk;uG,fxm;cJhyg w,f? 'gayrJh jynfyowif;rD'D,mawGu csufcsif;xkwfaz:a=unmcJhwJhtwGuf etzppftpdk;&&J@ jrefrmh&kyfjrifoH=um;/ jr0wD&kyfjrifoH=um;eJ@ jrefrmhtoHwdk@u tJ'Dae@nae(6)em&DrSm “EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;aumifpD twGif;a&;rSL;(2)/ ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf(=unf;) 'kwd,AkdvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;ESifh wyfrawmft&m&dS}uD;rsm; &[wf,mOf ysufus+yD; &kwfw&ufuG,fvGefoGm;cJha=umif;” qdkwJh txl;owif;wdkuav;udk rv$Jra&Smifom xkwfjyefa=unmcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? aemufae@xkwf etzowif;pmawGrSmvnf; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;&J@ txkywWdtusOf;eJ@ ol@&J@ ao qHk;r_tay: 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@eJ@ ZeD;a'gufwma':cif0if;a&$wdk@&J@ 0rf;enf;a=uuGJa=umif;a=umfjim/ &[wf,mOf ysufuspOf aoqHk;cJh&wJh ppfbuft&m&dS}uD;wcsdK@eJ@ &[wf,mOftzGJ@om;wcsdK@&J@ ema&;a=umfjimawGudkom xnfhoGif; az:jycJhwm awG@&ygw,f? ppftpdk;&taeeJ@ 'Dvdkta&;}uD;+yD; vltrsm;pdwf0ifpm;wJhjzpfpOfrsdK;udk w&m;0if pHkprf;ppfaq;r_awGjyKvkyf+yD; wyfrawmfeJ@jynfolvlxkudk trSeftwdkif; wifjytpD&ifcH&rJhwm0ef &dSygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawGrSmqdk&if 'Dvdkjzpf&yf rsdK;udk w&m;0if pHkprf;ppfaq;r_awGjyKvkyf+yD; trSeftwdkif; tpD&ifcHwifjy=urSm aocsmygw,f? 'gayrJh ppftpdk;&u 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;wdk@ pD;eif;vdkufygvmwJh&[wf,mOf[m &moDOwkqdk;0g;r_a=umifh ysufuscJh&wmjzpfw,fqdk+yD; wdkwdkwkwfwkwf ajz&Sif;cJhwmuvGJ+yD; b,fvkdb,fyHk ysufuscJh&ovJ/ b,folawGaoqHk;+yD; b,folawG touf&Sif usef&pfcJh=uovJqdkwmawGudk 'Duae@txd tao;pdwfwifjytpD&ifcHwmrsdK; rjyKvkyfao;ygbl;? 'ga=umifhvnf; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfppfarmifwdk@ tygt0if wyfrawmfxdyfwef;acgif;aqmifwcsdK@ aoqHk;cJh&wJhjzpf&yf tay: jynfwGif;jynfyeJ@ jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif;rSm trsdK;rsdK;xifa=u;ay; ajymqdkae=uwmjzpfygw,f? 'D&[wf,mOfysufusr_rSm pD;eif;vdkufygvmcJholtm;vHk; aoqHk;oGm;cJhwmawmh r[kwfygbl;? vl (13)OD;wdwd touf&Sif usef&pfcJhygw,f? touf&Sif usef&pfcJh=uolawGuawmh AdkvfcsKyfoef;armif/ AdkvfrSL;}uD; vSaX;0if;/ 'kAdkvf rSL;}uD; cifarmifjrifh/ 'kAkdvfrSL;}uD; tkef;vGif/ AdkvfrSL; pdk;atmifausmf/ AdkvfrSL; aersdK;OD;/ Adkvf}uD; atmifaZmfxGef; / Adkvf}uD; &JjrifhxGef;/ Adkvftkef;jrifh/ wyf=uyf}uD; 0if;armf/ wyf=uyf jrwfausmf/ wyf=uyf armifarmif eJ@ t&yfom; OD;aepdk;Edkif wdk@ jzpfygw,f? 'DvlawGudk ppfaq;ar;jref;=unfh&HkeJ@ &[wf,mOf b,fvdkb,fyHkysufuscJhw,fqdkwm tvG,fwul az: xkwfod&dSEdkifrSm aocsmygw,f? &moDOwkqdk;0g;r_a=umifh &[wf,mOfysufuswmrSef&ifvnf; rSefwJhtwdkif; tpD&ifcH vdkuf&Hkom &dSygw,f? jynfolvlxkeJ@ wyfrawmfudk bmrS zHk;uG,fxm;p&m ta=umif;r&dSygbl;? ppftpdk;&u &moDOwkqdk;0g;r_a=umifh &[wf,mOfysufus&wmqdk+yD; ajymqdkcJhayrJh &k&Sm;EdkifiHuawmh 'Dajymqdk csufudkvufrcHbJ y,fcscJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? olwdk@&J@ MI-17 &[wf,mOftrsdK;tpm;awG[m }uHhcdkifwJhtjyif &k&Sm;EdkifiH&J@ qdk;0g;vGef;wJhaqmif;&moDrSmawmif tcsdefra&G;ysHoef;Edkifatmif wnfaqmufxm;wmrdk@ olwdk@ &[wf ,mOf&J@ csdK@,Gif;csufa=umifh ysufuswm vHk;0rjzpfEdkifbl;vdk@ wkef@jyefajymqdkcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? ppftpdk;&&J@ 'Dvdk yGifhvif;jrifomr_r&dSwJh vkyf&yfawGa=umifhvnf; ppftpdk;&tay: jynfwGif;jynfyu ydkrdk+yD; r,HkouFmjzpfae=uwm jzpf Edkifygw,f? &[wf,mOfysufus&mrSm raoqHk;yJ usef&pfcJholawG&J@owif;awGudkvnf; zHk;uG,fxm;wJhtwGuf tJ'D vlawG 'Dae@txd touf&Sifv#uf &dSr&dSqdkwm twdtus rod&ygbl;? AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;wdk@ aoqHk;cJh&r_tay: ouFmruif;jzpfcHcJh&olawGxJrSm oleJ@+ydKifzuftjzpf eHrnf}uD;cJhwJh 'kwd, AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@eJ@ ol@&J@ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@u a&S@qHk;uyg0ifcJhwmudk awG@&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;[m etz OuUXAdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ vl,HkwpfOD;jzpfcJhayrJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;&J@orD; a':cif+yHK;a&$eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;&J@om; udkaZmf xGef;OD;wdk@&J@ vlr_a&;azgufjyefr_udpPawGrSm AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;u tazwlom;zufu &yfwnfcJhwJhudpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; vl}uD;



csif;yg rausrvnfjzpfcJh=uwma=umifh 'DudpPudk twGif;ususodae=uolwcsdK@u AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$tay:rSmvnf; oHo,&dScJh=uw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;eJ@twl aoqHk;oGm;cJhwJh AdkvfcsKyf oD[ol& ol& ppfarmifuvnf; tem*gwfjrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfavmif;tjzpf Tip ajy;aeoljzpfwJhtwGuf ol@tay:remvdkwJh +ydKifbuf ppfwdkif;rSL;awGvnf; trsm; tjym;&dSaeEdkifygw,f? 'ghtjyif AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif[m ol@pdwfxJrSm r[kwfbl;/ rrSefbl;vdk@xif&if txufvl}uD; awGudkawmif wpfcGef;rcH jyefajymwwfwJhtwGufvnf; vl}uD;wcsdK@&J@ tjrifuwfr_udkyg cHcJh&oljzpfa=umif; od&dS&yg w,f? 1979 ck ESpfrSm jyKvkyfcJhwJh wyfrawmfae@ppfa&;jyyGJ}uD;twGuf tprf;avhusifhr_awGjyKaepOf ppfa&;jyrSL;}uD; AdkvfrSL;}uD;pdefatmif u ppfa=umif;wyfcGJrSL;wpfOD;jzpfwJh AdkvfrSL;oD[ol& ol&ppfarmif&J@ ppf0wfpHk0wfqifr_udk wrif tjypf&Sm+yD; “'Davmufawmif toHk;ruswJhaumifu b,fvdkvkyf+yD; oD[ol&bGJ@udk &cJhwmvJ” vdk@ ESdrfcsajymqdk qufqHcJhwJhtwGuf AdkvfrSL;ppfarmifu owdqGJxm;&if; &ifaumh+yD; “ppfwdkufvdk@ &wmayghAs” vdk@ vl@a&S@ol@a&S@rSm jyef yufcJhbl;a=umif; tJ'Dppfa&;jyyGJrSm ppfa&;jywyfa&;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJh&wJh ausmif;om;wyfrawmf&J@ avhusifha&; enf;jycsKyf tbat;jrifh ('kwd,AdkvfrSL;}uD; at;jrifh =unf;§8563) u ajymjycJhwmudk rSwfom;cJh&bl;ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif[m toufi,fi,f&G,f&G,feJ@ jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ tjrifhqHk;ol&Jaumif;qkawGudk &&dScJholjzpf wJhtjyif urf;&dk;wef;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf (u&c)udkyg pwifzGJ@pnf;xlaxmif&ol jzpfcJhwma=umifh enf;enf; b0ifjrifhvm +yD; wZGwfxdk;vkyfwwfwJhtay:rSmvnf; ol@udk tjrifuwfolawG ydkrsm;vmygw,f? 1996 ckESpf Zlvdkifv (24)&ufae@ u u&cwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif udk,fwdkifvdkufygvmwJh jynfwGif;ava=umif;ydkif az:um F-27 av,mOf XYAET [m c&D;onf(44)OD;eJ@twl xm;0,f-+rdwf c&D;pOfudk ysHoef;vmpOf +rdwfav,mOfuGif;rSm rdk;awGt}uD; tus,f&GmoGef;ae+yD; qif;oufvdk@r&wma=umifh jyefvSnfhzdk@ av,mOfrSL;u qHk;jzwfcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif u tvkyfudpPta=umif;jy+yD; rjzpfjzpfatmifqif;zdk@ twif;tusyf trdef@ay;cJhwma=umifh av,mOf[m vrf;acsmf ysufpD;oGm;cJhygw,f? c&D;onf(8)OD; aoqHk;cJh+yD; AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif tygt0if (10)OD; '%f&m&&dSoGm;cJha=umif; od&dS&yg w,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat;eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifOD;wdk@tygt0if uu§=unf;rS t&m&dS}uD;wcsdK@u AdkvfcsKyf ppfarmif&J@ r[kwfrcHpdwf"gwfudk oabmusayrJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ ol@&J@tkyfpkuawmh AdkvfcsKyfppfarmiftay: wajz;ajz; tjrifuwfvma=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'Dvdkvl&J@ vufxJudk umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl; v$Jtyfay;&zdk@ta&; awG;+yD; pdk;&drfvm=uw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? 'ghtjyif wHcg;zGifhpD;yGm;a&;pepfatmufrSm w[kefxdk; pD;yGm;a&;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wuf vmEdkifwJh AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif&J@ urf;&dk;wef;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfe,fajrudk rsufpdus/ oGm;&nf,dkvmwJh etz ppfAdkvfcsKyfawG vnf; trsm;tjym;&dScJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? 'DvdktajctaeawGa=umifh 2000 jynfhESpf atmufwdkbm (10)&ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$u ta&S@awmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfjrifhatmifudk tem;ay;z,f&Sm;ypfcJh+yD; ol@ae&m rSm AdkvfcsKyfppfarmifudk ajymif;a&$@wm0efay;cJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif&J@ ae&mrSm AdkvfcsKyfat;aºuG udk ajymif;a&$@ wm 0efay;cJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif[m 1996 ckESpf Zlvdkifv av,mOfysuf&mrSm uHaumif;vdk@raocJhayrJh 2001 ckESpf azaz: 0g&Dv &[wf,mOfysufus&mrSmawmh uHraumif;EdkifawmhyJ aoqHk;oGm;cJh&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif aoqHk;cJh&r_[m AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ ol@vlawGtwGuf tcGifhta&;aumif;wpfck jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif&J@ &wc wdkif; rSL;ae&mrSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u ol@ZeD;eJ@ aqGrsdK;eD;pyfawmfw,fqdkwJh wyfr(11)wyfrrSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifhaqG (=unf; §12629) (DSA -15) udk 2001 ckESpf arvtwGif;rSm ajymif;a&$@cef@xm;vdkufygw,f? AdkvfrSL;csKyf jrifhaqGudk &wcwdkif;rSL;tjzpfeJ@ armfv+rdKif+rdK@rSm (6)vomaecdkif;+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ wcsufvGwftrdef@t& tJ'DESpf Edk0if bm (15)&ufae@rSm &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfudk wdkif;rSL;tjzpfeJ@ csufcsif;ac:,lvdkufwm awG@&ygw,f? wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif&J@ +ydKifbufwpfOD;jzpfwJh taemufawmifwdkif; ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfol&a&$ref; (=unf;§11534) (DSA-11) udk tem*gwfjrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyfavmif;tjzpf a&G;cs,fvdkuf+yD; 2001 Edk0ifbm(15)&ufae@rSm =unf;§a&§av yl;wGJ!d‡Ed_if;uGyfuJa&;rSL; (!d‡ uGyf) qdkwJh &mxl;opfudk wDxGifzefwD;um &efukefppf&Hk;csKyfudk ac:,lxm;vdkufjyefygw,f?



AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u tJ'Dae@rSmyJ ol@vlawGjzpfwJh erc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfpdk;0if; (=unf;§11715) (DSA -12) udk ava=umif;&efumuG,fa&;t&m&dScsKyf/ w*c wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfodef;pdef (=unf;§11252) (DSA-9) udk ppfa&;csKyf/ &rc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf oD[ol& wifatmifjrifOD; (=unf; §11701) (DSA-12) udk ppfaxmufcsKyf/ wyc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf wifat; (=unf;§11236) (DSA-9) udk umuG,fa&;ypPnf;xkwfvkyfa&;t&m&dScsKyf/ vycwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf&Jjrifh (=unf;§ 10310) (OTS-30) udk trSwf(1)ppfqifa&; txl;tzGJ@rSL;/ eyc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfatmifaxG; (=unf;§9752) (OTS-29) udk trSwf(2)ppfqifa&;txl;tzGJ@rSL;/ &uw wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfcifarmifoef; (=unf;§ 10320) (OTS-31) udk trSwf(3) ppfqifa&;txl;tzGJ@rSL;/ &ycwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfarmifbdk (=unf;§10337) (OTS-31) udk trSwf (4)ppfqifa&;txl;tzGJ@rSL;awGtjzpfeJ@ toD;oD; wm0efawG cGJa0ay;tyfcJh+yD; ol@teD;rSm ac:,l0ef;&H xm;cJhwm awG@&a=umif; wifjyvdkuf&ygw,f? ?

*****************************




2001 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u ol@wynfh pDeD,mppfwdkif;rSL;awGudk ppf&Hk;csKyfudkac:,l vdkuf+yD; vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mawG toD;oD;cGJa0ay;cJha=umif; ,Qiftywfu wifjycJh+yD;jzpfygw,f? ewcppfwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfol&a&$ref;udk ay;tyfcJhwJh yl;wGJ!d‡Ed_if;uGyfuJa&;rSL; (=unf;/ a&/ av) Joint Chief of Staff (Army-Navy-Air Force) qdkwJh&mxl;[m t&ifu jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm wcgrS r&dScJhygbl;? 'D&mxl;[m &[wf ,mOfysufusaoqHk;oGm;cJhwJh ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf(=unf;) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;&J@ Chief of Staff (Army) qdkwJh&mxl; udk zsufodrf;vdkuf+yD; 'D&mxl;xufydkjrifhwJh &mxl;topfwpfckudk wDxGifzefwD;ay;tyfvdkufwm jzpfygw,f? =unf;/ a&/ av wyfzGJ@tm;vHk;&J@ ae@pOf ppfqifa&;qdkif&muGyfuJr_tm;vHk;udk AdkvfcsKyfa&$ref; vufxJ xdk;tyfvdkufwm jzpfygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh 'Dvkyf&yf[m =unf;/ a&/ av wyfzGJ@awG&J@ ppfqifa&;udpPawGudk ae@w"l0 wdkuf&dkufudkif wG,f uGyfuJ!$ef=um;ae&wJh 'kwd, wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfeJ@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(=unf;) AdkvfcsKyf}uD; armifat; &J@ vkyfydkifcGifhawGudk wzufvSnfheJ@av#mhcszdk@ }udK;pm;vdkufwmvnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f? wyfrawmf&J@zGJ@pnf;yHkudk (W.E/ War Establishment) eJ@tnD zGJ@pnf;&r,fqdkwJh pnf;urf;csrSwfxm; ayrJh ppftm%m&SifawGvufxufrSmawmh W.E qdkwm olwdk@}udKufwJhtcsdefrSm }udKufovdkjyifqifvdk@&wJh t&mwpfck omjzpfa=umif; awG@&ygw,f? wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(=unf;)eJ@ ppfwdkif;rSL;awG&J@ trdef@pD;qif;r_ vrf;a=umif;awGeJ@ vkyfydkifcGifhawGudkvnf; xyfrHuef@owfzdk@ }udK;pm;cJhwJhvuQ%mawGudk awG@&ygw,f? tJ'guawmh umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(=unf;)eJ@ ppfwdkif;rSL;awGt=um;rSm umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xmeppfqifa&;txl;tzGJ@(upx)rSL; (BSO/ Bureau of Special Operation) (4)OD;udk cef@xm;+yD; ppfwdkif;tm;vHk;udk upxrSL;awGvufxJ cGJa0ay; vdkufwJhvkyf&yf jzpfygw,f? jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm upxrSL; qdkwJh&mxl;[m ppftm%m&Sif}uD; OD;ae0if;vufxuf 1978 ckESpfavmufrSm pwifay:aygufvmcJhwm jzpfygw,f? EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvf(NDC) ausmif;tkyf}uD; jzpfaewJh &ycwdkif;rSL;a[mif; AdkvfrSL;csKyfxGef;&D(eydkvD,H)udk wdkufcdkufa&;wm0efjyefay;zdk@ OD;ae0if;u !$ef=um;wJht wGuf rlvppfwdkif;rSL;ae&mudkvnf; jyefay;vdk@r&/ ppf&Hk;csKyfrSmvnf; ol@udkay;zdk@ae&mr&dS jzpfaewma=umifh wdkif;rSL;awG xufjrifhwJh upxrSL; qdkwJh&mxl;opfwpfckudk pwifwDxGif+yD; ay;tyfcJh&wmvdk@ tqdk&dSygw,f? ppftm%m&Sif}uD; OD;ae0if;vufxufrSm upx awGudk trSwf(1) trSwf(2) qdk+yD; wdk;csJ@zGJ@pnf;cJhwm awG@& ygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu ppfwdkif;(9)ckom&dSwJhtwGuf upx(1) uGyfuJr_atmufrSm ryc/ erc/ &yc/ &rc? upx(2) uGyfuJr_atmufrSm vyc/ eyc/ ewc/ &wc wdk@udk cGJa0ay;cJh+yD; &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfudkawmh uu§ =unf; u wdkuf&dkufuGyfuJcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? trSwf(1) upxrSL;awGtjzpfeJ@ AdkvfrSK;csKyfxGef;&D (=unf;§5869)/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf vSOD; (=unf;§ 6214)eJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdefatmif (=unf;§6740)/ wdk@udk wm0efay;tyfcJhwm awG@&ovdk/ trSwf(2) upxrSL;awGtjzpfeJ@ AdkvfrSK;csKyfwifpdef (=unf;§6181)/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcifarmifausmf (=unf;§6333)/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifhvGif (=unf;§6608) eJ@ AdkvfrSL; csKyfcspfaqG (=unf;§6463) wdk@udk wm0efay;tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? e0w ppftpdk;&vufxufrSm ppfwdkif;(12)cktxd &dSvmcJhayrJh upx(1)rSL;tjzpf AdkvfcsKyfwifOD; (=unf;§ 8182) eJ@ upx(2)rSL;tjzpf AdkvfcsKyfarmifvS (=unf;§8199) wdk@udk cef@tyfwm0efay;cJhwm awG@&ygw,f? olwdk@ (2) OD;vHk;[m (OTS-22) Adkvfoifwef;ausmif;qif; t&m&dSawG jzpf=uygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u 1995 ckESpfaemufydkif;rSm 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; armifvSudk vl0ifr_}uD;=uyfa&;ESifhjynfol@tiftm;0ef}uD;Xme 0ef}uD;tjzpf ajymif;a&$@ ypfcJh+yD; ol@&J@ upx(2) rSL;&mxl;udkvnf; b,fol@udkrS xyfrHcef@tyfjcif; rjyKawmhygbl;? upx(1)rSL;jzpfwJh 'kAdkvfcsKyf }uD;wifOD; wpfOD;wnf;omv#if ol &[wf,mOfysufus aoqHk;cJhwJhtcsdeftxd 'Dwm0efudk qufvufxrf;aqmifoGm; cJhwm awG@&ygw,f?



OD;ae0if;vufxufrSm upxrSL;awGudk oufqdkif&mppfwdkif;e,fajrawGtwGif; qifEGJwJh txl;ppfqifa&;}uD; awG udk OD;pD;uGyfuJzdk@twGufom oD;oef@wm0efay;cJhwmawG@&ayrJh ppftm%m&Sifvufopf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ &J@ etz ppftpdk;&vufxufrSmawmh upxrSL;awGudk ppfwdkif;tm;vHk;cGJa0ay;+yD; tJ'Dwdkif;awGtwGif;rSm&dSwJh ppfqifa&; wm0efawGudkomru/ e,fbufwm0efawGjzpf=uwJh EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&; pwJh vkyfief;u¾toD;oD;udkyg tpdk; &tzGJ@udk,fpm; vSnfhvnf}uD;=uyfuGyfuJzdk@ tcGifhtm%mawGudk yl;wGJay;tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? 2001 ckESpf Edk0ifbm (15)&ufae@rSm xkwf jyefcJhwJh etz&J@ trdef@a=unmpmtrSwf 42§2001 t& 'DvkyfydkifcGifhawGudk ay;tyfcJhwm jzpfyg w,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u trSwf(1) upxrSL; AdkvfcsKyf&Jjrifhudk ucsifjynfe,f/ ppfudkif;wdkif;/ csif;jynfe,f/ rEWav;wdkif;eJ@ rauG;wdkif;/ trSwf(2) upxrSL; AdkvfcsKyfatmifaxG;udk &Srf;jynfe,feJ@ u,m;jynfe,f/ trSwf(3) upxrSL; Adkvf csKyfcifarmifoef; udk yJcl;wdkif;/ {&m0wDwdkif;eJ@ &cdkifjynfe,f/ trSwf(4) upxrSL; AdkvfcsKyfarmifbdk udk u&ifjynfe,f/ rGefjynfe,feJ@ weoFm&Dwdkif;awGudk cGJa0ay;cJhwm awG@&ygw,f? (aemufydkif;rSm trSwf(2) upxrSL; 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;atmifaxG;. usrRma&;tajctaet& wyfrawmfavhusifha&;t&m&dScsKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;ausmf0if;ESifh wm 0efcsif; vJvS,fxrf;aqmifcJhonf?) AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$taeeJ@ 1997 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv ppftkyfpkwGif; jzKwfxkwf&Sif;yGJrSm ol@bufu axmufcH &yfwnfay;cJh=uwJh ol@wynfh ppfwdkif;rSL;awGudk csD;ajr‡mufwJhtaeeJ@ etzppfaumifpDtzGJ@0ifawGtjzpf xnfhoGif; owfrSwfay;cJhwJhtjyif 2001 Edk0ifbmvrSm tJ'Dppfwdkif;rSL;tm;vHk;udk ppf&Hk;csKyfudk w+yHKwr}uD;qGJwifvkduf+yD; ol@t eD;rSm ac:,lae&mcsxm;ay;cJhwm jzpfygw,f? ol@wynfh ppfwdkif;rSL;tm;vHk;udk w+ydKifeufqGJwifcJh&wmrdk @ vlaphwufaph ae&may;Edkifatmifvnf; &mxl;opfawGudk wDxGifcJh&ygw,f? 'ghtjyif ol@wynfh AdkvfcsKyfawGt=um; tcsif;csif; “ol omw,f igemw,f” qdkwmrsdK;vnf; rjzpf&atmifvnf; vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mawGeJ@ pm;aygufpm;vrf;awGudkyg wwfEdkif or# tnDtr#cGJa0ay;zdk@ pDpOfcJh&ygw,f? 'gayrJh ol b,fvdkyJpDpOf/ pDpOf/ ol@wynfhawGt=um;rSmawmh ta0rwnfhr_awG/ pm;cGufvkr_awG/ remvdkr_ awGeJ@ tm;+ydKifr_awG/ ydkrdkjzpfay:vmcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? txl;ojzifh AdkvfcsKyfol&a&$ref;/ AdkvfcsKyfpdk;0if;/ AdkvfcsKyf odef;pdef/ AdkvfcsKyf oD[ol&wifatmifjrifhOD;eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfwifat;wdk@vdk ppfwdkif;rSL;awGudk ppfoufEkayrJh DSA ppfwuU odkvf ausmif;qif;awGrdk@ tem*gwfjrefrmhwyfrawmftwGuf tvm;tvm&dSwJh=u,fyGifhawGtjzpfeJ@ ppf&Hk;csKyf&J@ ta&; }uD;wJh &mxl;awGudk ay;tyfcJhayrJh AdkvfcsKyf&Jjrifh/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifaxG;/ AdkvfcsKyfcifarmifoef;/ AdkvfcsKyfarmifbdk wdk@vdk ppfouf&ifh wdkif;rSL;awGudkawmh OTS ausmif;qif;t&m&dSawGjzpfwJhtwGuf wrifwum &Sm}uHzefwD;ay;xm;&wJh ra&r&m wm0efrsdK;awGrSmom cef@tyf wm0efay;cJhwJhtay: rausreyfjzpfr_awG ay:aygufcJh&wmjzpfa=umif; od&dS&yg w,f? 'ghtjyif DSA ppfwuUodkvfausmif;qif; AdkvfcsKyfawGt=um;rSmvnf; ppftm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ &J@ rdom;pkeJ@eD;pyfol AdkvfcsKyfol&a&$ref; udk !d‡uGyftjzpf cef@tyfwm0efay;cJhwJhudpP/ 2001 ckESpf arva&mufrS &wc ppfwdkif; rSL;jzpfvmcJhwJh *sLeD,mppfwdkif;rSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifhaqG(DSA-15)udk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;rdom;pkeJ@ aqGrsdK;eD;pyf awmfwJhtwGuf (6)vtwGif; &efukefwdkif;rSL;tjzpf ajymif;a&$@wm0efay;cJhwJhudpP/ wjcm;ppfwdkif;rSL;awGxufxl;+yD; &efukefppfwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfjrifhaqG wpfOD;wnf;udk etzppfaumifpDtzGJ@0iftjzpf xnfhoGif;cJhwJhudpPawGtay:rSmvnf; rausvnfr_awGjzpfay:cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? wu,fawmh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ udk,fwdkifuvnf; OTS ausmif;qif;t&m&dSwpfOD; jzpfwJhtwGuf w ausmif;wnf;xGufawGjzpfwJh olwdk@udk ae&maumif;ay;vdrR,fvdk@ AdkvfcsKyf&Jjrifh/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifaxG;/ AdkvfcsKyf cifarmif oef;/ AdkvfcsKyfarmifbdk eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfausmf0if; wdk@u ar#mfvifhxm;=uyHk &ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfcifarmifoef; qdk&if ppf&Hk;csKyfrSm ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)wm0ef xrf;aqmifpOfuwnf;u 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ q&mwynfhjzpfcJh+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef; a&$ 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmcsdefrSm AdkvfrSL;}uD;cifarmifoef;u ppf&Hk;csKyfrSm (ppfOD;pD;rSL;-AdkvfrSL;}uD;) jzpfvm cJhygw,f? AdkvfrSL;}uD;cifarmifoef;[m jrmayGvGef;wJhtwGuf tJ'Dtcsdefu umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmifu =unfhr&jzpf+yD; ppf&Hk;uarmif;xkwfwmudk cHcJh&bl;ygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifudk jzKwfxkwf



z,f&Sm;vdkuf+yD;aemuf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u AdkvfrSL;}uD;cifarmifoef;udk ol@teD;rSm csufcsif;jyefvnfac:,lcJh wJhtjyif wyfr(11)wyfrrSL;/ &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL;/ pwJh ol@vHk+cHKa&;twGuf tvGefta&;}uD;wJh wm0efawG udkyg ay;tyfcHcJh&oljzpfygw,f?

AdkvfcsKyfarmifbdk qdk&ifvnf; t&m&dSi,fb0uwnf;u rdef;rudpPeJ@ aiGa=u;udpPawGrSm eHrnfysuf&dScJhwJhtjyif cv&(56) wyf&if;rSL;b0eJ@ KNU 0rfc pcef;udk wdkufcdkufcJh&pOfu wcsdefvHk; usnfvGwf&majrusif;xJ0if+yD; ykef;aecJh wJhtwGuf atmufajcppfonfawG&J@ avSmifajymifr_udkawmif cHcJh&oljzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh ol[m AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ eJ@ w&yfwnf; ausmufqnfe,fom;wpfOD;jzpfwJhtjyif ol@&J@ZeD;jzpfol a':cifav;jrifh&J@rdbawGeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef; a&$ &J@rdbawGu aqGrsdK;eD;pyfawmfwJhtwGuf ol@udk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u rycrSm ppfAsL[mrSL;/ 'kwdkif;rSL;/ puc (6)rSL;/ &ycwdkif;rSL; pwJhwm0efawGudk ay;tyfcJhygw,f?

AdkvfcsKyf&Jjrifh uawmh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$eJ@omru AdkvfcsKyf}uD; armifat;/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD; cif!Gef@ wdk@eJ@yg tqifajyatmif aygif;oif;qufqHwwfolvdk@ eHrnf}uD;ovdk vmbfpm;&mrSmvnf; eHrnf}uD;olwpfOD; jzpfygw,f? 'g a=umifhvnf; &rc ppfAsL[mrSL;b0uae wyfr(101)rSL;/ vycwdkif;rSL; pwJhwm0efawGudk &&dSvmcJhwmjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? rEWav;rSm vycwdkif;rSL;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaepOf ar+rdK@ppfwuUodkvfausmif;qif;yGJawGudk ESpfpOf wufa&mufvmavh&dSwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ ol@om;orD;ajr;jrpfawGudk vdkavao;r&dS {nfh0wfjyKEdkifwJhtjyif ar+rdK@twufrSm wnfaqmufxm;wJh ucsifraemwdkif}uD;udkvnf; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ trdef@twdkif; ae@csif;+yD; +zdKcsjyEdkifcJhwmawGa=umifh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;&J@,Hk=unfr_udk &&dScJholjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifaxG;uawmh yifudk,fpdwf&if;aumif;rGefwJh ppfom;aumif;wpfOD;jzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? txuftrdef@udkav;pm;vdkufem+yD; at;at;aq;aq;aewwfwJh ol@&J@p&dkufa=umifh wyfrawmfxJrSm ol@udkav;pm;ol rsm;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifaxG;[m wyfr(55)wyfrrSL;/ eyc wdkif;rSL;wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifcJh&yg w,f? AdkvfcsKyfausmf0if;uawmh OTS ausmif;qif;wpfOD;jzpfayrJh 1980 ckESpfrSm cv&(86) 'k&if;rSL;b0eJ@ tar&duef EdkifiHudk ppfynmoifoGm;cJhbl;wJhtjyif 1995 ckESpfrSmvnf; w&kwfjynfudkoGm;a&muf+yD; ppfOD;pD;oifwef; wufa&muf cJhbl;wJhtwGuf rycwdkif;rSL;tjzpfuae wyfrawmfavhusifha&;t&m&dScsKyftjzpf ac:,lwm0efay;wmudk cHcJh&oljzpfyg w,f? aemufwpfywfrSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u ol@tay:opPmcHrJh rsdK;qufopf ppfwdkif;rSL;awGudk a&G;cs,fwm0ef ay;cJhyHkawGeJ@ upxrSL;awG/ ppfwdkif;rSL;awGeJ@ 0ef}uD;awGt=um;/ wm0efeJ@vkyfydkifcGifhawGa&maxG;+yD; tcsif;csif; ta0r wnfh/ pm;cGufvk/ cGufapmif;ckwf=uyHkawGudk qufvufwifjyoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f? ?

*****************************




ppftm%modrf;yGJawGeJ@ ppftkyfpkwGif;tm%mvkyGJawGrSm ppfwdkif;rSL;awG&J@tcef;u¾eJ@ olwdk@&J@axmufcHr_[m

tvGefta&;}uD;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh 1962 rwfv ppftm%modrf;yGJ/ 1988 pufwbFm ppftm%modrf;yGJeJ@ 1997 Edk0ifbm ppftkyfpkwGif;tm%mvkyGJawGrSm ppftm%m&SifAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGu ppfwkdif;rSL;awG&J@ axmufcHtm;ay;r_udk &&dS atmif ppfwdkif;rSL;awGudk ppfaumifpDtzGJ@rSmxnf@oGif;+yD; vkyfydkifcGifhtm%meJ@ cHpm;cGifhawGudkvnf; wdk;jr‡ifhay;avh&dS wmudk awG@&ygw,f?

1997 ppftkyfpkwGif;tm%mvkyGJt+yD; jyifqifzGJ@pnf;vdkufwJh tzGJ@0if(19)OD;yg etzppfaumifpDrSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL; }uD;oef;a&$ (wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf)/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;armifat; ('kwd,wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfESifh um uG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf§=unf;)/ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@ (wyfrawmfaxmufvSrf;a&;!$ef=um;a&;rSL;)/ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifOD; (ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf§=unf;)/ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;0if;jrifh (ppfa&;csKyf)/ AdkvfcsKyf!Gef@odef;(a&) (umuG,fa&; OD;pD; csKyf§a&)eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfausmfoef;(av) (umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf§av) wdk@tjyif ppfwdkif;rSL;awGjzpf=uwJh AdkvfcsKyf atmif axG;(eyc)/ AdkvfcsKyf &Jjrifh(vyc)/ AdkvfcsKyfcifarmifoef;(&uw)/ AdkvfcsKyfausmf0if;(ryc)/ AdkvfcsKyfodef;pdef(w*c)/ AdkvfcsKyf oD[ol& ol&ppfarmif(u&c)/ AdkvfcsKyf ol& a&$ref;(ewc)/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf jrifhatmif(&wc)/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf armifbdk(&yc)/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf oD[ol& wifatmifjrifOD;(&rc)/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;0if;(erc)/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfwifat;(wyc) wdk@udk yg xnfhoGif;zGJ@pnf;cJhygw,f?

e*dkvfuwnf;u e,fpm;y,fpm; ppfbk&ifi,fawGtjzpfeJ@ udk,fhwdkif;a'otwGif; xifwdkif;}uJcGifh &&dSae=uwJh ppfwdkif;rSL;awGudk EdkifiHawmf&J@ tjrifhqHk;tm%mydkiftzGJ@tpnf;jzpfwJh ppfaumifpDrSm tzGJ@0ifawGtjzpfeJ@ yl;wGJwm0ef ay;vdkufwJhtcg jrif;awGudk “csdK” wyfay;vdkufovdk jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u ol@udkaxmufcHcJh=uwJh ppfwdkif;rSL;awGudk etztzGJ@0ifawGtjzpf &mxl;wdk;jr‡ifhay;cJhayrJh csufcsif; ppf&Hk;csKyfudk qGJwifwmrsdK;rvkyfbJ (4)ESpf avmuf=umwJhtxd ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtjzpfeJ@ qufvufwm0efay;xm;cJhygw,f? wu,fawmh ppfwdkif;rSL;awGudk,f wdkifuvnf; ppf&Hk;csKyfwdk@ 0ef}uD;tzGJ@wdk@rSm ac:,lwm0efay;cH&wmxuf ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtjzpfeJ@ udk,fhe,fajr udk,fh a'orSm bk&ifi,fwpfqlvdk ae&wmudk ydkESpfouf=ua=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?

etztzGJ@0if ppfwdkif;rSL;(12)OD;teuf &wcwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfjrifhatmifudk usrRma&;a=umifh 2000 ckESpf atmufwdkbm(10)&ufae@rSm tem;ay;vdkuf&+yD; ol@ae&mudk ajymif;a&$@wm0efay;cHvdkuf&wJh u&cwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf ppfarmifuvnf; 2001 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv(19)&ufae@rSm &[wf,mOfysufusum aoqHk;oGm;jyefwJhtwGuf vpfvyf oGm;wJh ppfwdkif;rSL;(2)OD;&J@ae&mrSm wyfr(88)wyfrrSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyfat;aºuG (=unf;§12125) (OTS-43) eJ@ wyfr (11)wyfrrSL; AdkvfrSL; csKyfjrifhaqG (=unf;§12629) (DSA-15) wdk@udk tpm;xdk;cef@tyfcJh&ygw,f? wyfr(88)wyfrrSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyfat;aºuG eJ@ wyfr(11)wyfrrSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifhaqGwdk@udk u&c eJ@ &wc wdkif;rSL;awGtjzpf 2001 ckESpf arv twGif;rSm M.S Order xkwfjyef+yD; cef@tyfcJhwmjzpfygw,f?

usefwJh etzppfaumifpD0ifawGjzpf=uwJh twGif;a&;rSL;(2) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;u 2001 ckESpf azaz:0g&D (19) &ufae@rSm &[wf,mOfysufus aoqHk;cJh&ygw,f? umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf§a& 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;!Gef@odef;u 2000 ckESpf =o*kwfv(28)&ufae@rSmuwnf;u tem;ay;cHcJh&+yD; ol@ae&mrSm ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf(a&) AdkvfcsKyf=unfrif; eJ@ tpm;xdk;cJhygw,f? umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf§av 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ausmfoef; uvnf; 2001 ckESpf Zlvdkif(17)&ufae@ rSm wm0efu&yfpJ cHcJh&+yD; ol@ae&mrSm ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf(av) AdkvfcsKyfjrifhaqG eJ@ tpm;xdk;cJhygw,f?

1997 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSm tcsif;csif; tm%mvk+yD;wufvmcJhwJh etztzGJ@[m ESpftenf;i,ftwGif; tJ'Dvdk taoxGuf/ t&SifxGufawGeJ@ tajctae ,drf;,dkifvmcJhygw,f? etzoufwrf; (4)ESpfrjynfhcif 2001 ckESpf Edk0ifbm (9) &ufae@rSmvnf; etzppfaumifpDeJ@ etzppftpdk;&tzGJ@twGif; tcsif;csif; jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif; tm%mvkyGJwpf&yf xyfrHay:aygufcJhygw,f? 'Dtm%mvkyGJrSmawmh etzppfaumifpDtzGJ@0if twGif;a&;rSL;(3)vnf;jzpf/ ppfa&;csKyfvnf;



jzpf/ }uH@zGH@toif;}uD;&J@ 'kOuUXvnf;jzpf/ jrefrmEdkifiHppfr_xrf;a[mif;tzGJ@ A[dkpnf;&Hk;a&;aumfrwD&J@ OuUXvnf;jzpf/ ppfwyfydkif jrefrmhOD;ydkifvDrdwuf&J@ OuUXvnf;jzpfwJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;0if;jrifh udk,fwdkif jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif; cHvdkuf&yg w,f?

oleJ@twl ppfaxmufcsKyfvnf;jzpf/ 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyfvnf;jzpf/ wyfrawmfa&;&m0ef}uD;vnf;jzpf/ ppfwyfydkif jrefrmh pD;yGm;a&;aumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;&J@ OuUXvnf;jzpfwJh 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifvS/ aemufxyf 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyf(2)OD;jzpfwJh 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; armifarmifcif(a&)/ 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifxGef;(av)wdk@tjyif 0ef}uD;awGjzpf=uwJh ,Ofaus;r_0ef}uD;Xme 0ef}uD; AdkvfrSL;}uD;a[mif; OD;0if;pdef/ or0g,r0ef}uD; AdkvfrSL;}uD;a[mif; OD;atmifpef;/ vl0ifr_}uD;=uyfa&;eJ@ jynfol@ tiftm;OD;pD;Xme0ef}uD; AdkvfrSL;}uD;a[mif; OD;apmxGef; wdk@vnf; jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif; cHcJh=u&ygw,f? twdtus rod& ayrJh olwdk@eJ@twl olwdk@&J@ rif;ajrSmifawGeJ@ u|ef,HkawGvnf; jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif; cH&wJhtxJrSm trsm;tjym; ygoGm; vdrR,fvdk@ ,lq&ygw,f? (1997 ck ESpfrSp+yD; ESpfpOf Edk0ifbmva&mufwdkif; ppftkyfpktwGif; jzKwfxkwf&Sif;yGJrsm; jyKvkyf avh&dSojzifh etzppfwyfu xdkvudk Black November [k trnfay;xm;a=umif; od&dS&onf?)

tJ'Dvdk tay:ydkif;rSm &Hkcg&Sif;vif;+yD;wmeJ@ ppftm%m&Sifvufopf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u 1997 ppftkyfpk wGif; tm%mvkyGJrSm ol@bufu&yfwnfcJh=uwJh etztzGJ@0if pDeD,mppfwdkif;rSL;(10)OD;udk Edk0ifbm(15)&ufae@rSm ppf&Hk;csKyfudk ac:,lvdkuf+yD; wm0efawGcGJa0ay;cJhygw,f? vpfvyfoGm;wJh ppfwdkif;rSL;awGae&mrSmvnf; ol,Hk=unfpdwfcs wJh rsdK;qufopf wyfrrSL;awG/ pucrSL;awGeJ@ tpm;xdk;cef@tyfwmawG jyKvkyfcJhygw,f?

2001 ckESpf Black November jzKwfxkwf&Sif;yGJt+yD;rSm awG@&dS&wJhxl;jcm;csufawGuawmh upxrSL;awG/ ppf wdkif;rSL;awGeJ@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&) wdk@udk rlvppfbufwm0efawGtjyif tpdk;& t&yfbufwm0efawGudkyg yl;wGJ ay;tyfvmjcif; jzpfygw,f?

etztwGif;a&;rSL;(1) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@udk,fwdkif vufrSwfa&;xkd;+yD; Edk0ifbm(15)&ufpGJeJ@ xkwfjyefcJh wJh etz trdef@a=unmpmtrSwf 40§2001 rSm “u&cwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfat;aºuGtm; ,ae@rSpI 0ef}uD;tjzpf owf rSwfI EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ponfhvkyfief;rsm;udk rdrdpDrHcef@cGJ&onfhe,fajrtwGif; tpdk;&tzGJ@udk,fpm; }uD;=uyf uGyfuJ aqmif&Guf&ef wm0efay;tyfvdkufonf” qdk+yD; az:jycJhovdk/ etz trdef@a=unmpmtrSwf 41§2001 rSm awmh “umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;=unfrif;tm; ,ae@rSpI 0ef}uD;tqifh owfrSwfwm0efay; tyf vdkufonf” qdk+yD; az:jycJhwmawG@&ygw,f?

1997 ckESpf Edk0ifbmtm%mvkyGJrSm yg0ifcJhwJh pDeD,mppfwdkif;rSL;awGeJ@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&) wdk@udk etz ppfaumifpDtzGJ@0ifawGtjzpf owfrSwfay;cJhayrJh aemufydkif;rSm tpm;xdk;cef@tyfcH&wJh *sLeD,mppfwdkif;rSL;awGeJ@ um uG,f a&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&)udkawmh etztzGJ@0iftjzpf owfrSwfray;csifawmhvdk@ 0ef}uD;tqifh vkyfydkifcGifhawGavmufudk xyfaqmif;ay;+yD; ESpfodrf@zdk@}udK;yrf;cJhwmvnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f? 'gayrJh rwlnDwJhtcsufwpfcku u&c wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf at;aºuGeJ@twl &wcppfwdkif;rSL;tjzpf wm0efay;cHcJh&wJh AdkvfcsKyfjrifhaqG udkawmh 0ef}uD;tqifhwm0efray;bJ 2001 Edk0ifbm(15)&ufae@rSm &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfudk ajymif;a&$@ay;cJh+yD; etzppfaumifpDtzGJ@0iftjzpf vkyfydkifcGifhyg wdk;jr‡ifh ay;cJhwm awG@&ygw,f?

typftcwf&yfpJr_awGa=umifh ppfwdkufzdk@rvdkawmhwJhtcsdefa&mufrS ppfqifa&;txl;tzGJ@rSL;awGtjzpf w+yHKwr }uD; wm0efay;cH=u&wJh AdkvfcsKyf&Jjrifh/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifaxG;/ AdkvfcsKyfcifarmifoef;eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfarmifbdk wdk@uawmh olwdk@ udk acsmifxdk;zdk@&nf&G,f+yD; 'Dwm0efawGudk wrifay;tyfcJhwmvdk@,lqum rausreyfjzpfcJh=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh upx rSL;(4)OD;udk ESpfodrf@zdk@twGufvnf; etzu trdef@a=unmcsuf 42§2001 udk xkwfjyefay;cJh&+yD; olwdk@&J@ rlv wm0efjzpfwJh ppfqifa&;wm0eftjyif &efukefwdkif;rSty wpfjynfvHk;udk(4)pdyfydkif;um oufqdkif&m wdkif;eJ@jynfe,fawG &J@ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ vlr_a&;u¾qdkif&mvkyfief;awGudk tpdk;&tzGJ@udk,fpm; vSnfhvnf}uD;=uyf uGyfuJaqmif&Guf EdkifwJh tcGifhtm%mawGudkyg xyfaqmif;ay;tyfcJh&ygw,f?

2001 Black November rSm xkwfjyefcJhwJh 'Dtrdef@a=unmcsufawGudk =unfhr,fqdk&if etztzGJ@twGif;rSm ta0rwnfhr_awG&dSae+yD; trdef@pD;qif;r_yHkpHawG “uaomif;ueif;” jzpfaewmudk txift&Sm; awG@Edkifygw,f? etz ppfqifa&;txl;tzGJ@rSL;awG&J@ vkyfydkifcGifhawG/ ppfwdkif;rSL;awG&J@ vkyfydkifcGifhawGeJ@ ppftpdk;&0ef}uD;tzGJ@&J@ vkyfydkifcGifhawG



[m ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;rSm wckeJ@wckxyfae+yD; trdef@pD;qif;yHkawG[m &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;r&dSbJ &_wfaxG;aewmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? ppfwdkif;rSL;opfawGu olwdk@ppfwdkif;e,fajrtwGif;rSm&dSwJh 0ef}uD;Xmetm;vHk;&J@tvkyfawGudk w&m;0if 0ifa&mufpGufzufcGifh tjynfht0 &&dScJh=uovdk/ a'oqdkif&m0ef}uD;csKyfawG&J@ vkyfydkifcGifhrsdK;awGudk&&dScJh=uwJ@ ppfqifa&; txl;tzGJ@rSL;awGuvnf; ppfwdkif;rSL;awG&J@ ppfbufqdkif&mvkyfief;awGudkomru tpdk;&0ef}uD;tzGJ@&J@ vkyfief;awGt ay:rSmyg 0ifa&mufpGufzufcGifhawG &&dScJh=uygw,f?

etzppftm%m&Sif}uD;awGu ppftkyfpktwGif; ta0rwJhr_/ rnDr!Gwfjzpfr_awGudk ajz&Sif;zdk@}udK;pm;wJhtaeeJ@ &m xl;opfawGeJ@ wm0efopfawGudk wnfxGifzefwD;ay;tyfawmhrS tcsif;csif; cGufapmif;ckwfr_awG/ tm%myg0gjyr_awG ydkjzpfvmwmudk awG@&ygw,f? upxrSL;awG/ ppfwdkif;rSL;awGeJ@ 0ef}uD;awGt=um;rSm ol bmaumif/ ig bmaumif qdk+yD; tm%mydkifr_awG/ tkyfpkzGJ@r_awGeJ@ q&marG;wynfharG;r_awG ydkrdkjzpfay:vmcJhwmudk awG@&ygw,f?

upxrSL; qdkolawGuvnf; tvkyfr&dStvkyf&Sm+yD; tcGefvGwfaps;awGudk r=umc% av#muf=unfh&wmrsdK;/ vrf;jyif/ ajrmif;&Sif;wJhtvkyfawGrSmyg pnfyif0efxrf;awGudk vuf!d_;wxdk;xdk;eJ@ 0ifa&muf!$ef=um;aewmrsdK;awGudk vnf; etz&J@ &kyfjrifoH=um;owif;awGrSm r=umc% awG@jrif&ygw,f? wcgw&H ppfwdkif;rSL;awGeJ@ 0ef}uD;XmeawGu wm0ef,l wnfaqmufaewJh qnfajrmif; wmwrH/ vrf;wHwm;eJ@ puf&Hktvkyf&Hk aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;}uD;awGvdk Mega-Project pDrHudef;}uD;awGudk vSnfhvnfppfaq;wmrsdK;vnf; awG@&ygw,f?

upxrSL;awGtaeeJ@ olwdk@udk +rdK;+rdK;jrufjruf ay;au|;xm;wJh pDrHudef;vkyfief;awGudk jy\em&Smavhr&dSayrJh olwdk@udk rodusdK;u|HjyK+yD; *&krpdkufwJhyHkpHcsdK;wJh pDrHudef;vkyfief;awGudkawmh jy\em&Smavh&dSa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? EdkifiH awmfzGH@+zdK; wdk;wufa&;pDrHudef;}uD;rsm;txl;tpnf;ta0;eJ@ av;vywfvkyfief;!dSEd_if;tpnf;ta0;awGrSm olwdk@udk qufa=u;ray;wJh pDrHudef;awG&J@ tm;enf;csdK@,Gif;csufawGudk wpfpdwfwpftdwfvkyf+yD; wifjyavh&dSayrJh olwdk@udk qufa=u;ay;xm;wJh pDrHudef; rsdK;awGudkawmh av#mhav#mhayghaygh wifjyavh&dSa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? upxrSL;awGudk etzppfaumifpDeJ@ 0ef}uD;tzGJ@ukd,fpm; }uD;=uyfvrf;!$efcGifhawG ay;tyfxm;w,fqdkayrJh vufawG@rSmawmh “ol}uD; eJ@aygif;+yD; q,ftdrfacgif;udk [dk'if;xifw,f” qdkwJhtaygufrsdK; csdK;aewJh pufr_(1)0ef}uD; OD;atmifaomif; wdk@vdk/ ody`HeJ@enf;ynm0ef}uD; OD;aomif;wdk@vdk/ v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;eJ@qnfajrmif;0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyfaX;OD; wdk@vdk/ jyef=um;a&; 0ef}uD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfqef; wdk@vdk/ 0ef}uD;rsdK;awG eJ@ olwdk@udk,folwdk@ tem*gwfEdkifiHawmfeJ@ jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ t}uD;tuJavmif;awGtjzpf pdwful;,Ofb0ifjrifhae=uwJh ppfwdkif;rSL;wcsdK@udkawmh xdxda&mufa&muf rudkifwG,f&J a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?

wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD; tm%myg0gawGjyae=uwJh upxrSL;awG/ ppfwdkif;rSL;awGeJ@ 0ef}uD;awG=um;rSm =um;n‡yfae&ol awGuawmh Xmeqdkif&m0efxrf;t}uD;tuJawG jzpfygw,f? etzacwfrSm Xmeqdkif&m0efxrf;awGtwGuf b,fAdkvf csKyfudk “taz” ac:&rSef;rodwJh jy\emawGeJ@ &ifqdkifae=u&ygw,f? upxrSL;awGuvnf; pDrHudef;vkyfief;cGifawG udk ppfaq;wJhtcg t"duwm0ef&dSwJh ppfwdkif;rSL;awGeJ@ 0ef}uD;awGudk ajymvdk@r&wdkif; “ukvm;rEdkif &cdkifrJ” qdkwmvdk atmufajc0efxrf;t}uD;tuJawGudk qlylqJqdk }udrf;armif;wmawG/ e,fajymif;ypfwmawG/ tvkyfjzKwfypfwmawG/ zrf;csKyfcdkif;wmawG/ jyKvkyfavh&dSygw,f? trSwf(1)ppfqifa&;txl;tzGJ@rSL; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;&Jjrifhqdk&if rEWav; &wemyHk jrpful;wHwm;wnfaqmufa&;pDrHudef;u tif*sifeD,mwpfOD;udk ol@!$ef=um;csuf rvdkufemvdk@qdk+yD; zrf;csKyf cdkif;cJhbl;ygw,f?

ppfwdkif;rSL;awGuvnf; olwdk@omv#if olwdk@ppfwdkif;e,fajrtwGif;rSm&dSwJh ppfa&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ vkyfief;awGudk wm0efcH=u&wmrdk@ pm;aumif;aomufaumif;&Hk/ &kyfjrifoH=um;ay:rSm vla&;jy&Hk/ vSnfhvnf=unfh&_+yD; vdktyfcsufawGudk bmrSvnf; jznfhqnf;aqmif&Gufay;Edkifjcif;r&dSbJ jyefoGm;avh&dSwJh upxrSL;awG&J@ !$ef=um;csuf awGtay: *&krpdkufzdk@/ 'ghtjyif EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJawGu olwdk@udk ppfwdkif;rSL;wm0eftjyif 0ef}uD;wOD;&J@ wm0efawG udkyg ay;tyfxm;wJhtwGuf olwdk@cdkif;wJhtwdkif;om twdtus vdkufemvkyfaqmif=uzdk@/ qdk+yD; 0efxrf;awGudk +cdrf; ajcmufajym qdkwmawG vkyfavh&dSygw,f?

2005 ckESpf ESpfukefydkif;u ucsifjynfe,f jrpf}uD;em;+rdK@rSm usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh ajrmufydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL; Adkvf csKyftkef;jrifheJ@ jynfe,ftqifh Xmeqdkif&m0efxrf;t}uD;tuJawG&J@ (4)vywfvkyfief;!d‡Ed _if;tpnf;ta0;wpfckrSm



ppfwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyftkef;jrifhu ol@t&if rycwdkif;rSL;wm0efudk,lcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyfarmifarmifaqGvufxuf EdkifiHawmfu csay;cJhwJh a'ozGH@+zdK;a&;&efyHkaiGawGudk xda&mufpGm toHk;rcscJhwJhtwGuf avvGifhysufpD;r_awGeJ@ vkyfief;ratmifjrifr_ awG trsm;tjym;&dScJha=umif;/ ol@vufxufrSm 'DvdktjzpfrsdK;udk vHk;0 vufcHrSmr[kwfa=umif;/ ol@udk EdkifiHawmft}uD; tuJu ppfwdkif;rSL;wm0eftjyif tpdk;&tzGJ@0if 0ef}uD;wpfOD;&J@ vkyfydkifcGif htm%mudkyg ay;tyfxm;wJhtwGuf 'Dtm %mudk tjynfht0 toHk;cs+yD; wdwdusus ta&;,lvkyfudkifoGm;r,fvdk@ }udrf;armif;ajymqdkcJhwm awG@&ygw,f?

oufqdkif&m0ef}uD;awGuvnf; 0efxrf;awGudk olwdk@XmeawGu wm0efay;cef@tyf+yD; vpmxkwfay;aewmjzpf vdk@ 0ef}uD;Xmetvdkuf csrSwfay;xm;wJh pDrHudef;vsmxm;csufawGeJ@ !$ef=um;csufawGtwdkif; waoGrwdrf; vdkufem vkyfaqmif=uzdk@/ rvdkufemwJh0efxrf;udk 0efxrf;pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;t& xdxda&mufa&muf ta&;,ltjypfay;r,f qdk+yD; +cdrf;ajcmuf tusyfudkifwmawG vkyfavh&dSygw,f? 0ef}uD;trsm;pk[m ppfwyfuvmwJh pDeD,m AsL[mrSL;a[mif; }uD;awGeJ@ pDeD,m ppfwdkif;rSL;a[mif;}uD;awG jzpf=uwJhtwGuf wcsdefu olwdk@vufatmufrSm wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh=u bl;+yD; rae@wpfae@urS wdkif;rSL;jzpfvm=uwJh ppfAdkvfaygufpawGudk *&kpdkufaep&mrvdkbl;qdk+yD; 0efxrf;t}uD;tuJawG udk E_wfrdef@eJ@ ajymqdk!$ef =um;cJhwmrsdK;awGvnf; &dScJhygw,f?

0ef}uD;&J@pum;udk,Hk+yD; eD;&m'g;udk a=umuf&rSef;rodbJ udk,fhXme&J@!$ef=um;csuftwdkif; twdtus vdkufem vkyfaqmifrdvdk@ tvkyfjyKwf b0ysufoGm;&wJh 0efxrf;t}uD;tuJawGvnf; etzacwfwpfav#mufrSm trsm;tjym; awG@&ygw,f? xif&Sm;wJh OyrmwpfcktaeeJ@ yJcl;wdkif; a=u;wdkifeJ@ajrpm&if;OD;pD;Xmeu wdkif;OD;pD;rSL; OD;jrifhodef; qdkol [m awmifydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfwifat;&J@ !$ef=um;csufudk rvdkufembJ/ oufqdkif&m0ef}uD;jzpfwJh v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;eJ@ qnfajrmif;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyf!Gef@wif&J@ !$ef=um;csuftwdkif; twdtus vdkufemvkyf aqmifrdwJhtwGuf &mxl;uae xkwfypfwmudk cHcJh&bl;ygw,f?

2000 ckESpf 'DZifbmvtwGif; usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh awmifydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL;eJ@ yJcl;wdkif;twGif;&dS wdkif;t qifh 0efxrf;t}uD;tuJawG&J@ av;vywf yHkrSefvkyfief;!dSEd_if;tpnf;ta0;rSm ppfwdkif;rSL;u wdkif;twGif;&dS v,f,m ajrawGeJ@ ajrvGwfajr&dkif;awG&J@ {upm&if;udkwifjyzdk@ OD;jrifhodef;udk trdef@ay;cJhygw,f? OD;jrifhodef;wifjywJh pm&if;awG [m t&ifuwifjycJhwJhpm&if;awGeJ@ uGJvGJaewJhtwGuf ajz&Sif;csufay;zdk@ wdkif;rSL;u xyfrHtrdef@ay;wJhtcg OD;jrifhodef; u ol@0ef}uD;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyf!Gef@wif&J@ E_wfrdef@!$ef=um;csufudk &Sif;jycJhygw,f?

ppfwdkif;rSL;awGu v,f,majrawGudk ig;eJ@ykZGefarG;jrLa&;uefawGtjzpf ajymif;vJtoHk;jyKcdkif;aewJhtwGuf wdkif;eJ@ jynfe,ftoD;oD;rSm v,f,majrawG t}uD;tus,f avsmhenf;ysufpD;vmaewm awG@&a=umif;/ 'ga=umifh ol@ trdef@r&bJ v,f,majrawGrSm ig;eJ@ykZGef arG;jrLa&;uefawGwl;az:wmudk vHk;0 cGifhrjyK=uzdk@eJ@ wu,fvdk@ ppfwdkif;rSL; awGu ig;eJ@ykZGefuefawGwl;az:zdk@twGuf v,fajr{upm&if;awG ar;jref;vmcJh&ifvnf; pm&if;rSeftwdkif;rajymbJ avsmhajym=uzdk@ 0ef}uD;udk,fwdkif !$ef=um;xm;w,fqdk+yD; ajz&Sif;csufay;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfwifat;u “rifh 0ef}uD;eJ@ igeJ@ b,folu wm0efydk}uD;ovJ” vdk@ar;+yD; OD;jrifhodef;udk tpnf;ta0;cef;rtwGif;u csufcsif;armif;xkwf cJhwJhtjyif aemufydkif;rSm tvkyfyg jzKwfypfcJhygw,f?

awmifydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfudkudk vufxufrSmvnf; aZ,s0wDo=um;pufu puf&HkzGifhyGJwpfck rSm puf&HkrSL;u ol@udkrzdwfbJ oufqdkif&m0ef}uD;udkom zdwfrdcJhwJhtwGuf puf&HkrSL;udkac:+yD; “rif;wdk@0ef}uD;u 0efxrf; t}uD;tuJomjzpf+yD; igu ppfwdkif;rSL;vnf;jzpf a'oqdkif&mtm%mydkifwpfOD;vnf;jzpf/ 0ef}uD;wpfOD;&J@vkyfydkifcGifhvnf; &dSwJhtwGuf ightrdef@udk t"duemcH&r,f” qdk+yD; qJqdk}udrf;armif;cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? ?

*****************************




1997 ppftkyfpkwGif; tm%mvkyGJrSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$bufu &yfwnfay;cJh=uwJh ppfwdkif;rSL;awGudk ppf

tm%m&Sifvufopf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u 2001 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv(13)&ufae@rSm umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xmeatmuf udk ac:,lwm0efay;cJha=umif; tywfpOf(14)rSm wifjycJh+yD;jzpfygw,f? ,QKwpfywfrSmawmh vpfvyfoGm;wJh tJ'D ppf wdkif;rSL;awGae&mudk wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;/ 'uprSL;awGeJ@ tpm;xdk;cef@tyfcJhyHkawGudk qufvufwifjyoGm;rSm jzpfyg w,f?

rqv/ e0w acwfwpfav#mufrSm ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtjzpf pDeD,m wyfrrSL;awGudk wm0efay;cef@tyfavh&dSayrJh 1997 ckESpf jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif;yGJt+yD;rSm ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtjzpf wyfrrSL; (Division Commander) awGudkomru pucvdk@ vlodrsm;wJh ppfqifa&;uGyfuJr_XmecsKyfrSL; (MOC-Military Operation Commander) awGeJ@ 'upvdk@ vlodrsm;wJh a'ouGyfuJr_ppfXmecsKyfrSL; (ROC-Regional Operation Commander) awGudkyg wm0efay;cef@tyfvmwm awG@&dS&ygw,f? ppftpdk;&[m 1991 ck ESpfaemufydkif;up+yD; wpfjynfvHk;rSm pucawGudk zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufcJhwm tcktcsdefrSmqdk&if puc trSwf(1)uae (21) txd pucaygif; (20)udk zGJ@pnf;xlaxmif cJh+yD; jzpfygw,f? (puc-11 udkrl wyfr-11 ESifh a&maxG;Edkifojzifh rzGJ@pnf;yJ csefvSyfxm;cJha=umif; od&dS&onf)

puc wpfck&J@atmufrSm wyf&if;(10)ckpD&dS+yD; zGJ@pnf;yHkt& puc wpfckudk tiftm;(9,000)pDeJ@pkzGJ@zdk@ &nfrSef; xm;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? pucawGeJ@ wyfrawG[m zGJ@pnf;yHkeJ@ tiftm;rSmomru &mxl;tqifhawGrSmvnf; wlnD =uwmudk awG@&ygw,f? wyfrrSL;awGeJ@ pucrSL;awG[m AdkvfrSL;csKyftqifh&dSolawG jzpf=u&ygw,f? uGyfuJr_yHkpH rSm vnf; pucawGudk wyfrawGvdk uu§=unf;uae wdkuf&dkufudkifwG,fuGyfuJwm awG@&ygw,f?

e0w/ etz ppftkyfpkvufxufrSm wyfrawGudk wyfr(11)rS wyfr(101)txd (10)ckomxm;+yD; puc trnf eJ@ ajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;cJhwm[m olwdk@&J@wyftiftm; tvGeftu|Hwdk;csJ@aer_udk jynfwGif;jynfyu tvG,fwul rod&dSEdkif atmif vsdK@0SufzHk;uG,fxm;zdk@ &nf&G,fcJhwmjzpfEdkifygw,f? pucawGudkomru e,fajrus,f0ef;wJh ppfwdkif;XmecsKyf wcsdK@&J@ atmufrSmvnf; 'up ac: a'oqdkif&muGyfuJr_ppfXmecsKyf (ROC-Regional Operation Command) (7)ckudk cGJjcm;zGJ@pnf;xm;ygw,f? 'upawGudkawmh ppfwdkif;XmecsKyfawG&J@ uGyfuJr_atmufrSm xm;&dSwmawG@&ygw,f?

2001 Edk0ifbmv (19)&ufae@rSm vpfvyfoGm;wJh ppfwdkif;rSL;ae&mawGrSm wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;/ 'uprSL;awGeJ@ tpm; xdk;cef@tyfcJhygw,f? ppfwdkif;(12)ck&dSwJhteuf &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfeJ@ urf;&dk;wef;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyftwGuf AdkvfcsKyfjrifhaqG eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfat;aºuGwdk@udk 2001 ckESpf arvtwGif;rSmuwnf;u cef@tyfxm;+yD;jzpfwJhtwGuf usefwJh ppfwdkif;(10)ck twGufudkom xyfrHa&G;cs,fcef@tyfcJh&wm jzpfygw,f?

tJ'Dtcsdefu ppfwdkif;rSL;jzpfzdk@ tvm;tvm&dSwJh wyfrrSL;(10)OD;uawmh AdkvfrSL;}uD;udkudk (=unf;§14235) (DSA-19) wyfr(11) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf ol&jrifhatmif (=unf;§13970) (DSA-18) wyfr(22) wyfrrSL;/ Adkvf rSL;csKyf cifaZmf (=unf;§13242) (OTS-49) wyfr(33) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD; pdk;EG,f (=unf;§14268) (DSA-19) wyfr(44) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdefvGif (=unf;§12297) (DSA-14) wyfr(55) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD; rif;atmifvd_if (=unf;§14232) (DSA-19) wyfr(66) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmifaqG (=unf;§12829) (OTS-47) wyfr (77) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;jrifhvd_if (=unf;§13875) (DSA-19) wyfr(88) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfaX;OD; (=unf;§ 12133) (DSA-19) wyfr(99) wyfrrSL;eJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyf&Jjrifh (=unf;§121607) (DSA-19) wyfr(101) wyfrrSL;/ wdk@jzpf=uygw,f?

wyfrrSL;awGvdkyJ ppfwdkif;rSL;jzpfzdk@ tvm;tvm&dS=uwJh pucrSL; (15)OD;uawmh AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;aX; (=unf;§12 -020) (DSA-13) puc(1)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfodef;vGif (=unf;§12127) (OTS-43) puc(2)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf cifarmif jrifh (=unf;§12875) (Tayza-1) puc(3)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfapmvSrif; (=unf;§12630) (DSA-15) puc(4)rSL;/



AdkvfrSL;csKyf =unfodef; (=unf;§12080) (DSA-13) puc(5)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfodef;aqG (=unf;§12027) (DSA-13) puc (6)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfol&pdefaomif; (=unf;§13273) (OTS-49) puc(7)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifOD; (=unf;§ 12039) (DSA-13) puc(8)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfvSjrifh (=unf;§12034) (DSA-13) puc(9)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf[efwifh (=unf;§ 12671) (DSA-15) puc(10)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf cifarmifpdk; (=unf;§12610) (DSA-15) puc(12)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf vSjrifh (=unf;§13068) (DSA-16) puc(13)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfxGef;xGef; (=unf;§13133) (DSA-16) puc(14)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;Edkif (=unf;§ 13853) (DSA-17) puc(15)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcifarmifat; (=unf;§12933) (Tayza-1) puc(16)rSL;/ wdk@ jzpfygw,f?

umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;XmerSm wyfrawmfppf&mxl;cef@csKyf(uu§xl;) eJ@ M.S Board tzGJ@qdkwm&dSayrJh wdkif; rSL;/ wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;eJ@ 'uprSL; tqifhawGudk cef@tyf&mrSmawmh ppftm%m&SifawG&J@xHk;pHtwdkif; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$udk,fwdkif twnfjyKrSom cef@tyfcGifh/ ajymif;a&$@cGifheJ@ E_wfxGufcGifh&dSa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 1993 ckESpf rwfv twGif; AdkvfcsKyfarmifat; 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmwJhtcsdefrSm wdkif;rSL;/ wyfrrSL;eJ@ pucrSL;eJ@ 'uprSL; &mxl;awGtwGuf AdkvfcsKyf armifat;u trnfpm&if;jyKpk+yD; wifjyay;&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?

jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm DSA ppfwuUodkvfausmif;qif;t&m&dS/ OTS Adkvfoifwef;ausmif;qif;t&m&dS/ tvkyf oifAdkvfoifwef;(awZwyfcGJ) ausmif;qif;t&m&dS/ tajccHynmtxufwef; atmifjrifxm;wJhtjyif uef@owfxm; wJh touft&G,ftwGif;&dSwJh wyf=uyf}uD;pma&;eJ@ wyf=uyftqifhawGuae Adkvfoifwef;wuf+yD; jzpfvmwJh t&m&dS tqifheJ@ (Other Ranks) vdk@ac:wJh tjcm;tqifhuae tqifhqifh&mxl;wuf+yD;jzpfvmwJh t&m&dSqdk+yD; jyefwrf;0if t&m&dS (5)rsdK;(5)pm; &dSaewmudkawG@&ygw,f? tjcm;tqifhuae t&m&dSjzpfvmoltrsm;pku tjrifhqHk; Adkvf}uD;/ AdkvfrSL;b0avmufeJ@ *dwfqHk;avh&dSwma=umifh wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;/ wdkif;rSL;/ &mxl;awGtxd wufvSrf;Edkifjcif; r&dSygbl;? jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ xdyfqHk;ae&mawGudk OTS eJ@ DSA ausmif;qif;t&m&dSawGuom vuf0g;}uD;tkyf+yD; &,lxm; =uwm awG@&ygw,f?

1988 ckESpfrwdkifciftxd jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ xdyfqHk;&mxl;awGrSm OTS ausmif;qif;t&m&dSawGu v$rf;rdk; xm;cJh=uayrJh DSA tywfpOf(1)ausmif;qif; AdkvfcsKyfarmifat; 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmcJhwJhtcsdefup+yD; xdyfqHk;&mxl;awGrSm DSA ausmif;qif;t&m&dSawG wajz;ajz; ae&m,lvmwm awG@&ygw,f? “DSA ausmif;qif; t&m&dSawG[m tem*gwfjrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ t}uD;tuJawGjzpf&r,f” qdkwJh 1959 ckESpf ZGefv(1)&ufae@ DSA tywfpOf(1)oifwef;qif;yGJrSm wyfrawmfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;udk,fwdkif ajymqdkoGm;cJhbl;wmudk pdwfxJrSm oHrd_eJ@pGJxm;ovdk taorSwfxm;cJhwJh AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;u oludk,fwdkif 'kwyfcsKyf}uD;jzpfvmcsdefrSm 'Dpum;udk t aumiftxnfaz:zdk@ pwif}udK;pm;cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?

1996-97 ckESpfavmufup+yD; 'kwyfcsKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;armifat;u ppfwdkif;rSL;avmif;awG&J@ trnfpm&if;awGudk jyKpkwifjycJh&mrSm AdkvfrSL;csKyfat;aºuG (OTS tywfpOf 47) wpfOD;wnf;uvGJ+yD; usefwJholtm;vHk;[m DSA ausmif;qif; wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;awGcsnf; jzpfaecJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? xHk;pHtwdkif;qdk&if 'kwyfcsKyfudk,fwdkif jyKpk wifjywJhtrnfpm&if;udk wyfcsKyf}uD;udk,fwdkifutwnfjyKay;zdk@ (90)&mcdkifE_ef;avmuftxd aocsma=umif; od&dS&yg w,f? 'gayrJh tJ'Dtcsdefu 'kwyfcsKyfwifjycJhwJh wdkif;rSL;avmif;trnfpm&if;udk wyfcsKyf}uD;eJ@ wyfcsKyf}uD;&J@ ppfbuf vufaxmufjzpfol AdkvfrSL;csKyfae0if;wdk@u oabmruswma=umifh jyifqifajymif;vJr_awG trsm;tjym;jyKvkyfcJh=uyg w,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u (OTS) ausmif;qif;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfae0if;u tvkyfoifAdkvfoifwef; (awZ) ausmif; qif;awG jzpfaewma=umifhvnf; AdkvfcsKyf}uD; armifat;eJ@ ol@&J@ (DSA) tkyfpkawG =oZmv$rf;rdk;vmrSmudk pdk;&drf vGef+yD; jyifqifcJh=uwm jzpfEdkifygw,f?

'kwyfcsKyfwifjywJh wdkif;rSL;avmif;trnfpm&if;xJu (DSA)ausmif;qif; wyfrrSL;eJ@ pucrSL; trsm;tjym; udk wyfcsKyf}uD;trdef@eJ@ 0ef}uD;XmeawGudk ajymif;a&$@ypfcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? ajymif;a&$@cHcJh&olawGxJrSm AdkvfrSL;csKyf odef;atmif/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;jrifheJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmifodef;wdk@vnf; yg0ifw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? 'kwyfcsKyfwifjywJh trnf pm&if;udk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfae0if;wdk@u (2)}udrfwdwd y,fcscJhbl;a=umif; pHkprf;od&dS&ygw,f? tJ'D



aemufydkif;rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$udk,fwdkif wdkif;rSL;awG&J@trnfpm&if;udk wifoGif;+yD; oludk,fwdkiftwnfjyKwJh pepf udk toHk;jyKvmcJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?

'ga=umifh 2001 ckESpf Edk0ifbm(19)&ufae@rSm M.S Order xkwf+yD; cef@tyfcHcJh&wJh ppfwdkif;rSL;(10)OD;[m wyf csKyf}uD;udk,fwdkif trnfpm&if;wifoGif;+yD; oludk,fwdkif twnfjyKcef@tyfcJholawG jzpfEdkifygw,f? wdkif;rSL;topfawG tjzpf cef@tyfcHcJh&olawGuawmh rycwdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmifaqG/ &rcwdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyf jrifhvd_if/ &ycwdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyfcifarmifjrifh/ w*cwdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyfcspfoef;/ &wcwdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyf ol&jrifhatmif/ ewcwdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyfaX;OD;/ eycwdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifOD;/ wycwdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmifrif;/ vyc wdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyf&Jjrifh eJ@ ercwdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;Edkifwdk@ jzpf=uygw,f? (&ucwdkif;rSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifhaqGESifh u&cwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfat;aºuG wdk@rSm 2001 ckESpf arvrSmuwnf;u wdkif;rSL;rsm; tjzpf cef@tyfcHcJh&+yD;jzpfonf)

topfcef@tyfcHcJh&wJh ppfwdkif;rSL; (12)OD;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm=unfhr,fqdk&if DSA ausmif;qif;t&m&dS (8)OD;/ OTS ausmif;qif;t&m&dS (3)OD;eJ@ tvkyfoifAdkvfoifwef; (awZ) ausmif;qif;t&m&dS(1)OD;/ &dSwmudk awG@&ygw,f? Batch taeeJ@ajymr,fqdk&if DSA-13 u (2)OD;/ DSA-15 u (3)OD;/ DSA-17 u (2)OD;/ DSA-18 u (1)OD;/ OTS-43 u (2)OD;/ OTS-47 u (1)OD; eJ@ tvkyfoif-1 u (1)OD;wdk@ jzpfygw,f? wyf&if;wyfzGJ@taeeJ@ ajymr,fqdk &if wyfrrSL;b0u vmol (7)OD;/ pucrSL;b0uvmol (4)OD;eJ@ 'uprSL;b0uvmol (1)OD;/ wdk@jzpfa=umif; awG@&dS&yg w,f? ppfwdkif;rSL;jzpfoifhygvsufeJ@ jzpfrvmolawGxJrSm DSA (13, 14, 15, 16) vdk pDeD,muswJh wyfrrSL;/ puc rSL;awG trsm;tjym;usefcJhwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? ppfwdkif;rSL;wpfOD;jzpfvmzdk@twGuf pGrf;&nf(3)&yf/ +rJ(3)+rJ/ jrif(4)jrif jynfpHk&Hkr#eJ@ rvHkavmufa=umif;udk aemufwpfywfrSm qufvufwifjyoGm;yghr,f? ?

*****************************



“=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&kyfawmfyHk trSwf(16)”

jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm uu§xl; vdk@ vlodrsm;wJh ppf&mxl;cef@csKyf (MAG/ Military Appointment General) eJ@ ppf&mxl;cef@bkwftzGJ@ (M.S Board/ Military Service Board) qdkwm&dSayrJh xdyfydkif;ppfbuf &mxl;}uD;awGjzpfwJh wdkif;rSL;/ wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;awGeJ@ ppf&Hk;csKyf vuf&Hk;tul0efxrf;wyfawG&J@ !$ef=um;a&;rSL;tqifh awGudk ppftm%m&Sif}uD;awGudk,fwdkif pdwf}udKufa&G;cs,fcef@xm;avh&dSwm awG@&ygw,f? rqvacwfrSm ppftm%m&SifAdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u oludk,fwdkifa&G;cs,fxm;wJh wyfrrSL;awGudkom ppfwdkif; rSL;awGtjzpf wm0efay;avh&dSovdk etz ppftpdk;&acwfrSmvnf; ppftm&Sifvufopf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$udk,fwdkif pdwf}udKufa&G;cs,fxm;wJh wyfrrSL;awG/ pucrSL;awGeJ@ ppfwuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD;awGudkom ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtjzpfeJ@ wm0efay;cef@tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? e0w/ etz ppftpdk;&acwfrSm ppftiftm;awGudk tvGeftu|H wdk;csJ@zGJ@pnf; cJhwma=umifh wyfrawGtjyif wyfrawGeJ@zGJ@pnf;yHkwlwJh puc ac: ppfqifa&;uGyfuJr_XmecsKyfawGyg ay:aygufvmcJhyg w,f? 'ga=umifh 2001 ckESpfup+yD; ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtjzpf wm0efay;cef@tyf&mrSmvnf; wyfrrSL;awGxJuomru pucrSL;awGxJuyg a&G;cs,fvm&wmjzpfygw,f?

2001 ckESpfrSm topfcef@tyfcH&wJh ppfwdkif;rSL;awGteuf AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifhaqG/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfat;aºuG/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf armifarmifaqG/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfol&jrifhatmif/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfaX;OD;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmifrif;eJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyf&Jjrifh wdk@u wyfrrSL; awGjzpf=u+yD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifhvd_if/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcifarmifjrifh/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifOD;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;Edkif/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcspfoef; wdk@ u pucrSL;awG jzpf=uygw,f?

e0w/ etz ppftpdk;&vufxufrSm jrefrmhwyfrawmf[m tvGeftuíH pnf;ysufurf;ysuf jzpfvmcJhygw,f? ppfwuUodkvfeJ@ ppfoifwef;ausmif;}uD;awGudk t&ifuvdk “raumif;ausmif;ydk@” cH&wJh ausmif;tkyf}uD;awG &J@vufxJ “0” uGufrtyf&JawmhyJ wyfrrSL;awGxJu tkyfcsKyfa&;eJ@pnf;urf;ydkif;rSm xl;c|efolawGudka&G;cs,f+yD; ppfwuUodkvf ausmif;tkyf}uD;awGtjzpf ajymif;vJcef@tyfwm0efay;wJh yHkpHopfudk wDxGifoHk;pGJvmcJh&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh 2003 ckESpfu p+yD; ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtjzpfa&G;cs,f&mrSm wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;awGxJuom ruawmhbJ ppfwuUodkvf ausmif;tkyf}uD; awGudkyg xnf@oGif;a&G;cs,fvm&wm jzpfygw,f?

tck uu§=unf;rSm upxrSL; wm0efudkxrf;aqmifaewJh AdkvfcsKyftkef;jrifh qdk&if wyfr(88) wyfrrSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifae&mu 2002 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvrSm ar+rdK@ ppfwuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD;tjzpfeJ@ ajymif;a&$@cef@ tyfcHcJh&+yD; 2003 ckESpf =o*kwfvusrS urf;&dk;wef;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL;tjzpfeJ@ ajymif;a&$@wm0efay;jcif; cHcJh&ol jzpfygw,f? tvm;wl tckupxrSL;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaewJh AdkvfcsKyfrif;atmifvd_if qdk&ifvnf; ,Qifu wyfr (44) &J@ wyfrrSL; jzpfcJhygw,f? 2003ckESpf =o*kwfvrSm ar+rdK@ ppfwuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD;tjzpf ajymif;a&$@wm0efay;cH& +yD; 2004 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvusrS taemufydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL;tjzpf cef@tyfcHcJh&ol jzpfygw,f?

wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;awG[m ppfwdkif;rSL;&mxl;udk odyfrufarm=uygw,f? ppfwdkif;rSL;jzpfvmcJh&if udk,fha'o t wGif; bk&ifi,fwqlvdk =oZmtm%mawG&&dSEdkifwJhtjyif a'oqdkif&m0ef}uD;csKyfwOD;&J@ vkyfydkifcGifhrsdK;awGudkvnf; &&dS vmrSmrdk@ jzpfygw,f? ppfwdkif;rSL;uwqifh uu§=unf;&J@ tqifhjrifh&mxl;awGudk wqifhwuf ar#mfrSef;EdkifwJhtjyif tajctaeray;vdk@ 'D&mxl;awGudk r&cJh&ifawmifrS 0ef}uD;tjzpfawmh wm0efay;cH&zdk@ aocsmaewma=umifh ppfwdkif; rSL;&mxl;udk rufarm=uwmjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'D&mxl;udk&&dSEdkifzdk@twGuf AdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifhavmufuwnf;u tusdwfte,f }udK;pm;,SOf+ydKif=u&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? ,SOf+ydKifw,fqdkwmu ppfa&;pGrf;&nf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;pGrf;&nf/ pnf;&Hk;a&;pGrf;&nfqdkwJh pGrf;&nf(3)&yfrSm ,SOf+ydKif=u&wmr[kwfbJ 'D&mxl;&&dSzdk@twGuf ppftm%m&Sif}uD;awG ESpf ouf oabmusvmatmif t+ydKiftqdkif zm;=u&wm jzpfygw,f?

jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@t&m&dSawGudk Adkvf/ rSL;/ csKyf qdk+yD; tqifh(3)qifh cGJxm;ygw,f? (Adkvf)tqifhrSm 'kAdkvf tqifhuae Adkvf}uD;txdyg0if+yD; (rSL;)tqifhrSmawmh AdkvfrSL;uae AdkvfrSL;}uD;txd yg0ifygw,f? (csKyf)tqifhrSm



awmh AdkvfrSL;csKyftqifhuae AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;tqifhtxd yg0ifygw,f? (Adkvf)tqifh t&m&dStm;vHk; wyfrawmf (=unf;) wdkufcdkufa&;oifwef;ausmif;awGudk wufa&muf=u&ygw,f? (rSL;)tqifh t&m&dSawGuawmh OD;pD;wuUodkvf udk wufa&muf=u&ygw,f? (rSL;)tqifhuae (csKyf)tqifhudk wufvSrf;rJholawGtwGufuawmh EdkifiHawmfumuG,f a&;wuUodkvf (NDC / National Defence College) udk wufa&muf=u&ygw,f?

'ga=umifh ppftm%m&Sif}uD;awGu wdkif;rSL;/ wyfrrSL;eJ@ pucrSL;awGtygt0if xdyfydkif;ppfbuf&mxl;}uD;awG rSm wm0efay;zdk@&nfrSef;xm;wJh AdkvfrSL;}uD;awGudka&G;cs,f+yD; EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvfrSm wufa&mufcdkif;avh &dSygw,f? jrefrmhwyfrawmfwckvHk;rSm ,leDazgif;rc|wfao;wJh 0ef}uD;/ 'k0ef}uD;wcsdK@eJ@ e,fbuft&m&dS}uD;wcsdK@ tyg t0if AdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifht&m&dS pkpkaygif; (320)avmuf&dSygw,f? 'DtxJu ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&rJh toufi,f&G,fol awGeJ@ vmbfrsm;rsm;xdk;EdkifolawGudkom a&G;cs,f+yD; wufcdkif;avh&dSa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?

vuf&dS EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvf&J@ rl0g'qdkif&m vrf;!$eftzGJ@rSm e,u}uD;u AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$/ OuUX}uD;u 'kAdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;armifat;/ twGif;a&;rSL;u umuG,fa&;wuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD;/ tzGJ@0if(8)OD;u !dS uGyf(=unf;/ a&/ av)/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&)/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(av)/ ppfa&;csKyf/ ppfaxmufcsKyf/ wyfrawmf avhusifha&;t&m&dScsKyf/ ava=umif;&efumuG,fa&;t&m&dScsKyf/ ppfbufa&;&mvHk+cHKa&;t&m&dScsKyfwdk@ yg0if=uwmawG@ &ygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'DwuUodkvfudk wufa&mufcsifwJh AdkvfrSL;}uD;awG[m 'DtzGJ@rSmyg0ifwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGudk olwdk@&J@ uawmfawG/ ra[oDawGxHuwqifh vufaqmiftrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ csOf;uyf=u&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? Adkvfavmif;wOD;jzpfzdk@ twGufawmif wyfrawmfAdkvfa&G;tzGJ@udk odef;eJ@csD vmbfxdk;cJh&wmrdk@ wyfrrSL;§pucrSL;avmif;/ wdkif;rSL;avmif;/ EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJavmif;jzpfrJh 'DwuUodkvfudk wufa&mufcGifh&&dSzdk@ta&;rSmvnf; rl0g'qdkif&mvrf;!$eftzGJ@udk usyfaiGoef;csD vmbfxdk;=u&wm[m rqef;vSbl;vdk@qdkEdkifygw,f? vmbfpm;olawGbufu usm;}uD;vdk@ ajc&mvnf; }uD;vmwJhoabm jzpfovdk/ vmbfxdk;olawGbufuvnf; bDvD,Hjrifvdk@ rDvD,HpGef@wJhoabmvnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f?

ausmif;wufcGifh&&dSjyefawmhvnf; trSwfaumif;aumif;&rSom wyfrrSL;§pucrSL;awG jzpfrSmrdk@ wuUodkvfu ausmif;tkyf}uD;/ 'kwd,ausmif;tkyf}uD;eJ@ XmerSL;awGudk vmbfxdk;=u&jyefygw,f? wuUodkvfwufcGifh&zdk@twGuf um uG,fa&;wuUodkvf&J@ rl0g'qdkif&mvrf;!$eftzGJ@u oef;eJ@csDvmbfpm;aewmudk zrf;qD;az:xkwf ta&;,lwmrsdK; r=um; cJhbl;ayrJh odef;*%ef;tqifhavmufom vmbfpm;&wJh ausmif;tkyf}uD;/ 'kausmif;tkyf}uD;eJ@ XmerSL;wcsdK@uawmh 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSm zrf;qD;ta&;,lwmudk cHcJh=u&ygw,f? ausmif;tkyf}uD; AdkvfcsKyfrdk;[def;/ 'kwd,ausmif; tkyf}uD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfoef;armifeJ@ XmerSL;awGjzpf=uwJh AdkvfrSL;}uD;&JxGef;0if;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;0if;EdkifeJ@ AdkvfrSL;}uD;!Gef@a0 wdk@udk vmbfpm;r_awGeJ@ zrf;qD;ta&;,l z,f&Sm;ypfcJhwm jzpfygw,f?

AdkvfcsKyfrdk;[def;[m (DSA)trSwfpOf(10)ujzpf+yD; pmtoiftjyeJ@ tkyfcsKyfr_aumif;rGefwJhtwGuf Axl; wdkufcdkufa&;oifwef;ausmif; ausmif;tkyftjzpfuae EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD;tjzpf ajymif; a&$@ wm0efay;tyfcHcJh&ol jzpfygw,f? 1994 ckESpf pufwbFm(18)&ufae@rSm EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;tjzpf wm0efay; cHcJh&wJh 'k-wyfrawmf avhusifha&;t&m&dScsKyf ppfOD;pD;wuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD; AdkvfcsKyfOm%f0if; (DSA-18) qdk&if vnf; vmbfpm;&mrSmeHrnf}uD;olwOD;jzpfayrJh txufudktzm;aumif;wJhtwGuf ta&;,lrcH&wJhtjyif EdkifiHjcm;a&; 0ef}uD;tjzpf &mxl;wdk;ay;cHcJh&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?

EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvfudk EdkifiHawmfu csrSwfxm;wJhay:vpDawGeJ@tnD t*~r[mAsL[m&nfrSef;csuf (Grand Strategy) awGudk taumiftxnfaz:Edkifzdk@twGuf tqifhjrifhacgif;aqmifawG ay:xGef;vmatmif avh usifhay;zdk@ zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifcJhwmqdkayrJh vufawG@rSmawmh ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk vufqifhurf;o,faqmifzdk@twGuf pdwfcs&wJh vl,Hkwynf@&if;awGudk pDppfa&G;cs,favhusifhay;wJhausmif;om jzpfygw,f?

'Dae@ EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJqdkol AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&a&$ref;eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGjzpf=uwJh oD[ol& wifatmif jrifOD;/ armifbdk/ ausmf0if;eJ@ tkef;jrifhwdk@[m 1994 ckESpf rwfvrSm pwifzGifhvSpfcJhwJh EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvf tywfpOf(1)oifwef;qif;awGjzpf+yD;/ 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;jrifhaqG/ AdkvfcsKyfarmifOD;/ AdkvfcsKyfaX;OD;eJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfqef; wdk@ u 1996 Edk0ifbmvrSm zGifhvSpfcJhwJh tywfpOf(2) oifwef;qif;awG jzpfygw,f? 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGjzpf=uwJh cif armifoef;/ jrifhvd_ifeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfawGjzpf=uwJ armifarmifaqG/ pdk;Edkif/ cifarmifjrifh/ cifaZmf/ wdk@u 1998 =o*kwfv



rSmzGifhvSpfcJhwJh tywfpOf(3) oifwef;qif;awGjzpfygw,f? 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGjzpf=uwJh omat;/ jrwf[def;eJ@ AdkvfcsKyf§ AdkvfrSL;csKyfawG jzpf=uwJh rif;atmifvd_if/ Om%f0if;/ a0vGif/ wifEdkifodef;/ cif&D wdk@u 2000 ckESpf azaz:0g&DvrSm pwif zGifhvSpfcJhwJh tywfpOf(4)oifwef;qif;awG jzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf§AdkvfrSL;csKyfawGjzpf=uwJh aomif;at;/ vSaX;0if;/ atmifoef;xGÉf/ cifaZmfOD;/ oufEdkif0if;/ vSrif; wdk@u 2002 ckESpf =o*kwfvrSm pwifzGifhvSpfcJhwJh tywfpOf(5) oif wef;qif;awG jzpfwmudk awG@&dS&ygw,f?

etzppftpdk;&[m 1994 ckESpfup+yD; 2006 ckESpftwGif; EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvf oifwef;(7)ckudk zGifhvSpfcJh+yD;jzpfygw,f? AdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifht&m&dS (351)OD;udk avhusifhyHkoGif;ay;cJh+yD; jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dt&m&dSawG tm;vHk; wyfrSL;/ pucrSL;/ wdkif;rSL;eJ@ EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJawG jzpfvmjcif;awmhr&dSygbl;? ppftm%m&Sif}uD;awG ,Hk =unftm;udk;wJh wcsdK@avmufom wyfrrSL; pucrSL;/ wdkif;rSL;awGjzpfvm=u+yD; trsm;pkuawmh oHtrwfawG/ ppfoH rSL;awGeJ@ !$ef=um;a&;rSL;awGtjzpf acsmifxdk;cH&/ e,fESifcHcJh=u&ygw,f?

jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm xdyfwef;&mxl;}uD;awGudk&&dSzdk@twGuf pGrf;&nf(3)&yfjynf@pHkae&HkeJ@ rvHkavmufbJ/ “awmf (3)awmf”xJrSm tygt0ifjzpfwJh “tzm;awmf”zdk@/ t}uD;tuJqdkolawGeJ@ “aqGrsdK;awmf” zdk@vnf; ta&;}uD;a=umif; udk aemufwywfrSm qufvufwifjyoGm;yghr,f? ?

*****************************




jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm xdyfwef;&mxl;}uD;awGudk&&dSzdk@twGuf pGrf;&nf(3)&yf jynfhpHkae&HkeJ@ rvHkavmufbJ “awmf

(3) awmf” qdkwJh “yifudk,fawmf” / “aqGrsdK;awmf”/ “tzm;awmf” zdk@vnf; vdktyfw,fvdk@ jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif; rSm ajymprSwfjyKavh&dSygw,f?

jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif;rSm “yifudk,fawmf” olawG trsm;tjym; &dSygw,f? 'gayrJh yifudk,fawmfol trsm;pk [m wyfrawmf&J@ xdyfydkif;&mxl;}uD;awGudk &&dSavhr&dSbJ ppfwuUodkvf/ ppfausmif;awGrSm aemufqHk;ydwftqifhu atmifcJh=uolawGuom wyfrawmf&J@ xdyfqHk;&mxl;}uD;awGudk &&dSvm=uwmawG@&ygw,f? vuf&dS jrefrmhwyfr awmf&J@ OD;pD;csKyfeJ@ 'kOD;pD;csKyfawGqdk&if Adkvfoifwef;ausmif;eJ@ ppfwuUodkvfawGrSm oifwef;qif;cJhpOfu olwdk@aemuf rSm qdkif;bkwfyJ usefawmhw,fvdk@ qdkprSwfjyKcHcJh&olawG jzpfygw,f?

jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm “yifudk,fawmf” zdk@xuf “tzm;awmf” zdk@eJ@/ “aqGrsdK;awmf” wwfzdk@u ydkta&;}uD;w,f qdkwmudk tcdkiftrmoufaojyEdkifwJh om"uawG trsm;tjym;&dSygw,f? 'Dom"uawGteuf trsm;jrifomrJh OyrmwpfcktaeeJ@ etzppftpdk;& ody`HeJ@enf;ynm0ef}uD;Xme&J@ 0ef}uD;OD;aomif;&J@ b0jzpfpOfwcsdK@udk xkwfE_wfEd_if; ,SOf wifjyvdkygw,f? 'Duae@ EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJqdkol&J@ oufawmf&Snf0ef}uD;awGxJrSm wpfyg;tygt0ifjzpfaewJh 0ef}uD; OD;aomif;qdkol[m 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;a[mif; wpfOD;jzpfygw,f? ol[m vuf&dS etz'kumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf 'kAdkvf csKyfrSL;}uD;armifat; tjyif 1997 ckESpf bvufcfEdk0ifbmrSm jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif; cHvdkuf&wJh 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; xGef;=unf/ wdk@eJ@twl DSA tywfpOf(1) ausmif;qif;t&m&dSwpfOD;vnf; jzpfygw,f?

Adkvfavmif;armifaomif;[m yifudk,fawmfolwpfOD; jzpfwJhtwGuf DSA tywfpOf(1)rSm taumif;qHk;Adkvf avmif; (Best Cadet) qkudk &&dScJholjzpfygw,f? 'kAdkvfarmifaomif;&J@ udk,fydkifeHygwfu (=unf;§7856) jzpf+yD;/ 'kAdkvfxGef;=unf &J@ udk,fydkifeHygwfu (=unf;§7864)/ 'kAdkvfarmifat;&J@ udk,fydkifeHygwfu (=unf;§7875) jzpfygw,f? yifudk,fawmfwJh Adkvfarmifaomif;udk tJ'Dtcsdefu 'kumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfaewJh AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmif}uD;u ol@&J@ PSO tjzpf “awmf”aumufcJhayrJh Adkvfarmifaomif; wpfa,muf “uH”raumif;cJhygbl;? ppftm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if;eJ@ ol@vufaxmuf AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmif}uD;wdk@&J@ 1963 ckESpf tm%mvkyGJrSm AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmif}uD; u jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif;cH&+yD; Adkvfarmifaomif; u acsmifxdk;cHcJh=u&ygw,f?

Adkvfarmifaomif; [m yifudk,fawmfwmrSefayrJh tJ'Dtcsdefu zm;wJhae&mrSmawmh “av#mf” cJhw,fvdk@ qdkEdkifyg w,f? bmjzpfvdk@vnf;qdkawmh b,fol tm%mt&dSqHk;vJ/ b,fol@udk ydkzm;&rvJ/ qdkwmudk ra&G;cs,fEdkifcJhvdk@ jzpfygw,f? Adkvfarmifaomif;[m rzm;wwfwJholawmh [kwf[efrwlygbl;? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh ol@&J@ t&Sifocifudk zm;wJhtaeeJ@ 1971 ckESpfrSm arG;zGm;cJhwJh ol@&J@om;OD;udk atmif}uD; ac: atmif=unf vdk@ trnfay;cJhwm=unfh&if odEdkifygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; ol@udk tm%m&Sif}uD;OD;ae0if;u wyfuxGufcdkif;cJh+yD; owWKwGif;0ef}uD;Xmeatmufu “b"&” ac: blrdaA'eJ@ "gwfowWK&SmazGa&;OD;pD;XmerSm txl;t&m&dStjzpfcef@tyfum awmawmifawGxJukd e,fESif '%fay;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh yifudk,fawmfwJh OD;aomif;[m rqvacwfukefumeD;rSm b"& &J@ !$efcsKyf jzpfvmcJhygw,f?

1988 ckESpfrSm rif;ajymif;rif;v$Jjzpfawmh OD;aomif;twGuf uHZmwm wufvmcJhygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh OD;aomif;eJ@ ausmufqnfwe,fxJom; &yfaqG&yfrsdK;awmfwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ DSA tywfpOf(1)rSm twl ausmif;wufcJh=uwJh oli,fcsif;awGw+yHKwr}uD; tm%modrf;ppfaumifpDrSm ygvmcJhwJhtwGuf jzpfygw,f? tJ'D tcsdef up+yD; OD;aomif;[m “yifudk,fawmf” zdk@xuf “tzm;awmf” zdk@eJ@ t}uD;tuJqdkolawGudk }uHzef+yD; “aqGrsdK;awmf” wwfzdk@u ydkta&;}uD;w,fqdkwmudk aumif;aumif; oabmaygufvmcJhyHk &ygw,f? 'ga=umifh OD;aomif;[m enf;AsL [majymif;+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;/ AdkvfcsKyfxGef;=unf wdk@tdrfawGudk acsmif;aygufrwwf 0ifxGuf oGm;vmr_awG jyKvkyfcJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? ol@ZeD;jzpfwJh a':ar=unfpdef udkvnf; r,fawmf}uD; a':}udKif}udKifeJ@ orD; awmfawGxH ae@pOf tcpm;0ifcdkif;cJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?



tJ'Dvdk tzm;awmfr_awGa=umifh OD;aomif;[m 1996 ckESpfrSm tar&duefoHtrwf}uD;tjzpf ajymif;vJcef@tyf cHcJh&ygw,f?? 1997 ppftkyfpkwGif; tm%mvkyGJawGt+yD;rSm ppftm%m&SifvufopfjzpfvmwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef; a&$u “udkaomif;a& Oo#pfoD;t&G,favmufyJjzpfjzpf tEkjrLAHk;wpfvHk;avmufawmh &atmifvkyfAsm” qdkwJh wpf csufvGwftrdef@eJ@twl 1998 ckESpfrSm topfay:aygufvmcJhwJh “ody`HESifhenf;ynm0ef}uD;Xme”rSm 0ef}uD;tjzpf cef@ tyfwm0efay;wmudk cHcJh&ygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; OD;aomif;[m =oZmt&dSeft0g}uD;wJh oufawmf&Snf trwf}uD; wpfyg; jzpfvmcJhygw,f? ol&SmazG&&dSor#xJu wyfcsKyf}uD;(2)OD;udk yHkrSefqufa=u;ay;avh&dSwJh OD;aomif;udk wyfcsKyf}uD; (2)OD;vHk;u oabmus+yD; pm;aygufacsmifwJh jrefrmEdkifiH&if;ESD;jrSKyfESHr_aumfr&Sif(MIC) rSmyg OuUXtjzpfeJ@ yl;wGJwm0ef ay;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh etztzGJ@xJrSmvnf; 'Dae&mudkvdkcsifolawG trsm;tjym;&dSaewma=umifh ol@xufydk+yD; vmbfxdk; EdkifwJ@ arG;jrLa&;eJ@a&vkyfief;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; AdkvfrSL;csKyf armifarmifodrf;udk 1997 ckESpfrSm 'Dwm0efudk wyfcsKyf}uD; u v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?

(aemufydkif;tcGifh}uHKv#if oufawmf&Snftrwf}uD;rsm;jzpfaom OD;aomif;ESifh OD;atmifaomif;wdk@. ta=umif; rsm;udk qufvufwifjyygrnf?)

jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm “yifudk,fawmf”+yD; ppftm%m&SifawGudk “zm;”zdk@/ “aqGrsdK;awmf”zdk@/ tvGef0efav;wJh rsdK;cspf jynfcspfwyfrawmfom;awGvnf; trsm;tjym;&dSwmudk awG@&ygw,f? 1976 ckESpfrSm rqvppftm%m&Sif}uD; awGudk okwfoif&Sif;vif;+yD; wyfrawmfeJ@ jynfolvlxkudk u,fwifzdk@}udK;pm;&if; ao'%fay;cHcJh&wJh Adkvf}uD; tkef; ausmfjrifh qdk&if OTS tywfpOf(29)rSm taumif;qHk; Adkvfavmif; (Best Cadet) qkudk &&dScJholjzpfygw,f? Adkvf}uD; tkef;ausmfjrifh tr_eJ@ wyfxJuxkwfy,fcHcJh&+yD; 1988 ckESpf &Spfav;vHk;vlxkta&;awmfyHkeJ@ trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@ csKyfrSm wufºuGpGm yg0ifv_yf&Sm;r_awGa=umifh tcktcsdeftxd zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifcHae&wJh Adkvf}uD;0if;xdef qdk&ifvnf; 1963 ckESpf DSA tywfpOf(5) oifwef;qif; (Best Cadet) wpfOD;jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtr_eJ@ qufEG,f +yD; ta&;,lcHcJh &wJh Adkvf}uD;pdefaomif; qdk&ifvnf; OTS tywfpOf(30)&J@ (Best Cadet) wpfOD; jzpfcJhwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f?

rqv/ e0w/ etz ppftm%m&SifacwfawGrSm ppfwdkif;rSL;jzpfoifhygv#uf rjzpfbJ acsmifxdk;/ z,f&Sm;cHvdkuf &wJh pDeD,m wyfrrSL;awG/ pucrSL;awGvnf; trsm;tjym;&dScJhwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? 'Dt&m&dSawG[m pDeD,mus&Hk omru yifukd,ft&nftcsif;eJ@ }udK;pm;tm;xkwfr_tydkif;rSmvnf; xl;c|efxufjruf=uayrJh ppftm%m&Sif}uD;awGudk zm;wJhae&mrSm !HhwJhtwGuf e,fpm;y,fpm; ppfbk&ifi,fawGvdk tm%m&dSwJh ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtjzpf ae&may; cef@tyf rcH=u&wmjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;awGjzpfvm=u+yDqdk&if wdkif;rSL;jzpfvmzdk@twGuf ppftm%m &Sif}uD;awGudk ol@xufig t+ydKiftqdkif zm;=u&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? etzwyfwGif;u jzKwf/ xkwf/ ajymif;a&$@yGJawGudk av;vywftpnf;ta0; yGJawGt+yD;rSm vkyfavh&dSwma=umifh ppfwdkif;rSL;&mxl;udk irf;irf;wuf vdkcsifae=uwJh wyfrrSL; eJ@ pucrSL;awG[m wpfESpfudk (3)}udrfusif;ywJh av;vywftpnf;ta0;awGudk oGm;wufwJhtcgwdkif;rSm usyfaiGoef; csDwefwJh vufaqmifypPnf;awGudk ,laqmifoGm;=u&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?

2005 ckESpf ESpfqef;ydkif;rSm usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh av;vywftpnf;ta0;awGudk ,laqmifoGm;&wJh yJcl;tajcpdkuf wyfr (77)&J@ wyfrrSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyf0if;jrifh&J@ vufaqmifypPnf;pm&if;udk avhvm=unf@r,fqdk&if ppfwdkif;rSL;wOD;jzpfzdk@ twGuf t&if;tESD; b,favmuf}uD;w,fqdkwmudk cef@rSef;od&dSEdkifygvdrR,f?

wyfcsKyf}uD;eJ@ 'kwyfcsKyf}uD;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;armifat; wdk@twGuf usyf wpf odef;pDwefwJh vufaqmifypPnf;/ =unf;/ a&/ av !dS§uGyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&a&$ref;eJ@ZeD;/ ava=umif;&efumuG,f a&;t&m&dScsKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;pdk;0if;eJ@ZeD;/ ppfa&;csKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;odef;pdefeJ@ZeD;/ wdk@twGuf usyfav;aomif;pDwef vufaqmifypPnf;/ upxrSL;awGjzpf=uwJh 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;&JjrifheJ@ZeD;/ 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;atmifaxG;eJ@ZeD;/ 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; cifarmifoef;eJ@ZeD;/ 'kAdkvfcsKyf }uD;armifbdkeJ@ZeD;/ ppfaxmufcsKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; oD[ol&wifatmifjrifOD;eJ@ZeD;/ uu§ xkwf vdk@ac:wJh umuG,fypPnf; xkwfvkyfa&;t&m&dScsKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifat;eJ@ZeD;/ wyfrawmfavhusifha&;t&m&dScsKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;ausmf0if;eJ@ZeD; wdk@ twGuf usyfoHk;aomif;pD wefzdk;&dSwJh vufaqmifypPnf;rsm;?

uu§a& 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;pdk;odef;eJ@ZeD;/ uu§av 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;jrwf[def;eJ@ZeD;/ &uw wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf jrifhaqG eJ@ZeD;/ (uua&;) AdkvfcsKyfvSa&$eJ@ZeD;/ (uuaxmuf) AdkvfcsKyfxifatmifausmfeJ@ZeD;/ (uuO) AdkvfcsKyfpdk;armifeJ@ZeD;/



(uuppf) AdkvfcsKyfodef;xdkufeJ@ZeD;/ (uuxl;) AdkvfcsKyfqef;qifheJ@ZeD;/ (uu,m) AdkvfcsKyfxifxGef;eJ@ZeD;/ ppfbuf vufaxmuf AdkvfcsKyfae0if;eJ@ZeD;/ (euw) AdkvfcsKyfrdk;[def;eJ@ZeD;/ wyc AdkvfcsKyfudkudkeJ@ZeD;/ vyc AdkvfcsKyf&JjrifheJ@ZeD;/ (uutif) AdkvfcsKyf aiGodef;ESifhZeD;/ ppfOD;pD;AdkvfrSL;csKyf AdkvfrSL;csKyfvSaX;0if;eJ@ZeD;/ uuaxmuf AdkvfrSL;csKyf cifarmif xGef;ESifhZeD;/ (uuaq;) AdkvfrSL;csKyfoef;atmifESifhZeD;/ udk,fa&;t&m&dS AdkvfrSL;}uD;pdk;&dSef wdk@twGuf usyfESpfaomif;pD wef vufaqmifypPnf;rsm;?

u&cwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyftkef;jrifheJ@ZeD;/ wocwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfcifaZmfeJ@ZeD;/ &ycwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfcifarmifjrifheJ@ ZeD;/ ewcwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfpdk;EdkifeJ@ZeD;/ ercwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfomat;eJ@ZeD;/ &rcwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfjrifhvd_ifESifhZeD;/ ryc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfarmifarmifaqGeJ@ZeD;/ &wcwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfol&jrifhatmifeJ@ZeD;/ eycwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf rif;atmif vd_ifeJ@ZeD;/ (uuv#yf) AdkvfcsKyfat;jrifhESifhZeD;/ (uuquf) AdkvfcsKyfodef;xGef;ESifhZeD;/ &wcwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf ol& jrifhatmifESifhZeD;/ eycwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfrif;atmifvd_ifeJ@ZeD; wdk@twGuf usyfwpfaomif;ig;axmifpDwef vufaqmif ypPnf;rsm;?

uu=unf;(pq&) awGjzpf=uwJh 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;armifarmifoef;eJ@ 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD; armifarmifat;/ uuxl; rS 'kAdkvfrSL; }uD; ausmfEdkifOD;/ uu=unf;(wm0ef)rS 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;atmifqef;cspf/ &uwrS 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD; ndKapm/ &uw (ppfbufa&;&m)rS 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;wifqef;/ 'kwyfcsKyf&Hk;rS AdkvfrSL;ausmfpGmvif;wdk@twGuf usyfig;axmifpDwef vufaqmif ypPnf;rsm;?

'up(wEdkif;) AdkvfrSL;csKyfcifarmifat;/ 'up(avmufudkif) AdkvfrSL;}uD;xGef;aevif;/ 'up(vGdKifaumf) AdkvfrSL; }uD; vSjrifha&$/ 'up(ppfawG) AdkvfrSL;csKyfoef;xGef;atmif/ 'up(uav;) AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfOD;vGif/ 'up(jynf) AdkvfrSL; csKyfvSrif;/ wrc(22) AdkvfrSL;}uD;ausmfaqG/ wrc(33) AdkvfrSL;csKyfwifxGef;atmif/ wyfrc(44) AdkvfrSL;csKyfoufEdkif0if;/ wrc(55) Adkvf rSL;csKyfoufOD;/ wyfrc(66) AdkvfrSL;csKyf cifaZmfOD;/ wyfrc(88) AdkvfrSL;}uD; xGef;xGef;OD;/ wrc(99) (ysufuGuf)/ wyfrc(101) AdkvfrSL;}uD;armifarmiftkef;/ puc(1) AdkvfrSL;}uD; pHjrifhOD;/ puc(2)rSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyf aomif; at;/ puc(3)rSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifh [def;/ puc(4) AdkvfrSL;}uD;jrifhaemif/ puc(5) AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifhpdk;/ puc(6) AdkvfrSL;}uD; wifaiG/ puc(7) AkdvfrSL;}uD;rsdK;at;/ puc(8) AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfatmif/ puc(9) AdkvfrSL;}uD;&mjynfh/ puc(10) AdkvfrSL;}uD;pdk;0if;/ puc(12) AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmif&dSef/ puc(13) AdkvfrSL;csKyfoufOD;armif/ puc(14) AdkvfrSL;csKyf wif,k/ puc(15) AdkvfrSL;}uD;atmifEdkif/ puc(16) AdkvfrSL;csKyf pdk;OD;/ puc(17) AdkvfrSL;csKyf!Gef@vd_if/ puc(18) AdkvfrSL;csKyf 0if;atmif/ puc(19) AdkvfrSL;csKyfcsdKxGef;atmif/ puc(20) AdkvfrSL;}uD;ausmf+zdK;/ puc(21) AdkvfrSL;csKyf pdk;EG,f wdk@udk usyf oHk;axmifwef vufaqmifypPnf;rsm;?

uu=unf; (pq&)rS AdkvfrSL;ausmfausmf[ef/ Adkvf}uD;oef;xdkuf/ &uw(pq&) AdkvfrSL;atmifydkifOD;/ Adkvf}uD; atmif aZmfrif;/ Adkvf}uD;pdk;jrwfxGÉf / 'kwyfcsKyf&Hk; Adkvf}uD;udkudkOD; wdk@twGuf usyf wpfaxmifig;&mwef vufaqmif ypPnf;rsm;?

ponfjzifh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;uae ppf&Hk;csKyf taygufapmifht&m&dStqifhtxd vufaqmifypPnf;awG ay;&wmudk wG@Edkifw,f? wyfrrSL;wpfOD;twGuf av;vywftpnf;ta0; wpf}udrfwufwdkif; vmbfxdk;zdk@ usyf(1)oef;(2)odef;(1) aomif;(5)axmifzdk;wefwJh vufaqmifypPnf;awGudk um;tjynfhwif+yD; ,loGm;&wmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? av;vywf tpnf;ta0;udk wpfESpfoHk;}udrf jyKvkyfavh&dSwma=umifh wyfrrSL;wpfOD;twGuf wpfESpfpm vmbfxdk;&wJhaiG[m usyf(4) oef;eD;yg;&dSwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? wyfrrSL;wpfOD;&J@vpm[m 'Davmufay;urf;Edkifatmifvnf; rrsm;wmudk vnf; vlwdkif; odEdkifygw,f?

'gayrJh 'Dvdkvmbfxdk;&wJhtwGuf wyfr(77)wyfrrSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyf0if;jrifh tcsD;ESD;rjzpfcJhygbl;? 2008 ZGefvrSm &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL; jzpfvmcJhygw,f?

av;vywftpnf;ta0; oGm;wuf=u&wJh wdkif;rSL;awG/ wyfrrSL;awG/ pucrSL;awG/ 'up rSL;awGtm;vHk;u 'Dvdk/ 'Dxuf/ rsm;wJhvufaqmifawGudk yHkrSef,loGm;+yD; vmbfxdk;aeusqdk&if AdkvfcsKyfrSL;/ 'kAdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD; qdkolawGtwGuf wpfESpfrSm wyf&if;wyfzGJ@awGuay;wJh vufaqmifqdkwJh vmbfaiGwefzdk;awGuwif ESpfpOf b,f avmuftxd &dSEdkifrvJqdkwm ocsFmaygif;pufeJ@ cswGuf=unfhEdkifygw,f? wjcm;ae&mtoD;oD;u&wJh vufaqmifawG



eJ@ygaygif;&if a&wGufvdk@awmif EdkifrSmr[kwfygbl;? ppftm%m&SifawG[m bma=umifh tm%mvufv$wfzdk@ 0efav; ae=uovJqdkwm 'Dtcsufudk=unfh&HkeJ@wif cef@rSef;vdk@&Edkifygw,f? 'ga=umifh EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJqdkoltaeeJ@ “ightwGuf/ ighom;orD;twGuf/ ighrdef;rtwGuf/ ightrsdK;t wGuf” rjyKvkyf&qdkwJh “(i)av;vHk;a&Smif” aqmifykwfawGudk vl=um;aumif;&Hk ae&mwdkif;rSm csdwfqGJcdkif;aerJhtpm;/ !dSuGyf/ 0ef}uD;csKyfeJ@ wGif;(1) qdkolawGuvnf; “oef@&Sif;pif=u,fwJhtpdk;&” jzpfatmifvkyfr,fvdk@ vl=um;aumif; atmif atmf[pfjyaerJh tpm;/ udk,fwdkifu “pHjy” tjzpf vkyfjy=uzdk@vdktyfae+yDjzpfa=umif; oHk;oyfwifjyvdkuf&yg w,f? ?

*****************************




etzppftkyfpktwGif;rSm yifudk,frawmfayrJh tzm;awmfwJhtwGuf xdyfqHk;&mxl;awGudk &&dSaeolawG trsm;

tjym;&dSygw,f? tJ'DvlawGxJrSm pufr_(1)0ef}uD; OD;atmifaomif; wa,mufvnf; tygt0ifjzpfygw,f? OD;atmifaomif;[m t+idrf;pm; AdkvfrSL;}uD;wOD; jzpfygw,f? ol[m aumufuspf,kwfrmayrJh yg;eyf+yD; txuf

vl}uD;awGt}udKuf aygif;oif;qufqHwwfwJht&nftcsif;awG &dSwma=umifh ol@b0wav#mufvHk; ae&maumif;awG udkom &&dScJhygw,f? tckvnf; OD;atmifaomif;udk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u ol@&J@vl,Hkawmf oufawmf&Snftrwf}uD; tjzpfeJ@ todtrSwfjyK+yD; ajrSmufpm;xm;ygw,f?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGtay: wif;rmwJhoabmxm;&dSol OD;atmif aomif;[m }uH@zGH@toif;}uD;&J@ twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0ifwOD;vnf; jzpfygw,f? r=umcif }uH@zGH@toif;uae toGif ajymif; zGJ@pnf;awmhr,fqdkwJh ppfwyfausmaxmufaemufcHjyK EdkifiHa&;ygwD}uD;rSmvnf; xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpf wm0ef ,lv_yf&Sm;zdk@ jyifqifae+yDqdkwJhowif;awGvnf; ay:xGufaeygw,f?

OD;atmifaomif;[m AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@tdrfawmfudk tcsdefra&G; 0ifxGufoGm;vmcGifh &&dSxm;wJhtjyif AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;&J@rdom;pkeJ@vnf; r=umc% xRif;vufqHk pm;avh&dSa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;&J@tdrfawmfudk tcsdefra&G; 0ifxGufoGm;vmcGifh &dSolawGxJrSm oufawmf&Snftrwf}uD; (2)OD;jzpfwJh OD;atmifaomif;eJ@ OD;armif aomif; wdk@tjyif wyfcsKyf}uD;&J@ppfbufvufaxmuf AdkvfcsKyfae0if; vnf; yg0ifa=umif;od&dS&ygw,f?

OD;atmifaomif;[m rEWav;wdkif; awmifom+rdK@e,f 0Javmif&Gmom; wOD;jzpfygw,f? ausmif;q&mav;tjzpf eJ@ toufarG;ae&mu b0wdk;wufr_&SmwJhtaeeJ@ 1964 ckESpf 'DZifbmvrSm ppfwyfxJudk 0ifa&mufcJholjzpfa=umif; od&dS&w,f? Adkvfoifwef;tywfpOf (31) (OTS-31) udk wufa&mufcJhygw,f? vkyfoufpOfu (63)jzpf+yD; udk,fydkif eHygwfu (=unf;§10107) jzpfygw,f? 'kAdkvfatmifaomif;[m ,QKtcg uu§=unf;rSm acgufxm;cHae&wJh 'kAdkvf csKyf}uD;ausmf0if;eJ@ tywfpOfwl+yD; wjcm; pDeD,m'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGjzpf=uwJh &Jjrifh(}uD;)/ cifarmifoef;/ armifbdk wdk@ xuf tywfpOfwckapmwmudk awG@&ygw,f?

OD;atmifaomif;[m 1980 ckESpfavmufu wyfr(99)vufatmufcH uavmtajcpdkuf cv&(70)rSm wyf&if; rSL; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh+yD; 1988 ckESpf e0wu tm%modrf;csdefrSmawmh tv,fydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf xGef;=unf vufatmufrSm ppfAsL[mrSL;tjzpfeJ@ wm0efxrf;aqmifcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfrSL;}uD;atmifaomif; [m q&morm;awG&J@t}udKufudk odwwfolyDyD AdkvfcsKyfxGef;=unf vdktyfor# tpGrf;ukef jznf@qnf;ay;EdkifcJhwJh twGuf rauG;wdkif; w0wOuUXwm0efudkyg yl;wGJxrf;aqmifcGifh &&dScJhygw,f? e0w tm%modrf;ppfaumifpD tzGJ@0if wOD;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfxGef;=unf[m 1992 ckESpfrSm ukefoG,fa&;0ef}uD;jzpfvmwJhtcg vl,Hkawmfwynf@&if;jzpfwJh Adkvf rSL;}uD; atmifaomif;udkvnf; oleJ@twl wygwnf;ac:aqmifoGm;cJh+yD; ukefoG,fv,f,mOD;pD;XmerSm OD;aqmif!$ef =um;a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0efay;cJhygw,f?

aemufydkif;rSm AdkvfrSL;}uD;atmifaomif;[m wyfut+idrf;pm;,lcJh&+yD; 1996 arv(29)&ufae@rSm arG;jrLa&;eJ@ a&vkyfief;0ef}uD; jzpfvmcJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdef[m jynfyydk@ukeftwGuf ppftpdk;&u arG;jrLa&;eJ@a&vkyfief;udk tpGrf; ukefwdk;csJ@aecsdefrdk@ 0ef}uD;OD;atmifaomif;[m vkyfydkifcGifhawG t}uD;tus,f&&dScJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; 0ef}uD; OD; atmifaomif;[m atmufajcvGwfoGm;+yD; ol@q&m&if;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfxGef;=unfudk ajc&mcsif;wdkif;vmcJhw,fvdk@ qdkyg w,f? OD;atmifaomif;eJ@ ZeD;jzpfol a':cifcif&Dwdk@[m “acsmif;udkypf+yD; jrpfudk&Sm” wJhtaeeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfxGef;=unfwdk@ rdom;pkudkausmcdkif;cJh+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat;wdk@&J@ aetdrfawGudk acsmif;ayguf rwwf 0ifxGufoGm;vmcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?

1997 ckESpfrSm trSwf(1)pufr_0ef}uD; 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;pdefatmif usrRma&;csdK@,Gif;vmwJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$u arG;jrLa&;eJ@a&vkyfief;0ef}uD; OD;atmifaomif;udk trSwf(1)pufr_0ef}uD;wm0efudkyg yl;wGJudkifcdkif;cJhygw,f?



vmbfvmbtajrmuftrsm;&&dSwJh 0ef}uD;Xme(2)ckudk udkifwG,fcJh&wmrdk@ OD;atmifaomif;[m ae@csif;ncsif; bDv#Hem wOD; jzpfvmcJhw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? 1997 ckESpf Edk0ifbm(15)&ufae@ ppftkyfpkwGif; tm%mvkyGJawG jzpfyGm;cJhcsdefrSm OD; atmifaomif;u t&Sifocifa[mif; 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;xGef;=unfudk ypfy,f+yD; t&Sifocifopf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$wdk@eJ@ yl;aygif;vdkufwJhtwGuf OD;atmifaomif;[m pufr_(1)0ef}uD;tjzpf ajrSmufpm;cHcJh&ygw,f?

ol pufr_(1)0ef}uD;jzpfvmcsdefrSm EdkifiHjcm;u rSm,lwifoGif;&wJh puf&Hk/ tvkyf&HkawGeJ@ pufypPnf;awGtwGuf &&dSwJhaumfr&SifcawGudk wyfcsKyf}uD;eJ@ 'kwyfcsKyf}uD;udkvnf; yHkrSefcGJa0ay;cJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif w&m;0if rSwfyHkwifxm;+yD; EdkifiHawmfudk ESpfpOf tcGefaiGawGtrsm;tjym; ay;aqmifaewJh a':0if;0if;Ekydkif puFmyltajcpdkuf a&mifjcnfOD;ukr`%D&J@ rEWav;bD,mcsufpuf&Hkudkvnf; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@aygif;+yD; 2000-2001 ckESpfrSm twif;t"rR odrf;ydkufcJhyg w,f? a':0if;0if;Eku tmqD,HeJ@ EdkifiHwumw&m;&Hk;awGrSm w&m;pGJzdk@vkyfawmhrS =um;cHtr_yGJpm;awGudkapv$wf+yD; wdwfwqdwfav#mfa=u;ay; a=uat;cdkif;cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?

ol}uD;eJ@aygif;+yD; q,ftdrfacgif;udk [dk'if;xifw,fqdkwJh taygufrsdK;csdK;aewJh OD;atmifaomif;&J@ ajcvSrf;trSm; udk apmifh=unf@aeolawGxJrSm e0w twGif;a&;rSL;(1)jzpfol ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@vnf; yg0ifcJhygw,f? {&m0wDwdkif; omaygif;+rdK@e,ftwGif; w&kwfEdkifiH&J@tultnDeJ@ wnfaqmufcJhwJh puULpuf&HkpDrHudef; rSm 0ef}uD;OD;atmifaomif; u a':vmoef;csD+yD; vmbfpm;cJhwJhtr_udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@&J@ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@ u pHkprf;r_awGjyKvkyfcJhygw,f? 'DudpPudk ta&;,lzdk@pDpOfaqmif&GufaecsdefrSm OD;atmifaomif;u ol@q&mawGjzpf=uwJh wyfcsKyf}uD;(2)OD;udk ajy;uyfcJhwJhtjyif ol@&J@om;wOD;jzpfwJh AdkvfrSL;jynfatmif udkvnf; 'kwyfcsKyf}uD;jzpfwJh 'kwd, AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;armifat;&J@ arG;pm;orD;reENmat;eJ@ uaomuarsm vufxyfay;pm;cJh+yD; tcsdefrD tumtuG,f,l EdkifcJhygw,f?

0ef}uD;uawmf a':cifcif&D uvnf; r,fawmf}uD; a':}udKif}udKifeJ@ orD;awmfawGudk pdefwqifpmeJ@ vmbfxkd; cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'Dvdk tuif;yg;+yD; uGufausmfjrifr_awGa=umifh 0ef}uD;OD;atmifaomif; [m ta&;,lrcH&wJh tjyif vufr&GH@}uH@zGH@toif;}uD;rSm twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0ifeJ@ rEWav;wdkif;wm0efcHtjzpf wdk;jrSifhwm0efay;wmudk cHcJh& ygw,f? ukefaps;E_ef;usqif;a&;aumfrwDopfrSm OuUX/ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat; acgif;aqmif+yD; 2001 ckESpf 'DZifbm(5)&ufae@rSm jyifqifzGJ@pnf;cJhwJh ukefoG,fr_rl0g'aumifpDrSmvnf; twGif;a&;rSL;/ jzpfvmcJhygw,f?

etz twGif;a&;rSL;(1) AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@u pufr_(1)0ef}uD; OD;atmifaomif;eJ@ opfawm0ef}uD; t+idrf;pm; AdkvfrSL;}uD; OD;atmifzkef; wdk@udk tusifhysufjcpm;r_pGJcsufawGeJ@ ta&;,lz,f&Sm;ypfzdk@ 2003 ckESpftwGif;rSm xyfrH pDpOf cJhao;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'gayrJh wyfcsKyf}uD;(2)OD;&J@ tumtuG,fay;r_a=umifh 0ef}uD;OD;atmifaomif; [m ta&;,lcH&rJhta&;u aemufw}udrfxyfrH+yD; vGwfajrmufoGm;cJh&ygw,f? r,fawmf}uD; a':}udKif}udKif&J@ azgufonf opfukr`%Dwckudk xkwf+yD;om;opfvkyfuGufawG ygrpfcsay;cJhrdwJh opfawm0ef}uD; OD;atmifzkef;omv#if ta&;,l z,f&Sm;wmudk cHcJh&ygw,f?

OD;atmifaomif;[m cv&(70)rSm wyf&if;rSL;wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhpOfuwnf;u rauG;/ jrif;+cH/ rdwˆDvm “r oHk;vHk;e,fajr”rS typfrJh &Gmol&Gmom;awGudk uGefjrLepfawGvdk@pGyfpGJ+yD; 0g;&if;'kwfeJ@ &uf&ufpufpuf &d kufavh&dSwJh twGuf “0g;&if;'kwfatmifaomif;” vdk@ eHrnf}uD;cJholjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? ol ppfAsL[mrSL;jzpfvmcsdefrSmvnf; a&S@wef;aus;&GmawGu jynfol@ppfwyfzGJ@0ifawGudk aoeyftpm; 0g;&if;'kwfawG wyfqifay;cJhbl;w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? OD;atmifaomif;[m AdkvfrSL;b0rSmuwnf;u oleJ@r,m;nDtudkawmfwJh (a':cifcif=unf.cifyGef;) &Jt&m&dS OD;pdk; !Gef@ qdkoludk tpazsmufypf&mrSm yg0ifcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? rl;,pf,rf;um;+yD; rdom;pktay: ESdyfpuf&ef&Smavh &dSwJh &Jt&m&dSOD;pdk;!Gef@udk AdkvfrSL;atmifaomif;eJ@ ol@wynf@awGu aetdrfuae zrf;qD;ac:xkwfoGm;wmudk aemuf qHk;jrifawG@vdkuf=u&+yD; tcktcsdeftxd vHk;0 tp&SmrawG@bJ aysmufqHk;oGm;cJhw,fvdk@ OD;pdk;!Gef@&J@aqGrsdK;wOD;u xkwf az:ajymqdkcJhbl;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?

'gayrJh OD;atmifaomif;&J@ om;wOD;jzpfwJh “atmif&nf+zdK;” ukr`%Dydkif&Sif udkaeatmif &J@ZeD; cifrdk;!Gef@ [m aysmufqHk;oGm;cJhwJh &Jt&m&dS OD;pdk;!Gef@eJ@ a':cifcif=unfwdk@&J@ orD;&if;jzpfaewm[m xl;jcm;csufwck jzpfygw,f? rEWav;bD,mpuf&Hktr_twGuf EdkifiHwumw&m;&Hk;rSm ta&;,lrcH&atmif a':0if;0if;Ekudk vmbfxdk;+yD; a=uat;cdki f;



cJhwJh OD;atmifaomif;/ omaygif;puULpuf&Hk vmbfpm;r_twGuf jzKwfxkwfz,f&Sm; ta&;,lrcH&atmif om;jzpfol AdkvfrSL;jynfatmifudk 'kwyfcsKyf}uD;&J@vufxJ xdk;tyfcJhwJh OD;atmifaomif;[m ol@&J@ vlowf tavmif;azsmufzsufr_ twGuf E_wfydwfwJhtaeeJ@ om;jzpfol udkaeatmif udk a':cifcif=unf&J@orD; (armifESr0rf;uGJ)eJ@ vufxyfay;cJhwm vm; qdkwJhtcsufudkawmh OD;atmifaomif;omv#if todqHk;jzpfEdkifygw,f?

'Dvkd vkyf&Judkif&J vufpvufe&dSvdk@vnf; wyfcsKyf}uD;awGu OD;atmifaomif;udk vufr&GH@}uH@zGH@toif;}uD;rSm twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf a&G;cs,fwm0efay;cJhwm jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifygw,f? ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ AdkvfcsKyf}uD; cif!Gef@u OD;aqmif}udK;yrf;cJhwJh a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ ppftpdk;&wdk@t=um;u awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJawG atmifjrifoGm; rSmudk txl;pdk;&drfcJholawGxJrSm 0ef}uD;OD;atmifaomif;vnf; wOD;tygt0ifjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh awG@ qHkaqG;aEG;yGJawG ysufpD;oGm;atmif&nf&G,f+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unf&J@ jynfwGif;pnf;&Hk;a&;c&D;pOfawGudk t=urf;zuf wm;qD;aESmuf,Sufzdk@ }uH@zGH@twGif;a&;rSL; OD;atmifaomif;u AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$udk wdkufwGef; awmif;qdkcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 2003ckESpf ar(30) 'DyJ,if;vlowfyGJ}uD;udk aemufuG,fu pDpOf!$ef=um;cJholawGxJrSm etz twGif; a&;rSL;(2) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pdk;0if; eJ@ }uH@zGH@twGif;a&;rSL; OD;atmifaomif; wdk@udk,fwdkif yg0ifcJha=umif; ppfaxmuf vSrf;a&;t&m&dSwOD;u xkwfaz:ajymqdkcJhygw,f?

OD;atmifaomif; [m taemufEdkifiHawGtay: rkef;wD;pdwf jyif;xefolwOD;jzpfwJhtwGuf jrefrmhta&;udk ukv or*~vHk+cHKa&;aumifpDrSm rJcGJqHk;jzwf&wJhtqifh a&muf&dSvmcsdefup+yD; taemufEdkifiHoH&Hk;awGeJ@ twdkuftcHv_yf&Sm; olawGtay: t=urf;zufvufwkef@jyefzdk@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$udk r=umc% wdkufwGef;cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 2007 ckESpftwGif; &efukef+rdK@vnfrSm&dSwJh tar&duefoH&Hk;eJ@ +Adwdo#oH&Hk;awGa&S@rSm (3)&ufqufwkduf qENjyr_awGjzpfay: atmif aemufuG,fu pDpOf!$ef=um;cJhol[mvnf; OD;atmifaomif; jzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 2006-2007 ckESpfawG twGif; ukefaps;E_ef;usqif;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; jyefv$wfay;a&;/ +idrf;csrf;pGm awmif;qdkqENjyolawGudk }uH@zGH@ tzGJ@0ifawG/ pGrf;tm;&SifawGoHk;+yD; &uf&ufpufpuf t=urf;zuf+zdKcGJr_awG jyKvkyfcJh&mrSmvnf; 0ef}uD;OD;atmifaomif; udk,fwdkif aemufuG,fu pDpOf!$ef=um;cJhwmjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?

OD;atmifaomif;[m }uH@zGH@tpnf;ta0;}uD;awGrSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawGudk &H_@csajymqdk r_awGudk ajymifajymifwif;wif; jyKvkyfcJholjzpfygw,f? “ukvm;r”udk b,fawmhrS tm%mv$Jay;rSmr[kwfbl;/ tar &duefeJ@ t*FvdyfawGu jrefrmEdkifiHudk usL;ausmfwdkufcdkufvmr,fqkd&if igudk,fwdkif aoewfjyefudkif+yD; a&S@wef;u t aocHwdkufcdkufoGm;r,f qdk+yD; 2007 ckESpf azaz:0g&DvtwGif; rEWav;wdkif; aysmfbG,f+rdK@e,f anmifukef;aus;&GmteD; rSm jyKvkyfcJhwJh }uH@zGH@pka0;yGJ}uD;rSm xnf@oGif;ajymqdkcJhwm awG@Edkifygw,f?

OD;atmifaomif;&J@ pufr_(1)0ef}uD;XmeatmufrSm ESpfpOf t&H_;jyaewJh puf&Hktvkyf&Hkaygif; (200)eD;yg; &dSaeyg w,f? 'Dpuf&HkawGudk yk*~vduvufxJ v$Jajymif;ay;tyfzdk@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wcsdK@u qEN&dS=uayrJh OD;atmifaomif;u ol@vkyfydkifcGifheJ@ pm;aygufawGydwfoGm;rSm pdk;&drfwJhtwGuf puf&HkawGudk yk*~vduv$Jray;zdk@ r,fawmf}uD;a':}udKif}udKifu wqifh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$udk pnf;&Hk;xm;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? tcktcg OD;atmifaomif;[m jynfwGif;rSm usyfaiG bDv#Haygif;rsm;pGm ydkifqdkifxm;&Hkomru puFmylEdkifiHrSmvnf; aiGpm&if;zGifhxm;+yD; oef;eJ@csDwJha':vmaiGawGudk tyfESH xm;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? puFmylEdkifiHrSm&dSwJh OD;atmifaomif;&J@ b%fpmtkyfyg tcsuftvufawGuawmh atmuf ygtwdkif;jzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?

A/C Name : AUNG THOUNG A/C No : 501-110357-201 (USD) A/C Address : No. 6, DAFU LANE4

SINGAPORE 539410 BANK Name : OVERSEA CHINESE BANKING CORPORTION LTD.

(OCBC) BANK Adress : OCBC CENTRE 65, CHULIA STREET, SINGAPORE 049513



tckqdk&if 0ef}uD;OD;atmifaomif;eJ@ ZeD; a':cifcif&D/ om;jzpfol AdkvfrSL;rd k;atmifeJ@ ZeD; a'gufwmat;cdkif!Gef@/ om;jzpfol atmif&nf+zdK;ukr`%Dvdrdwuf refae*sif;'g&dkufwm aeatmifeJ@ ZeD; cifrdk;!Gef@/ om;jzpfol AdkvfrSL; jynfatmifeJ@ orD;awGjzpf=uwJh cifik&nf+zdK;/ a'gufwm okeENmatmif/ at;jrwfydkatmif wdk@udk tar&duefjynf axmifpk tygt0if taemufEdkifiHawGu trnfysufpm&if;oGif;+yD; pD;yGm;a&;t& ta&;,lr_awG/ jynf0ifcGifhADZm wm; qD;ydwfyifr_awG jyKvkyfxm;+yDjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh r=umcif ppf&mZ0wfaumifawGeJ@ olwdk@&J@rdom;pkawGtwGuf vlawmxJrwdk;EdkifwJhb0/ ajy;p&majrr&dSwJhb0awGeJ@ &ifqdkif&awmhrSmjzpfa=umif; wifjyvdkuf&ygw,f? ?

*****************************




2009 Zefe0g&Dv(25)&ufae@u jrefrmEdkifiHuae puFmylEdkifiHudkxGufcGmrJh oabFmwpD;ay:uae bdef;jzL (118)

uDvdk*&rfudk jrefrmEdkifiH rl;,pftxl;&JwyfzGJ@eJ@ taumufcGefOD;pD;Xmewdk@u yl;aygif;zrf;qD;&rdcJhygw,f? pifumyltvH wyfqifxm;wJh udkwmwD*uf (KOTA TEGET) trnf&dSoabFmudk owif;t& wufa&muf&SmazGpOf ysOfcsyfawG twGif;rSm0Sufxm;wJh bdef;jzLawGudk tckvdk zrf;qD;&rdcJhwmjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?

owif;t&qdkvdk@ 'Dowif;udk ay;ydk@cJholawG[m ppftpdk;&u zGJ@pnf;ay;xm;wJh p&c ac: ppfbufa&;&mvHk+cHK a&;t&m&dScsKyf&Hk;/ SB ac: &Jtxl;owif;wyfzGJ@eJ@ }uH@zGH@tifaz:rmtzGJ@awGu ay;ydk@cJh=uwmr[kwfbJ w&kwfaxmuf vSrf;a&;tzGJ@eJ@ tifwmydkvf ac: EdkifiHwum&JwyfzGJ@wdk@u w&m;0ifta=umif;=um;cJhwma=umif@ a&vnfudk a&mufae +yDjzpfwJhoabFmudk rv$Jra&Smifom urf;jyefuyfcdkif;+yD; &SmazGzrf;qD;cJh&wmjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?

w&kwfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@eJ@ EdkifiHwum&JwyfzGJ@wdk@u puFmyloabFm &efukef+rdK@&dS at;&Sm;0g;qdyfurf;udk rqdkufuyfcifuwnf;u 'Dowif;udk }udKwif&&dSxm;cJhw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? 'gayrJh EdkifiHwumrl;,pfaq;0g;*dk%f;}uD; awG&J@aemufuG,frSm etzAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG&J@rdom;pk0ifawGeJ@ ppftpdk;&tm%mydkifawGudk,fwdkif yg0ifywfoufae a=umif; twdtus od&dSxm;wJhtwGuf oufqdkif&mudk }udKwiftodray;bJ aocsmatmifapmifh=unf@+yD;rS puFmyl oabFm &efukefjrpf0urxGufcGmcif jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Xmeudk w&m;0ifta=umif;=um;+yD; vufqkwfvufudkif zrf;qD; cdkif;vdkufwmjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?

,Qifu jrefrmEdkifiHuxGuf&dSwJh bdef;jzLeJ@ pdwfºuGaq;awGudk e,fpyfvrf;a=umif;awGuwqifh tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiH awGudk v#dK@0Sufwifydk@cJh=u+yD; tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHawGuwqifh wurBmvHk;udk qufvufjzef@csDcJh=uygw,f? 'gayrJh aemuf ydkif;rSm tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHawGu rl;,pfaq;0g;wm;qD;ESdrfeif;a&;vkyfief;awGudk wif;wif;uswfuswf zdzdpD;pD; vkyfvm=u wJhtjyif jrefrmppftpdk;&udkvnf; ydkrdkzdtm;ay;vm=uwJhtwGuf jrefrmEdkifiHuxGuf&dSwJh rl;,pfaq;0g;awGudk e,fpyf vrf;a=umif;awGuwqifh wifydk@r_awG av#mhenf;usqif;oGm;cJhygw,f?

'ga=umifh rl;,pfaq;0g;*dk%f;awG[m jrefrmppftpdk;&tm%mydkifawGeJ@aygif;+yD; bdef;jzLtygt0if rl;,pfaq;0g; awGudk yifv,fjyifuwqifh EdkifiHwumudkwifydk@Edkifatmif }udK;yrf;vkyfaqmifcJh=uygw,f? bdef;jzLeJ@rl;,pfaq;0g;awG udk yifv,fqdyfurf;awGta&muf vHk+cHKpdwfcspGmeJ@ v#ifv#ifjrefjref ydk@aqmifEdkifzdk@/ ppftpdk;&tm%mydkifawG/ qdyfurf; tm%mydkifawGeJ@aygif;+yD; rl;,pfaq;0g;awGudk w&m;0if jynfyydk@ukefypPnf;awGxJrSm0Suf+yD; jynfyudkcdk;xkwfEdkifzdk@/ rl; ,pfaq;0g;vkyfief;udk zHk;uG,fay;zdk@eJ@ rl;,pfaq;0g;vkyfief;u&&dSvmrJh aiGrJawGudk aiGjzLjzpfatmif av#mfzGyfay;Edkifzdk@ twGuf jynfwGif;jynfyrSm [efjypD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awG/ ukr`%DawGeJ@ b%fvkyfief;awGudk zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifxm;zdk@/ pwJh {&mrpDrHudef;}uD;awGudk EdkifiHwumrmzD;,m;*dk%f;awG&J@tultnDeJ@ pepfwus a&;qGJcsrSwf vkyfaqmifcJh=uygw,f?

udk;uef@w&kwf bdef;bk&ifa[mif; avmfppf[ef (Lo Hsing Han) eJ@ ol@&J@om; pwDzifavm (Steven Lo) ac: xGef;jrifhEdkif wdk@u 1992 ckESpfrSm pwifxlaxmifcJhwJh "Asia World Co; Ltd. qdk&if &Srf;jynfu rl;,pf aq;0g;awGudk &efukefqdyfurf;ta&muf tvG,fwul o,f,lydk@aqmifEdkifzdk@&nf&G,f+yD; rEWav;-vm&d_; ta0;ajy; vrf;r}uD;eJ@ rEWav;-&efukef ta0;ajy;vrf;r}uD;awGudk azgufvkyfcJhwJhtjyif &efukef =unf@jrifwdkifbufrSmvnf; at&Sm;0g;qdyfurf;eJ@ Asia World Port Mangagement Co; awGudk tqifoifh }udKwifxlaxmifxm;cJhyg w,f? 'ghtjyif pwDzifavm&J@ZeD; puFmylu|ef;ol pDpDvD,mtef; (Cecilia Ng) ac: tef;aqmfa[mif; (Ng Sor Hong) OD;aqmifvkyfudkifaewJh at;&Sm;0g;ukr`%Dydkif puFmyl ukr`%DcGJ(10)ckuvnf; rl;,pfaq;0g; jzef@jzL;a&; vkyf ief;awGeJ@ w&m;r0if aiGrJav#mfzGyfr_vkyfief;awGrSm yg0ifywfoufaewJhtwGuf tar&duefjynfaxmifpku Asia World ukr`%DawGeJ@ olwdk@ydkifqdkifwJhypPnf;awGudk 2008 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv(25) &ufae@rSm '%fcwfta&;,lwm awG jyKvkyfcJhygw,f?



tvm;wl udk;uef@w&kwf OD;ausmf0if; qdk&ifvnf; “jrefrmarzm;0g;b%f”udk 1994 ckESpfrSm pwifxlaxmifcJh +yD; rl;,pfaq;0g;u&&dSwJhaiGrJawGudk aiGjzLjzpfatmif w&m;r0if av#mfzGyfay;wJhvkyfief;awGudk vkyfudkifcJhygw,f? 'gh tjyif jynfwGif;rSm arzvm;0g; xa&;'if;ukr`%D/ csifpk(jrefrm)ukr`%D/ csifpkarzvm;0g; txyfom;puf&Hk/ xdkif;EdkifiHrSm Pammthari Saw Mill Co; Ltd eJ@ puFmylEdkifiHrSm TN Resources Pte Co; Ltd. wdk@udk xlaxmif+yD; aemufuG,frSm rl;,pfaq;0g;vkyfief;awGudk vkyfudkifcJhygw,f? &Srf;jynfwcGifuxkwfvkyfwJh bdef;jzLawGeJ@ pdwfºuG aq;jym;awGudk xm;0,f/ +rdwf/ aumhaomif;/ ppfawG/ ausmufjzL pwJh yifv,fqdyfurf;awGudk vHk+cHKpdwfcspGmeJ@ tvG,fwul wifydk@Edkifatmif&nf&G,f+yD; Yangon Airways ava=umif;vkdif;&J@ tpk&S,f,mtrsm;pkudk 1997 ckESpf rSm rwefwqaps;eJ@ 0,f,lcJhygw,f?

0 w&kwf OD;tdkufxGef; acgif;aqmif+yD; 1995 ckESpfrSm pwifxlaxmifcJhwJh “tm&S"e” b%fuvnf; rl;,pf aq;0g;a&mif;0,fr_u&&dSwJh aiGrJawGudk aiGjzLjzpfatmif c0gcswJhvkyfief;awGrSm yg0ifywfoufcJhwJhtwGuf tar&duef b¾ma&;0ef}uD;Xmeu jrefrmarzvm;0g;b%feJ@ tm&S"eb%fawGudk 2001 ckESpf pufwbFmv(11) &ufae@rSm trnfysufpm&if; xkwfjyefcJhygw,f? tar&duefEdkifiHu taxmuftxm;awGeJ@wuG twdtus wifjyvmwJhtwGuf etzppftpdk;&u arzvm;0g;b%f/ tm&S"eb%f/ jrefrm,leDAmq,fb%feJ@ &dk;rb%fawGudk 2003 ckESpftwGif;rSm w&m;0ifpHkprf;ppfaq;r_awG rv$Jra&Smifom jyKvkyfjycJh&ygw,f?

arzvm;0g;b%f/ tm&S"eb%feJ@ jrefrm,leDAmq,fb%fawG&J@ vkyfydkifcGifhvdkifpifawGudk 2005 ckESpf =o*kwf vrSm &kwfodrf;cJhayrJh a[mifaumif rmzD;,m;olaX; Mr. Serge Pun OD;aqmif wnfaxmifxm;wJh FMI Co; Ltd &J@ &dk;rb%fvkyfief;udkawmh rxd&Jwma=umifh b%fvkyfief;awGudk ,m,Dom &yfqdkif;xm;cdkif;cJh+yD; 2008 ESpfukef ydkif;rSm jyefvnfcGifhjyKcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? at;&Sm;a0gvfqdyfurf;rSm bdef;jzLawGzrf;qD;&rdwJhae@rSmbJ &efukef vd_ifom,mrSm&dSwJh FMI tdrf,mrSmvnf; bdef;jzLtajrmuftrsm; xyfrHzrf;qD;&rdw,fqdkwJhowif;awG ay:xGufcJhyg w,f?

rl;,pfaq;0g;vkyfief;awG/ w&m;r0if aiGrJc0gcsr_vkyfief;awGrSm yg0ifywfoufaewJh OD;ausmf0if;wdk@/ OD;tdkuf xGef; wdk@udkvnf; wpHkw&mta&;r,lbJ jrefrm,leDAmq,fb%fydkif&Sif OD;wifpdef wOD;wnf;udkom rl;,pfaq;0g;eJ@ pdwfudkajymif;vJapwwfaomOya'/ w&m;r0if aiGa=u;c0gcsr_eJ@ywfoufwJhOya'awGeJ@ w&m;pGJqdkjy+yD; 2007 ckESpf {+yDvrSm axmif'%f(10)ESpf csrSwfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f?

tck at;&Sm;a0gvf qdyfurf;u xGufcGmrJh puFmyloabFmay:u zrf;qD;&rdwJh bdef;jzLawG[m 0jynfaoG;pnf; nD!Gwfa&;wyfrawmf (UWSA) eJ@ ywfoufaea=umif;/ 0oy OuUX OD;ayguf,lcsef;&J@om;ruf OD;tdkufa[mh qdk ol ydkifqdkifwJhypPnf;awGjzpfa=umif; twnfrjyKEdkifwJhowif;awG &efukefpD;yGm;a&;avmurSm ay:xGufaeygw,f? OD;tdkuf a[mh [m w&kwfvlrsdK;wOD;jzpf+yD; q,fausmfouft&G,frSm &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif; wmrdk;nJa'oudk ajymif;a&$@ tajccs &if; bdef;vkyfief;eJ@ toufarG;cJholjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? OD;tdkufa[mh [m avmppf[ef&J@ at;&Sm;a0gvf ukr`%D rSmvnf; t"du tpk&S,f&m0ifwOD;jzpfwJhtjyif aiGrJc0gcsr_awG/ rl;,pfaq;0g;r_awGa=umifh ta&;,lydwfyifcHcJh&wJh jrefrmarzvm;0g;b%frSmvnf; t"du tpk&S,f,m0ifwOD;jzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? OD;tdkufa[mh[m &efukef ava=umif;vkyfief;/ a[mfw,fvkyfief;/ ausmufrsufvkyfief;eJ@ opfvkyfief;awGudk OD;pD;vkyfudkifcJha=umif; od&dS&yg w,f? OD;tdkufa[mh&J@ wynf@wcsdK@udk etzu zrf;qD;ppfaq;aea=umif; owif;awGay:xGufaeayrJh OD;tdkufa[mh udk zrf;qD;wJhowif;awGawmh tcktcsdeftxd r=um;&ao;ygbl;?

wu,fawmh jynfwGif;u rl;,pfaq;0g;*dk%f;}uD;awGeJ@ EdkifiHwumrl;,pfaq;0g;*dk%f;}uD;awG&J@ aemufuG,frSm jrefrmppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG&J@rdom;pkawGeJ@ ppftpdk;& xdyfydkif;tm%mydkifwcsdK@udk,fwdkif xJxJ0if0if yg0ifywfoufaewm awG@edkifygw,f?

AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@om;i,f OD;xGef;Edkifa&$eJ@ om;}uD; OD;}udKifpef;a&$ wdk@[m udk;uef@bdef;bk&ifawGeJ@ aygif; +yD; +rdwf+rdK@eJ@ ppfawG+rdK@awGrSm tat;cef;puf&HkawGudk xlaxmifxm;=uygw,f? 'Dtat;cef;puf&HkawGukd yifv,f xGufukefawGjzpfwJh ig;eJ@ykZGefawGudk EdkifiHjcm;wifydk@&mrSm toHk;jyKzdk@qdk+yD; ta=umif;jyxm;ayrJh aemufuG,frSmawmh bdef;jzLbavmufwHk;awGudk tat;cHxm;wJh ig;ykZGefaowWmawGxJrSm v#dK@0Sufxnf@oGif;+yD; EdkifiHwumudk jzef@csDwJh



vkyfief;awGudk t"duxm; vkyfaqmifae=uwmjzpfa=umif; txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;Xme&J@ t+idrf;pm;t&m&dS}uD;wOD; udk,fwdkifu xkwfaz:ajymqdkcJhbl;ygw,f?

rl;,pfaq;0g;*dk%f;}uD;awG&J@aemufuG,frSm taumif}uD;}uD;/ t+rD;&Snf&SnfawGudk,fwdkif yg0ifywfoufae=u wma=umifh udk,feJ@rqdkif&if rodcsifa,mif/ rjrifcsifa,mif aqmifae=uzdk@/ rv$Jra&Smifom jrif/ awG@/ =um;/ od &if vnf; yg;pyfydwfae=uzdk@/ 2004 ckESpftwGif;jyKvkyfcJhwJh txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;OD;pD;Xme&J@ XmewGif; Briefing wckrSm !$efcsKyfu vufatmuft&m&dSawGudk wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwfowday;cJha=umif; tJ'D t+idrf;pm;t&m&dS}uD;u jyefvnfajym jycJhygw,f?

etzxdyfwef;acgif;aqmif}uD;awGjzpf=uwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ajr; zdk;vjynf@ ac: aea&$aoG;atmif rl;,pfaq;0g;pGJaew,fqdkwJhowif;/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xmeu 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; &Jjrifh &J@om; atmifaZmf&Jjrifh eJ@ xif&Sm;wJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif armif0dwf wdk@udk pdwfºuGrl;,pfaq;awGeJ@twl vGefcJhwJhESpf {+yDvtwGif;rSm zrf;qD; &rdw,fqdkwJhowif;awGudk =unf@&ifvnf; etz xdyfydkif;tv$mxJrSm rl;,pfaq;0g;rsdK;pHkudk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf a&mif; 0,fazgufum;ae=uw,fqdkwm xif&Sm;ygw,f?

Xmeqdkif&m0efxrf;awGu rdrdwdk@&J@touftEW&,feJ@ pnf;pdrfOpPmawGtwGuf pdk;&drfylyrf+yD; “rsufpdydwf/ em; ydwf” vkyfae=uayrJh w&kwf/ xdkif;/ tdENd, pwJh tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHawG&J@ axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@ tar&du/ Oa&my axmufvSrf;a&;at*sifpDawGuawmh 'DvdkraeEdkif=uygbl;? jrefrmEdkifiHuxkwfvkyfwJh rl;,pfaq;0g;awG olwdk@ EdkifiH&J@aps;uGufawGxJudk 0ifa&mufrvmEdkifatmif rl;,pfaq;0g;*dk%f;awG&J@v_yf&Sm;r_awGeJ@ jrefrmppftm%m&SifawG&J@ v_yf &Sm;r_awGudk rsufajcrjywf apmifh=unf@axmufvSrf;ae=u&ygw,f? DEA tzGJ@eJ@ EdkifiHwum&JwyfzGJ@ wdk@udk owif;ay;um jrefrmha&ydkifeuftwGif;rSm tcsdefrD zrf;qD;cdkif;wmwdk@/ EdkifiHwuma&ydkifeufa&mufrS zrf;qD;cdkif;wm wdk@udk jyKvkyfae=u&ygw,f?

2003 ckESpfup+yD; yifv,fjyifuwqifh 0ifa&mufvmwJh jrefrmEdkifiHxGuf bdef;jzLawGudk xdkif;EdkifiH/ =opaw; v#m;EdkifiHeJ@ zD*sDu|ef;awGrSm zrf;qD;&rdvmwm awG@&ygw,f? xdkif;e,fpyf &aemif;+rdK@uae befaumuf+rdK@udk OD;wnf xGufcGmvmwJh tat;cef;armfawmf,mOf}uD;awGay:rSm tat;cHxm;wJh ig; ykZGef yifv,fxGufukefypPnf;awGeJ@twl 0Suf+yD;wifaqmifvmwJh bdef;jzL tajrmuftrsm;udk xdkif;tm%mydkifawGu zrf;qD;&rdcJhovdk/ =opaw;v#m;EdkifiHeJ@ ypdzdwfork'N&mtwGif;u zD*sDu|ef;awGrSmvnf; jrefrmjynfuxGuf&dSwJh bdef;jzL tajrmuftrsm;udk qufwdkuf zrf; qD;&rdcJh=uygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; rl;,pfaq;0g;*dk%f;awG[m yifv,fa&a=umif;vrf;udktoHk;jyK+yD; rl;,pfaq;0g; awG jzef@jzL;ae+yDqdkwm EdkifiHwumvHk+cHKa&;tzGJ@tpnf;awGu tm&HkjyKrdvm=uygw,f?

2004 ckESpf Zlvdkifv(9)&ufae@rSm bdef;jzL (592 @ 5) uDvdk*&rfeJ@twl pdwfºuGaq;jym; tajrmuftrsm; o,faqmifvmwJh “pdk;pH” trnf&dS ig;zrf;pufavSwpif;udk rGefjynfe,f ukvm;ukwfu|ef;&J@ taemufbuf yifv,f jyifrSm zrf;qD;&rdcJhygw,f? tJ'Dtacgufuvnf; ppftpdk;&u }udKwifowif;&&dSvdk@ zrf;qD;&rdwmr[kwfygbl;? xdkif; axmufvSrf;a&;XmeeJ@ DEA tzGJ@u etzudk owif;ay;ta=umif;=um;cJhvdk@ rv$Jra&Smifom zrf;qD;cJh&wmjzpf a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? pdk;pH ig;zrf;pufavS[m bdef;jzLeJ@ pdwfºuGaq;awGudkwifaqmif+yD; EdkifiHwuma&ydkifeufrSm toifhapmifhaewJh EdkifiHwumrl;,pfaq;0g;*dk%f;u oabFmwpD;udk v$Jajymif;ay;tyfzdk@toGm; avSom;awGu rl;,pf aq;arSmifcdkorm;awGudk vkyf}uHowfjzwf+yD; avSudktydkifpD;cJh&muae owif;awG rD;cdk;ºuGufav#muf jyef@ESef@oGm;+yD; xdkif;axmufvSrf;a&;eJ@ DEA tzGJ@wdk@u od&dSoGm;cJh&wm jzpfygw,f?

tJ'Dtr_[m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@ OD;pD;wJh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@ jzKwfxkwf&Sif;rcH&rD (3)vausmfumv twGif;rSm jzpfyGm;cJhwmjzpf+yD; ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@ eJ@ etztm%mydkifawGudk,fwdkif xJxJ0if0if yg0ifywfoufae wJhtwGuf 'Dtr_udk vlod&Sif=um; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ pHkprf;az:xkwfta&;,ljcif;rjyKwJhtjyif t"duoufaoawGudkyg tpazsmufypfcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?

2004 ckESpf Zlvdkifv(19)&ufae@rSmvnf; ppfudkif;wdkif; tif;awmf+rdK@e,f pOf@a[mufaus;&GmteD;rSm yg*sJ&dk; um; (2c§9467) udk uomrl;,pfwyfzGJ@u &SmazGppfaq;cJh=uygw,f? tJ'Dum;ay:uae bdef;jzLawGeJ@ vufeufi,f wcsdK@udk &SmazGawG@&dSwJhtwGuf um;ydkif&Sif &eftm;[kef qdkoleJ@ wynf@(2)OD;jzpfwJh xGef;0if;eJ@ atmifvd_if qdkolwdk@udk



tif;awmf&Jpcef;rSm tr_zGifhzrf;qD;+yD; jynfxJa&;eJ@ uu§vSrf;udk csufcsif; ta=umif;=um;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh rl;,pf aq;0g;awGeJ@twl tzrf;cH&wJh &eftm;[kef ac: usifha0vGif ac: udk=unf0if; qdkol[m etzu umuG,fapmifh a&Smufay;xm;wJh bdef;bk&ifa[mif; AdkvfcGefqm&J@ nmvuf&Hk;wOD;jzpfae+yD; bdef;jzLawGeJ@twl tzrf;cHcJh&wJh yg*sJ&dk; um; [mvnf; &efukef r*Fvm'Hk ysOf;ryifrSm AdkvfcGefqmrdom;pku [efjyzGifhvSpfxm;wJh "Morning Light Co; Ltd. ydkif armfawmf,mOfjzpfaewma=umifh uu§vSrf;&J@ trdef@t& w&m;cHawGeJ@ bdef;jzLawG/ vufeufawGudk armf awmfum;eJ@twl csufcsif;jyefv$wfay;cJh&+yD; tr_udkyg ydwfay;cJh&ygw,f? tJ'D &eftm;[kef qdkoludk bdef;jzLawGeJ@twl tif;awmf+rdK@e,ftwGif;rSm aemufw}udrf xyfrHzrf;qD;&rdcJhao;ayrJh uu§vSrf;trdef@t& jyefv$wfay;cJh&ygw,f?

2006 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv(5)&ufae@rSmvnf; &eftm;[kef udk w&kwfEdkifiH &Sef[J+rdK@rSm w&kwfaxmufvSrf;a&; tzGJ@u zrf;qD;&rdcJhygw,f? 'Dw}udrfrSmawmh &eftm;[kef udk u,fwifay;rJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@eJ@ ol@&J@ ppfaxmuf vSrf;a&;tzGJ@vnf; r&dSawmh+yDrdk@ etzudk,fpm; jrefrmEdkifiH&JwyfzGJ@u &eftm;[kefudk jyefv$wfay;zdk@ w&kwfaxmuf vSrf;a&;tzGJ@udk toem;cH wifjycJh&ygw,f? etz&J@ arwWm&yfcHcsuft& w&kwfaxmufvSrf;a&;u azaz:0g&Dv (23)&ufae@rSm jrefrmEdkifiH&JwyfzGJ@ 'kwd,&JcsKyf AdkvfrSL;}uD;aZmf0if; udk ulrif;udkac:,l+yD; &eftm;[kefudk w&m;0if v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh &eftm;[kef&J@ uH=urRm b,fvdk&dSrvJqdkwmudkawmh twdtus rod&ygbl;?

AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@eJ@ ol@&J@ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@udk jzKwfxkwfz,f&Sm;ypfcJhpOfu AdkvfcsKyfa&$ref;/ AdkvfcsKyf pdk;0if;eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfodef;pdef wdk@u AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@[m bdef;bk&ifawGudk tdrfay:ac:wif+yD; tumtuG,fay;xm;cJhw,f vdk@ tykwfcsajymqdkr_awG jyKvkyfcJh=uygw,f? tcktcsdefrSmawmh olwdk@udk,fwdkif rl;,pfaq;vkyfief;awGrSm xJxJ0if0if yg0ifywfoufae=uyg+yD? jrefrmEdkifiH&JwyfzGJ@ &JcsKyf AdkvfrSL;csKyfcif&D uawmh “rl;,pfaq;0g;eJ@ywfoufvm&if wnfqJOya'awGt& Oya' abmiftwGif;0ifa&mufvmwJh +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@awGtygt0if b,ftzGJ@tpnf;/ b,fyk*~dKvfudkrS csefvSyfpOf;pm;rSm r[kwfbJ rl;,pfaq;0g;eJ@wpfenf;wpfzHk yg0ifywfoufaeoltm;vHk; Oya'&J@tqHk;tjzwfudk cH,l=u&r,f” qdk+yD; 2006 ckESpf Zlvdkifv(17)&ufae@u &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; vJcsm;+rdK@rSm usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh etzowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ (5§ 2006) rSm av}uD;rdk;}uD; ajymqkdoGm;cJhwma=umifh ,QKtr_tygt0if etzAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG&J@om;orD;awG/ xdyfwef; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif}uD;awG yg0ifywfoufaewJh rl;,pfaq;0g;r_awGudk &JcsKyf}uD; b,fvdk udkifwG,fta&;,lrvJqdkwm jynfwGif;jynfyu pdwf0ifwpm; apmifh=unf@ae=ua=umif; wifjyvdkuf&ygw,f? ?

*****************************




“vGrf;qGwfowd&jcif;” OD;p0f=unfz(c)OD;csmvD/ a':pef;pef;jr jrpENm(c)yD;yD;/ ESif;yGifhat;(c)yl;yl;

cspfZeD; yD;av;/ taz/ tarpef;eJ@ nDrav;wdk@ cGJcGmoGm;wm (11)vwdwd jynfhcJhayrJhvnf; “txl;ojzifh yD;

av;&J@ v_yf&Sm;[ef pum;oHav;awGudk jrifa,mif =um;a,mif+yD; owd&a=uuGJ ESajrmwo vGrf;qGwf&qJyg” yD;av;wdk@ rdom;pktm;vHk;twGuf &nfpl;I ae@pOf/ vpOfrjywf jyKay;aeaom ukodkvfaumif;r_ tpkpkwdk@.

tzdk@bm*udk a&muf&mbHkb0rS om"kac:qdkEdkif=uygap- yD;av;cspfaom-armif}uD;(udkokaZmf)ESifh Fuji Coffee House rdom;pk 'Da=umfjimav;udk 2009 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv(2)&ufae@xkwf etz jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm&J@ pmrsufESm(18)rSm

az:jyxm;wm awG@&ygw,f? vGefcJhwJh wESpfavmufu &efukef urm&Gwf+rdK@e,f wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf; pdrf;vJh uefomvrf;oG,f trSwf(126)aetdrfrSm tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf &uf&ufpufpuf ypfowfcHcJh=u&wJh rdom;pktwGuf usef&pfol udkokaZmf u 0rf;enf;a=uuGJpGmeJ@ tr#a0vdkufwJh a=umfjimwdkav; jzpfygw,f?

'D +rdK@vnfacgif tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf vlowfr_}uD;[m vGefcJhwJh 2008 ckESpf rwfv(3)&ufae@ naeydkif;rSm jzpf yGm;cJhwm jzpfygw,f? towfcHcJh&wJh rdom;pk[m ygvDrefacwfu jrefrmEdkifiHrSm tcsrf;omqHk;jzpfcJh+yD; pma&;q&m aomfwmaqGu “aiGudk avvdkoHk;Edkifol”vdk@ wifpm;ajymqdkcJh&wJh rdk;ukwfolaX; OD;jrarmif eJ@ a':tkef;=unf wdk@&J@ wOD;wnf;aomorD; a':pef;pef;jr (58ESpf)/ olr&J@cifyGef; OD;p0f=unfz(ac:)OD;csmvD (59ESpf)/ arG;pm;orD; (wlrt&if;) awGjzpf=uwJh rjrpENm(c)yD;yD; (35ESpf)/ rESif;yGifhat;(c)yl;yl; (27ESpf) eJ@ tdrfaz:rav; rt,fazm (15ESpf) wdk@ jzpfyg w,f?

tavmif;awGudk pwifawG@&dSoluawmh rjrpENm&J@cifyGef; ukdokaZmf jzpfa=umif;od&dS&ygw,f? udkokaZmf[m Mr. Serge Pun &J@ (S.P.A Group) rSm t"du tpk&S,f,m&SifwOD; jzpfwJhtjyif rdbjzpfol OD;rif;vd_if/ a': wifwif0if; wdk@&J@ Fuji Coffee House vkyfief;awGudkvnf; OD;aqmifvkyfudkifaeolwpfOD;jzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? tcif;jzpfyGm;csdefrSm udkokaZmf[m wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;rSm&dSwJh Fuji Coffee House rSm a&muf&dSae+yD; nae (6) em&DcGJavmufrSm tdrfudkjyefvmpOf jyef@usJaewJhtavmif;awGudk awG@&dS&wmjzpfygw,f? ol@&J@ ta=umif;=um;csuf t& oufqdkif&mwm0ef&dSyk*~dKvfawG[m tJ'Dae@nae(7)em&DavmufrSm tcif;jzpfyGm;&mae&mudk vma&mufppfaq;cJh a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?

trsdK;om;wOD;tygt0if trsdK;orD;(4)OD;&J@tavmif;awGudk tcif;jzpfyGm;&maetdrf&J@ tay:xyfavScg;xdyf/ tdyfcef;twGif;&dS ckwifay:eJ@ ckwif&J@ab; 0J/ ,m awGrSm aoeyf'%f&mawGeJ@ awG@&dS&w,fvdk@qdkygw,f? xl;jcm; csufu ypfowfcH&oltm;vHk;[m 0J§,m em;xifawGudk awh+yD;rS aoG;at;at;eJ@ ypfcwfowfjzwfwmudk cHcJh&jcif; jzpfygw,f? ppfaq;awG@&dS&wJh usnfzl;awGeJ@ usnfcGHawGt& vlowform;awG[m wyfrawmft&m&dSawG trsm;qHk; toHk;jyKaewJh 9rr (9mm) ypPwdkaoeyfawGudk toHk;jyK+yD; (18)csufwdwd ypfcwfcJhjcif;jzpfw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? usnf qHcGHawGrSm (u-y-p) qdkwJh EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;ypPnf;puf&Hk&J@ trSwftom;awGudkawG@&dS&wJhtjyif usnfcGHawGay: u armif;&dkufcsufawGt& vlowfr_usL;vGef&mrSm (9mm) ypPwdkaoeyf tenf;qHk; (3)vufavmufudk toHk;jyKcJh a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? toHwdwfu&d,m (Silencer) wyfqifxm;wJh ypPwdkaoeyfawGudk u|rf;u|rf;usifusif toHk;



jyKoGm;cJhwmudk axmuf&_jcif;tm;jzifh aoeyform;awG[m txl;avhusifhxm;wJh okwfoifowfjzwfa&;orm;awG (Assasins) jzpfEdkifw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?

tcif;jzpfyGm;cJhwJh aetdrfeJ@ +cH0rSm wyfqifxm;wJh vHk+cHKa&;uifr&mawGudk ppfaq;=unfh&_&mrSmvnf; tcif; jzpfyGm;csdefavmufu &dkuful;xm;wJh yHk&dyfrSwfwrf;awGudk rawG@&bJ tcif;jzpfyGm;+yD;aemufydkif; &dkuful;xm;wJh yHk&dyf rSwfwrf;awGudkom awG@&dS&wJhtwGuf vlowfr_usL;vGefcsdefrSm vlowform;awGu vHk+cHKa&;uifr&mawGudk }udKwif ydwfxm;wmjzpfEdkifa=umif;/ vlowform;awG[m rsufjrifoufao wOD;rSrusef&atmifvnf; aetdrftwGif;rSm awG@wJholrSefor# touf(15)ESpft&G,f tdrfaz:rav;udkawmifrcsefbJ tjywf&Sif;cJhwmawG@&a=umif;/ vufaAG&m awG rusef&pfcJhatmifvnf; }udKwifjyifqif+yD; owdxm;vkyfaqmifoGm;cJhwJh taxmuftxm;rsdK;awGudk awG@&dS& a=umif;/ tcif;jzpfyGm;&mae&mudk ppfaq;&mrSmyg0ifcJhwJh vHk+cHKa&;t&m&dSwOD;u xkwfaz:ajymqdkcJhygw,f?

tcif;jzpfyGm;wJhaetdrf[m EdkifiHawmftpdk;&&J@ pdrf;vJhuefom{nfha*[meJ@ }uH@zGH@A[dkXmecsKyf&Hk;wdk@tjyif a': atmifqef;pk=unfudk tus,fcsKyfcsxm;wJh olr&J@aetdrfeJ@vnf; odyfra0;wJhtwGuf 'Dvlowfr_}uD;udk usL;vGefcJhol awG[m ywf0ef;usifwckvHk;&J@ vHk+cHKa&;taetxm;awGudkyg aoaocsmcsm od&dSaeolawG jzpfEdkifygw,f?

'Dowif;udk ppftpdk;&u csufcsif; xkwfjyefa=unmjcif;rjyKbJ rwfv(6)&ufae@usrS “owif;pOf” qdkwJh trnfwyf+yD; wdkwdkwkwfwkwf xkwfjyefa=unmcJhygw,f? 'Dtr_udk jrefrmEdkifiH&JwyfzGJ@eJ@ vHk+cHKa&;wm0ef&dSolawGu pHkprf;az: xkwfv#uf&dSwma=umifh tjzpfrSefay:aygufzdk@eJ@ w&m;cHawGudkzrf;qD;&rdzdk@twGuf owif;ay;csifwJhol&dS&if oufqdkif&mudk vma&mufowif;ay;Edkifw,fvdk@vnf; tJ'Da=unmcsufrSm xnfhoGif;az:jycJhwm awG@&ygw,f? etz u wm;jrpfydwfyifxm;wJhtwGuf usef&pfolrdom;pku aoqHk;olawG&J@ema&;a=umfjimawGudk rD;o+F*dKvfrJh rwfv(7) &ufae@usrS owif;pmawGrSm xnfhoGif;az:jycGifh &&dScJhygw,f?

tdrfaz:rav; rt,fazm&J@tavmif;udk rwfv(5)&ufae@rSmuwnf;u c&pf,mefxHk;pHt& a&a0;okomefrSm ajrjr‡Kyfo+*õKvfcJh+yD; tdrf&Sifrdom;pk&J@ tavmif;(4)ckudkawmh rwfv(7)&ufae@a&mufrS a&a0;okomefrSm rD;o+*õKvfcJh& ygw,f? tavmif;awGudk rD;o+*õKvfrJhae@u a&a0;okomefudk “'k&JrSL; a&$ref;” qdkoleJ@ wjcm;&Jt&m&dS(2)OD; a&muf &dSvma=umif;/ 'k&JrSL;a&$ref; u tavmif;wckpD&J@rsufESmudk=unfh+yD; “cifAsm;wdk@udk owfoGm;wJhw&m;cHudk tjrefqkH; awG@atmif &Smay;yg” vdk@ trdef@ay;cJha=umif;/ owif;axmuf “+idrf;+idrf;Edkif” u 2008 ckESpf rwfv(13)&ufae@xkwf "7 Day News" *sme,f twGJ(7) trSwf(1)rSm xkwfaz:a&;om;cJhwJhtwGuf (oduQmr&dSwJh&JwyfzGJ@u) olwdk@udk oduQmcsr_eJ@ tJ'Dpmapmifudk w&m;pGJcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'gayrJh owif;axmufu 'k&JrSL;a&$ref;&J@ vkyfaqmifcsuf awGudk "gwfyHk&dkuf/ toHzrf;+yD; pepfwus rSwfwrf;wifxm;wJhtwGuf aemufudk 'Dowif;rsdK;ra&;zdk@ owday;+yD; &JwyfzGJ@u tr_udk jyef&kyfodrf;oGm;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?

'Dtr_eJ@ywfouf+yD; aumvm[mv owif;awG trsdK;rsdK;ay:xGufcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? yxrqHk; oHo,jzpf cH&oluawmh rjrpENm (ac:) yD;yD;&J@ cifyGef; udkokaZmfudk,fwdkif jzpfygw,f? udkokaZmf[m tcif;jzpfyGm;csdefu tdrfrSm r&dSbJ tjyifudkxGufae+yD; nae(6)em&DcGJavmufrS tdrfudkjyefa&mufvmw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? tavmif;awGudk awG@ &dS&wJhtcsdefrSm teD;rSm&dSwJh EdkifiHawmf{nfha*[mu vHk+cHKa&;wyfzGJ@udk ta=umif;=um;cJhol jzpfygw,f?

rjrpENmeJ@ Fuji Coffee House vkyfief;&Sif udkokaZmfwdk@[m vGefcJhwJhESpftenf;urS vufxyfcJh=uwm jzpf+yD; udkokaZmf[m tavmif;tpm; 0goem}uD;oljzpfa=umif;/ AdkvfcsKyfomat;&J@om; tygt0if wjcm;ppfAdkvf csKyf}uD;awG&J@om;orD;awGeJ@vnf; av;aumif*sif upm;avh&dSa=umif;/ avmif;upm;0dkif;wpfckrSm t}uD;tus,f&H_;cJh wJhtwGuf a,muQrawGydkifwJh ausmufrsuf&wemawG/ vuf0wfvufpm;awGeJ@ aiGom;awGtjyif tarGtm;vHk;udk tydkifpD;zdk@&nf&G,f+yD; vlowform;awGudk iSg;&rf;um 'Dvlowfr_udk pepfwus usL;vGefcJhwmjzpfEdkifa=umif;/ xifa=u; ay;ajymqdkr_awG ay:xGufcJhygw,f?

(tavmif;awGudk rD;o+*dKvfwJhae@u okomefudk udkokaZmf vma&mufwm rawG@&ygbl;? tJ'Dtcsdefu udkok aZmfudk &JwyfzGJ@u xdrf;odrf;ppfaq;r_awG jyKvkyfaewma=umifh jzpfEdkifygw,f? 'gayrJh 'DESpf azaz:0g&Dv (2)&ufae@ xkwf etz owif;pmawGrSmygvmwJh ol@&J@a=umfjimav;udk =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh vuf&dSumvrSmawmh ol@udk zrf;qD; xm;jcif;r&dSbl;vdk@ ,lq&ygw,f?)



a,muQrawGjzpf=uwJh a':pef;pef;jreJ@ OD;p0f=unfz (awmifydkif;apmfbGm;}uD; cGefyef;pdef&J@om;) wdk@[m ESpfbuf rdbawGxHu qufcH&&dSwJh tarGtESpfawGa=umifh e*dkvfxJu csrf;omºuG,f0olawGjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'ghtjyif olwdk@udk,fwdkifuvnf; ausmufrsufta&mif;t0,fvkyfief;eJ@ tdrf,m+cHajr ta&mif;t0,fvkyfief;awGudk OD;pD; vkyf udkifaeolawGjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? vlowform;awG ,laqmifoGm;wJh aiGom;awGxJrSm azaz:0g&D 29 &ufae@ urS usyfodef;aygif; (1)aomif;ausmfeJ@ ta&mif;t0,fjzpfcJhwJh a':pef;pef;jrydkif 0if'grD,m aAm"d&dyfomu ajruGuf }uD;wcktwGuf&&dSxm;wJh p&HaiG usyfodef;(2)axmifvnf; yg0ifa=umif; pHkprf;od&dS&ygw,f?

wcsdK@uvnf; vlowfr_udk usL;vGefcJholawG[m xdkif;vlrsdK; a=u;pm;vlowform;awG jzpfovdkvdk/ 0 eJ@ udk; uef@ rl;,pfaq;0g;*dk%f;awGu jzpfovdkvdk xifa=u;ay;ajymqdkr_awGvnf; ay:aygufcJhwm awG@&ygw,f?

tdrfeD;csif;awG&J@ xGufqdkcsuft& tcif;jzpfyGm;wJhae@u wdk&dkwmvif;c&lZm qdkuf*euf trsdK;tpm; teuf a&mif armfawmf,mOfwpD;[m a':pef;pef;jrwdk@&J@ +cH0if;twGif;udk (5)}udrfavmuftxd 0ifxGufcJhwmudk jrifawG@cJh& a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? vuf&dSaygufaps; usyfodef; (3)axmifausmf&dSwJh tJ'Dum;trsdK;tpm;udk ydkifqdkifoltrsm;pk[m ppftpdk;& xdyfwef;AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG jzpfae=uwma=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH&JwyfzGJ@taeeJ@ pHkprf;ppfaq;r_awGudk us,fus,f jyef@jyef@ qufrvkyf&J=ubl;vdk@ qdkygw,f? 'Dtr_rSm etz xdyfydkif;AdkvfcsKy f}uD;awG&J@ rdom;pkawG yg0ifywfoufaewJh taxmuftxm;wcsdK@udk rlcif;&JwyfzGJ@u ppfaq;awG@&dSwJhtwGuf jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;udk wifjycJh=ua=umif;/ jynfxJ a&;0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyfarmifOD;uvnf; oludk,fwdkifrqHk;jzwf&JwJhtwGuf 0ef}uD;csKyfuwqifh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$xHudk qufvufwifjyay;zdk@ v$JtyfcJha=umif;/ 'gayrJh tcktcsdeftxd txufu bm!$ef=um;csufrS r&wJhtwGuf 'Dtr_wGJ [m 0ef}uD;csKyfqDrSmbJ vrf;qHk;oGm;ovm;/ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$xHrSmbJ vrf;qHk;oGm;ovm;qdkwm twdtus rodEdkifbl;vdk@ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;XmeeJ@ eD;pyfwJhowif;awGt& od&dS&ygw,f?

AdkvfcsKyftodkif;t0dkif;eJ@eD;pyfolwcsdK@ tqdkt&uawmh 'Dvlowfr_udk aemufuG,fu pDpOf!$ef=um;cJhol[m EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJqdkol&J@ZeD; r,fawmf}uD; a':}udKif}udKif udk,fwdkifjzpfw,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfae=uygw,f? 2006 ckESpf Zlvdkifv(3)&ufae@u &efukef+rdK@ ukef;jrifhom,m&dS aZ,smoD&dAdrRmefrSm usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ a':}udKif}udKifwdk@&J@orD;axG; roEWma&$eJ@ AdkvfrSL;aZmf+zdK;0if;wdk@&J@ r*Fvm{nfhcHyGJrSm owdk@orD; 0wfqifxm;wJh pdefxnf ypPnf;wcsdK@[m a':pef;pef;jreJ@ OD;p0f=unfz wdk@xHu acwWiSg;&rf; toHk;jyKcJhwmjzpfa=umif;/ 'Dvdk iSg;&rf;toHk;jyKzdk@ twGuf a':pef;pef;jreJ@&if;ESD;wJh trSwf(1)upxrSL; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;&Jjrifh&J@ZeD; a'gufwma':wifvif;jrifhu =um; 0ifaqmif&Gufay;cJhwmjzpfa=umif;/ 'gayrJh r*FvmyGJ+yD;oGm;aomfvnf; r,fawmf}uD;a':}udKif}udKifu enf;trsdK;rsdK;eJ@ tcsdefqGJ+yD; iSg;&rf;xm;wJhypPnf;awGudk jyefray;bJxm;cJha=umif;/ a'gufwma':wifvif;jrifhu jyefay;zdk@ajymqdkwJhtcg rSmvnf; pdwfqdk;a'goxGuf+yD; }udrf;armif;qJqdkwmudk cH&wma=umifh aemufxyf rajym&Jawmha=umif;/ AdkvfcsKyf uawmftodkif;t0dkif;rSm ajymqdkae=uygw,f?

roEWma&$eJ@ AdkvfrSL;aZmf+zdK;0if;&J@ r*Fvm{nfhcHyGJudk jrefrmh&kyfjrifoH=um;tzGJ@/ wyfrawmf jyef=um;a&;eJ@jynf ol@qufa&;tzGJ@eJ@ pdkif;bkef;xl; AGD'D,dkvkyfief;wdk@ yl;aygif;+yD; rSwfwrf;wifADG'D,dkawG &dkuful;=u&ygw,f? wnf;jzwf tacsmudkifxm;wJh AGD'D,dkacGawGudk a':}udKif}udKifvufudk tyf&ygw,f? a':}udKif}udKifeJ@ ol@orD;awGu olwdk@eJ@ &if;ESD; olwcsdK@&J@trnfpm&if;udk jyKpk+yD; r*FvmyGJrSwfwrf; AGDpD'DacGawGudk aumfyDul;um r*FvmvufaqmiftjzpfeJ@ jyefvnf jzef@a0ay;cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? a':}udKif}udKif vufaqmifay;cJholawGxJrSm ol@udk pdefxnfypPnf;awG iSg;&rf;ay;cJhwJh tjyif tzdk;wefr*FvmvufaqmifypPnf;awGyg vufzGJ@cJhwJh &wemukefonf a':pef;pef;jrvnf; wOD;tygt0if jzpf a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?

2006 ckESpf ESpfukefydkif;rSm 'Dr*FvmyGJta=umif; &dkuful;xm;wJh “pdefpDaomn” trnf&dS ADGpD'DtacGawG jynf wGif;jynfyrSm jyef@ESef@vmwJhtwGuf r,fawmf}uD;a':}udKif}udKifwdk@ rdom;pk[m t}uD;tus,f rausreyf jzpfcJh=u+yD; b,fae&mu ayguf=um;ovJqdkwmudk pHkprf;ppfaq;r_awG vsdK@0SufjyKvkyfcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? b,fae&mu ayguf=um;cJhovJqdkwmudk taxmuftxm;eJ@wuG twdtus rod&ayrJh a':pef;pef;jreJ@ OD;p0f=unfzwdk@u olwdk@ rdom;pktay:rauseyfvdk@ vufpm;acswJhtaeeJ@ jynfyudkydk@+yD; jzef@a0cJhwmjzpfEdkifw,fvdk@ a':}udKif}udKifeJ@ ol@orD;awG u ,lqcJh=ua=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?



'ga=umifh avmb&ruf}uD;+yD; &ufpufwJhpdwfoabmxm;&dSol r,fawmf}uD; a':}udKif}udKifeJ@ orD;awmfawGu olwdk@acwWiSg;xm;wJh pdefxnfypPnf;awGudkvnf; jyefray;&atmif/ rdk;ukwfolaX;}uD; OD;jrarmif rdom;pktqufquf ydkifqdkifcJhwJh rdk;ukwfywWjrm;}uD;tygt0if tzdk;wef ausmufrsuf&wemawGeJ@ pdef/ a&$/ aiG vuf0wfvufpm;awGudk vnf; xyfrH&&dSatmifqdk+yD; a':pef;pef;jrtdrfudk "g;jrwdkufzdk@/ tdrfom;tm;vHk;udk tjywf&Sif;cJhzdk@/ EdkifiHawmft}uD; tuJ&J@ ppfbufvufaxmuf AdkvfcsKyfae0if;udk vsdK@0Suf trdef@ay;cJhwmjzpfw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?

'Dvkyf&yfawGudk &dyfrdaeyHk&wJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;&Jjrifh&J@ rdom;pkudkvnf; }udKwif+cdrf;ajcmuf owday;wJhtae eJ@ zcifjzpfoludk upxrSL;tjzpfuae Xmevufudkifr&dS/ vkyfydkifcGifhr&dSwJh uu§=unf;(wGJbuf) 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;tjzpf acsmifxdk;jycJhovdk/ ol@&J@om; atmifaZmf&Jjrifhudkvnf; rl;,pfaq;0g;r_eJ@ acwWzrf;qD;jycJhwmjzpfEdkifw,fvdk@ AdkvfcsKyf uawmf todkif;t0dkif;rSm ajymqdkae=ua=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?

2008 ckESpf ZGefvukefydkif;u aejynfawmfrSmjyKvkyfcJhwJh (owif;pmawGrSmrygwJh) owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwckrSm 'Dtr_eJ@ywfouf+yD; owif;axmufawG&J@ ar;jref;csufawGudk &JcsKyfcif&Du jyefvnfajzqdk&mrSm &efukef+rdK@u ig;avmif; +ydKifvlowfr_eJ@ywfouf+yD; ppfcsufawGtajrmuftrsm; &&dSxm;+yD;jzpfa=umif;/ 'Dtr_[m rl;,pfaq;0g;/ avmif;upm;/ ausmufoHywWjrm;/ rdom;pktarG/ pwJhudpPawGeJ@vnf; qufEG,faeEdkifwJhtwGuf b,fudpPeJ@ ywfoufaeovJqdk wmudk twdtus az:xkwfEdkifzdk@/ enf;vrf;rsdK;pHkeJ@ aqmif&GufaeqJjzpfa=umif;/ w&m;cHtppfudk az:xkwfta&;,lEdkifzdk@ jrefrmEdkifiH&JwyfzGJ@taeeJ@ }udKyrf;aqmif&Gufaea=umif;/ a0hvnfa=umifywf ajymqdkoGm;cJhbl;wmuvGJvdk@ wESpfjynfh cgeD;wJhtcsdeftxd bmrSxl;jcm;jcif; r&dSao;wmudk awG@&ygw,f? &efukef+rdK@ vlukefwef&yfuGufwcku ae@cif;a=umifawmif ig;avmif;+ydKif 'Dvlowfr_[m “olwvl igwrif;” jzpfcsifovdkjzpfae=uwJh ppftkyfpktwGif;u tajzr&dSwJh "X-File" wckomjzpfa=umif; oHk;oyfwifjyvdkuf&ygw,f?

*****************************




tckwavm jynfy jrefrmowif;rD'D,mavmurSm uae'gEdkifiHtajcpdkuf UDP (United Democratic

Party of Myanmar) ac: nD!Gwfaom'Drdku&ufwpfygwD (jrefrmjynf) &J@acgif;aqmif rdkufu,f[Gm[l; (Michael Hua Hu) ac: OD;ausmfjrifh qdkoleJ@ ywfoufwJhta=umif;awG udk pdwf0ifpm;zG,f awG@&dSae&ygw,f? jynfwGif;jynfy jrefrmy&d\wfuawmh {&m0wDowif;Xme&J@ owif;aqmif;yg;/ wyfrawmfppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t&m &dSa[mif; AdkvfrSL;atmifvif;xGÉfeJ@ AGDtdkatowif;Xmewdk@&J@ tifwmAsL;/ OD;ausmfjrifheJ@ AGDtdkatowif;Xmewdk@&J@ tif wmAsL;awGudk ae@pOftm&Hkpdkuf zwf&_em;axmifae=uwmudk awG@&ygw,f?

OD;ausmfjrifh ac: rdkufu,f[Gm[l; jrefrmjynfrSmaexdkifcJhpOfu rl;,pfaq;0g;eJ@ aiGrJc0gcsr_udpPawG rSm yg0ifywf oufr_&dS/ r&dS/ qdkwmudk jrefrmy&dowftrsm;pku odyfpdwfr0ifpm;=uygbl;? vlawGtrsm;qHk; pdwf0ifpm;aewJhtcsuf awGuawmh axmif(9)ESpf cscHxm;&w,fqdkwJh OD;ausmfjrifh[m b,fyHkb,fenf;eJ@ etz&J@ e&odrftusOf;pcef;uae tvG,fwul xGufajy;vGwfajrmufvmcJhovJ? (ol@ tqdkt&uawmh trnfraz:vdkwJh bkef;}uD;wyg;&J@ tultnDeJ@ xdkif;jrefrme,fpyf rJaqmuf+rdK@udk a&muf&dSvmcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?) 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJ0if ABSDF tzGJ@0if a[mif; ausmif;om;'kuQonfawGudkawmif tvG,fwul vufrcHwJh tar&duefjynfaxmifpkudk OD;ausmfjrifhtaeeJ@ b,fvdk tquftoG,f/ b,fvdkenf;vrf;awGoHk;+yD; tvG,fwul 0ifa&mufEdkifcJhovJ?

jrefrm'kuQonf OD;ausmfjrifhu ESpftenf;i,ftwGif; tar&duefjynfaxmifpkeJ@ uae'gEdkifiHawGrSm a':vm oef;csD &if;ESD;jr_yfESH&wJh pD;yGm;a&;ukr`%D}uD;awGudk b,fu&wJhaiGa=u;awGeJ@ xlaxmifEdkifcJhwmvJ? ppftpdk;&&J@ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'(2008)eJ@ 2010 a&G;aumufyGJtay: jynfwGif;jynfyrSm uef@uGuf&H_@csr_awG ay:aygufaecsdefrSm axmifajy; &mZ0wfom;wOD;u b,fvdk&nf&G,fcsufeJ@ UDP ygwDudk zGJ@pnf;xlaxmif+yD; a&G;aumufyGJ0ifr,fvdk@ tcsdefudkuf a=ujimcJh&wmvJ? eHrnfomudkom =um;bl;+yD;/ vlcsif;rawG@bl;wJh jrefrmjynfwGif;u 0g&ifhEdkifiHa&;orm; }uD;awGjzpfwJh OD;oka0eJ@ OD;&JxGef; wdk@udk b,folawG&J@ !$ef=um;csuft& ygwD&J@ OuUXeJ@ 'kOuUXawGtjzpf wm0efay; cef@tyfa=umif; a=ujimcJh&wmvJ?

vGefcJhwJhESpftwGif; uae'gEdkifiHrSm usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ (Seminar) wckudk wufa&mufcJh=uwJh EdkifiHwumu jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;aeolwcsdK@eJ@ xdkif;jrefrme,fpyfrSm&dSwJh jrefrmhtwdkuf tcHtzGJ@tpnf;awGu acgif;aqmifwcsdK@udkvnf; OD;ausmfjrifhu oD;jcm;pDac:,lawG@qHk aqG;aEG;cJhw,fqdkwJhowif;awGua&m b,favmuft wdkif;twmtxd rSefuefr_&dSovJ/ uae'grSm oleJ@ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;cJh=uwJh 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkacgif;aqmifawGxJrSm b,folawGygovJ/ bmawGaqG;aEG;cJh=uovJ? pwJh ta=umif;t&mawGudk jrefrmEdkifiHom;awGu ydk+yD;pdwf0ifpm; ae=uwm awG@&ygw,f?

azaz:0g&Dv (26)&ufae@rSm xkwfv$ifhcJhwJh OD;ausmfjrifheJ@ AG Dtdkatowif;Xmewdk@&J@ tifwmAsL;xJrSm OD;ausmfjrifh u ol@udk etzppftpdk;&u axmif(9)ESpf jypf'%fcsrSwfcJhwm[m aiGa&;a=u;a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;awGa=umifhr[kwfbJ EdkifiHa&;r_ yk'fr 5(n)/ EdkifiHawmfqef@usifr_eJ@ axmifcscHcJ@&wmvdk@ ajzqdkcJhygw,f? jynfol@tpdk;& zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifay;zdk@/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk tm%mv$Jay;zdk@ pmjzef@cJhwma=umifh ta&;,lcHcJh&wmvdk@ qdkygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf udk tm%mv$Jay;zdk@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$xH pma&;wifjycJhw,fvdk@vnf; ajzqdkcJhwmawG@&ygw,f? OD;ausmfjrifhu ol axmif(9)ESpf csrSwfcHcJh&wm[m aiGa&;a=u;a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;udpPawGa=umifh r[kwfygbl;vdk@ AGDtdkatuwqifh jiif;qdkaeayrJh etzppftpdk;& trsdK;om;pDrHudef;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;0ef}uD;Xme 0ef}uD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfatA,fvf udk,fwdkif vufrSwfa&;xdk;+yD; 1997 ckESpf 'DZifbm(9)&ufae@ &ufpGJeJ@ xkwfjyefcJhwJh trdef@ a=umfjimpmtrSwf (64 §97)t& OD;ausmfjrifh&J@ ukr`%DawG jzpf=uwJh jrefrmusHK,Grf ukr`%DvDrdwuf (trsm;eJ@rouf



qdkifwJhukr`%D) eJ@ jrefrmusHK,GrftzGJ@ ukr`%DvDrdwuf (trsm;eJ@oufqdkifwJhukr`%D) wdk@udk ppfaq;&mrSm pm&if;Z,m; awGudk pepfwus rxm;&Sdjcif;/ pm&if;ESpfrsdK; jyxm;jcif;/ pm&if;awGudkzsuf+yD; jyifxm;jcif;/ pm&if;Z,m;awGudk jynfh jynf@pHkpHk=unfh&_cGifh ray;Edkifjcif;/ pwJh pnf;rJhurf;rJhaqmif&Gufr_awGudk awG@&dS&wJhtwGuf tJ'Dukr`%D(2)ckvHk;udk trnf ysufpm&if; (Black List) rSm xnf@oGif;owfrSwfvdkufa=umif; atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;wmawG@ Edkifygw,f?

trnfysufpm&if;owfrSwfa=unmjcif;

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;& trsdK;om;pDrHudef;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_ 0ef}uD;Xme

0ef}uD;&Hk; trdef@a=umfjimpmtrSwf ( 64§97)

&efukef+rdK@/ 1359-ckESpf ewfawmfvqef; 10 &uf? (1997 ckESpf/ 'DZifbm 9 &uf?)

ta=umif;t&m? ? trnfysufpm&if;owfrSwfa=unmjcif; ukr`%Drsm;rSwfyHkwif&Hk;wGif rSwfyHkwifxm;aom trsm;ESifhroufqdkifonfhukr`%D/ trsm;ESifh oufqdkifonfhukr`%Drsm;taejzifh ukr`%DvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;ESifh vnf;aumif;/ jrefrmEdkifiHawmf aiG a&;a=u;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; Oya'ESifh vnf;aumif;/ nDnGwfr_r&Sdaom tpk&S,f,mrsm;tay: wpfv 7 &mcdkifE_ef;twdk;ay;rnf[k owif;pmrS a=unmcJhonfhudpPESifhpyfvsOf;I ukr`%Dpm&if; rsm;tm;ppfaq;cJh&m pm&if;Z,m;rsm; pepfwusrxm;&Sdjcif;/ pm&if;ESpfrsdK;jyjcif;/ pm&if;rsm;zsuf Ijyifxm;jcif;/ pm&if;Z,m;rsm; jynfhpHkpGm=unfh&_cGifhray;Edkifjcif;/ ponfhtcsufrsm;a=umifh aps;uGuf pD;yGm;a&;pepftay: tcGifhaumif;,lI pnf;rJhurf;rJhaqmif&Gufaeaom atmufazmfjyyg ukr`%Drsm; udk Towif;xkwfjyefa=unmonfhae@rSpI trnfysufp&if; (Black List) wGifxnfhoGif; owfrSwfvdkufonf? (u) jrefrmusHK,Grf ukr`%DvDrdwuf (c) jrefrmusHK,GrftzGJ@ ukr`%DvDrdwuf (trsm;ESifh roufqdkifaomukr`%D) (trsm;ESifh oufqdkifaomukr`%D) rSwfyHkwiftrSwf - 665§93-94 (29-10-93) rSwfyHkwiftrSwf - 457§96-97 (11-7-96) vdyfpm? tcef;trSwf (304§305) vdyfpm? tcef;trSwf (304§305) wdkuftrSwf -3/ Adkvfwaxmifbk&m;vrf; wdkuftrSwf -3/ Adkvfwaxmifbk&m;vrf; ykZGefawmif+rdK@e,f /&efukef+rdK@ ? ykZGefawmif+rdK@e,f /&efukef+rdK@ ? (yHk) AdkvfrSL;csKyf atA,fvf 0ef}uD; trsdK;om;pDrHudef;ESifhpD;yGm;a&;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_0ef}uD;Xme AdkvfcsKyfatA,fvf&J@ trdef@a=umfjimpm etzowif;pmawGrSm ygvmcJhwJh 1997 ckESpf 'DZifbm (10)&ufae@ rSm OD;ausmfjrifhu etztm%modrf;ppfaumifpDOuUX AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$xHudk vdyfrl+yD; pmwapmifa&;om;cJhwm awG@&ygw,f? 'Dpmudk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;qdkolxH wu,fydk@rydk@ twdtusrodEdkifayrJh etzppfaumifpD xdyfwef;AdkvfcsKyf



}uD;awGtygt0if ppfwdkif;rSL;awG/ 0ef}uD;awGtm;vHk;udk rdwWLjzef@a0xm;wm awG@&ygw,f? (rdrdwdk@XmewGif 4if;. pmrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wif odrf;qnf;xm;ygonf?) ol@ukr`%DawG zsufodrf;cH&wm[m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;eJ@ rnD!Gwfa=umif;/ 'DudpPudk AdkvfrSL;csKyf armifarmif (jrefrmEdkifiH&if;ESD;jr_yfESHr_aumfr&SiftwGif;a&;rSL;/ etz OuUX&Hk;0ef}uD;) u udk,fa&;udk,fwm remvdkjzpf+yD; tm%moHk; vkyfcJhwmjzpfa=umif;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmifvkyf&yfa=umifh jynfolawG rausreyf/ rwnfr+idrfjzpfvm&if olwm0efr,l Edkifbl;vdk@vnf; +cdrf;ajcmufa&;om;xm;wm awG@&ygw,f? 'DpmxJrSmawmh ol AGDtdkat owif;XmeeJ@ tifwmAsL;&m rSm xnf@oGif;ajymqdkcJhovdk vlxktpdk;&w&yf az:aqmifay;zdk@/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk tm%mv$Jay;zdk@qdkwm wvHk; wavawmif rawG@&ygbl;? MYANMAR KYONE YEOM GROUP CO. , LTD. urBmvHk;yHkESifh World Group pmwef;yg BUILDING 3, ROOM 304/305 (ukr`%DwHqdyf) BOTATAUNG PAGODA ROAD. PAZUNDAUNG TOWSHIP TEL : 951-295612, 951-295708 FAX : 951-297897 pmtrSwf 1997§12§10 &ufpGJ 1997 'DZifbmv 10 &ufae@ odk@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$cifAsm;? 1997 ckESpf 'DZifbm-10 &ufae@n jrefrmh&kyfjrifoH=um;rS ukr`%DrSwfyHkwif&Hk;taeESifh u|efawmfwdk@ ukr`%Dzsufodrf;wm a=ujimwJhta=umif;/ u|efawmfwdk@qD pmvnf;ra&mufyg/ u|efawmfwdk@ukr`%D *k%foduQm emrnfxdcdkufwJhta=umif; u|efawmfwdk@oabmraygufyg? vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;eJ@ rnDr#ygbl;/ 'g AdkvfcsKyfarmifarmif udk,f a&;udk,fwmudpP remvdk/ tm%moHk;+yD;awmhvkyfwm/ 'Dvdk EdkifiHawmfowif;XmerS 'grsdK;a=unm&ifawmh aoaocsm csmpDppf+yD; owif;a=ujimzdk@awmh vdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfarmifarmif 'grsdK;a=ujimwJhtwGuf jrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_udk ydwfqdk@wm/ wdkif;jynf udkysufqD;atmifvkyfwm/ 'g tm%moHk;+yD;aqmif&GufwJh oabmrsdK;/ u|efawmfwdk@ ukr`%DrSm pm&if;vnf; trSefw u,f&Sdygw,f/ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;eJ@vnf; nDr#ygw,f/ tckxdbmrS jy\emr&Sd/ AdkvfcsKyfarmifarmif 'Dvdkvkyf&ifawmh wdkif;jynfvlxkawGu rauseyfbl;? rwnf+idrfawmhbl;? olvkyfor#jzpfvmwJh jy\emudk qHk;&H_;r_udk u|efawmfwm0efr ,lygbl;/ wifjytyfygonf? u|efawmfwdk@ukr`%DrSm BSI wdk@ axmufvSrf;a&;wdk@ pDppf+yD;+yDbJ/ bmjy\emay:ovJ/ bmrSr&Sdygbl;/ wifjytyfygonf? OD;ausmfjrifh jzef@a0jcif; 1? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$ 2? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; armifat;



3? 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; cifnGef@ 4? 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifOD; 5? 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; 0if;jrifh 6? 0ef}uD;tm;vHk;( ) 7? wdkif;rSK;tm;vHk;( ) OD;ausmfjrifh&J@pmyg ta&;tom; toHk;tE_ef;awGt& etzAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG/ ppfwdkif;rSL;awGeJ@ 0ef}uD;awGudk ol@vkyfaz:udkifzufawG/ ol@ ay;pmurf;pmudk pm;ae&olawGtjzpfom oabmxm;wJhyHk ay:aewmudkawG@&ygw,f? OD;ausmfjrifh[m 'DavmufeJ@wif &yfraecJhygbl;? ol@ukr`%Du tpk&S,f,m&SifawG/ ol@ukr`%DrSm aiGa=u;tyfESHolawG udkvnf; pmawGjzef@a0cJh+yD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmifudk &Sif;vif; z,f&Sm;ypfatmif EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJqdkolawGxH pm a&;awmif;qdk=uzdk@ vH_@aqmfpnf;&Hk;r_awG jyKvkyfcJhwmudk atmufygtwdkif; awG@&dS&ygw,f? xnfh0ifol vl}uD;rif;tm;vHk; tck ukr`%DrSwfyHkwif&Hk; AdkvfcsKyfarmifarmifrS udk,fa&;udk,fwmremvdk tm%moHk;+yD;awmh cifAsm;wdk@ESifh u|efawmfwdk@&J@ xrif;pm;tdk;udkvmcGJwm vl}uD;rif;wdk@auseyfovm;? AdkvfcsKyfarmifarmifawmh 'Dwdkif;jynfudk pD;yGm; a&;vkyfay;wm b,favmufwdk;wufovJ? vlxkawGpm;p&mbm&SdovJ/ EdkifiHawmfqdk&if 'grsdK;vlvufxJrSm rjzpfEdkif bl;? u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynf ysufpD;awmhr,f? u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;jynfrGJawmhr,f? xnfh0ifolvl}uD;rif;rsm; u|efawmf wdk@xrif;tdk;ruGJatmif qHk;&H_;epfemr_r&Sdatmif pnf;vHk;nDnGwf 0dkif;0ef;ulnD+yD;awmh AdkvfcsKyfarmifarmif 'grsdK;vludk y,fzsufrS jzpfr,f? u|efawmfwdk@ awmufav#mufrSefrSef tusdK;awGcHpm;aew,f? rSefrSefcHpm;wJhtwGuf olvm zsufqD;wm 'DtwGuf tm;vHk;0dkif;+yD;awmh EdkifiHawmfvl}uD;udkwifjy&r,fjzpfygojzifh 'gu|efawmfhtjrif vl}uD;rif;wdk@ udk wifjywmyg? AdkvfcsKyfarmifarmif udk,fa&;udk,fwma=umifh remvdkjzpf tm%moHk;+yD;awmh a=ujimvdkufwm u|efawmfwdk@ ukr`%Dudkawmh vl}uD;rif;wdk@odwJhtwdkif; yHkrSefay;ae=uwmbJ/ tckvnf; tJ'Dtwdkif; aemifvnf;tJ'Dtwdkif;/ wdkif;jynfrSm AdkvfcsKyfarmifarmif 'grsdK;tkyfcsKyf&if rGJoGm;rSmbJ? vuf&Sd jrefrmaiGwefbdk;us/ jynfolvlxk aexdkifqif; &JwJhtwGuf jynfoludkolwdk@ bmawGvkyfay;ovJ/ u|efawmfwdk@jynfoludk wdkuf&dkuftusdK;jyKwmudk remvdkvdk@ zsufqD; aewmyg/ cifAsm;wdk@ &ifxJ&SdwJhtwdkif; axmufcHyg/ tultnDawmif;ygw,f? tckowfrSwfwJhtwdkif; tcsdefa&muf w,fqdk&if tcsdefra&G; vmxkwfyg? vkyfief;xnfh0ifolrsm;taeESifh rdrdaiGrsm;rqHk;&H_;a&;twGuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&xHodk@ TudpPESifhywfoufI pma&;ulnDay;yg&ef arwWm&yfcHygw,f? OuUX OD;ausmfjrifh 'DpmawGxJrSmawmh OD;ausmfjrifh ajymcJhovdk yk'fr 5(n)wdk@ EdkifiHawmfqef@usifr_qdkwmwdk@eJ@ !dpGef;wmrsdK; rygbl;vdk@,lqygw,f? ppftm%m&SifawG&J@ xHk;pHtwdkif; OD;ausmfjrifhudk b,fw&m;&Hk;rSm b,fvkdpGJcsufawGeJ@ b,f tcsdefu axmifcscJhovJqdkwmudkawmh jynfoltrsm;od&dSatmif a=ujimcJhjcif;r&dSwJhtwGuf twdtus rod&ygbl;? 'gayrJh ausmif;om;vli,fav;awGudkawmif bmr[kwfwJh tr_av;awGeJ@ ESpf&Snfaxmif'%fawG csrSwfwwfwJh ppf tm%m&Sif}uD;awGtwGuf OD;ausmfjrifhudk 'DpmawGa=umifh axmif(9)ESpfcscJhwmqdk&if tifrwef rsufESmemvGef;vdk@ av#mhav#mhayghayghcscJhwm jzpfEdkifygw,f? b,fvdkbJjzpfjzpf OD;ausmfjrifh ac: rdkufu,f[Gm[l; qdkol[m vlvdrf/ vlnm/ vl&_yf/ axmifajy;wOD; qdkwm udkawmh 'DtcsuftvufawGt& twdtus ajymqdkEdkifygw,f? OD;ausmfjrifheJ@ ol@&J@ UDP ygwD[m a&cJawmifwck&J@



a&ay:rSmay:aewJh tpdwftydkif;awGomjzpf+yD; a&atmufrSm vlawGrjrifEdkifwJh xkxnftpdkiftcJ}uD;awG &dSaerSm ao csmygw,f? “jynfxJESifha&; aygufESifhaus;” qdkovdk EdkifiHa&;tajctaeawGudk omrefvlawG cGJjcm;odjrifzdk@ rvG,ful atmif/ &_yfaxG;atmif ppftpdk;&u pepfwus pwifvkyfaqmifvmae+yD jzpfygw,f? 2010 a&G;aumufyGJ eD;vmav/ csdefudkuf EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJawGvnf; ydkrdkjyif;xefvmrSm aocsmaeovdk/ 'Drdkua&pDta&+cHK+yD; ajconf;vufonf; 0Suf xm;olawGvnf; 2010 a&G;aumufyGJeD;vmav olwdk@&J@ rsufESmzHk;awG uGmusvmavjzpfrSm aocsmae+yDjzpfa=umif; oHk;oyfwifjyvdkuf&ygw,f? ?

*****************************




“2005 ckESpfrukefcif 0ef}uD;Xmetm;vHk; +rdK@awmfopfudk t+yD;ajymif;a&$@&r,f” qdkwJh EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJ qdkol&J@ wcsufv$wftrdef@t& etz0ef}uD;&Hk;awGeJ@ Xmeqdkif&m0efxrf;awG[m 2005 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv(6)&ufae@ reufapmapmydkif;up+yD; ysOf;rem; =uyfajy;+rdK@awmfopfqDudk ppfarmfawmf,mOfwef;eJ@twl tokwfvdkuf pwif ajymif;a&$@cJh=u&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGeJ@ 0ef}uD;awGtwGuf acwfrSD tdrf,mtaqmuftOD;awG wnfaqmuf+yD;pD;aeayrJh atmuf ajc tpdk;&0efxrf;awGtwGuf tdrf,mawG tjynf@tpHk raqmufvkyf&ao;wJhtjyif a&/ rD; awGvnf; tjynf@tpHk r wwfqif&ao;wma=umifh zkwfylrD;wdkuf ajymif;a&$@vmcJh=u&wJh 0efxrf;awG[m tcuftcJrsdK;pHkeJ@ &ifqdkifcJh=u&yg w,f? 0efxrf;awGtaeeJ@ =uyfajy;udk rajymif;a&$@&if tvkyfjzKwfypfwmudk cH&rJhtjyif aemufxyfvnf; b,fvdk tpdk; &0efxrf;tvkyfrsdK;udkrS vkyfcGifhrjyKawmhbl;qdkwJh etz&J@ +cdrf;ajcmuf tuswfudkifr_awGa=umifh 0efxrf;awG[m raus reyfeJ@ vdkufygvmcJh=u&wm jzpfygw,f? ppftpdk;&u =uyfajy;+rdK@awmfopfudk 2001 ckESpfuwnf;u vsdK@0Suf+yD;wnfaqmufaecJhwm jzpfygw,f? =uyf ajy;+rdK@awmfopfaqmufvkyfa&;pDrHudef;rSm at&Sm;a0:vf/ xl;/ ,kZe/ wufcrf;/ wufvrf;/ ACE / '*Hktifwmae &Sife,f/ rufpfjrefrm/ 'rf;udk; pwJhukrR%DawGtjyif w&kwfEdkifiHydkifukrR%DawGvnf; yg0ifcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@rdom;pkeJ@ txl;&if;ESD;ol acwfysufolaX;av; udkawZydkifwJh “xl;” aqmufvkyfa&; ukrR%DeJ@ w&kwfukrR%DawGu ppfwyftwGuf vsdK@0SuftaqmuftOD;awGudk aqmufvkyfay;cJh=uw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? w&kwfeJ@ ajrmufudk&D;,m; ppftif*sifeD,mawG&J@ tultnDeJ@ etzppf&Hk;csKyftygt0if ppfwyftaqmuftOD;awGudk AHk;'%fcHEdkifatmif aqmufvkyfcJh=uwJhtjyif awmifapmif;awGrSmvnf; vd_%facgif;awGwl;+yD; trdef@ay; uGyfuJa&; &Hk;cef;awGeJ@ AHk;cdkusif;awGudk pepfwus wnfaqmufxm;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? bdef;bk&ifa[mif; avmfppf[efeJ@ om;jzpfol pwDzifavm wdk@ydkifwJh at&Sm;a0gvf ukrR%Duawmh vrf;r}uD; awGazgufvkyfzdk@ uefx&dkuf&&dScJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? =uyfajy;+rdK@awmfopf wnfaqmufa&;pDrHudef;[m tvGef}uD;rm; vGef;wma=umifh a':vmoef; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmudktoHk;jyK+yD; q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tcsdef,lwnfaqmuf&vdrR,f vdk@ qdkygw,f? +rdK@awmfopfwnfaqmufzdk@twGuf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$udk,fwdkif jrefrmjynftv,fydkif;a'oawGudk &[wf ,mOfeJ@ vSnf@vnf=unf@&_+yD;rS ysOf;rem; =uyfajy;a'orSm wnfaqmufzdk@ qHk;jzwfcJhwm jzpfygw,f? wnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;awG[m }uD;rm;us,fjyef@rSm jzpfwJhtwGuf tcsdefrwdkifcif owif;ayguf=um;r_awGrjzpfyGm;&atmif aumv[ vowif;awG }udKwifxkwfv$ifhxm;zdk@udkvnf; etzAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGu pepfwus pDpOfcJh=ua=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? jrefrmhwyfrawmfudk wyfawmfpk(2)cktjzpf jyifqifzGJ@pnf;+yD; wckudk &efukefrSm tajcjyKr,f/ usefwckudk ysOf;rem;rSm tajcjyKr,f/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a&$ref;udk 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;tjzpf &mxl;wdk;jrSifhay;+yD; ysOf;rem;rSmtajcjyKrJh wyfawmfpkudk uGyfuJcdkif;vdrR,f/ &efukefrSmtajcjyKrJh wyfawmfpkudkawmh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat;u uGyfuJ vdrR,fqdk+yD; owif;awG v$ifhcJh=uygw,f? 'gayrJh EdkifiH}uD;wcsdK@uawmh ppftpdk;&&J@ajcvSrf;awGudk }udKwifod&dSae=urSm aocsmygw,f? etzu um uG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xmetygt0if 0ef}uD;Xmetm;vHk;udk 2005 ckESpfrukefcif =uyfajy;a'oudk ajymif;a&$@tajcjyKzdk@ pDpOf ae+yDqdkwJhowif;udk (Clive Parker & Yeni) qdkwJh owif;axmuf(2)OD;u tJ'DESpf ZGefv(14)&ufae@rSmuwnf; u xkwfaz:a&;om;cJh=uwm awG@&ygw,f? olwdk@u etzt&m&dS}uD;wOD;xHu &&dSwJhowif;udktajccH+yD; xkwfaz:a&;om;cJh=uwm jzpfygw,f? etzu ZGefv(13)&ufae@rSm XmewGif; vsdK@0Suf!$ef=um;csufwapmifudk xkwfjyefcJha=umif;/ tJ'D vsdK@0Suf!$ef=um;csufxJrSm



2005 ckESpfrukefrSD 0ef}uD;Xmetm;vHk; +rdK@awmfopfudk t+yD;ajymif;a&$@Edkifatmif toifhjyifqifxm;=uzdk@/ 0ef}uD;&Hk; awGeJ@twl oufqdkif&m0efxrf;awGvnf; ajymif;a&$hvdkufyg&rSmjzpfvdkh rajymif;a&$hcsifolawGudk tvkyfjzKwfypfzdk@/ xnfh oGif;az:jyxm;a=umif; owif;axmuf(2)OD;u zGifhcsa&;om;cJh=uygw,f? (Clive Parker & Yeni) qdkwJh owif;axmuf(2)OD;&J@ a&;om;csuf[m b,favmuftxd wdusrSef uefr_&dSovJqdk&if =uyfajy;rSm v,form;awG&J@ v,f,m+cHajr O,smOfawGudk twif;t"rRodrf;ydkuf+yD; ukwif (1000)qef@ aq;&Hk}uD;eJ@ {vm av,mOfuGif;awGudkyg wnfaqmuf+yD;pD;ae+yDjzpfvdk@ ,QKtcg ppf&Hk;csKyfudk v#dK@0SufpGm pwifajymif;a&$@aea=umif;/ pGrf;tif0ef}uD;XmeeJ@ jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;Xmevnf; r=umcif ajymif;a&$@awmhrSmjzpfa=umif;/ jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;Xme vufatmufrSm&dSwJh pme,fZif;XmeawGeJ@ jrefrmhtoH/ jrefrmh&kyfjrifoH=um; pwJhXmeawGvnf; =uyfajy;udk ajymif;a&$@=u&rSmjzpfayrJh ppfwyfydkif jr0wD&kyfoHv$ifhXmeuawmh csufcsif;ajymif;a&$@OD;rSm r[kwfao; a=umif;/ tJ'Daqmif;yg;rSm twdtus xnf@oGif;a&;om;xm;wm awG@&ygw,f? etzu tJ'DvsdK@0Suf!$ef=um;csufudk xkwfjyefcJhwJh&uf[m etz0ef}uD;csKyfvnf;jzpf/ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&; t}uD;tuJvnf;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@udk &Hk;wifw&m;pGJwJh&ufeJ@ wdkufqdkifaewm awG@&ygw,f? 2004 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (19)&ufae@nrSm zrf;qD;xdrf;odrf;cHcJh&wJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@udk etz ppftm%mydkifawGu 2005 ckESpf ZGefv(13)&ufae@rSm &Hk;wifw&m;pGJqdkr_awG pwifjyKvkyfae+yDvdk@ AFP owif;Xmeu a&;om;az:jycJhygw,f? 'gayrJh etzuawmh =uyfajy;udk ajymif;a&$@ajy;zdk@ jyifqifaewJhowif;udka&m/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@udk w&m;pGJ qdkwJh owif;awGudka&m tJ'Dtcsdeftxd aAsmifvdrfzdk@}udK;pm;cJhwmudk awG@&ygw,f? ZGefv(12)&ufae@rSm usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh etz&J@owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@udk ol@&J@aetdrfrSm tus,fcsKyfcsxm;&muae tif;pdefaxmifudk a&$@vdkuf+yDqdkwJhowif;[m rSefuefygovm;vdk@ owif;axmufwOD;u ar;jref;cJh&mrSm jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfqef;u 'Dowif;awG[m tajctjrpfr&dSbl;qdk+yD; jiif;qdkoGm;cJhyg w,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@udk w&m;pGJqdkzdk@ tpDtpOf&dSr&dS owif;axmufwOD;u xyfrHar;jref;wJhtcgrSmvnf; jynfxJ a&;0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyfarmifOD; u “ajymzdk@ apmvGef;ygao;w,f” qdk +yD; a0hvnfa=umifywf ajzqdkoGm;cJhygw,f? tJ'DESpf =o*kwfv(28)&ufae@rSm jyKvkyfcJhwJh etz&J@ (6§2005) owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrSmvnf; AdkvfrSL;csKyf ausmfqef;/ AdkvfcsKyfarmifOD;eJ@ &JcsKyfcif&D wdk@ OD;aqmifwJh etzowif;xkwfjyefa&;tzGJ@u tvm;wl a0a00g;0g; ajzqdk oGm;cJhwmudk awG@&ygw,f? trsdK;orD;owif;axmufwOD;u “ppf&Hk;csKyfudk ysOf;rem;udk ajymif;a&$@zdk@pDpOfaewm rSefyg ovm;” qdk+yD; ar;jref;wJhtcg AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfqef;u “tck tcsdeftxd w&m;0if!$ef=um;csuf r&ao;ygbl;” qdk+yD; ar;cGef;udkwdkuf&dkufrajzbJ auG@ywfajz=um;oGm;cJhwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? wu,fawmh etzAdkvfcsKyfawGu b,fvdkyJ a0hvnfa=umifywfvkyf+yD; ajz=um;ae=uayrJh etzu =uyfajy; rSm bmawGvkyfaeovJqdkwmudk omreft&yfom;awG tvG,fwul tcrJh =unf@&_EdkifwJh maps.google.com qdkwJh 0bfqdkufudk wuf=unf@&ifawmif tm;vHk;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jrifawG@Edkifygw,f? tJ'D0bfqdkufrSm =uyfajy;+rdK@awmf&dS &Hk;awG taqmuftOD;awGudkomru rdwWDvm &Srf;wJ avwyfpcef;/ erf@pef/ +rdwf/ awmifil/ jrpf}uD;em;eJ@ &efukef r*Fvm'HkeJ@arSmfbDu (501)/ (502) avwyf pcef;awGudkomru ajrjyif ay:rSm wef;pD&yfxm;wJh &k&Sm;eJ@ w&kwfvkyf *sufwdkufav,mOfawGudkawmif xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awG@Edkifygw,f? tar&duefEdkifiHtygt0if acwfrSDEdkifiH}uD;awGu urBmywfvrf;a=umif;twGif; v$wfwifxm;wJh ppfbuf axmufvSrf;a&;+*dKvfwkawG qdk&ifawmh ausmufcwfvlom;awGtjzpf =uyfajy;aejynfawmfrSm *latmif;zdk@ }uHpnf ae=uwJh etzAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGeJ@ olwdk@&J@rdom;pkawGudkyg teD;uyfjrifawG@&rSm aocsmygw,f? ?

*****************************




etzppftm%m&Sif}uD;awGu bma=umifh &efukef+rdK@awmfudkpGef@cGm+yD; =uyfajy;+rdK@awmfopfudk ajymif;a&$@tajc cszdk@ qHk;jzwfcJh=uovJ/ qdkwJhar;cGef;eJ@ywfouf+yD; avhvmolawGu &_a'gifhtrsdK;rsdK;uae oHk;oyfajymqdkcJh=uygw,f?

oHk;oyfoltrsm;pkuawmh ppftm%m&SifAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGrSm pGJuyfaewJh Xenophobia ac: vlrsdK;jcm;a=umuf wwfwJh pdwfa&m*geJ@ Superstition ac: t,loD;r_awGtay: tajccH+yD; oHk;oyfcJh=uwmudk awG@&ygw,f?

etzAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGu tar&dueftygt0if taemufEdkifiHawGudk &p&mr&dSatmif trsdK;rsdK;a0bef&H_@cs ajym qdkavh&dSwJhtjyif tar&duefOD;aqmifwJh EdkifiHpHkwyfawGu yifv,fjyifeJ@ xdkif;EdkifiHbufuwqifh usL;ausmf0ifa&muf wdkufcdkufvmcJh&if olwdk@a&;qGJcsrSwfxm;wJh jynfol@ppfr[mAsL[meJ@ b,fvdkb,fyHk jyKwfjyKwfjyKef;oGm;atmif acsr_ef; ypfvdkufr,fqdk+yD; “ykqdk;+cHKxJuvufoD;jy” vkyfcJh=uygw,f? 'gayrJh tar&duef =unf;/ a&/ av wyfzGJ@awG trSef wu,f jrefrmEdkifiHteD;w0dkufudk a&mufvmwJhtcgrsdK;awGrSmawmh jrefrmppftm%m&SifAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG pdk;&drf a=umufvef@+yD; pm;r0iftdyfraysmf jzpfavh&dSygw,f?

1988 ckESpf &Spfav;vHk; 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJumv pufwbFm(12)&ufae@rSm tar&duef trSwf(7)a&wyfzGJ@u av,mOfwifoabFmwpD; tygt0if ppfoabFm(5)pif;[m &efukef+rdK@awmf&J@awmifbuf a&rdkif (190)cef@tuGm (ajrmufvwWDwG'f 14 'D*&D 57 rdepf) eJ@ (ta&S@avmif*sDwG'f 96 'D*&D 33 rdepf)rSm a&muf&dSaea=umif;/ =u,fig;yGifh aumfydka&;&Sif;ydkif tif;0oabFmu owif;ydk@cJhwJhtwGuf ppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGeJ@ olwdk@&J@rdom;pkawGtm;vHk; ta=umuf vGef+yD; aep&mae&mr&dS jzpfcJh&bl;ygw,f?

1988 tm%modrf;+yD;aemufydkif;rSmvnf; udkudk;u|ef;a&wyfpcef;u olwdk@u|ef;teD;rSm trsdK;trnfrod av ,mOfi,fawGeJ@ oabFmwcsdK@ r=umc% vl;vmacgufwkef@ ysHoef; ckwfarmif;ae=uwmudkawG@&a=umif;/ owif; ydk@avh&dSwJhtwGufvnf; ppftm%m&Sif}uD;awG &wufrat; jzpfcJh=u&ygw,f? 'ghtjyif tar&duefOD;aqmifwJh EdkifiHpHk wyfzGJ@awGu xdkif;EdkifiHrSm ESpfpOfusif;yjyKvkyfavh&dSwJh "Cobra Gold" ac: ppfa&;avhusifhr_awG p+yDqdk&ifvnf; e0w/ etz ppftm%m&SifAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG aoG;aygifcsdefwufavh&dSygw,f?

tar&duefeJ@ +AdwdefwyfzGJ@awGu 2003 ckESpf rwfv(20)&ufae@rSm tD&wfEdkifiHudk 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkuf+yD; ppf tm%m&Sif q'ef[lpdefudk zrf;qD;ta&;,lcJhwJhtcsufuvnf; jrefrmppftm%m&Sif}uD;awG&J@ pd k;&drfxdyfvef@r_udk txGËf txdyfa&mufapcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? tvdkvdkae&if; a=umufaeygw,fqdkrS xyf+yD;+zJajcmufzdk@ }udK;pm;cJholuawmh a[mvD;0k'fu udkvHbD,m &kyf&Sifukr`%D jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dukr`%Du pwJhvfof-2005 (Stealth-2005) trnf&dS tuf&Sifum;wckudk a':vmoef;(110)ausmf tukeftuscH &dkuful;xkwfvkyf+yD; 2005 ckESpf ZlvdkifvtwGif; wurBm vHk;rSm w+ydKifeuf &HkwifjyocJhygw,f?

toHxuf 4 qjref+yD; a&'gawGzrf;vdk@r&atmif wnfaqmufxm;wJh (Stealth) ac: udk,faysmuf tar&d uef AHk;}uJav,mOf}uD; (4)pif;u zdvpfydkifu|ef;pkteD;&dS av,mOfwifoabFm}uD;ay:uae (15)rdepftwGif; jrefrm jynfudk ta&mufysHoef;+yD; &efukefeJ@ysOf;rem;rSm&dSwJh etzppf&Hk;csKyfawGudk AHk;}uJwdkufcdkufum ppftm%m&Sifwpkudk okwfoifacsr_ef;cJhyHkawGudk &dkuful;xm;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?

etz AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGu =uyfajy;+rdK@awmfopfudk 2001 ckESpfuwnf;u pwifaqmufvkyfaewmjzpfayrJh wnf aqmufa&;vkyfief;awG t+yD;rowfao;cif 2005 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvqef;rSm tv#ifpvdk pwifa&$@ajymif;zdk@ qHk;jzwfcJh& wm[m (Stealth-2005) &kyf&Sifum;&J@ ya&m*awGvnf; yg0ifaumif; yg0ifEdkifw,fvdk@ ,lq&ygw,f?

tar&duefOD;aqmifwJh EdkifiHpHka&wyfzGJ@awGu b*Fvm;yifv,fjyifuwqifh urf;wufwdkufcdkufr,fqdk&if tcsdefwdktwGif; &efukef+rdK@ usqHk;oGm;Edkifw,fqdk+yD; awG;a=umufaewJh etzAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGu &efukef+rdK@&J@ ajrmuf



buf (244)rdkiftuGm yJcl;&dk;reJ@ &Srf;&dk;rt=um;rSm&dSwJh ysOf;rem;a'oudk ajymif;a&$@tajcjyK&&if tawmftoifh vHk+cHK Edkifaumif;&J@qdkwJh cyfa=umifa=umiftawG;eJ@ ajymif;a&$@zdk@qHk;jzwfcJhwmvnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f?

ysOf;rem;+rdK@[m yx0Dtaetxm;t& or&dk;usppfyGJawGtwGuf tawmftoifh vHk+cHKa&;aumif;wJha'ovdk@ qdkEdkifygw,f? ppftm%m&Sifa[mif; Akdvfae0if;[m *syefacwfrSm ol@&J@wyf&if;(1)XmecsKyfudk ysOf;rem;rSm tajcjyK zGifh vSpfcJhbl;ygw,f? =uyfajy;+rdK@awmfopf[m ysOf;rem;+rdK@&J@ taemufawmifbuf (12)rdkifcef@tuGm ysOf;rem;-awmif wGif;}uD;-v,fa0; vrf;qHkteD;rSm wnf&dSw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? etzu =uyfajy;aejynfawmfudk awmifajrmuf (11)rdkif ausmf/ ta&S@taemuf (8)rdkifeD;yg; tus,f&dSwJh ajruGufay:rSm pwifwnfaqmufaewm jzpfygw,f? aumif;uif"gwfyHkawGt& ysOf;rem;+rdK@eJ@eD;wJhbufjcrf;rSm vHk+cHKa&;tapmifhawGaexdkifzdk@vdk@ ,lq&wJh ppfbuf qdkif&mtaqmuftOD;awGudk aqmufvkyfxm;+yD; tJ'DtaqmuftOD;awG&J@ taemufzuf 2 rdkifcGJ 3 rdkifavmuf tuGm rSm 0ef}uD;&Hk;awGudk oD;jcm;pDaqmufvkyfxm;wm awG@&ygw,f? 0ef}uD;&Hk;awG[m yHkpHwlawGjzpf+yD; acgif;rdk;awGudk tjyma&mif teDa&mifawGeJ@ cs,foxm;ygw,f? 0ef}uD;&Hk;taqmuftOD;awGudk aumif;uifu=unf@wJhtcg pufjyif *%ef;cGyHkpHrsdK;/ emZD p}uFmwHqdyfyHkpHrsdK; awG@jrif&ygw,f? 0ef}uD;&Hk;taqmuftOD; (30)avmufudk awmifajrmuf (5) rdkifcGJeJ@ ta&S@taemuf (3)rdkifeD;yg;us,f0ef;wJh ajr{&d,may:rSm wnfaqmufxm;wm jzpfygw,f? awmifbufrSm&dSwJh acsmif;r}uD; a&umwmteD;rSmawmh tpdk;&{nf@&dyfomawGudk wnfaqmufxm;w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? 0ef}uD;&Hk;awG&J@awmifzufrSm 0efxrf;tdrf,mawGeJ@ aps;awGudk wnfaqmufaeygw,f? =uyfajy; avqdyfudk =uyfajy;+rdK@awmfopf&J@awmifbuf (8)rdkifcef@tuGmrSm&dSwJh {vm+rdK@teD;rSm wnfaqmufxm;ygw,f? ppf&Hk;csKyf tyg t0if ta&;}uD;wJh ppfbufqdkif&mtaqmuftOD;awGudkawmh ysOf;rem;+rdK@&J@ ta&S@ajrmufbufrSm awmawmifawG tumtuG,f,l+yD; oD;jcm;cGJ wnfaqmufxm;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? avhvmolwcsdK@uawmh etzAdkvfcsKyfawGeJ@ olwdk@&J@rdom;pkawG t&l;x+yD; “,=wm”acswJhtaeeJ@ =uyfajy; udkajymif;zdk@ qHk;jzwfwmjzpfEdkifw,fvdk@ oHk;oyf=uwm awG@&ygw,f? ysOf;rem;+rdK@&J@ t&yfav;rsufESmrSm wnf&dSaewJh +rdK@awG[m (9)*%ef;awG jzpfaewJhtwGuf aA'if/ ,=wmawGudk ,Hk=unfvGef;wJh etzxdyfoD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGu udk;e0if;ausatmif tJ'Dt&yfudk ajymif;a&$@zdk@ qHk;jzwfcJh=uwmjzpfw,fvdk@ ,lqae=uygw,f? ysOf;rem;+rdK@udk ta&S@ zufrSm (yifavmif;)/ taemufzufrSm (rif;vS)/ awmifzufrSm (awmifil)eJ@ ajrmufzufrSm (wyfukef;) pwJh+rdK@awGu t oD;oD; 0ef;&Hxm;=uygw,f? 'D+rdK@awG&J@trnfawGudk ae@eHudef;*%ef;awGeJ@ wGufcsuf=unf@&if tm;vHk; (9)*%ef; jzpf aewmudk awG@&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh etzAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGu 'Da'oudka&G;cs,fcJhwm jzpfEdkifw,fvdk@ axmufjy=uyg w,f? etzAdkvfcsKyfawGtaeeJ@ ppf&Hk;csKyftygt0if tpdk;&&Hk;awGtm;vHk;udk =uyfajy;udkajymif;a&$@zdk@ qHk;jzwfcJhwm [m “yGJ=urf;”zdk@ jyifqifwm jzpfEdkifw,f/ etz u olwdk@&J@ Road Map (7)csufudk r&/ &wJhenf;eJ@ atmifjrif atmifvkyfaqmifoGm;zdk@ tcdkiftrmqHk;jzwfxm;+yD; jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;eJ@a&m/ typf&yftzGJ@awGeJ@a&m/ EdkifiHwum eJ@yg xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifoGm;zdk@ “cHppf” jyifaewm jzpfw,f/ etzppf&Hk;csKyfeJ@ 0ef}uD;XmeawG &efukefrSmquf&dSaer,fqdk &if &Spfav;vHk;umvwkef;uvdk taxGaxGvlxktHkºuGr_}uD;awG jzpfay:vmwJhtcg vlxktiftm;eJ@ 0dkif;0ef;ydwfqdk@ wmudk cH&EdkifwJhtjyif vHk+cHKa&;tapmifhwyfom;awGudk,fwdkif qENjy &[ef;&Sifvl jynfolvlxkeJ@ yl;aygif;oGm;+yD; zdvpf ydkifEdkifiHrSmvdk ppftm%m&SifawGbuf aoewfajymif;vSnf@vmrJhtajctaeudk }udKwifa&Smif&Sm;Edkifzdk@twGuf =uyfajy; udkajymif;a&$@zdk@ qHk;jzwfcJh&wmjzpfEdkifw,fvdk@ ,lqolawGvnf; &dScJhygw,f?

=uyfajy;udk rajymif;a&$@cif 2005 ckESpf =o*kwfv(28)&ufae@rSm jyKvkyfcJhwJh owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrSm jrefrm wdkif;rfpfowif;*sme,f owif;axmuf a':EG,fEG,fat;u “ysOf;rem;udk ajymif;a&$@r,fqdkwJhowif; rSefuefygovm;” vdk@ ar;jref;cJhpOf “tv,fydkif;udpPu uae@tcsdeftxd usaemfwdk@wawGudk w&m;0if!$ef=um;csuf bmwpfckrS r&dSyg bl;” vdk@ a0hvnfa=umifywf ajzqdkoGm;cJhwJh jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfqef;u 2005 Edk0ifbm(7)&ufae@ (etz0ef}uD;&Hk;awG =uyfajy;+rdK@awmfopfudk w&m;0ifpwifajymif;a&$@cJh+yD; aemufwae@) rSm pHcsdefwif&rJh twdkqHk; owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwckudk &efukef+rdK@rSm usif;yjyKvkyfcJhygw,f?



nae(3)em&DrSm pwifcJhwJh owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ[m nae(3 em&D 5 rdepf)rSm +yD;qHk;oGm;cJhygw,f? 'Dowif;pm &Sif;vif;yGJudk cgwdkif;vdk etz owif;xkwfjyefa&;tzGJ@0ifawGeJ@ ppfbuft&yfbuf t&m&dS}uD;qdkolawG w+yHKwr}uD; wufa&mufcJhjcif;r&dSbJ jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfqef;wa,mufwnf; &SLodk;odk;eJ@ a&muf&dSvm+yD; “tpdk;& &Hk;awGudk ysOf;rem;a'oudk ajymif;a&$@r,f/ e,fpyfa'oeJ@ aus;&GmawGtygt0if jrefrmEdkifiHw0Srf;udk tkyfcsKyf&wm vG,fulatmif vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;t& A[dkuswJh jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif;udk ajymif;a&$@&wmjzpfw,f? ajymif;a&$@&rJ@ 0efxrf;awGtwGuf aea&;xdkifa&;eJ@ usef;rma&;tjyif uav;awG&J@ ynma&;utp tzufzufu tjynf@tpHk jyif qifxm;w,f?” vdk@ cyfwdkwdkajym+yD; csufcsif;xvpfzdk@ }udK;pm;cJhygw,f?

'gayrJh owif;axmuf (30-40)avmufu wHcg;0uydwf+yD; 0dkif;tHkar;jref;cJhwJhtwGuf Adkvfausmfqef;u raus rvnfyHkpHeJ@ tusOf;csHK;+yD; ajz=um;cJhwmudk awG@&ygw,f? &dkufwmowif;axmuf OD;atmifvSxGef; u “tar&duef wyfawG vmwdkufrSmudkpdk;&drfvdk@ ajymif;wmvm;/” vdk@ 'Jh'dk;ar;jref;wJhtcg AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfqef;u “tar&duefwyf awG vmwdkufr,fvdk@ cifAsm;udk b,folajymovJ/” “tar&duefawGu cifAsm;udk statement }udKay;xm;ovm;?” vdk@ bkawmcJhygw,f? wjcm;owif;axmufwOD;uvnf; “vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;udpPtjyif wjcm;bmta=umif;awG &dSvdk@ ysOf;rem;+rdK@udk ajymif;&wmvJ/” qdkwJhar;cGef;udk ar;jref;cJhygw,f? 'Dar;cGef;udkvnf; wdkuf&dkufrajzbJ “tcsdef wef&if od&rSmaygh/”vdk@ wHk;wdwd ajzqdkoGm;cJhygw,f?

aemufwa,mufuvnf; “0efxrf;awGbufu rajymif;a&$@ Edkifbl;qdk&ifaum ta&;,lrSmvm;/” vdk@ ar;jref; wJhtcg “0efxrf;qdk&if 0efxrf;pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;twdkif; ta&;,lr,f/” vdk@ cyfwif;wif; ajzqdkcJhygw,f? “ajymif;a&$@ zdk@twGuf b,ftcsdefudk aemufqHk;tcsdeftjzpf owfrSwfxm;ygovJ”vdk@ ar;jref;&mrSmvnf; “oifhawmfwJhtcsdef ajymyghr,f” vdk@om cyfwdkwdk ajzqdkcJhygw,f? usefwJhowif;axmufawGuvnf; “rdom;pk0ifawG vdkufvdk@&ovm;”/ “tJ'Dae&mudk rdom;pkawG aqGrsdK; awG oGm;a&mufvnfywfcGifh &Sdovm;”/ qdkwJh ar;cGef;awGudk 0dkif;+yD;ar;jref;cJh=uygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dar;cGef;awGudkawmh AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfqef;u bmwpfckrS jyefrajzcJhygbl;? ,kwfpGtqHk; “tckajymif;a&$@wJhae&mudk bmvdk@ ac:ygovJ”/ vdk@ ar;wmudkawmif “aemiftcsdefwef&if ajymyghr,f” vdk@om +yD;pvG,fajzqdk+yD; 'a&maomyg;eJ@ xGufoGm;cJhygw,f? owif;axmufawG 0dkif;0ef;ar;jref;cJhpOfu =uyfajy;+rdK@awmfopf&J@trnfudk AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfqef; csufcsif; rajzqdkEdkifcJhwm[m +rdK@awmfopf&J@trnftwGuf awmf0ifrdom;pktwGif;rSm tjiif;tcHkjzpfae+yD; w&m;0if twnfjyK csuf rxkwfjyefEdkifao;wma=umifh jzpfygw,f? a':}udKif}udKif udk;uG,fwJh bdk;awmfawGu +rdK@awmfopfudk “&ef&Sif;” 'grSr[kwf “&efpif” vdk@ trnfay;zdk@ tcgawmfay;cJh=uayrJh bk&if&l; &l;aewJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u 'Dw}udrfrSm awmh rdzk&m;acgif}uD;&J@pum;udk ADwdktm%meJ@y,fcscJh+yD; “aejynfawmf”vdk@ trnfay;cJhygw,f? rdzk&m;acgif}uD; a&$ pdwfawmfr!d_;&atmif &ef&Sif;/ &efpif qdkwJh t"dy`g,frsdK;&dSwJh apwDwqludk ,=wmacswJhtaeeJ@ wnfay;yghr,fvdk@ uwdjyKcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? ?

*****************************




2005 ckESpf Edk0ifbm(6)&ufae@ reuf (6)em&DcGJwdwdrSm ysOf;rem; =uyfajy;a'oudk etzppftpdk;&&Hk;awG &kwf w&uf ajymif;a&$@oGm;wJhowif;udk urBmhuvnf; txl;pdwf0ifpm;=uwm awG@&ygw,f? urBmhowif;pmawG/ &kyfjrif oH=um;awGeJ@ a&'D,dkawGrSm yvlysHatmif az:jy=uwmawG@&ygw,f? wjcm;EdkifiHwcsdK@rSmvnf; +rdK@awmfawG ajymif;a&$@ =uwm&dScJhayrJh etzu =uyfajy;udk +rdK@awmfajymif;a&$@wJhowif;avmuf vlawGu pdwfr0ifpm;cJh=uygbl;? 1995 ckESpfu rav;&Sm;EdkifiHrSm tpdk;&&Hk;awGudk *sumwm+rdK@awmfuae ylx&m*sm&m +rdK@opfudk ajymif;a&$@ oGm;cJhayrJh urBmhowif;rD'D,mawGrSm tckavmuftm&Hkpdkuf+yD; a&;om;az:jycJh=uwm rawG@&ygbl;? rav;&Sm; tpdk;& u +rdK@awmfajymif;a&$@rJh qHk;jzwfcsufeJ@ +rdK@awmfopf wnfaqmufaer_awGudk v#dK@0Sufrxm;bJ jynfolvlxkudk tcsdefeJ@ wajy;nD today;aecJhwma=umifh +rdK@awmfajymif;a&$@wJhtcg b,folrS txl;tqef;rjzpfawmhwm jzpfygw,f? "Top Secret Bottom Open" qdkwJh etz ppfAdkvfcsKyfawGuawmh +rdK@awmfopf wnfaqmufaewJh owif;udk xdyfwef;vsdK@0SuftjzpfeJ@ xm;&dScJh&mu Edk0ifbmv(6)&ufae@rSm &kwfw&uf az:xkwftoday;vdkufwm a=umifh =uyfajy; +rdK@awmfopfudk jynfwGif;jynfyu ydk+yD;pdwf0ifpm;cJh=uwm jzpfEdkifygw,f? wjcm;EdkifiHawGrSm +rdK@awmfawGudk ae&majymif;a&$@wJhtcg etzvdk xdyfwef;vsdK@0Sufxm;+yD; ajymif;a&$@wmrsdK; rawG@&ygbl;? urBmppfeJ@ jynfwGif;ppfumvawGrSm vHk+cHKa&;t& v#dK@0Sufxm;zdk@vdktyfvdk@ +rdK@awmfajymif;a&$@wJh udpPudk xdyfwef;v#dK@0Suftqifh owfrSwfcJh&wmygvdk@ etzAdkvfcsKyfawGu ta=umif;jycJhr,fqdk&if jrefrmjynfolawGomru urBmuyg etztay: em;vnfay;Edkif=urSm aocsmygw,f? 'gayrJh etz&J@ ajym&Jqdk&J&dSol AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfqef;u “e,fpyfa'oeJ@ aus;&GmawGtygt0if jrefrmEdkifiH w0Srf;udk tkyfcsKyf&wm vG,fulatmif vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;t& A[dkuswJh jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif;udk ajymif;a&$@&wm jzpfw,f” qdkwJh ta=umif;jycsufuawmh =um;od&oltaygif;twGuf [mowyk'f jzpfapcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? ysOf;rem;xufvnf; tv,fA[dk ydkuswJhtjyif wcsdefu rif;aejynfawmfjzpfcJhwJh rEWav;+rdK@udk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ ra&G;cs,f&wJhta=umif;&if;u rEWav;udk w&kwfEdkifiHudk a&mif;pm;xm;wma=umifh jzpfEdkifw,fqkd+yD; t&GJ@wdkufajymqdk r_awGvnf; ay:xGufcJhygw,f? wyfrawmfom;awGtygt0if jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk; qif;&J'kuQrsdK;pHkeJ@ &ifqdkifae&cdsefrSm a':vmoef; axmif aygif;rsm;pGm ukefus+yD; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tcsdef,lwnfaqmuf&rJh =uyfajy;+rdK@awmfopfudk ajymif;a&$@cJh&wm[m vrf; yef;qufoG,fa&;t& A[dkusvdk@ wdkif;jynfudktkyfcsKyf&mrSm vG,fulatmif vkyf&jcif;jzpfygw,fqdkwJh AdkvfrSL;csKyf ausmfqef;&J@ ta=umif;jycsuftay: jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif;rSmvnf; rauseyfr_awG ay:aygufcJha=umif; od&dS&yg w,f? 'ga=umifh 2006 ckESpf pufwbFm (10)&ufae@rS (15)&ufae@txd =uyfajy;aejynfawmfrSm usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh etz&J@ 2006 ckESpf wwd,av;vywf ppfqifa&;n‡dEd_if;tpnf;ta0;rSm etzOuUX AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ udk,f wdkif Heart Land Theory qdkwmudk zefwD;+yD; olbma=umifh =uyfajy;udk ajymif;a&$@cJh&ovJqdkwmudk wdkif;rSL;awG/ wyfrrSL;awG/ pucrSL;awGeJ@ ppf&Hk;csKyfu tulvuf&Hk;wyfrSL;awGudk tus,fw0ifh csjy&Sif;vif;wmawG vkyfcJh&ygw,f? “vHk+cHKa&;t*Fg&yfeJ@tnD o[Zmwjzpf+yD; xdcdkufr_enf;wJhae&m/ oGm;vmqufqHr_ aumif;wJhae&m/ 'gawG udk a&G;cs,f+yD; aejynfawmfudk wnfaqmufcJhwmjzpfw,f? Historical Point of View t& =unfh=unfh/ Back- ground History t& =unfh=unfh/ Heart Land Theory eJ@tnD wnfaqmufxm;wm jzpfw,f”? “wdkif;eJ@jynfe,f (14)ckeJ@ tvG,fwul qufoG,fEdkifwJhae&m/ xufatmuf0J,mrSm wnf&dSae=uwJh ppfwdkif; XmecsKyfawGudk tvG,fwul tkyfcsKyfuGyfuJEdkifwJhae&mrSm wnfaqmufxm;wmjzpfw,f? ay:aygufvmrJh tajctae awGeJ@tnD Logistic Value, Tactical Value, Economic value, Social Value awGeJ@udkufnDwJh Strong



Background e,fajrjzpfzdk@ odyfta&;}uD;w,f? Political Problem, Logical Problem, Logistical Problem awG r&dSwJhae&mudk a&G;cs,fEdkifzdk@ ydkta&;}uD;w,f?” qdk+yD; ol@&J@tajrmftjrif}uD;yHkawGudk &Sif;jycJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;&J@ &Sif;vif;csuf[m “vrf;yrf;qufoG,fa&;tqifajyvdk@ ajymif;&wmyg” qdkwJh jyef=um;a&; 0ef}uD;&J@ wHk;wdwdajymqdkcsufeJ@pm&if ,kwWd,kwWm enf;enf;ydk&dSwJhtwGuf wdkif;rSL;awG/ wyfrrSL;awG/ pucrSL;awGu auseyfvuQHoGm;=ua=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'gayrJh &efukef+rdK@awmfuae rajymif;a&$@csifwJh ppf&Hk;csKyf vuf&Hk;tul0ef xrf;wyfawG&J@ !$ef=um;a&;rSL;awGeJ@ 0ef}uD;awGuawmh odyfrauseyf=ubl;vdk@ qdkygw,f? wjcm;EdkifiHwcsdK@rSmvnf; ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;a=umifh olwdk@&J@+rdK@awmfawGudk ae&majymif;a&$@cJh&wmawG/ ae&m ajymif;a&$@zdk@ jyifqifaewmawG&dSygw,f? tD&efEdkifiH&J@+rdK@awmf “wD[D&ef” udk iv#if'%fu uif;a0;EdkifrJh oifhawmfwJh ae&mwpfckckudk ajymif;a&$@zdk@ pOf;pm;ae=uovdk awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiH&J@+rdK@awmf “qdk;vf” udkvnf; ajrmufudk&D;,m; e,fpyfeJ@ a0;wJhae&mwckudk ajymif;a&$@zdk@ pOf;pm;ae=uwmawGvnf; &dSygw,f? tJ'DEdkifiHawG[m aiGa=u;eJ@enf;ynm csrf;omºuG,f0wJh EdkifiHawGjzpfwJhtav#muf +rdK@awmftopfwpfckudk ESpf tenf;i,ftwGif; wnfaqmufEdkifpGrf; &dS=uygw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'DEdkifiHawGrSm tpdk;&tm%mydkifawGu +rdK@awmfudk udk,fh oabmeJ@udk,f ajymif;csifovdk ajymif;a&$@wmrsdK; vkyfcGifhr&dSygbl;? olwdk@udk vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mawG ay;tyfxm;wJh rJ qEN&Sif tcGefxrf;jynfoltrsm;pk&J@ oabmwlnDcsufawGudk &,l+yD;rSom ajymif;a&$@EdkifrSmrdk@ v$wfawmf tpnf;ta0; awGrSm 'DudpPawGudk t}udrf}udrfwifjy aqG;aEG;ae=uqJ jzpfygw,f? jynfolvlxku vufcHvmatmifvnf; vlxk qufoG,fa&;enf;vrf;awGudk toHk;jyK+yD; ynmay;pnf;&Hk;r_awG jyKvkyfae=u&qJ jzpfygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHrSmawmh ppftm%m&SifawGu jynfolawG pm;0wfaea&; qif;&J=uyfwnf;aewmudk *&krpdkufygbl;? ‘vHk;0’ xnfhrpOf;pm;ygbl;? udk,fhtouftEW&,feJ@ tm%m/ pnf;pdrfOpPmawG wnf+rJzdk@udkom OD;pm;ay; qHk;jzwfcJhwm awG@Edkifygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; etz ppftm%m&SifawG&J@vkyf&yfudk jynfwGif;jynfyu trsdK;rsdK; a0zefajymqdkae=u wm jzpfygw,f? Edk0ifbmv(8)&ufae@xkwf The London Times owif;pmu aA'if,=wmawGudk tvGef,Hk=unf tm; udk;wJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$udk oludk;uG,fwJh txufq&m}uD;awGu tajymif;tvJvkyfzdk@ tcgay;wJhtwGuf Edk0if bm (6)&ufae@ reuf(6)em&DcGJwdwdrSm 0ef}uD;&Hk;(9)cku 0efxrf;awGtm;vHk; w+ydKifwnf; ajymif;a&$@zdk@ !$ef=um;cJhwm jzpfw,fvdk@ a&;om;az:jycJhygw,f? a&S@jrefrmhbk&ifawGvufxufrSm xD;opfeef;opfawG wnfaxmif=uovdk AdkvfcsKyf rSL;}uD; oef;a&$uvnf; =uyfajy;eef;opfwnfwm jzpfEdkifw,fvdk@vnf; a0zefa&;om;cJhygw,f? Financial Times owif;pm}uD;uvnf; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u rif;wkef;rif;}uD;udk tm;us+yD; xD;eef;opfwnfwm jzpfEdkifw,fvdk@ a&;om;az:jycJhygw,f? Edk0ifbmv(8)&ufae@xkwf The Bangkok Post owif;pmrSmawmh aqmif;yg;&Sif owif;pmq&m v,f&D a*s*if u 'D&l;a=umifa=umif tpDtpOf[m AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ tpDtpOfjzpfw,fvdk@ a&;om;cJhygw,f? taemuf EdkifiHawGu yifv,fbufu0ifwdkufrSmudk pdk;&drfvGef+yD; ajymif;a&$@zdk@ qHk;jzwfcJhwmjzpfw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? &efukefrSm aexdkifwJh 0efxrf;awGudk ppftpdk;&u tckvdk twif;t=uyf ajymif;a&$@cdkif;awmhrSyJ 0efxrf;awGeJ@ jrefrmjynfolawG [m e,fpyfa'ou wdkif;&if;om;aus;&GmawGudk ppftpdk;&u twif;t=uyf ae&majymif;a&$@ ypfaewJhowif;awGudk ydkrdk,Hk=unfvuQHvm=uw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? tJ'Dae@xkwf The Telegraph owif;pm}uD;uawmh etzAdkvfcsKyfawG[m w&kwfjynfeJ@eD;&if olwdk@ twGuf ydkvHk+cHKvdrR,fvdk@,lq+yD; =uyfajy;udkajymif;wmjzpfw,f/ +rdK@awmfajymif;a&$@c ukefuspm;&dwfwcsdK@udk w&kwf tpdk;&u axmufyHhay;cJhw,f/ etzu aemufwufrJh t&yfom;tpdk;&udk =uyfajy;uaexdrf;csKyfzdk@ }uH&G,fae[ef&dS w,fvdk@ a0zefa&;om;cJhygw,f? &JabmfoHk;usdwf0if AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; ausmfaZmuawmh &efukefrSm vlxktHkºuGr_awG jzpfay:vmEdkifwJh tajc taeawGa=umifh etzAdkvfcsKyfawG =uyfajy;t&yfudk xGufajy;=uwmjzpfEdkifw,fvdk@ RFA owif;Xmeudk ajymqdkcJhyg w,f?



w&kwf “qif[Gm” owif;Xmeuawmh etzAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGtaeeJ@ olwdk@&J@vHk+cHKa&;eJ@ EdkifiHjcm;om;a=umuf a&m*ga=umifh tpdk;&&Hk;awGudk ysOf;rem;udka&$@ajymif;cJhayrJh +rdK@awmfudkawmh &efukefrSmyJ qufxm;Edkifw,fqdk+yD; Ekd0if bm(7) &ufae@rSm a&;om;cJhygw,f? rav;&Sm;EdkifiHrSm tpdk;&&Hk;awGudk “ylx&m*sm&m” udk ajymif;a&$@zGifhvSpfxm;ayrJh +rdK@awmfudkawmh “uGmvm vrfyl” udkyJ qufvuftodtrSwfjyKxm;wm awG@&dS&ygw,f? xdk@enf;wl e,fomvefEdkifiHrSmvnf; tpdk;&&Hk;awGeJ@ w&m;&Hk;csKyfudk o[dwf*f (The Hague) qdkwJh +rdK@uav;rSm zGifhvSpfxm;ayrJh +rdK@awmfudkawmh “trfpwm'rf” udk om qufvuf owfrSwfxm;ygw,f? jrefrmppftm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGuawmh =uyfajy;aejynfawmfudk wnfaqmufzdk@ pdwful;r&dScifu “xl; jcm;onfh tajctae&dSonfh &efukef+rdK@awmfESifh udkudk;u|ef;+rdK@e,fwdk@tm; EdkifiHawmforRw. wkduf&dkuftkyfcsKyfr_ atmufwGif xm;&dSonfh jynfaxmifpke,fajr(2)cktjzpf xm;&dSrnf” qdk+yD; zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'twGuf tao;pdwf tajccH&rJhrlawGxJrSm twdtus xnfhoGif;a&;qGJ jyÏmef;xm;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh 2005 ESpfukefydkif;rSm =uyfajy;udk tvHk; t&if;eJ@ ajymif;ajy;+yD;aemuf “EdkifiHawmf. +rdK@awmfjzpfonfh aejynfawmfudk EdkifiHawmforRw. wdkuf&dkuf tkyfcsKyfr_ atmufwGifxm;&dSonfh jynfaxmifpke,fajrtjzpf owfrSwfonf?” qdk+yD; t&Sufr&dS/ oduQmr&SD “ck qDxRif;/ ck pmav; a=umf ” vkyfcJh=uwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? e&oD[yawhrif;[m w&kwf&efudka=umuf+yD; yk*HuaexGufajy;wJhtwGuf “w&kwfajy;rif;” vdk@ jrefrm &mZ0ifrSm pmwifcHcJh&ygw,f? tck etztm%modrf;ppfacgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[mvnf; tar&duefudk a=umufvdk@ &efukefu xGufajy;cJhwmrSef&if jrefrmhordkif;rSm “tar&duefajy;rif;” vdk@ owfrSwf=urvm;/ 'grSr[kwf “=uyfajy;rif;”vdk@ owfrSwf=urvm;/ qdkwmudkawmh wcsdefcsdefrSm jrefrmjynfolawGu qHk;jzwf=urSm jzpfygw,f?

*****************************




etzu =uyfajy;udk tv#ifpvdk ajymif;a&$@ajy;zdk@ qHk;jzwf&wJhta=umif;&if;awGxJrSm ppftkyfpktwGif;u tuGJ t+yJawGtygt0if vufonfray:wJh AHk;aygufuGJr_awGeJ@ t=urf;zufwdkufcdkufcH&r_awGvnf; yg0ifEdkifygw,f?

e0w/ etz ppftpdk;&acwfrSm 1989 ckESpf Zlvdkifv(7)&ufae@eJ@ (10)&ufae@awGrSm jzpfyGm;cJhwJh oHv#if a&eH csufpuf&Hk AHk;aygufuGJr_eJ@ &efukef+rdK@awmfcef;r AHk;aygufuGJr_awGup+yD; rsufarSmufumvtxd jrefrmEdkifiH tESH@tjym; rSm AHk;aygufuGJr_awG woDwwef;}uD;jzpfyGm;cJhwm awG@Edkifygw,f? AHk;aygufuGJr_jzpfpOfawG trsm;tjym;&dScJhwJhteuf w csdK@aygufuGJr_awGuom ppfacgif;aqmifawGeJ@ olwdk@&J@ rdom;pkawGtygt0if ppfa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ypfrSwfawGudk pepfwus a&G;cs,fwdkufcdkufcJhwmjzpfvdk@ ppftkyfpkudk wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;apcJhwm awG@&ygw,f?

e0w twGif;a&;rSL;(2)udk ypfrSwfxm;yHk&wJh 1996 ckESpf 'DZifbm(25)&ufae@n &efukefurBmat; r[mygoe vd_if*l w&kwfpG,fawmfylaZmfyGJ AHk;aygufuGJr_eJ@ 1997 ckESpf {+yD(6)&uf e0wtwGif;a&;rSL;(2)aetdrf pmtdyf AHk;ayguf uGJr_awGuawmh ppftkyfpkeJ@ olwdk@todkif;t0dkif;udk txl;xdyfvef@wkefv_yfapcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? &efukef+rdK@ay:rSm AHk; aygufuGJr_awGtjyif a&mhuuf'Hk;usnfawGeJ@ ypfcwfwdkufcdkufr_awG/ armif;jyefvufeufi,fawGeJ@ ypfcwfwdkufcdkufr_ awGvnf; jzpfyGm;cJhbl;ygw,f?

ppftkyfpkudk xdyfvef@wHkv_yfapcJhwJh wdkufcdkufr_awGxJrSm 2003 ckESpf =o*kwfv(20)&ufae@ reufapmapm (2) em&DcGJavmufrSm jzpfyGm;cJhwJh &efukef =unfhjrifwdkifqdyfurf;teD;u 'Hk;usnfwdkufcdkufr_wpfckvnf; tygt0if jzpfyg w,f? vd_ifjrpftwGif;rSm qdkufuyfxm;wJh etza&wyf ppfa&,mOf(2)pD;udk trnfrodtzGJ@wpfcku =unfhjrifwdkif qdyf urf;teD;&dS ausmufrD;aoG;0if;twGif;uae RPG (3.5) 'Hk;ypfavmifcsm (2)vufeJ@ (3)csufwdwd ypfcwfcJhwJh twGuf vd_ifjrpfv,frSm ausmufcs&yfem;xm;wJh a&wyfoabFmwpfpif;&J@ OD;acgif;ydkif;udk 'Hk;usnfxdrSefcJh+yD; rD;avmif ysufpD; oGm;cJh&ygw,f?

2002 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvtwGif;uvnf; &efukef r*Fvm'Hkavwyfpcef;udk 'Hk;usnfeJ@ ypfcwfwdkufcdkufrJh tpDtpOf wpfckudk etzu tcsdefrSDaz:xkwfEdkifcJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? &efukef tjynfjynfqdkif&mavqdyfeJ@ wpfrdkifcef@tuGmrSm&dS wJh opfyifwpfckay:rSm r*Fvm'Hkavwyfpcef;udkypfcwfzdk@ csdefudkufjyifqifxm;w,fqdkwJh Omhch 69 trsdK;tpm; a&mhuufavmifcsm(2)ckudk 2002 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv(6)&ufae@rSm &SmazGawG@&dScJha=umif; etzu xkwfaz:a=unmcJhbl; ygw,f? xHk;pHtwdkif; wdkufcdkufzdk@pDpOfcJholawGeJ@ wdkufcdkufolawGudk vufyl;vufuswf zrf;qD;&rdjcif;r&dScJhayrJh tcif; jzpfyGm;&mrSm toHk;jyKcJhwJhvufeufawG[m KNU tzGJ@u toHk;jyKavh&dSwJh vufeufawGtjzpfqdk+yD; ppftpdk;&u &rf; orf;pGyfpGJcJhwm awG@&ygw,f?

'ghtjyif a[mvD;0k'f tuf&Sif &kyf&SifZmwfum;wpfckvdk &efukef+rdK@ay:rSm vHk+cHKa&;wyfzGJ@awGeJ@ typf&yftzGJ@wck wdk@t=um; armif;jyefvufeufi,fawGeJ@ tjyeftvSef ypfcwfwdkufcdkufr_wpfckvnf; jzpfyGm;cJhygw,f? 'DudpPrSmawmh ppftpdk;&u b,fol@udkrS rpGyfpGJwJhtjyif w&m;cHtpm;xdk; ta&;,ljy+yD; zHk;zHk;zdzd vkyfay;cJhwm awG@&ygw,f?

=uyfajy;rSm wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;awG t+yD;rowfao;cif 2005 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvtwGif;rSm uaomu arsmajymif;a&$@zdk@ qHk;jzwfcJh&wJh vwfwavmta=umif;&if;awGxJrSm tJ'DESpf arv(7)&ufae@u &efukef+rdK@ay:rSm jzpfyGm;cJhwJh AHk;aygufuGJr_awGvnf; yg0ifaewmudk awG@&dS&ygw,f? tJ'Dae@u &efukef+rdK@&dS *sef@&Sif;pifwm plygrm;uuf tygt0if vlpnfum;&mukefwdkufwcsdK@rSm jzpfyGm;cJhwJh AHk;aygufuGJr_awGa=umifh vl(60) eD;yg; aoqHk;cJh+yD; trsm;tjym; '%f&m&&dScJhygw,f? (ppftpdk;&url vl 20 eD;yg;om aoqHk;cJhonf[k owif;xkwfjyefcJhonf?)

'DazgufcGJwdkufcdkufr_udk jynfyEdkifiH}uD;wpfcku emrnfausmftzGJ@tpnf;}uD;wckeJ@ jynfya&mufjrefrmtwdkuf tcHawG yl;aygif;usL;vGefcJhwmqdk+yD; ppftpdk;&u xHk;pHtwdkif; csufcsif;pGyfpGJcJhygw,f? ar(7)&uf AHk;uGJr_awGjzpfyGm;+yD; odyfr=umcifrSm etzu olwdk@udkvkyf}uHzdk@twGuf qef@usifbuftzGJ@tpnf;aygif; (40)ausmfu txl;avhusifh oif



wef;ay;xm;wJh taocHwdkufcdkufa&;orm; (197)OD; jynfwGif;rSma&muf&dSae+yDqdk+yD; uu§=unf;eJ@ jrefrmEdkifiH &Jwyf zGJ@udk vsdK@0Suf!$ef=um;cJhygw,f? EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJqdkolawG&J@ &efukef+rdK@wGif; c&D;pOfawGrSm acgif;aqmif}uD;awG&J@,mOfwef;udk vrf;ab; 0J,mrSm&dSwJh wdkufacgifrdk;awGay:uae vufajzmifht=urf;zuform;awGu rypfcwfEdkifatmif }udKwif&Sif;vif; ae&m ,lxm;zdk@/ um;AHk;cGJwdkufcdkufr_ rcH&atmif vrf;ab;rSm &yfxm;wJhum;awGudk aphaphpyfpyf }udKwifppfaq;=uzdk@/ acgif; aqmif}uD;awGeJ@ rdom;pkawG bk&m;oGm;ausmif;wuf vkyfjyrJhae&mawGrSm&dSwJh bk&m;yef;tdk;awGeJ@ taqmufOD;rsuf ESmusufawGutp aoaocsmcsm rdkif;&Sif;xm;=uzdk@/ t}uD;tuJawGeJ@ olwdk@&J@rdom;pkawGudkay;wJh vufaqmif ypPnf;awGudk vl}uD;awG&J@vufxJudk wdkuf&dkufxnf@ray;yJ ppfbufa&;&mvHk+cHKa&;tzGJ@u ppfaq;+yD;rS aetdrft a&muf ydk@aqmifay;zdk@/ owif;uGef,ufawGudk bkef;}uD;ausmif;awG/ &yfuGuf/ aus;&GmawGrSmyg wnfaqmuf xm;+yD; vufOD; r_&dSatmif aqmif&Gufxm;=uzdk@ uu§=unf;u vHk+cHKa&;tzGJ@tpnf;awGudk !$ef=um;csuf xkwfjyefcJhygw,f?

jrefrmEdkifiH&JwyfzGJ@uvnf; t}uD;tuJawG&J@ ZeD;om;orD;awG ygwDyGJ/ EdkufuvyfeJ@ tvSjyifqdkifawGudk oGm; a&mufwJhtcg vHk+cHKa&;udk cgwdkif;xufydk+yD; txl;*&kpdkuf vkyfaqmifay;zdk@/ !$ef=um;csuf xkwfjyefcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? 'D!$ef=um;csufeJ@ywfouf+yD; &efukef+rdK@u 0ef}uD;wpfOD;&J@aetdrfrSm vHk+cHKa&;wm0ef ,lay;cJh&bl;wJh &Jt&m&dSwOD;u “olwdk@om;awG avmif;upm;0dkif;oGm;vnf; aemufuvdkufay;&/ raumif;wJhtdrfoGm;vnf; aemufuvdkufay;&/ olwdk@orD;awG tvSjyifqdkifoGm;vnf; aemufuvdkufay;&/ olwdk@ZeD;awG bdk;awmftdrfoGm;vnf; aemufuvdkufay; ae&awmh usaemfhwm0efubmvJvdk@ jyefpOf;pm;vmrdw,f/ pOf;pm;rdawmh &Sufvmw,f/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGu jynfol awGudkowfwHk;u &uf&ufpufpuf owfcJh=u+yD; olwdk@cH&rSmudkawmh awG;rdwdkif; a=umufvef@aeyHk&w,f/ tajctjrpf r&dSwJhowif;awG xGufvmwJhtcgwdkif; usaemfwdk@vdk vHk+cHKa&;wm0ef,l&olawG 'kuQa&muf=u&w,f ” vdk@ &if;ESD;ol wpfOD;udk xkwfaz:ajymqdkcJhbl;ygw,f?

etzAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG&J@ pdk;&drfpdwfvGefuJaeyHkeJ@ywfouf+yD; owif;pmq&m vm&Da*s*if uvnf; 2005 ZGefv (8)&ufae@xkwf Bangkok Post owif;pmyg cGJjcm;pdwfjzmoHk;oyf&mtcef;rSm “aemifwrJhppftkyfpk&J@ tarSmifae@ &ufrsm;” qdkwJhacgif;pOfeJ@ tckvdk oHk;oyfwifjycJhwm awG@&ygw,f? “etzppftkyfpk tm%modrf;cJhwJh (17)ESpfwmumvtwGif; tckvuf&dStajctae[m vrf;qHkvrf;cGudk a&muf&dS+yDqdkwm jyoaejcif;jzpfw,f? ppftkyfpk[m olwdk@&J@tm%mcsKyfudkifr_udk cdkifrmatmif }udK;pm;wnfaqmuf aecsdefrSm EdkifiHwumzdtm;awGa=umifh txD;usefoxuf usefvmaewJhtjyif twGif;yÉdyuQ trsdK;rsdK;udkvnf; &if qdkifae&w,ff? arv(7)&ufae@u &efukef+rdK@ay:rSm aygufuGJcJhwJhAHk;awG&J@ vufonfw&m;cHudk tcktcsdeftxd raz: xkwfEdkifao;wm[mvnf; etzAdkvfcsKyfawGudk ydk+yD;tuswf&dkufapcJhw,f” qdk+yD; oHk;oyfjyxm;ygw,f? vm&Da*s*ifu ol@aqmif;yg;rSm etzAdkvfcsKyfawG ta=umufvGef+yD; &efukefu [dkw,fawG/ plygrm;uufawG/ aps;awGeJ@ pm;aomufqdkifawGrSm AHk;&Smu&d,mawG wyfqifcdkif;aewmawG/ armfawmfum;vrf;awGrSm uDvdkrDwm (30) avmuf&dS&if ppfaq;a&;*dwfawGcs+yD; armfawmf,mOfwdkif;udk ppfaq;aewJhtwGuf c&D;onfawG tdyfpufvdk@r& atmif jzpfae&yHkawG/ aumhaomif;-&efukef av,mOfc&D;pOfwpfckrSm AHk;ygvmw,f=um;vdk@ c&D;pOfudk&yfqdkif;+yD; AHk;&SmazGaewm a=umifh tcsdefukefvlyrf;jzpf&wmawG/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@&J@om; a'gufwm&JEdkif0if;&J@ yk*Hqdkufbmwufcfudk xdrf;csKyf +yD; tD;ar;vfeJ@ tifwmeufqufoG,fr_awGudkyg apmifh=unf@aewmawGudk tao;pdwfaz:jyxm;ygw,f? 'ghtjyif &efukefrSm AHk;axmifwJhaumvm[vowif;awG r=umc% xGufay:aewma=umifh jynfolwpf&yf vHk; pdk;&drfxdyfvef@+yD; usD;vef@pmpm;b0 a&muf&dSae&yHkawG/ wcsdK@ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;awGudk AHk;axmifazgufcGJ r,fvdk@ +cdrf;ajcmufwJhpmawG trsm;tjym; vuQH&&dSaewma=umifh &JawGeJ@ vHk+cHKa&;0efxrf;awG jym,mcwfaeyHkawG/ vlpkvl a0;&dSwwfwJhae&mrSm arhusefcJhwJhtxkwfawGudk rdkif;axmifxm;w,fxif+yD; cJ&mcJqpf z,f&Sm;ypfzdk@ }udK;yrf;ae=u wmawGudkvnf; az:jyxm;wm awG@&ygw,f? ppftpdk;&u &efukefAHk;uGJr_rSm aoqHk;olta&twGuf[m (20)ywf0ef;usifom&dSw,fvdk@ ajymqdkcJhayrJh rsuf jrifoufaoawG&J@tqdkt& ,leDazgif;0wfvlwcsdK@tygt0if vl(60)ausmfavmuf aoqHk;cJhw,fvdk@ ,lq&wJh t a=umif;awGeJ@ AHk;uGJr_tay: etzu pdk;&drfa=umufvef@ae+yD; &efukef/ yJcl;eJ@ &cdkifjynfe,fu rlqvifvlrsdK; (500)



ausmftjyif twdkuftcHEdkifiHa&;orm;awG/ jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDa&;wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olawGeJ@ ausmif;om;vli,f (600) ausmfudk zrf;qD;xdrf;odrf;cJhyHkawGudkvnf; az:jyxm;ygw,f? ppftpdk;&u &efukefAHk;azgufcGJr_&J@ w&m;cHtppftrSefudk az:xkwfEdkifjcif;r&dSao;wJhtwGuf NCGUB ac: ta0;a&muf trsdK;om;!Gef@aygif;tpdk;&eJ@ KNU, ABSDF, CIA wdk@udk vuf!d_;xkd;pGyfpGJaeyHkawGudkvnf; tJ'D aqmif;yg;rSm az:jyxm;ygw,f? wcsdK@avhvmolawGu ar(7)&ufAHk;azgufcGJr_awGudk ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;a[mif;awG&J@ vufcsufjzpfEdkifw,fvdk@ oHk;oyfajymqdkae=uwJhtay: v,f&Da*s*ifu vufrcHcJhygbl;? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@&J@ ppf axmufvSrf;a&;a[mif;awG zrf;qD;axmifcscHae&wJhtwGuf olwdk@vufcsufrjzpfEdkifbl;vdk@ olu axmufjycJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@eJ@ ol@ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t&m&dS}uD;awGudk uu§=unf; u zrf;qD;w&m;pGJqdkcJh+yD; ydkif qkdifr_tm;vHk;udk twif;t=uyf odrf;qnf;cJhwmawGudkvnf; az:jyxm;ygw,f? etz&J@ 'Dvdk &uf&ufpufpuf udkif wG,fr_awGtay: wdkufcdkufa&;wyfawGuawmif pdwfraumif;jzpfae=ua=umif;/ 'Dvkyf&yftay: Zmwfwlom;csif;pm; wmjzpfw,fvdk@ &_jrifae=ua=umif;/ zrf;qD;ppfaq;r_awGudk wm0ef,lae&wJh &Jt&m&dS}uD;wOD;uvnf; “ igvkyfae&wJh tvkyfu tjypfr&dSolawGudk tjypf&Sm+yD; axmifcsae&wJhtvkyfaygh ” vdk@ ol@rdom;pkudk &ifzGifhajymqdkcJhyHkawGudk a&; om;wifjyxm;ygw,f? &efukefrSm AHk;aygufuGJr_awG jzpfyGm;cJh+yD;aemuf ta=umufw&m;[m tm;vHk;udkv$rf;+cHKxm;w,fvdk@ v,f&D a*s*ifu zGJ@EGJ@a&;om;cJhygw,f? ukefonf}uD;awG/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif}uD;awGvnf; bmrSrv_yf&Jovdk/ &Jt&m}uD; awGawmif &efukefwdkif;twGif;rSm wm0efrxrf;csifawmhvdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif;udkajymif;a&$@zdk@ }udK;yrf;tm;xkwf ae=uw,fvdk@ az:jyxm;ygw,f? &efukef+rdK@twGif;rSm tawmf&Sif;vif;oGm;+yD; vltenf;i,favmufom plygrm;uuf }uD;awGeJ@ aps;awGudk oGm;a&mufaps;0,fwmawG@&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? a[mfw,fawG/ wnf;cdkcef;awGrSmvnf; vm a&mufwnf;cdkol ododomomav#mhenf;oGm;+yD; wufqDum;awGvnf; c&D;onfr&wma=umifh &yfem;ae=u&w,f vdk@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfaps;u qdkifwcsdK@vnf; ta&mif;t0,fyg;oGm;wma=umifh ydwfxm;&w,fvdk@ tJ'Daqmif;yg;rSm oHk;oyfaz:jyxm;wm awG@&ygw,f? etz AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGeJ@ olwdk@rdom;pkawG&J@ jrefrmjynfajrmufydkif;c&D;pOfawGeJ@ jrpf0u|ef;ay:c&D;pOfawGrSm vkyf}uHowfjzwfzdk@ }udK;yrf;r_awG ay:aygufEdkifw,fqdk+yD; w&kwfEdkifiHu etzudk t}udrf}udrf owday;cJhyHkawGeJ@ ta&; ay: tajctaewpf&yfrSm csufcsif;vufwkef@jyef wdkufcdkufEdkifzdk@twGuf tv#iftjref wkef@jyefwdkufcdkufa&; txl;wyfzGJ@ wpfckudk zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifxm;zdk@ w&kwfjynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmfu etzudk t}uHjyKcJhyHkawGudk aemufwpf ywfrSm qufvufwifjyoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f? ?

*****************************




ppftkyfpktwGif;rSmay:aygufaewJh tuGJt+yJawGeJ@ jrefrmjynfwv$m;rSm jzpfyGm;aewJh vufonfray:wJh AHk;

aygufuGJr_jzpfpOfawGa=umifh etzppfacgif;aqmifawGeJ@ rdom;pkawG&J@vHk+cHKa&;twGuf w&kwfEdkifiH axmufvSrf;a&; tzGJ@u etzppftpdk;&udk r=umc% owday;r_awGjyKvkyfcJhwm awG@&dS&ygw,f? txdtcdkuf taotaysmufrsm;jym;cJhwJh 2005 ckESpf arv &efukefAHk;aygufuGJr_awGrwdkifcif tJ'DESpf rwfv avmufuwnf;u w&kwfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@u etzudk pwifowday;cJhwmjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? &efukefeJ@ rEWav;+rdK@awGrSm t=urf;zuf AHk;cGJwdkufcdkufr_awG xyfrHjzpfyGm;EdkifwJhtjyif etzt}uD;tuJ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGeJ@ olwdk@ rdom;pkawG&J@ jrefrmjynfajrmufydkif;eJ@ jrpf0u|ef;ay:c&D;pOfawGrSm vkyf}uHowfjzwfzdk@}udK;yrf;r_awG ay:aygufEdkifw,f qdk+yD; owday;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? etzu 2004 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@ acgif;aqmifwJh trsdK;om;axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@ (NIB)udk zsufodrf;cJhwJhtjyif (MIS)vdk@ vlodrsm;wJh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;wzGJ@vHk;udkvnf; jzKwfxkwf&Sif; vkyfcJhwm a=umifh etzAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGuvnf; olwdk@&J@vHk+cHKa&;twGuf vdktyfwJhowif;tcsufawG&&dSzdk@ w&kwfEdkifiHudk vHk;vHk; v#m;v#m; rDScdktm;udk;ae&wJhtcsdefvnf; jzpfygw,f? w&kwfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@&J@ owday;csufawGxJrSm ta&;ay:tajctaew&yfeJ@ }uHK}udKufvm&if tqifh qifh pDrHcef@cGJr_twGuf }udKwifjyifqifr_awG jyKvkyfxm;zdk@/ ta&;ay:owday;r_tpDtpOfw&yf a&;qGJcsrSwfxm;&dSzdk@/ vHk+cHKa&;wyfzGJ@awGrSm acwfrSDenf;ynmawGeJ@ taxmuftulypPnf;awGudk wyfqifoHk;pGJzdk@/ AHk;cGJwdkufcdkufr_awGeJ@ vkyf }uHowfjzwfr_awGusL;vGef&ef }uHpnftm;xkwfaewJhowif;awGudk tcsdefrSDaxmufvSrf;od&dSEdkifzdk@twGuf aiGtiftm; eJ@ vltiftm;udk ydkrdkoHk;pGJzdk@/ AHk;cGJwdkufcdkufr_udk umuG,fwm;qD;EdkifwJh tpDtrHawGudk }udKwifpDpOfaqmif&Gufxm;zdk@/ axmufvSrf;a&;eJ@ vHk+cHKa&;wyfzGJ@awGukd ydkrdkxufjrufaeatmif oifwef;ay; avhusifhr_awG jyKvkyfxm;zdk@/ pwJhtcsuf awG yg0ifcJha=umif;od&dS&ygw,f? tJ'Dvdk w&kwfEdkifiHu wzGzGowday;wJh=um;u 2005 ckESpf ar(7)&ufae@rSm &efukefAHk;aygufuGJr_awG jzpfyGm;cJh &wm[m topfzGJ@pnf;vdkufwJh p&z ac: ppfbufa&;&mvHk+cHKa&;tzGJ@&J@t}uD;tuJ AdkvfcsKyfjrifhaqG/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyfarmifOD;eJ@ jrefrmEdkifiH&JwyfzGJ@ &JcsKyfcif&D wdk@&J@ ayghqr_eJ@ wm0efvpf[if;r_awGa=umifhjzpfw,fqdk+yD; 'kwd,Adkvf csKyfrSL;}uD;armifat;eJ@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a&$ref; wdk@u a0befypfwif ajymqdkcJh=uayrJh etzt}uD;tuJ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$udk,fwdkifu bmrSrajymwJhtwGuf wpHkw&mta&;,ljcif; r&dScJhygbl;? tJ'DESpf ZGefvrSm w&kwfjynfol@wyfrawmfu AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ZDtefuGD; (General. Zi Aun Quai) u ta&;ay:tajctaerSm csufcsif; vufwkef@jyefEdkifzdk@twGuf “tv#iftjrefwkef@jyefwdkufcdkufa&;txl;wyfzGJ@” wckudk tjrefqHk;zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifzdk@ etzppfacgif;aqmifawGudk aemufqHk;t}udrftjzpfeJ@ xyfrHt}uHjyKcJha=umif; od&dS&yg w,f? tJ'DwyfzGJ@twGuf vdktyfwJh avhusifhoifwef;ay;r_awGeJ@ okawoejyKr_awG/ ppfvufeufypPnf; wyfqifay;r_ awGudkvnf; w&kwfjynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmfu wm0ef,lay;r,fvdk@ urf;vSrf;cJhygw,f? 'Dw}udrfrSmawmh w&kwfEdkifiH&J@t}uHjyKcsufudk 'kwyfcsKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;armifat; u vufcHcJh+yD; qufvuf taumiftxnfaz:aqmifzdk@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&a&$ref;udk wm0efay;tyfcJhygw,f? 'kAdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;armifat; u p&z t}uD;tuJ AdkvfcsKyfjrifhaqG&J@ udkifwG,faqmif&GufyHkawGudk r}udKufwma=umifh ol@udk wm0efray;bJ AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol& a&$ref;udk wm0efay;vdkufwmjzpfw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a&$ref;u tv#iftjref wkef@jyefwdkufcdkufa&; txl; wyfzGJ@wck zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifEdkifzdk@twGuf =unf;/ a&/ av wyfzGJ@awGxJu AdkvfrSL;tqifh&dS vufa&G;pift&m&dS (20)udk pD ppfa&G;cs,f+yD; w&kwfjynfrSm oifwef;wufcdkif;cJhygw,f?



wjynfvHk;rSm&dSwJh ppfwdkif;XmecsKyfawG/ wyfrXmecsKyfawG/ ppfqifa&;uGyfuJr_XmecsKyfawGeJ@ a'oqdkif&muGyf uJr_ppfXmecsKyfawGudk t=urf;zufwdkufcdkufr_rcH&atmif vdktyfwJhvHk+cHKa&;tpDtrHawG tjrefqHk;aqmif&Guf+yD; ol@xH udk Zlvdkif(31)&ufae@rwdkifrD jyefvnfwifjytpD&ifcH=uzdk@ ta&;ay:!$ef=um;csufw&yfudkvnf; xkwfjyefcJhygw,f? ppftm%m&Sifa[mif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;vufxufrSm oeu(4) (cr&-303) udk oleJ@ ol@rdom;pk&J@vHk+cHKa&; twGuf txl;wyf&if;tjzpfeJ@ toHk;jyKcJhbl;ygw,f? oeu(4)[m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; aetdrftus,fcsKyfcscHae&wJh tcsdeftxd ol@tay: opPmapmifhodcJhwmudk awG@&ygw,f? 2002 ckESpf rwfvtwGif; jzpfyGm;cJhwJh OD;ae0if;rdom;pk&J@ ratmifjrifwJh tm%modrf;&ef}uHpnfr_rSm avwyfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfjrifhaqG(av)/ }wd*Ha'owdkif;ppfXme csKyf wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfcspfoef;/ urf;&dk;wef;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfat;aºuGeJ@ &JcsKyf AdkvfrSL;}uD;pdk;0if; wdk@tjyif oeu (4) wyf&if;rSL; 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;ausmfjrifh tygt0if wyfrSL;wyfom;wcsdK@vnf; yg0ifywfoufaewmudk=unf@&if odEdkifygw,f? e0w u OD;ae0if;rdom;pk OD;aqmifwJh ratmifjrifwJh tm%modrf;&ef}uHpnfr_udk az:xkwfta&;,lcJhpOfu oeu(4) wyf&if;wpf&if;vHk;udk vufeufjzKwfodrf;cJhygw,f? wyfzGJ@0ifawGeJ@ rDScdkrdom;pkawGudk zrf;qD;xdrf;odrf;+yD; wyfr(11)XmecsKyfrSm ppfaq;ar;jref;r_awG jyKvkyfcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? tm%modrf;zdk@}uHpnfr_rSm yg0ifywfoufcJh wJh t&m&dS/ t&mcH/ t=uyfwyfom;awGudk ppfcHk&Hk;rSmwif+yD; tvkyf=urf;eJ@ ESpf&Snfaxmif'%fawG csrSwfcJhygw,f? olwdk@&J@ rdom;pkawGudkvnf; wyfu ESifxkwfypfcJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; xdyfwef; ppftm%m&Sif}uD;(2)OD;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat; wdk@[m aemufausmrvHkjzpfcJh=u+yD; udk,fydkifcg;ydkufaqmif vHk+cHKa&;wyfawGudk pwifzGJ@pnf;cJh=uygw,f? 2004 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvtwGif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@eJ@ ol@&J@ uu§vSrf; tzGJ@udk ta&;,lcJhcsdefrSm tv,ftvwf ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t&m&dS trsm;tjym;[m tzrf;rcHbJ/ jynfwGif;eJ@ e,fpyfa'oawGrSm ykef;atmif;v_yf&Sm;cJh=uwJh twGuf etzAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGudk ydkrdk pdk;&drfxdyfvef@apcJhygw,f? etzAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG[m tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; vHk+cHKa&;qdkif&m owif;tcsuftvufawG&&dSzdk@ w&kwfEdkifiHudk ydkrdk rDScdk tm;udk;vmcJh&ygw,f? ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@udk ta&;,l+yD;aemufydkif; w&kwf acgif; aqmif}uD;awG jrefrmjynfudk r=umc% vma&mufcJh=uwmawG@&ovdk etz xdyfwef;AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGuvnf; w&kwf EdkifiHudk w&m;0ifa&m/ w&m;r0if cdk;a=umifcdk;0Suf oGm;a&mufwmawGyg jyKvkyfcJh=uygw,f? w&kwfjynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf&J@ 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD; *dk*sifhzkef; (Gen. Ge Zhenfeng) acgif;aqmifwJh xdyfwef;ppfbufudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@[m 2004 ckESpf 'DZifbm(1)&ufae@rSm jrefrmjynfudk vma&muf+yD; (5)&uf=umaexdkifum etzacgif;aqmifawGeJ@ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;r_awG jyKvkyfcJhygw,f? etz =unf;/ a&/ av/ !dSuGyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&a&$ref;eJ@vnf; ESpfEdkifiHwyfrawmfawGt=um; vHk+cHKa&;eJ@ pDrHcef@cGJa&;qdkif&m em;vnfr_ pmc|efv$m (MOU) udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a&$ref; acgif;aqmifwJh xdyfwef;ppfzufudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@uvnf; 2004 ckESpf 'DZifbmvukefydkif; eJ@ 2005 ckESpf rwfvtwGif;rSm w&kwfEdkifiHudk ra=ujimbJeJ@ cdk;a=umifcdk;0Suf oGm;a&mufcJh+yD; w&kwfacgif;aqmif awGeJ@ v#dK@0SufaqG;aEG;cJh=uygw,f? 2005 ckESpf ZGefv yxrywftwGif;rSmvnf; etz 'kwd,umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifvd_if eJ@ ppfbufudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@wck[m w&kwfjynf yDuif;+rdK@udk v#dK@0SufoGm;a&mufcJh+yD; ZGefv(8) &ufae@rSm w&kwfjynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmfu xdyfwef;t&m&dSawGeJ@ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? tjyefrSm ,leefjynfe,f ulrif;+rdK@rSm c&D;waxmufem;+yD; jrefrmjynfudk jyefvnfxGufcGmoGm;wm awG@&dS&ygw,f? tJ'Dvdk etzppfacgif;aqmifawG w&kwfEdkifiHudk r=umc% cdk;a=umifcdk;0Suf oGm;a&mufwJhudpPawGeJ@ ywfouf +yD; jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m w&kwfppfoHrSL; AdkvfrSL;}uD;aZmf0dwf ac: &Sefa&Smifa0udk ar;jref;wJhtcg ta=umif;&if;udk ol@ taeeJ@ rod&dSa=umif;/ etz ppfbufa&;&mvHk+cHKa&;wyfzGJ@u AdkvfrSL;}uD; atmif&J0if; udkom ar;jref;=unf@ygqdk+yD; jyef vnfajz=um;avh&dSygw,f? etz[m tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; &JrGefwyf+rdK@rSm t=urf;zufESdrfeif;a&;oifwef;awGudk qufwdkuf zGifhvSpfydk@csay; cJhygw,f? ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&+yD; wdkufyGJawGrSmxl;c|efwJh ppfonfawGxJu ppfbufa&;&mvHk+cHKa&;oifwef;eJ@ wefjyef



axmufvSrf; a&;oifwef;awGudk wufa&mufatmifjrif+yD;ol/ t&yf 5ay 7vufr txuf&Sdol/ touf 40ESpf atmuf&Sdol/ t&m&SdtqifhtwGuf bGJ@&+yD;ol/ tjcm;tqifhtwGuf 10 wef;atmif+yD;ol/ usef;rma&;aumif;rGef+yD; aq;tqifh(u) &Sdol/ pdwfwnf+idrf+yD; qHk;jzwfcsufjywfom;ol/ vkyfief;vkyfudkif&mrSm yd&daooyfol/ pGef@v$wfpGef@pm;vdk pdwf&Sdol/ awGxJu pDppfa&G;cs,f+yD; (4)v=um oifwef;ay;cJhygw,f? 'Doifwef;rSm usnfumtuFsD/ "gwfaiG@um rsufESmzHk;awGtygt0if acwfrSDwdkufyGJ0if 0wfpHkawG/ qufoG,f a&;pufawGeJ@ acwfrSDvufeufawGudk toHk;jyK+yD; ae@a&mnyg jyif;jyif;xefxef avhusifh=u&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? "g;pm cHawGudk pGef@pGef@pm;pm; toufpGef@+yD; 0ifa&mufu,fwif&wJh avhusifhcef;awGudkvnf; jyKvkyfcJh=u&ovdk/ =unf;/ a&/ avwyfzGJ@awGeJ@vnf; yl;aygif;avhusifhr_awGudk jyKvkyf=u&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? tJ'Doifwef;awGxJurS xl;c|efwJh t aumif;qHk;oifwef;om;awGudk xyfrHpDppfa&G;cs,f+yD; udk,f&Hawmftxl;wyfzGJ@tjzpf cef@tyfwm0efay;cJhwmjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? etz&J@ 0g'jzef@ &kyfjrifoH=um;owif;awGxJrSm r=umc%awG@&avh&dSwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ ol@rdom;pk awG&J@ wdkif;cef;vSnf@vnfyGJawGtwGif; tlZDpufaoeyfawG wudkifudkifeJ@ [efa&;jyaeolawG[m w&kwfu avhusifh oifwef;ay;xm;wJh etz txl;udk,f&Hawmfwyfom;awG jzpfygw,f? ?

*****************************

kyat pyay storiesၾကပ္ေျပးနန္းတြင္း...

Documents