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;fj{hlgs k|zf;g d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng / /fHosf] gLlt lgod nfu" ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ dfWod xf] . of] /fHoåf/f hgtfnfO{ pknAw u/fOg] ;|f]t ;fwg, ;'/Iff tyf ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] ljt/0f ug]{ k|d'v cfwf/ xf] . zflGt Joj:yf sfod ug'{, sfg'gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug'{, hgtfdf cfjZos j:t' / ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{, ;fdflhs Gofo / ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug'{ h:tf nf]ssNof0fsf/L lqmofsnfksf ;fy} lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfhsf] ;ls|o ;xeflutfsf] nflu k|j4{gfTds / lgodgsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x u/L of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] k|lqmofåf/f ;d[4 d'n'ssf] lgdf{0f ug'{ ;/sf/sf] d'Vo sfd xf] . /fHosf] e"ldsfsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;fy{s agfpg ;/sf/åf/f sfg'gL Joj:yf, gLltut dfGotfsf] th'{df, ;+/rgfut Joj:yf / hgzlQm Joj:yfkgsf sfo{x¿df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

g]kfndf ljutdf ;/sf/åf/f ljleGg sfnv08df d'n'ssf] nf]ssNof0fsf/L sfo{ tyf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] nflu ljleGg k|oTgx? gePsf xf]Ogg\ . t/ klg g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;d[l4sf] cfsf+Iff Pj+ rfxgf k"/f ug{df ck]lIft ¿kdf ;kmntf k|fKt ePsf] b]lvGg . ljZjdf ;fd|fHojfbsf] lj:tf/n] w]/} d'n'sx¿ pklgj]z x'Fbf klg :jtGq /fHosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] g]kfn /fhgLlts ¿kdf cl:y/ / cfGtl/s åGåsf] b'Zrqmdf km:g k'u]sfn] ;d[4 x'g ;s]g . hgtfsf] cfsf+IffnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ hgpQ/bfoL /fHo Joj:yfsf] lgdf{0f x'g g;Sbf d'n's ;w}F k/LIf0f ug]{ u/fpg] æk|of]uzfnfÆ sf] ¿kdf /Xof] . ljut ^ bzsdf ^ j6f ;+ljwfg km]l/P, t/ ;ljwfgn] kl/nlIft u/]sf p2]Zox¿ Jojxf/df ¿kfGtl/t x'g ;s]gg\ . /fhgLlts :yfloTjåf/f bLuf] zflGt, ;an cy{tGq / cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fåf/f ;d[4 ;dfh :yfkgf ug]{ pb\3f]if ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] ePklg ljleGg ;d:of / r'gf}tLsf] e'Fj/Laf6 d'n's d'Qm x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . u/LaL, cefj / cl:y/tfsf] cGTo x'g g;s]sf]n] d'n'sn] cem} klg cg]sf}+ ;d:of / r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f u/L d'n'sdf ;'zf;gsf] :yfkgf ug'{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] nflu r'gf}tL ePsf] 5 .

d'n's ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:o eO;s]sf] ;Gbe{df ljZjJofkLs/0fn] ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfdf kf/]sf] k|efjaf6 c5'tf] /xg] cj:yf 5}g . kl/jt{g;Fu} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf cjwf/0ff / dfGotfdf kl/jt{g eO{/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ljZjJofkLs/0faf6 eO/x]sf kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ tbg'¿k g]kfndf klg zf;sLo ;'wf/sf sfo{qmd nfu" ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;+j}wflgs /fHo lgdf{0fåf/f gful/s d}qL k|zf;g / hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljsf; ug{ ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] ;+j}wflgs Pjd\ sfg'gL Joj:yf, To;nfO{ ;dfhdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ b[9 /fhgLlts OR5fzlQm ePsf] :yL/ g]t[Tj, of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf sfo{s|d, ;|f]t;fwgsf] plrt k|aGw, bIf hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg, k|ljlwd}qL zf;g Joj:yf / k|zf;gk|lt hgtfsf] lgi7f cfjZos x'G5 . ;fy} d'n'ssf] k|zf;g ug]{ sd{rf/L ;+oGqdf pGgt ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljsf;sf k|of;, ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx, pRr Jofj;flos dof{bfleq /xL sfo{ ug]{ lgikIf / cg'zfl;t, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ax'ntfnfO{ k|ltljlDat ug]{] 1fg, ;Lk / bIftfo'Qm of]Uotf / ;Ifdtf, sfg'gL zf;gk|lt k|lta4tf, /fhgLlts/0faf6 d'Qm /

/fli6«olxtk|lt jkmfbf/L;lxtsf] kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ :jR5, g}lts cfr/0f Pj+ sfo{z}nL / hgd'vL tyf ;]jfd'vL Jojxf/ h:tf u'0fx¿ x'g'kb{5 . g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ce}m;Dd klg ;+/rgfut, k|lqmofut, Joj:yfksLo / cfr/0fut ;d:ofx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ . d'n'ssf] k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf r':t / 5l/tf] gePsf], Joj:yfksLo ;Ifdtf / lgk'0ftf g/x]sf] / sd{rf/Lsf] k]zfut cfr/0f Jojxf/ / sfo{z}nL :jR5 / ;]jfd'vL gePsf] sf/0f ljleGg ;d:of / ljs[ltx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ .

g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;+:yfut Pjd\ glthfd'vL agfpg] clek|fon] k|zf;lgs ;'wf/sf] cleofg @))& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrft k|zf;sLo k'gu{7g ;ldlt -a'r sldzg , @))(_ af6 k|f/De ul/]Psf] / lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf k|wfgdGqL 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{sf] cWoIftfdf ul7t k|zf;g k'gu{7g of]hgf cfof]u Pjd\ tt\kZrft tTsfnLg dGqLx¿ j]bfgGb emfsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u -@)@%_ / 8f= e]ifaxfb'/ yfkfsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u -@)#@_, lj=;+=@)$& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g;Fu} tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL lul/hf k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u -@)$*_, lj=;+= @)^@÷)^# sf] kl/jt{g kZrft ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqLsf] ;+of]hsTjdf k|zf;g ;'wf/;DaGwL cfof]u u7g eO{ k|ltj]bg k]z ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L ljleGg k|ltj]bgsf ;'emfjsf cfwf/df tTsfnLg ;/sf/x¿åf/f k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu s]xL k|of; ul/P tfklg k|zf;lgs ;'wf/sf nflu lbOPsf ;'emfjx¿ k"0f{¿kdf sfof{Gjog gx'Fbf g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf bLuf] / ;fy{s kl/0ffd cfpg ;Sg] u/L ;'wf/ / kl/jt{g x'g ;s]g .

g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL, hgpQ/bfoL, glthfd"ns / ljsf; d}qL agfpg ljBdfg P]g sfg"g nufotsf ljleGg If]qdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf ljZn]if0ffTds ;'emfj lbg ul7t o; k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldltn] tTsfn ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg, @)^( / cf=j= @)&)÷)&! sf] ;/sf/sf] jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf ah]6df ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ ljifonfO{ ;d]6L cGtl/d k|ltj]bg ;d]t k]z ul/;s]sf] / tL k|ltj]bgsf l;kmfl/;x¿ nfu" ug{ u/fpg k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{noaf6 ;DalGwt dGqfno / lgsfox¿nfO{ n]vL k7fP adf]lhd sltko ;'emfjx¿ sfof{Gjog x'Fb} uPsf / sltko ;'emfjx¿ sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf /x]sf 5g\ .

o; ;ldltnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f tf]lsPsf] sfo{lgb]{zleq /xL sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ qmddf ljleGg dGqfno, ljleGg lgsfo, ;DalGwt If]qsf ljz]if1;Fusf] cGt/lqmof, b'u{d If]qsf] ;]jf k|jfxsf] l:yltsf ;DaGwdf :ynut cWoog cjnf]sg, ljleGg lhNnfdf ;'emfj ;Íng ;DaGwL cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L ;ldltn] ljleGg k|lqmofaf6 ;'emfj k|fKt u/]sf] / o;} l;nl;nfdf dGqfnosf] ;ª\Vof, sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogsf] e"ldsf / ltgdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/, lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg, ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] ljifo h:tf ljleGg kIfdf /fhgLlts b[li6sf]0f / k|lta4tf;d]t :ki6 ¿kdf JoQm xf];\ eGg] clek|fon] /fhgLlts bnsf zLif{:y g]t[Tj, pRr k|zf;sx¿ / ;/f]sf/jfnf ;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf /fli6«o:t/sf] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;d]t ;~rfng u/L ;'emfj ;Íng ug]{ sfo{ ;d]t u/L of] k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . k|ltj]bg tof/Lsf] qmddf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf lj1x¿ Pjd\ k"j{ k|zf;s tyf jt{dfg pRr clwsf/Lx¿af6 dxTjk"0f{ ;'emfj, k|ltlqmof Pjd\ ;'wf/sf ljifox¿ k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] pNn]Vo k|ltlglwTjaf6 ;'emfj ;Íng ul/Psf] 5 . gful/s ;dfh / u}/ ;/sf/L If]qaf6 ;d]t k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu rf;f]k"j{s

/fo ;'emfj k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . of] ;xeflutfd"ns ¿kdf tof/ kfl/Psf] ;femf b:tfj]h xf] . k|:t't k|ltj]bgdf kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;+/rgf, sfo{ljlw, sfg'gL k|aGw, hgzlQmsf] ;Gbe{, cfr/0f / cg'zf;g Pjd\ k|ljlw tyf ;|f]t ;fwg nufot ljleGg If]qdf ;'wf/sf ljifox¿ klxrfg u/L ;'wf/sf] nflu ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 . ;'emfjdf ;}4flGts / dxTjfsf+IfL ljifox¿ eGbf Jofjxfl/s / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgtfsf] cfjZostf, ck]Iff / ;+j]bgzLntfk|lt ;dlk{t agfpg] ljifox¿ ;d]6\g] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf hgtfk|lt ;dlk{t agfpg ;'zf;gsf] :yfkgf x'g' clgjfo{ dflgG5 . k|z:t gLlt lgodx¿ / k|lta4tf k|s6 u/]sf] ePklg d'n'sdf ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g . o;f] gx'g'df ;]jf k|bfossf] lhDd]jf/Ldf a;]sfx¿df ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] sdL, sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjogdf lkmtnf]kg, cg'udg / d"NofÍgsf] ck|efjsfl/tf, sfo{qmdx¿df k|fyldsLs/0fsf] cefj, sfd sf/jfxLdf cTolws /fhgLlts/0f, hjfkmb]xL / pQ/bfloTjsf] ;+:s[ltsf] cefj, b08xLg ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;, lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg] k|j[lQ, g}ltstfdf x«f;, ;bfrf/o'Qm ;+:s[ltsf] cefj / cfTds]lGb|t k|j[lQ h:tf sf/0fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . To;df ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu /fhgLltdf OR5fzlQm, sd{rf/LtGqdf ;Ifdtf, cg'zf;g / k]zfut bIftf TolQs} cfjZos 5 . zf;gsf] d'xfg /fhgLlt xf] . /fhgLlt ;kmf geP;Dd cGo If]q ;kmf x'g ;Sb}g . /fhgLlt, sd{rf/L k|zf;g / lghL If]q ;d]tsf] ;sf/fTds ;f]r, ;dGjo / tfbfTDotf ;'wf/sf lglDt cfjZos 5 .

k|:t't k|ltj]bg tof/Lsf] qmddf d'n'ssf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] j:t'ut oyfy{tfsf] cfwf//]vf -Base Line_ klxNofpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] qmddf cfwf/ / cf}lrTo ljgf g} dGqfnosf] ;ª\Vof / sfo{ljefhg km]/abn ul//xg], cfjZostf / oyfy{tfsf] w/ftndf eGbf cGo sf/0faf6 ;+u7g÷;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{, t/ To;nfO{ hLjGt /fVg cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t;fwgsf] Joj:yf ug{df Wofg glbg], sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] k|lqmofdf /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] aLr :ki6 ;Ldf g5'l§+bf k|zf;gdf a9L /fhgLlts/0f x'g] / lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg] k|j[lQ, 6«]8 o'lgogsf] /fhgLlts ;+/If0fsf sf/0f 6«]8 o'lgogsf] sfo{z}nLn] k|zf;lgs dfGotf / lgikIftf sfod ug{ ufx|f] x'g', ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] k|s[lt / sfo{af]emsf] j:t'ut cWoog a]u/ hgzlQmsf] b/aGbL >[hgf ul/g', k|zf;gdf ;dfj]zLs/0f cfjZos ePklg To;sf] j:t'ut / j}1flgs dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug{ g;Sbf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] oyf]lrt k|of]u x'g g;Sg', ;]jf k|bfos lgsfosf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿ k|zf;lgs ;'wf/ tyf ;]jf k|jfxdf ;lqmotf b]vfpg] eGbf j}b]lzs e|d0fdf a9L df]x b]vfpg', zf;g k|0ffnLdf clwsf/ lgIf]k0f / k|Tofof]hg ug{ grfxg] k|j[lQ /xg', e|i6frf/ / clgoldttfsf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0fsf sfof{Gjog kIf lkmtnf] /xg', sd{rf/Lsf] k'/:sf/ / b08sf] ;xL k|of]u gx'g' h:tf r'gf}tL / ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t k|zf;gsf] kl/sNkgf u/L ;f] k|0ffnLnfO{ P]g sfg'gn] clËsf/ u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . t/ Jojxf/tM k|zf;gdf /fhgLlts b[li6sf]0fsf] k|ltljDa vf]Hg] sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf] bf]wf/] k|j[lQ cGTo geP;Dd ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'b[9Ls/0f x'g ;Sb}g . g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;+/rgfx¿ e2f /xg' / sfddf bf]xf]/f]kgf x'g', k|zf;lgs sfo{ljlw a9L hl6n / k|lqmofd'vL x'g', cf};t?kdf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{z}nL / Jojxf/df k]zfut bIftf gx'g', ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] :t/ k|efjsf/L gx'g', e|i6frf/hGo k|j[lQdf lgoGq0f x'g g;Sg' h:tf lj;+ultx¿ /xg uO{ ;'zf;g cy{k"0f{ aGg ;s]sf] b]lvGg . o;n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfx¿ vl:sPsf] cj:yf 5 .

;g\ !(() sf] bzsaf6 Jofks ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf cjnDag ul/Psf] ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff ca nf]stflGqs zf;g k4ltsf] kof{osf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . of] cjwf/0ffn] gful/s s]lGb|t zf;g Joj:yfdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfos lgsfox¿nfO{ pQ/bfoL / kf/bzL{ agfO{ e|i6frf/sf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0fåf/f ;'zf;g sfod ug{' clt cfjZos s'/f xf] . o; k|of]hgsf lglDt ljleGg lgsfox¿ u7g ul/Psf / sfg"gx¿ lgdf{0f eP klg sfg'g sfof{Gjog kIf lkmtnf] x'Fbf ck]lIft p2]Zo oyf]lrt ¿kdf xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;sf lglDt b[9 /fhgLlts OR5fzlQm, ;Ifd k|zf;sLo g]t[Tj, ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;anLs/0f TolQs} cfjZos 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;dfhsf of]Uo / ;Ifd JolQmx¿ cfsif{0f ug{ ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] ;]jf zt{, ;¿jf a9'jf, j[lQljsf;, Ifdtf j[l4, pQ/flwsf/ of]hgf, lgj[Q kl5sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / lgj[Q kl5sf] cfr/0fut dfGotfsf] lgwf{/0f h:tf ljleGg kIfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L ljBdfg P]g sfg'gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf a9\bf] ;"rgf k|ljlw k|of]u;Fu} ljB'tLo zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df cjnDag ug{sf nflu cfjZos pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf 5 . cfly{s cg'zf;g sfod /fVg cfly{s k|zf;g;DaGwL P]g lgod / cEof;df k'g/fjnf]sg, hgtfnfO{ k|ToIf ¿kdf k|efj kfg]{ lzIff / :jf:Yo If]qdf ;'wf/sf sfo{s|d ;+~rfng, ;fy} pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0fsf nflu k|efjsf/L pkfox¿ ckgfpb} ljleGg ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf /x]sf hgzlQmsf] cj;/ / ;'ljwfdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug'{ / b'u{d If]qsf] ;]jf k|jfxNffO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] cfjZostf 5 . d'n'ssf] k//fi6« / ;'/Iff gLlt / To; If]qdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf gofF pkfox¿ cjnDag ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . To;}u/L ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg Joj:yfkgsf] ;DaGwdf gofF /0fgLlt cjnDag ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 . o:tf HjnGt ljifox¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g hjfkmb]xL aGg ;Sb5 .

ljZjJofkLs/0f, gjLgtd\ k|ljlw / gofF sfo{z}nLsf] ljsf;;Fu;Fu} hgtfsf] cfjZostf / ck]Iffsf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ To;tkm{ ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;s]df dfq /fHo Joj:yfk|ltsf] hgljZjf; a9\g ;S5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf /fHosf] ;+/rgfut 9fFrf / Joj:yfkg, /fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf] ;jnLs/0f, /fHosf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ j}wtf k|bfg ug]{ cfwf/ / d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts kl/j]z h:tf ljleGg kIfn] ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntf lge{/ ug]{ x'Fbf plrt ljZn]if0f a]u/ cGo d'n'ssf dfGotf / k|j[lQnfO{ pxL :j¿kdf leq\ofpg] sfo{n] dfq k|zf;lgs ;'wf/sf] sfo{df ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;d]t x]Ssf /fVg' kb{5 .

hgtfk|lt /fHosf] a9\bf] lhDd]jf/L / e"ldsfnfO{ ;xh¿kdf lgjf{x ug{ ;f]xL cg'¿k ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g r':t / ;Ifd x'g'kb{5 . k|lqmofd'vL k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL agfpgsf lglDt ;+/rgfut / sfg'gL ;'wf/ Pjd\ ;Ifd hgzlQmsf] pTkfbg / Joj:yfkg ug{df hf]8 lbg' cfjZos 5 . d'n'sdf ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"ltsf nflu gful/sdf ;r]tgf, ljj]sk"0f{ lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] :jR5 5lj / Ifdtfjfg JolQmx¿sf] sfg'g agfpg] Joj:yflksfdf k|ltlglwTjsf] ;'lglZrttf, Joj:yflksfaf6 GofozLn sfg'gsf] th'{df, sfg'gsf] plrt k|of]u, zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGt adf]lhd Goflos lgsfoaf6 :jtGq¿kdf sfg'gsf] JofVof, /fHo / sfg'gk|lt jkmfbf/ d'n'sL k|zf;g, sfg'gsf] ;dfgtf / ;dGoflos k|of]u, cfly{s cg'zf;g / lgoGq0f, hgpQ/bfoL zf;g Joj:yf, sfd sf/jfxLdf lgikIftf / lglZrttf, :j]R5frfl/tfsf] cGTo, sfo{k|lqmofdf ;/ntf, e|i6frf/sf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0f, Psåf/

k|0ffnLaf6 ;]jfk|jfx ljt/0f h:tf] Joj:yf x'g ;s]df d'n'sdf ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g ;Sb5 .

k|:t't k|ltj]bgdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'wf/sf nflu ul/Psf ljutsf k|of;x¿sf] ;+lIfKt ;dLIff ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] j:t'l:ylt ljZn]if0f u/L ;'wf/sf ljifo Pjd\ If]qx¿ klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . ljleGg lgsfo Pjd\ JolQmx¿n] lbPsf ;'emfj / k|ltlqmofx¿sf] ;d'lrt ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;DalGwt If]qsf lj1x¿ Pjd\ jl/i7 clwsf/Lx¿af6 k|fKt ePsf /fo ;'emfj Pjd\ k/fdz{nfO{ oyf]lrt ;Daf]wg ub}{ /fHosf cË tyf lgsfox¿sf] sfd sf/jfxLdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf gLltut ljifox¿ klxNofOPsf] 5 .

o; k|ltj]bgdf –

• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;+u7g, ;+/rgf, ljz]ifu/L dGqfnosf] ;+Vof, ;+u7g / sfo{If]qsf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu :ki6 cfwf/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf cf}+NofOPsf] 5 . ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, lj:tf/ / ;dGjosf If]qx¿ klxrfg ul/Psf 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfnfO{ cy{k"0f{ agfpg nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] cg'udgsf/L e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] / To; ;DaGwL ljifosf] cg';Gwfgd"ns lgsfosf] ?kdf nf]s;]jf cfof]unfO{ :yflkt ug{], gful/sx?nfO{ ;'ud x'g] lsl;dn] sfo{fnosf] lj:tf/ ug{'sf ;fy} lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/ / Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;]jf zt{;DaGwL sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg ug'{ kg]{ ljifox¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ pQ/bfoL, hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{ / Jofj;flos u'0fn] o'Qm agfpg cfjZos kg]{ k"j{ zt{x¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

• ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g / /fHosf] lhDd]jf/L ;d]tsf] ljj]rgf ub}{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] If]qdf ug'{ kg]{ ;'wf/sf pkfox¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . cfly{s k|zf;g / ljsf;sf If]qdf ug'{ kg]{ ;'wf/sf cfwf/e"t ljifox¿nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 .

• nf]stGqsf] cfwf/lznfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg x'g g;Sbf / :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff cg';f/ :yfgLo lgsfo ;~rfng ug{ g;Sbf b]vf k/]sf ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿sf] ljZn]if0f u/L ;f] If]qdf ug'{ kg]{ ;'wf/sf If]q Pjd\ ljifox¿nfO{ k|ltj]bgdf dxTjsf ;fy pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

• b'u{d If]qsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf], ;f] If]qdf sd{rf/L hgzlQm kof{Kt ¿kdf /fVg g;lsPsf], bIf / Jofj;flos lj1x¿sf] ;]jf b'u{d If]qdf lj:tf/ x'g g;s]sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lnO{ b'u{d If]qsf] ;]jfk|jfx k|efjsf/L agfpg ckgfpg' kg]{ pkfox¿nfO{ j:t'ut cwf/df k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

• g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] d'n'snfO{ ;dfj]zL /fHosf] ¿kdf kl/eflift u/L zf;g Joj:yfdf ;a} ju{, hft hflt, If]q / ;d'bfosf] ;d'lrt k|ltlglwTj x'g' kg]{df hf]8 lbPsf] / ;f]xL cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ljleGg pkfox¿ cjnDag ul/Psf] ;Gbe{nfO{ ljj]rgf ub}{ To;n] kf/]sf] k|efj / c;/ ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

• g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ljz]ifu/L lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;d]t ul/Psf] 6]«8 o'lgogsf] cEof;n] kf/]sf] k|efjnfO{ d"NofÍg ub}{ o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljleGg pkfox¿ cf}+NofOPsf] 5 .

• cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]zdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g / ljZjJofkLs/0fn] kf/]sf] k|efjnfO{ cfFsng u/L k//fi6« gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg Pjd\ k//fi6« If]qsf] ;'wf/sf ljifox¿nfO{ ;d]t ;d]l6Psf] 5 .

• k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] ;du|tfleq ;'/Iff If]qsf] ;'wf/sf ljifonfO{ ;d]t ;d]6\g cfjZos ePsfn] ;f] If]qdf ug'{kg]{ gLltut ;'wf/sf ljifox¿ k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . ;'/Iff Joj:yfnfO{ alnof] agfpg cfjZos kg]{ ;'wf/sf ljleGg ljifosf ;fy} /fli6«o / k|lt/Iff gLltsf] th'{df, ;'/Iff lgsfosf] ;'b[9Ls/0f Pjd\ ;'/Iff lgsfonfO{ ;Ifd / Jofj;flos lgsfosf] ?kdf :yflkt ug{ :jtGq ;]jf cfof]uaf6 hgzlQm kl/k"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]t l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 .

• ljsf; / jftfj/0f ca Ps csf{sf kl/k"/ssf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . oL ljifox¿nfO{ cnu–cnu geO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0fsf ;fy} r'/] If]qdf ePsf] Jofks ljgfz / k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgdflysf] cg'lrt bf]xgsf] /f]syfd tyf d'n'ssf] s"n e"efusf] rfnL; k|ltzt jg If]q / xl/ofnL sfod ug'{kg]{ ljifo ;d]t ;dfj]z 5 .

• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'wf/sf nflu k|zf;lgs hgzlQmsf] 1fg, ;Lk / bIftf Pjd\ Jojxf/df ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;sf nflu lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu tflnd÷k|lzIf0fsf ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 .

• d'n'sn] ;ª\3fTds zf;g k4lt c+lusf/ ug'{ kg]{ ;+j}wflgs lgb]{zgnfO{ Jojxf/df cjnDag ubf{ k|zf;lgs kl/kf6Ldf klg ;f]xL cg'¿k kl/jt{g ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu k|zf;lgs k|fjwfg / ljBdfg hgzlQmsf] kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg Pjd\ ;dfof]hgsf nflu k|f/lDes vfsf agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostfaf]w ul/P klg ;ª\3fTds ;+/rgfsf] 6'+uf] gnflu;s]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf k|:t't k|ltj]bgdf ;f] ;DaGwL ;+lIfKt k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 .

• ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0fsf If]qx¿ ljz]ifu/L cfd gful/snfO{ k|ToIf rf;f] / ;/f]sf/ kg]{ lzIff, :jf:Yo If]q Pjd\ pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ljifonfO{ ;d]t ;d]6L ;'wf/sf nflu gLltut ;'emfj k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

• lgZro g} casf] k|zf;g k/Dk/fut k4lt / k|lqmofaf6 dfq ;~rfng x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfPsf] ce"tk"j{ ljsf;sf] k|efj ca ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f ;d]tsf] k|zf;lgs kl/kf6Ldf k/]sf] b]lvg' kg]{ ePsfn] kl5Nnf] ;dodf ljsf; ePsf] ljB'tLo zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df clËsf/ ug{ ckgfpg' kg]{ gLltut Joj:yfsf af/]df k|ltj]bgdf ;+If]kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

k|:t't k|ltj]bgdf hDdf @# j6f kl/R5]b /x]sf 5g\ . ljleGg kl/R5]bdf ul/Psf ljj]rgf / klxrfg ul/Psf ;'wf/sf If]q Pjd\ ljifox¿sf cfwf/df clGtd kl/R5]bdf PsLs[t ¿kdf lgisif{ / ;'emfjx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . k|ltj]bgsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu sfof{Gjog of]hgfsf] ;+lIfKt vfsf ;d]t k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf If]qdf /x]sf ljBdfg ;d:ofx?sf af/]df ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] lbPsf ;'emfjx?sf] ;Ílnt :j?k xf] . d"ntM cfd ;/f]sf/jfnfn] Joxf]l//x]sf sl7gfO{ Pjd\ d'n'ssf] k|zf;lgs kl/kf6Ldf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf Jofjxfl/s kIfx¿nfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]/ k|ltj]bgdf ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;'wf/sf] ljsNk ;'wf/ g} xf] . of] lg/Gt/ rln/xg] ljifo xf] .

d'n's oltv]/ k'/fgf] /fhgLlts k4ltaf6 gofF /fHo Joj:yf lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf /fhgLlts ;+qmd0fsfndf /x]sf] cj:yfdf 5 . of] cj:yfaf6 d'Qm x'g ;du| /fHo ;~rfng k4ltdf ;'wf/ / kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . ;d[4 d'n's lgdf{0fsf lglDt ;'zf;g dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . ;+ljwfg / sfg'gdf ;'zf;gsf dfGotf n]Vb}df Tof] nfu" eOxfNg] s'g} hfb'sf] 58L x'Fb}g . o;sf lglDt t /fhgLlts :yfloTj, b"/bzL{ / s'zn g]t[Tj, lgi7fsf] /fhgLlt, /fi6«k|lt jkmfbfl/tf, pQ/bfoL / lhDd]jf/ ;/sf/, ljlwsf] zf;gk|ltsf] k|lta4tf, of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g, hjfkmb]xL /fHo ;+oGq, sfd sf/jfxLdf kf/blz{tf, k|ljlwd}qL sfo{z}nL, ;bfrf/ / g}ltstfsf] hudf plePsf] ;dfh h:tf s'/fx? x'g'kb{5 . nf]stflGqs ;+j}wflgs /fHosf] :yfkgfåf/f ljlwsf] zf;gk|lt k|lta4 /fHo Joj:yfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsPdf g} d'n'sdf ;'zf;g sfod x'g ;S5 . /fhgLlt g} /fHoJoj:yfsf] lg0ff{os kIf ePsf]n] /fhgLltnfO{ ;xL lbzfaf]w ug{sf nflu o;nfO{ Joj;fosf ?kdf glnO{ ;]jfsf ?kdf lng] k4lt :yflkt ug{ cfjZos 5 . /fhgLltdf OR5fzlQm / k|ltj4tf geP;Dd e|i6frf/ Go"gLs/0f sl7g x'G5 . e|i6frf/sf] d'xfg ;kmf ug{ g;s];Dd 6fn6'n] sf/jfxL / ;'wf/n] dfq e|i6frf/d'Qm ;dfhsf] ljsf; ;Dej 5}g . :j:y /fhgLlts cEof;, /fli6«o lxt / /fli6«o :jfy{k|lt jkmfbf/L eO{ sfd ug]{ sfo{z}nL, nf]stflGqs ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;, sfg'g dfGg] ;dfhsf] >[hgf, b08xLgtfsf] cGTo h:tf s'/fx?df s]lGb|t eO{ zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ xf] eg] dfq e|i6frf/sf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0fåf/f ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;kmntfk|fKt x'g ;S5 . o;}n] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf P]Soa4tfsf ;fy gofF ;bfrf/sf] ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f ug{ k|:t't k|ltj]bg s]xL xb;Dd ;xof]uL Pjd\ ;fGble{s x'g ;S5 .

o; k|ltj]bgdf sfo{lgb]{z adf]lhdsf ljifodf ljj]rgf;lxtsf] tTsfnLg / bL3{sfnLg k|s[ltsf] ;'emfjx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . k|zf;g ;'wf/sf ljifodf cWoog u/L ;'emfj lbg lhDd]jf/L lbPsf]df g]kfn ;/sf/k|lt xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5' . o; ;ldltsf] sfddf dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] pRr ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿ ljz]ifu/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj >L nLnfdl0f kf}8\ofnk|lt cfef/ k|s6 ub{5' . ;ldltnfO{ /rgfTds ;'emfj lbO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ljleGg ;+j}wflgs lgsfo, dGqfno ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;ª\3 ;+:yf Pjd\ ljleGg ljifosf ljz]if1 / ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQmx¿k|lt xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ub{5' . ;ldltsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf ;b:ox¿n] k'¥ofpg' ePsf] ;xof]u / k|ltj]bg tof/Lsf] qmddf of]ubfg ug{ x'g] ;DalGwt ;a}df ;ldltsf] tkm{af6 wGojfb 1fkg ub{5' .

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1

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z

s'g} klg d'n'ssf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g cy{ /fhgLlts kl/j]zaf6 k|ToIf?kdf k|efljt ePsf] x'G5 . ;dsfnLg ljZjkl/j]zdf ljsl;t ePsf gjLg d"No dfGotfn] o;nfO{ k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf cfPsf] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ Joj:yfksLo ;'wf/df hf]8 lbPsf] / oxL bzsdf gjLg ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg k4lt jf Joj:yfkgjfbsf] k|efj k/]sf] kfOG5 . ;g\ @))) b]lvsf] ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf / ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t /xL ;f]xL cg';f/ ljsl;t x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . To;}u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g cfw'lgstfaf6 gjcfw'lgstf tkm{ cu|;/ x'Fb} uPsf] / ljZjJofkstf, gful/ssf] JolQmut :jtGqtf, ;"rgf / ;~rf/ k4ltsf] lj:tf/ / clwstd\ pkof]u, lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] b|'t ljsf;, gful/sdf cfPsf] r]tgf / hfu/0fn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] k/Dk/fut e"ldsfdf kl/jt{g cfO{ ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L Pjd\ sfo{d"ns ;~hfnsf] lqmofzLntf a9]sf] 5 . ;f]xL cfjZostf k"/f ug{ g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] cEof; ePsf] nfdf] ;do lalt;Sbf klg g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf Jofj;flos ;Ifdtf / gful/sk|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj, sfo{;Dkfbg / ;]jf ;+:sf/sf] cefj, sfo{;Dkfbg Joj:yfkg k4ltsf] sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg', kl/jt{g / ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ ;+:yfut / Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf gx'g', /fhgLlt / k|zf;g aLrsf] ;DaGw sfo{d"ns x'g g;Sg', ;dfj]zLs/0f / of]Uotfk|0ffnL aLr tfbfTDo / ;fd~h:o sfod gx'g', sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQljsf; k"jf{g'dfgof]Uo x'g g;Sg' h:tf ;d:of /x]sf 5g\ . sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg Ifdtf / ;+:sf/sf] ¿kfGt/0f eGbf ;+/If0f s]lGb|t, /0fgLlts ;'wf/eGbf k|lqmofut ;'wf/ pGd'v, ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L ;Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{eGbf cfkm"leqsf] h6Lntfsf] Joj:yfkgdf s]lGb|t, cfkm\gf] cfjZostfdf eGbf bft[;d'bfosf] OR5f / bjfjdf cfwfl/t, bL3{sfnLg eGbf tfTsfnLg Wo]o k|flKtdf ;Lldt /x]sf] cj:yf 5 .

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g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf clwsf/ / ;fwg >f]t tyf cj;/sf] s]Gb|Ls/0fn] ubf{ sd{rf/Lx¿ ;]jfs]Gb|df eGbf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{nox¿df /xg a9L ¿rfpg] k|j[lQ b]lvG5 . kmn:j¿k g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljs]lGb|t eGbf s]Gb|Ls/0ftkm{ pGd'v x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . gful/ssf] glhs eO{ cfwf/e"t ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ lgsfox¿ clwsf/ / ;fwg;|f]t, hgzlQm, :jfoQtf, lg0f{o Ifdtf, dgf]jn / pTk|]/0ff cflbdf sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ . ;'wf/ tyf kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ eGbf k|lt/f]w ug{ ?rfpg] k|s[lt b]lvPsf] 5 . gful/sdf k|ToIf ¿kdf ;]jf lbg] lgsfo / sfo{:yndf sd{rf/L gx'g' / s]Gb|df sfdsf] rfk eGbf a9L ;+Vofdf sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf x'g' h:tf cj:yfn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf x|f; cfPsf] 5 . ;dodfg} uDeL/ gx'g] xf] eg] of] qmd cem a9\g] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf Jofks /fhgLlts/0fsf sf/0f Jofj;flos ¿kdf ;Ifd, gful/sk|lt pQ/bfoL / glthfd"ns ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g g;ls/x]sf] ;DaGwdf To;tkm{ Wofg hfg' h¿/L 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ultzLn / sfo{d"ns t'Nofpg ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutfd"ns Pj+ Jofks k/fdz{sf cfwf/df /fli6«o /0fgLlts of]hgf jf u'¿of]hgf th'{df u/L Jojl:yt / of]hgfa4 kl/rfngsf] ;f]r /fVg' h¿/L 5 . o;df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] /0fgLlts lbzf, ;+/rgfut Joj:yf, k4ltut ;'wf/, sfo{;Dkfbg ;+:sf/, Jofjxfl/s pTs[i6tf h:tf kIfdf tTsfnLg ljsf;fTds / bL3{sfnLg ;'wf/ / ¿kfGt/0fsf] of]hgf cfjZos 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] /0fgLlts ;'wf/ tkm{ hgzlQm ljsf; tyf kl/rfngsf] of]hgf, ;]jf ;DaGwL s]Gb|Lo gLlt tyf ljleGg If]qut /0fgLlts of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ h¿/L 5 . s]Gb|Ls[t ;+/rgfnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls[t ;+/rgfdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L ;]jfd"ns / sfo{;Dkfbgd"ns t'NofOg' kb{5 . ;]jfsf] gLltut txdf sfo{sf/L Ifdtf ;lxtsf] PsLs[t ;+/rgf / sfo{ut txdf Jofj;flos Ifdtf / ljlzi6Ls[t bIftf;lxtsf] ljz]ifLs[t ;]jfsf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf k4ltut ;'wf/df sfo{;Dkfbg k4lt nfu" ug]{, sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t tnj k|0ffnL, ljefuLo k|d'v / sfof{no k|d'vdf sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/sf] Joj:yf, If]qut ljlzi6tf / ljz]if1tfsf] ljsf; / pkof]u ug]{ lsl;dn] ;¿jf / kb:yfkgfsf] Joj:yf, k"j{ cg'dfgof]Uo a9'jf tyf j[lQljsf;–k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjog, 1fg, ;Lk / bIftfsf] ;dofg's"n ljsf; x'g] u/L ;a}n] ;dfg ¿kdf k|lzIf0f kfpg] Joj:yf, sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL, ;dfj]zLs/0f / of]Uotf k|0ffnL aLr ;fd~h:o sfod ug{sf nflu cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t k4lt lgdf{0f, sfo{sf/L g]t[Tj ljsf; h:tf kIfdf ;'wf/ cfjZos 5 . g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] ck]Iff u/] cg's"n tyf ljZjJofkL d"No, dfGotf / :t/ cg';f/sf] t'Nofpg cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\u7gx¿df k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/df sd{rf/LnfO{ sfd ug{ k7fpg] Joj:yf u/L ;Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{ k4ltsf] ;d]t cjnDag cfjZos 5 . ;]jfdf sfo{d"ns ;+:sf/, glthfk|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4, ;sf/fTds ;f]r / k|j[lQsf] ljsf;, sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxgfTds Joj:yf, ;bfrf/ k4ltsf] cjnDag, j:t'ut cfwf/df k'/:sf/ / ;sf/fTds k'i6Ls/0f, cfr/0f / Jojxf/;DaGwL dfkb08 lgdf{0f, pknAw 1fgsf] ;xL Joj:yfkg tyf gjLg 1fgsf] ljsf; u/L gjk|jt{g / ;[hgfTds IfdtfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] Joj:yf x'g' h¿/L 5 .

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;do ;fk]If / k|efjsf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ljZj;gLo agfpgsf nflu k|zf;lgs ;'wf/ lg/Gt/ k|lqmof xf] . s'g} Ps sfnv08df ul/Psf ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ ;w}Fsf nflu zfZjt x'g ;Sb}gg\ . ;dsfnLg kl/j]zdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g;Fu}

3

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/sf k|fyldstfdf ;d]t kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /xG5 . g]kfndf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu ul/Psf ljutsf k|of;x¿sf] klg cf–cfkm\g} k[i7e"ld / k|fyldstf /x]sf] 5 . d'n'sdf ePsf ;+j}wflgs kl/jt{g, zf;g k4ltdf ug'{ kg]{ km]/abn, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL gLltut, sfg'gL, sfo{ljlwut Pjd\ Jojxf/hGo ljifox¿df ug'{ kg]{ ;'wf/ Pjd\ ;ª\3fTds zf;gtkm{ ¿kfGt/0f x''Fbf ckgfpg' kg]{ pkfox¿ ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L kl/jlt{t kl/j]zdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] p2]Zon] o; ;ldltåf/f ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ klxrfg u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfjx¿ tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 .

k|:t't k|ltj]bgdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf /x]sf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox? ljleGg @# j6f kl/R5]bdf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . pknAw ;|f]t, ;fwg / hgzlQmsf] ;Ldf leq /xL ;ldltn] d'n'ssf ;a} If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L ;/f]sf/jfnf / lj1x?;Fu 5nkmn / cGt/lqmof u/L j:t'ut oyfy{sf] cfwf/df ljifoj:t'x? ;d]6\g] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] cledt Pjd\ ljleGg lgsfox¿af6 k|fKt ;'emfjx¿ ;d]tnfO{ o;df ;d'lrt ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . lj1x¿af6 k|fKt ePsf] /rgfTds ;'emfj, l6Kk0fL / ljrf/n] k|ltj]bgnfO{ k"0f{ agfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . k|ltj]bgdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ a9L hjfkmb]xL, glthfd"ns, ;]jfd'vL / ljsf;d}qL agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fvL ;'wf/sf] If]q klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf d"ne"t If]qx¿sf] k[i7e"ld, jt{dfg cj:yf, ;d:ofsf] klxrfg / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf ;DaGwdf gLltut ;'emfj ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;'wf/sf pkfox? k|:tfj ubf{ ljifosf] uflDeo{tf / k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df bL3{sfnLg b[li6sf]0f Pjd\ tTsfnLg pkfox?;d]t ;d]l6Psf] 5 .

o; ;ldltnfO{ lbOPsf] sfof{b]zsf] cwLgdf /xL ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL / hgpQ/bfoL agfpg ljBdfg ;fË7lgs ;+/rgf, sfg'g / gLltut ljifodf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/sf ljifox¿ o;df ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ Jofj;flos, u'0f:t/Lo / ;]jfu|fxL k|lt lhDd]jf/ agfpg ul/g'kg]{ ;+:yfut / hgzlQm ;'wf/sf ljifonfO{ o;df ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgjfbsf d"Nox? lqmofzLn x'g;Sg] u/L zf;g ;~rfngsf ljlw / k|lqmofx? ;+j}wflgs ?kdf lgwf{/0f u/L ;'zf;gsf nflu dfu{bz{g ug{ ;+ljwfgdf g} To:tf cfwf/e"t ljifox? ;'lglZrt ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf bzf{OPsf] 5 .

oyfy{tfk/s b[li6sf]0f /fvL ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;+/rgfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ k|:tfj ub}{ ljBdfg dGqfnosf] ;+VofnfO{ !* j6f sfod ug]{ / ;ª\3fTds ;+/rgfdf hfFbf s]Gb|Lo txdf !@ j6f dfq dGqfno sfod ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] ;'emfj k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . If]qLo sfof{nox? nufotsf cgfjZos ;+/rgfx? vf/]h ug]{, cWoog / cf}lrTo ljgf gofF ;+/rgfx? l;h{gf gug]{, sfo{If]qdf b]lvPsf] bf]xf]/f]kgf x6fpg]h:tf ljifox? ;'emfjdf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jf, j[lQ ljsf;, ;¿jfnfO{ cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg / lgoGq0f k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg] ;DaGwdf jt{dfg sfg'gL Joj:yf / k|lqmofdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jf ;~rfng ;DaGwL gLltut ljifodf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{nfO{ dxTj lbg], Joj:yfkg k/LIf0fnfO{ clgjfo{ agfpg] / Joj:yfkg k/LIfsnfO{ ;d]t lhDd]jf/ agfpg], k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] clwsf/If]qsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{, cg'zf;g sfod /fVg ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmofnfO{ ;/nLs/0f ug]{, b'u{d If]qdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Ln] cj;/df k|fyldstf

4

kfpg], ef}uf]lns If]qsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{, sfo{;Dkfbgsf cfwf/df k|f]T;fxg ug]{, ;?jfsf] ;dofjlw / cfwf/x?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L z}lIfs ;q ;fk]If agfpg], ;'Ts]/L labfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg's"n agfpg], ;]jf lgj[Q sd{rf/Lx?sf nflu cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f ug]{, sfof{nosf] pknlAwsf cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍg ug'{ kg]{, cGo b]zn] cjnDag u/]sf] cEof; ;d]tsf cfwf/df pd]/sf] xbsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;f7L jif{ k'¥ofpg], pRr kbdf 58\s] k|j]znfO{ cGt/;]jf k|ltikwf{df hf]8lbg] Pjd\ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgoddf ;d]l6Psf t/ sfof{Gjogdf gcfPsf Joj:yfx?sf] k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ pQ/bfoL / lhDd]jf/ agfpg] ljifo ;d]t ;'emfjdf ;d]l6Psf] 5 . k|ltj]bgdf g]kfn ;/sf/ ;lrj lgo'lQmsf cfwf/x?df k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ / pQ/flwsf/ of]hgf nfu" ug{ ;d]t ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 .

k|zf;g / /fhgLlts cGt/;DaGw :ki6 u/L sd{rf/LtGqdf /fhgLlts/0f x'g gx'g] k|aGw ug{ gLltut / sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L ;f] cg';f/sf] Jojxf/ / ;+:s[ltnfO{ cjnDag ug{ ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/sf nflu lghfdtL ;]jfdf 6«]8 o"lgogsf] e"ldsf / ltgdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/sf ljifox¿ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . 6«]8 o'lgogsf] xfn;Ddsf] cEof;n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] d"NofÍg u/L ljifout Pjd\ Jofj;flos ?kdf 6«]8 o'lgog ;~rfng x'g'kg]{, P]gn] kl/sNkgf u/] adf]lhdsf] cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgogsf] lgjf{rg x'g'kg]{, 6«]8 o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] cfrf/;+lxtf tof/ u/L nfu" ug'{kg]{ / /fhgLlts bn;Fusf] cfa4tf x'g' gx'g] ;d]tsf ;'emfjx? lbOPsf 5g\ .

b'u{d If]qdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ cj;/df k|fyldstf, kbf]Ggltdf clgjfo{tf / ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tfsf cfwf/x? k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . nfdf] ;do b'u{d If]qdf sfo{ ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ b'u{d If]q k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug]{, b'u{d eQf j[l4 ug]{, b'u{d If]qsf pTkfbgsf] ahf/Ls/0f / PsLs[t a:tL ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 . b'u{d If]qdf ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ul/g'kg]{ k|lqmof / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cEof;af6 k|zf;goGqdf k/]sf] k|efjsf] af/]df ;d'lrt ljZn]if0f ub}{ nlIft ju{n] dfq nfe lng ;Sg] u/L lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg -Diversity Management_ ug{ ckgfpg' kg]{ pkfox¿ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ j:t'ut / j}1flgs agfpg dfkg ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug]{, ;]jf s/f/ ;DaGwdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ljifox¿nfO{ k|:t't k|ltj]bgdf ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ glthfd"ns / pQ/bfoL agfO{ ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ ;fdflhs k/LIf0f / ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{sf] cEof; a9fpg], ;'zf;g -;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg_ P]g / ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{, ;]jf ljt/0fnfO{ Psåf/ k|0ffnLdf cfa4 u/L sfo{;Dkfbgsf cfwf/df kfl/>ldssf] Joj:yf nfu" ug]{, cg'udg d"NofÍgnfO{ ;xeflutfd"ns agfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] / cg'udg ug]{nfO{ ;d]t lhDd]jf/ agfpg], ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;Gt'li6 dfkg ug]{, cfly{s k|zf;g;DaGwL P]g sfg'gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{, j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ cfjZostf;Fu cfa4 ug]{, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] lgodgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;d]tsf ljifox? ;d]l6Psf] 5 .

k|:t't k|ltj]bgn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ gful/ssf] ;]jfk|lt ;dlk{t agfpgsf nflu ljBdfg gLltut Pjd\ sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf cf}+NofOPsf] 5 . hgtfsf cfwf/e"t ;/f]sf/sf ljifox?sf] ?kdf /x]sf lzIff, :jf:Yo, ahf/ Joj:yfkg, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfx, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, e|i6frf/ / clgoldttfsf] /f]syfd Pjd\ lgoGq0f h:tf

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ljifonfO{ k|:t't k|ltj]bgdf k|fyldstfk"j{s ;Daf]wg ug{ ljleGg ;'emfjx? k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . d'n's ;ª\3fTds ;+/rgfdf ?kfGt/0f x'Fbf sd{rf/Lx?sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ckgfpg' kg]{ gLltut pkfox? ;d]t k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

k|ltj]bgdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;+/rgf / sfo{ljlwsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{, oyfzL3| :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg x'g'kg]{, hgk|ltlglw g/x]sf] cjlwdf ePsf clgoldt sfd sf/jfxLsf] 5fgljg ug'{kg]{, ;fj{hlgs hUuf Pjd\ ;DklQsf] b'?kof]u lgoGq0f Pjd\ To:tf] ;DklQsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ljz]if k|aGw ug'{kg]{ k|fs[lts ;|f]t Pjd\ kof{j/0fdf kg]{ c;/ k|efj ;d]tnfO{{ b[li6ut u/L qm;/ pBf]u ;~rfng ;DaGwL dfkb08sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{, :jf:Yo lzIff If]qdf b]lvPsf clgoldttf / ljs[ltsf] lgoGq0f u/L d]l8sn sn]hx?sf] ;DaGwg / ;~rfngsf] dfkb08nfO{ cjZostfdf cfwfl/t x'g] u/L k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{, cTofjZos ;]jfx? ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0f / lgu/fgLdf ;~rfng / ljt/0f ul/g' kg]{, ;/sf/sf] lgodgsf/L e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' kg]{, lgodg ug]{ lgsfo / clwsf/LnfO{ ;d]t lhDd]jf/ agfpg' kg]{ ;d]tsf ljifox? k|ltj]bgdf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ .

k|:t't k|ltj]bgdf ;'/Iff If]qsf] ;'wf/, k//fi6« If]qsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f h:tf ljifonfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . k|zf;gnfO{ hgtf;Fu glhs n}hfg ;/sf/sf] kx'Fr sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{, /fli6«o pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbg], ljsf; ah]6nfO{ Sofn]08/df cfa4 ug]{, /fHo sf]ifaf6 lbOg] cfly{s ;xfotf, rGbf k'/:sf/nfO{ lgodg / lgoGq0f ug]{, k/fdz{bftf Pjd\ ;Nnfxsf/sf] lgo'lQm / lhDd]jf/LnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{, gful/s lzIffdf hf]8 lbg] ;d]tsf ljifox? ;d]l6Psf] 5 . k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;DaGwL k|ltj]bgn] lbPsf ;'emfjx? sfof{Gjogsf nflu k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf pRr:t/Lo lgb]{zs ;ldlt / sfof{Gjog cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf nflu lj1;lxtsf] ljz]if ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f u/L lgoldt?kdf k|ult ;dLIff ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf cf}+NofpFb} To:tf] ;+oGqsf] ;d]t k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 .

6

kl/R5]b – !

k|f/lDes

k[i7e"ld k|zf;g /fHosf sfg"g / gLltx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{] dxTjk"0f{ ;+oGq xf] . k/Dk/fut /fHo Joj:yf ;~rfng ug]{ a]nfb]lv g} k|zf;g oGqsf] cl:tTj /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . sNof0fsf/L /fHo Joj:yfdf /fHon] k/Dk/fut sfo{sf cltl/Qm tdfd hgd'vL sfo{x¿ ;Dkfbg ug{'kg]{ ePsfn] k|zf;lgs lgsfox¿sf] pkl:ylt / pkfb]otf a9\b} uPsf] 5 . k|zf;lgs lgsfox¿ hgtf / /fHo ;Qf aLr ;Dks{ ;]t'sf] ¿kdf /xg] dxTjk"0f{ lgsfo ePsf sf/0f h'g;'s} zf;g Joj:yf cFufn]sf d'n'sdf klg k|zf;lgs lgsfo cfjZos x'G5g\ . cfw'lgs ;dodf k|zf;lgs lgsfox¿ hgd'vL, pQ/bfoL tyf glthfd'vL x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf 5 .

g]kfndf cfw'lgs k|zf;lgs kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; lj=;+= @))& ;fnsf] kl/jt{g kZrft\\ z'¿ ePsf] kfOG5 . k/Dk/fut ;+/rgf / sfo{z}nLsf]] g]kfnsf] k|zf;gnfO{ k4ltut ¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{ qmddf ljleGg cfof]u / ;ldltx¿ agfO{ ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ ul/of] . g]kfnn] cfw'lgs k|zf;lgs kl/kf6L :yfkgf ug]{ k|of; k|f/De u/]sf] ;f7L jif{sf] cjlwdf d'n'sdf dxTjk"0f{ /fhgLlts tyf ;fdflhs kl/jt{g ePsf 5g\ . k|zf;g /fhgLltsf] pkIf]qsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ;Gbe{ tyf ;dfhsf] k|ltljDasf] ¿kdf /xg] oyfy{nfO{ dWogh/ u/]/ g} /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrft\\ k|zf;g ;'wf/nfO{ ljz]if dxTjsf ;fy lng] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . jt{dfg ;dodf g]kfnn] k|fKt u/]sf] nf]stGq, ;fdflhs Gofo, ;dfj]lztfk|ltsf] rfxgf cg'¿k g]kfnL k|zf;lgs Joj:yfnfO{ ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g ub}{ PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf ljsf; ePsf] tLj|t/ ;"rgf ;~hfnn] l;h{gf u/]sf] ljZjJofkLs/0f, cfts+jfb, df};d kl/jt{g, cfodf c;dfgtf, cfGtl/s åGå h:tf r'gf}tLx¿;Fu h'Wg ;Sg] tyf g]kfnL gful/sx¿sf] cfsf+Iff cg'¿k glthfd'vL ;]jf k|jfx u/L nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfnfO{ clej[l4 ug]{ k|zf;g oGq :yfkgf / ljsf; ug'{ cfhsf] ckl/xfo{tf ePsf]5 . ljutsf] bzsdf l;h{gf

7

ePsf åGåsf sf/0fx¿dWo] k|d'v sf/0f tTsfnLg ;dodf g]kfnsf] zf;sLo Joj:yfdf ;'zf;gsf] cefj /x]sf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnL zf;sLo Joj:yfdf ;'zf;gsf cfwf/e"t rl/qx¿sf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{ cTofjZos ePsf] 5 . ;dfj]zL zf;gsf] cfwf/:tDesf] ¿kdf /x]sf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljljwtfsf] plrt Joj:yfkg u/L g]kfnL k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfdf qmlds ;'wf/ u/L hgzlQm ljljwLs/0fsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff ;kmnLe"t agfpg' kg]{] cj:yf 5 . gful/sn] k|fKt ug]{ /fHo k|bQ ;]jfx¿ clwsf/d'vL x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ eg] sltko cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿ gful/sn] k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . plNnlvt ljifox¿s} cfnf]sdf ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ ub}{ hgd'vL, kf/bzL{ tyf pQ/bfoL k|zf;g oGqsf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ lbzfdf lng'kg]{ gLltut, sfg"gL tyf ;+/rgfut ;'emfjx¿ klxrfg ug]{, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf If]qdf ljsf; ePsf gjLgtd ;}4flGts cjwf/0ffx¿nfO{ g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ckgfpg' kg]{ pkfox¿ ;'emfpg] / ;du| ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ glthfd'vL / sfof{Tds agfpg] ;DAfGwdf lng'kg]{ gLltut ;'emfjx¿ g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf k|:t't ug]{ u/L ldlt @)^(.)(.)# ut] k|zf;sLo cbfntsf cWoIfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldlt u7g ePsf] lyof] .

;ldltsf] u7g k|zf;gnfO{ ;dofg's"n ultzLn, kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg, ;'zf;g / kf/blz{tf sfod ub}{ ljZjsf gjLg dfGotf / l;4fGtnfO{ k|zf;gleq k|j]z u/fO{ hgtfsf] cfsf+Iff cg'¿k ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ / k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug{ ljBdfg k|zf;gnfO{ ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ ljifox¿sf] cfjZostf / cf}lrTosf] cfwf/df If]qut, ljifout gLltsf] lgdf{0f / jt{dfg df}h'bf sfg"gdf ;'wf/ u/L lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ hgd'vL / hgpQ/bfoL agfpg k|zf;gdf s] s:tf gLltut, sfg"gL / ;+/rgfut Joj:yf ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] af/]df cWoog u/L ;'emfj k]z ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^(.)(.)# ut] u7g ePsf] ;ft ;b:oLo ;ldltdf ldlt @)^(.!).)# ut] u[x dGqfnosf ;lrj / ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf ;lrjnfO{ ;d]t ;ldltsf] ;b:o tf]sL ;ldltnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\\_sf] lg0f{o adf]lhd gf} ;b:oLo agfOPsf] lyof] . plNnlvt ;ldltdf /xg' ePsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfdfjnL o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5–

!= df=>L sfzL/fh bfxfn, cWoIf, k|zf;sLo cbfnt – ;+of]hs @= df=>L s'df/ of]~hg tfdfª, ;b:o, k|zf;sLo cbfnt – ;b:o #= ;lrj, >L o'j/fh e';fn, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u – ;b:o $= ;lrj, >L gjLg l3ld/], u[x dGqfno – ;b:o %= ;lrj, >L e]if/fh zdf{, sfg"g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg ;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno – ;b:o ^= ;lrj, >L b'uf{lglw zdf{, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno – ;b:o &= ;lrj, >L zfGt/fh ;'j]bL, cy{ dGqfno – ;b:o *= ;lrj, >L zfGtaxfb'/ >]i7, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno – ;b:o (= ;x–;lrj, >L d's'Gb kGyL, k|zf;g ;'wf/ tyf cfGtl/s

8

Joj:yf dxfzfvf, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno – ;b:o ;lrj1

;ldltsf] sfo{lgb]{z (Terms of Reference)

;ldltnfO{ cfkm\gf] sfo{ k|f/De u/]sf] ldltn] tLg dlxgfleq sfo{ ;DkGg ul/;Sg] u/L lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ a9L hjfkmb]xL, glthfd"ns, ;]jf k|wfg, kf/bzL{ / ljsf;d}qL agfpg ljBdfg P]g, sfg"gdf ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos ljifox¿df ljZn]if0ffTds ;'emfj lbg b]xfo adf]lhdsf] sfo{ lgb]{z k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .

!= ;du| ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL / hgpQ/bfoL agfpg ljBdfg ;fË7lgs ;+/rgf, sfg"g / gLltut ljifodf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/ .

@= lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ Jofj;flos, u'0f:t/Lo / ;]jfu|fxLk|lt lhDd]jf/ agfpg ul/g'kg]{ ;+:yfut / hgzlQmdf ;'wf/ .

#= lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jf, j[lQ ljsf;, ;¿jfnfO{ cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg / lgoGq0f k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg] ;DaGwdf jt{dfg sfg"gL Joj:yf / k|lqmofdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/ .

$+= 6«]8 o"lgogsf] e"ldsf / ltgdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/ . %= b'u{d If]qdf ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ul/g'kg]{ k|lqmof / ;'wf/ . ^= lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg -Diversity Management_ ;DaGwL ;'wf/ . &= lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ j:t'ut / j}1flgs agfpg dfkg

;+oGqsf] ljsf; . *= ;]jf s/f/ ;DaGwdf ;'wf/ . (= ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ glthfd"ns agfpg ckgfpg' kg]{ gLltut ;'wf/ .

;ldltn] cjnDag u/]sf] ljlw k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldltn] cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt sfo{lgb]{zdf plNnlvt ljifox¿df cWoog, ljZn]if0f u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf If]qdf ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ u/L ;'zf;gnfO{ a9fjf lbg lng'kg]{ gLltut, ;+/rgfut / sfg"gL ;'wf/sf ;'emfjx¿ k|bfg ug{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿, lj1 tyf ;DalGwt ;a}af6 ;'emfj ;+sng ug]{, k|zf;gsf If]qdf cg'ejL JolQmx¿;Fu cGt/lqmof ug]{, ;]jfu|fxLx¿;Fu k/fdz{u/L k[i7kf]if0f lng If]qut ¿kdf uf]i7L ug]{, ljutdf k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;DaGwdf ul7t cfof]ux¿n] k|bfg u/]sf ;'emfjx¿sf]] cWoog ug]{, k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt gjLgtd k':tsx¿ tyf cGo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cWoog ug]{ h:tf ljlwx¿ k|of]u ug{] lg0f{o u/] cg'¿k b]xfosf ljlwx¿ cjnDag u/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg ul/Psf] lyof] .

s= ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf ;'emfj cfXjfg

;ldltn] cfkm\gf] k|yd a}7ssf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ldlt @)^(.)(.!) ut] uf]/vfkq b}lgsdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu lnOg'kg]{ ;+/rgfut, gLltut tyf sfg"gL pkfox¿ ;DaGwdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] @! lbgleq ;ldltdf cfOk'Ug] u/L ;'emfj k7fOlbg ;/f]sf/jfnf, lj1x¿ tyf ;DalGwt ;a}df cg'/f]w u¥of] . lhNnf

1 ;b:o ;lrjsf] ¿kdf @)^(.!@.@) ut];Dd ;x–;lrj >L jL/axfb'/ /fO{n] sfo{ ug{' ePsf] / jxfFsf] ;¿jf ePkl5 ;f] :yfgdf ;x–;lrj >L d's'Gb kGyL tf]lsg' ePsf] lyof] .

9

txaf6 k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;DaGwdf ;'emfj lbg OR5's JolQmx¿sf] ;xhtfsf nflu k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ldfkm{t ;d]t ;'emfj ;+sng ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] cg';f/ lhNnf txdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] To; ;DaGwL uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf u/L ;'emfj k7fpg] Joj:yf ldnfPsf]df pQm ;"rgfaf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt u/L ljleGg JolQmx¿n] ;d]t k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;DaGwdf cfufdL lbgdf lng'kg]{ ;'wf/sf ;'emfjx¿ ;ldlt ;dIf k7fPsf lyP . ;'emfj k7fpg] sfof{no tyf JolQmx¿sf] gfdfjnL cg;"rLdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

v= cGt/lqmof

;ldltn] k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;DaGwdf cfufdL lbgdf lng'kg]{ ;'wf/sf pkfox¿ ;DaGwdf ljleGg lj1 JolQmx¿nfO{ ;d"x ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L ljleGg r/0fdf cGt/lqmof, 5nkmn, uf]i7L sfo{qmdx¿ ;DkGg u¥of] . cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf k"j{ kbflwsf/Lx¿, k"j{ d'Vo ;lrjx¿, k"j{ ;lrjx¿, pRr kb:y clwsf/Lx¿, gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwx¿, 6«]8 o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ Pjd\ ljleGg If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . 5nkmnsf] qmddf k|fKt ePsf ;'emfjx¿sf] ljZn]if0f kl/R5]b % df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . 5nkmn tyf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf ;xefuLx¿sf] gfdfjnL cg';"rLdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

u= uf]i7L tyf k/fdz{

;ldltn] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg ;xeflutfd"ns ¿kdf tof/ kfg]{ p2]Zon] % j6} ljsf; If]qdf ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQmx¿ tyf cfd gful/sx¿;Fu 5nkmn Pjd\ cGt/lqmof ug{ uf]i7L ;~rfng u/L ;/f]]sf/jfnfx¿af6 sfof{b]zdf plNnlvt ljifodf ;'emfj ;Íng u/]sf] lyof] .

;ldltn] tTsfn ug{' kg]{ egL ljleGg lgsfox¿df ul/g] l;kmfl/;x¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt u/fpg, ;'emfjx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfaf/] lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug{] tyf ;'wf/ sfo{qmddf g]kfn ;/sf/sf pRRf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] :jfldTj af]w u/fpg] p2]Zon] ;DDffggLo k|wfgdGqLsf] ;d'kl:yltdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqfnosf ;lrjx¿, cfof]usf k|zf;lgs k|d'vx¿ tyf cGo s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf k|d'vx¿;Fu ldlt @)^( df3 !& ut] k/fdz{ sfo{qmd ;DkGg u¥of] . pQm sfo{qmddf ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLn] ;/sf/sf pRr kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ k|zf;g ;'wf/ lg/Gt/ x'g] ljifo ePsf]n] ;ldltsf] sfo{nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf ;xof]u u/L ;/sf/n] ablnbf] ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ug{ vf]h]sf] ;'wf/nfO{ k|efjsfl/tf ;fy cl3 a9fpg lgb]{zg lbg' ePsf] lyof] . uf]i7L tyf k/fdz{ sfo{qmdsf ;xefuLx¿sf] gfdfjnL cg';"rLdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

3= ljutsf cfof]ux¿sf] k|ltj]bg cWoog

g]kfndf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu ljutdf lj=;+= @))( ;fnb]lv xfn;Dd k6s–k6s k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu ljleGg ;ldlt / cfof]ux¿ u7g ePsf 5g\ . o;/L ul7t cfof]ux¿sf] k|ltj]bgdf cf}+NofOPsf ;'emfjx¿ s]xL nfu" ePsf 5g\ eg] sltko ;'emfjx¿ sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . sltko ;'emfjsf] ;fGble{stf ;dfKt ePsf] 5 eg] sfof{Gjog x'g afFsL sltko ;'emfjx¿sf] ;fGble{stf cfh ko{Gt plQs}

10

/x]sfn] To:tf ;'emfjx¿df plNnlvt ljifox¿nfO{ klg ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg tof/Lsf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lng] lg0f{o u/L ljutsf ;ldlt Pjd\ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgx¿ cWoog u/L tL k|ltj]bgx¿sf] ;fGble{stfsf] ;dLIff ul/Psf] 5 .

ª= j:t'l:ylt ljZn]if0f

;ldltn] k|fKt u/]sf] ;"rgf Pjd\ hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljBdfg cj:yf o;sf ;jn / b'j{n kIfx¿ Pjd\ cj;/ / r'gf}tLsf af/]df j:t'ut ¿kdf j:t'l:ylt ljZn]if0f u/L ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 .

r= ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿n] tTsfn ug{'kg]{ ;'wf/x¿

cfd gful/ssf] b}lgs hghLljsf;Fu k|ToIf ¿kdf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf sfo{ ;DaGwdf k|fKt ;'emfjx¿sf] cfwf/df ;DalGwt lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx¿;Fu a}7s u/L To:tf lgsfox¿sf sfd sf/afxL ;DAfGwdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿ tTsfn ;'wf/ ug{ ;'emfj lbg'sf ;fy} ;ldltn] cfkm\gf a}7sx¿df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;DaGwdf lnPsf ljleGg lg0f{ox¿ tTsfn sfof{Gjog ug{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿nfO{ n]vL k7fpg] sfd ;DkGg u¥of] . To;/L ;'wf/sf nflu lbPsf] ljj/0f cg';"rLdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

5= tTsfn ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfj;lxtsf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|:t't

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf ;'wf/ ug{ cfufdL lbgdf lng' kg]{ sfg"gL, gLltut tyf ;+/rgfut pkfox¿sf ;DaGwdf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo tyf JolQmx¿ / ;DjlGwt lj1x¿;Fu cGt/lqmof u/L k|fKt ;'emfj tyf ;ldltnfO{ ljleGg dfWodaf6 k|fKt ;'emfjx¿sf cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ljleGGf If]qx¿df tTsfn ug'{ kg]{ ;'wf/sf nflu ljleGg tL;j6f If]qx¿ klxrfg u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf ldlt @)^( kmfu'g ( ut] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . ;ldltn] k]z u/]sf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg cg';"rLdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

h= ;+:yfut ;'emfj Pjd\ k|ltlqmof ;+sng

dGqfno tyf s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] ;ª\u7gfTds 9fFrf Pjd\ ;f] lgsfodf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf nflu k|To]s dGqfno tyf s]Gb|Lo :t/sf lgsfox¿af6 ;+:yfut ;'emfj Pjd\ k|ltlqmof ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . To:f/L ;'emfj k7fpg] lgsfox¿sf] ljj/0f cg';"rLdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

em= ;DjlGwt lgsfox¿;Fu 5nkmn

;ldltsf ;+of]hs Pjd\ ;b:ox¿ ;d]tsf] pkl:yltdf k|foM ;a}h;f] dGqfno / s]Gb|Lo lgsfox¿df 5nkmn sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L ;'wf/sf nflu /fo ;'emfj ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] qmddf pk/f]Qm sfof{b]zsf cltl/Qm ;+:yfsf] ;+/rgfut kIf, ;fË7lgs kIf, ;ª\u7gsf] gfd, b/aGbL, gLltut tyf sfg"gL ;'wf/ Pj+ sfdsf/jfxLdf jt{dfgdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ;Gbe{df klg ;ldltsf tkm{af6 lnlvt ;'emfj dfu ul/Psf] lyof] . 5nkmn sfo{qmdsf] ljj/0f cg';"rLdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

11

`= /fli6«o :t/sf] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf /x]sf ljBdfg ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg u/L To;sf] lg/fs/0f ug{ eljiodf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ klxNofpg] x]t'n] k"j{ k|wfgdGqL, k"j{ ljwfos, g]kfn ;/sf/sf k"j{ Pj+ jt{dfg d'Vo ;lrj tyf ;lrjx¿, GofofwLzx¿, a'l4hLlj, sfg"gljb\, ;'/Iff lgsfosf k|d'v kbflwsf/L Pj+ ;~rf/sdL{ ;d]tsf] pkl:ylt Pj+ ;xeflutfdf k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldltåf/f ldlt @)&).@.@$ ut] /fli6«o :t/sf] Ps lbj;Lo cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf] ;d]t cfof]hgf ul/of] . pQm sfo{qmdsf ;xefuLx¿sf] gfdfjnL cg';"rLdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

6= ljz]if k/fdz{ sfo{qmd

;ldltn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;fdlos ;'wf/sf nflu ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ljifox¿ ;DaGwdf ;'emfjx¿ k|fKt ug]{ x]t'n] k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\sf kbflwsf/Lx¿ :yfgLo lgsfo dxf;+3sf k|ltlglwx¿ Pjd\ of] If]qdf rf;f] /fVg] ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ljz]if k/fdz{ Pjd\ 5nkmn ul/of] . To;/L 5nkmn ul/Psf ;xefuLx¿sf] gfdfjnL cg';"rLdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

7= k|zf;g ;'wf/;Fu ;DalGwt ljifosf] l;kmfl/;;lxtsf] cGtl/d k|ltj]bg k|:t't

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf ;'wf/ ug{ cfufdL lbgdf lng'kg]{ ljleGg pkfox¿sf ;DaGwdf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo, JolQm, ;DalGwt lj1x¿;Fusf] cGt/lqmofaf6 k|fKt ;'emfj Pj+ ;ldltnfO{ ljleGg dfWodaf6 k|fKt ;'emfj;d]tsf] cWoog u/L cf=j= @)&)÷)&! sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf ah]6df ;Daf]wgsf lglDt k|zf;g ;'wf/;Fu ;DalGwt ljifosf ljleGg PSsfO;j6f If]qx¿ klxrfg u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf @)&) ;fn cfiff9 & ut] cGtl/d k|ltj]bg k|:t't ul/of] . ;ldltn] k]z u/]sf] cGtl/d k|ltj]bg cg';"rLdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

hgzlQm ;ldltsf] sfof{no d'b|0f ljefu /x]sf] ejg, l;+xb/af/df :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . k|zf;sLo cbfnt, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno / d'b|0f ljefusf s]xL sd{rf/Lx¿n] ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnodf /xL sfo{ ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . k|ltj]bgsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug]{ qmddf ljleGg lgsfosf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] . o; ;ldltdf /xL k|:t't k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ sfo{df b]xfosf] sd{rf/L ;d"xn] k"0f{sfnLg ¿kdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] lyof] –

!= ;xGofoflwjQmf, >L Zofds'df/ e§/fO{, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no

@= pk;lrj, >L gj/fh ltjf/L, lzIff dGqfno

#= zfvf clws[t, >L OlGb/f zdf{, k|zf;sLo cbfnt

$= zfvf clws[t, >L t]hk|;fb kf}8]n, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt

%= sDKo"6/ ck/]6/, >L uLtf e§/fO{-kf]v/]n_, k|zf;sLo cbfnt

12

plNNlvt sd{rf/Lsf cltl/Qm b]xfosf sd{rf/Laf6 o; ;ldltnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] lyof]–

!= gfoj dxfn]vf k/LIfs, >L O{Zj//fh >]i7, dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{no

@= ;x;lrj, 8f= >L e/t uf}td, Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfno

#= pk;lrj, >L nIdLk|;fb lg/f}nf, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u

$= pk;lrj, >L xl/z/0f k'8f;}gL, cy{ dGqfno

%= pk;lrj, >L /]zdnfn sF8]n, ;"rgf k|ljlw ljefu

^= pk;lrj, >L x'daxfb'/ s]=;L=, sfg'g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg ;ef tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno

;ldltsf] ;lrjfnodf /xL sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿ Pjd\ k|ltj]bg tof/Lsf] qmddf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ljj/0f cg';"rLdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

k|ltj]bgsf] :j¿k k|:t't k|ltj]bgdf @# j6f kl/R5]b /x]sf 5g\ .

kl/R5]b ! k|f/lDes

kl/R5]b @ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff / ljsf;

kl/R5]b # g]kfndf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf If]qdf ePsf k|of;x¿

kl/R5]b $ k|zf;g ;'wf/sf ;dsfnLg ljifox¿

kl/R5]b % ;ldltdf k|fKt ;'emfj÷k|ltlqmofsf] ljZn]if0f

kl/R5]b ^ ljBdfg k|zf;lgs ;ª\u7gsf] j:t'l:ylt ljZn]if0f

kl/R5]b & /fHosf cËx¿sf] sfdsf/jfxL / ;'wf/

s= Joj:yflksf

v= sfo{kflnsf

u= Gofokflnsf

3= dGqfnosf] ;+/rgf / ;'wf/

ª= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u

r= dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no

5= /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|

h= cGo lgsfox¿

kl/R5]b * dGqfnosf] ;ª\Vof, ;ª\u7g / sfo{If]qsf] k'g/fjnf]sg

kl/R5]b ( ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f

kl/R5]b !) lghfdtL ;]jf / ;'wf/

13

kl/R5]b !! ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] cj:yf / ;'wf/

kl/R5]b !@ ;'zf;g

kl/R5]b !# cfly{s k|zf;g ;DaGwL

kl/R5]b !$ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL

kl/R5]b !% ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw

kl/R5]b !^ b'u{d If]qdf ;]jf k|jfx

kl/R5]b !& lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg kl/R5]b !* sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgog / ;'wf/ kl/R5]b !( k|zf;sLo ;'wf/sf ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt

kl/R5]b @) ;'/Iff;DaGwL Joj:yf kl/R5]b @! tflnd÷k|lzIf0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf

kl/R5]b @@ ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf k|zf;lgs :j¿k

kl/R5]b @# lgisif{ tyf ;'emfjx¿

cg';"rLx¿

;dofjlw g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^(.)(.)# ut]sf] lg0f{oaf6 u7g ePsf] of] ;ldltn] ldlt @)^(.(.( df klxnf] a}7s a;L sfo{ k|f/De u/]sf] lyof] . z'¿df ;ldltsf] sfof{jlw # dlxgfsf] tf]lsPsf]df kl5 # dlxgfsf] ;dofjlw yk ePsf] lyof] . ;f] ;dofjlwdf klg cGt/lqmof, 5nkmn / uf]i7L h:tf sfo{qmd lg/Gt/ rln/x]sf]n] k|ltj]bgsf] clGtd tof/Lsf nflu ;dofjlw ck'u ePsfn] k'gM Dofb yk eO{ k|ltj]bgnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf of] k|ltj]bg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

;ldltsf] a}7s ;ldltsf] sfof{jlw e/df ;ldltsf] 5kGg j6f a}7s a;]sf] lyof] .

14

kl/R5]b–@

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff / ljsf;

k[i7e"ld ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g d"ntM ;/sf/L gLlt lgdf{0f Pj+ ;fj{hlgs lqmofsnfk;Fu ;DalGwt /xG5 . o;}sf] dfWodaf6 ;fj{hlgs gLlt sfof{Gjog ul/G5 . of] Pp6f ultzLn cjwf/0ff xf] . o;sf] k|d'v p2]Zo ;fj{hlgs hLjgsf ljljw If]qdf cfwf/e"t ¿kd} u'0ffTds kl/jt{g Nofpg] x'Fbf o;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yfkg Pjd\ /fhgLltsf] oyfy{tfdf ¿kfGt/0f klg eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . s'g} klg b]zsf] ljsf;sf] ult To; b]zsf] k|zf;g k4ltdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g o:tf] uxg ljifo xf] h;nfO{ s'g} lglZrt kl/lwleq ;LdfÍg ug{ ;ls+b}g . of] Hofb} k'/fgf] cWoog ljwf eP tfklg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] j}1flgs Pj+ Jojl:yt cWoog eg] ;g\ !**& kZrft\dfq z'¿ ePsf] dflgG5 . k|frLg ;dob]lv OlhK6, ld>, lu|;, Py]G;, d];f]kf]6fldof, l;Gw'3f6L, rLg cflbdf ljsf; ePsf] ;Eotfsf] z'¿jft;Fu;Fu} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] klg z'¿jft ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . ;Eotfsf] ljsf; qmddf dfgj hfltnfO{ ;dfhleq ldnfP/ /fVg /fHo Joj:yfsf] z'¿jft eof] / Tof] /fHo Joj:yfdf ;xfotf k'¥ofpgsf] nflu lglZrt JolQmx¿ hf] a'l4, ljj]s / 1fgn] lgk"0f{ 7flgGy] pgLx¿sf] ;xof]u lng yflnof] . /fHo ;~rfngdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿n] cf–cfkm\gf kl/j]z cg's"nsf ljlwx¿sf] lgwf{/0f / ;f]sf] kfngfsf] cEof; :j¿k ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljsf;sf] z'¿jft eGg ;lsG5 . cfGtl/s tyf jfXo cfqmd0faf6 /fHosf] ;'/Iff u/L ;dfhdf zflGt Joj:yf sfod ug'{ / To;sf nflu cfjZos /sd ;Íng ug'{ To; a]nf

15

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] k|d'v sfo{ lyof] . ;dfh g}ltstfdf cfwfl/t /x]sf]n] ef}lts ;'v ;'ljwfnfO{ dxTj glbO{ lg:jfy{ eO{ a'l4, ljj]s / ts{sf] cfwf/df ;dfhnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg' g} pQm ;dosf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To; ;dodf /fHo ;~rfngdf /fhfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ JolQmx¿sf] ¿kdf u'¿, k'/f]lxt, efO ef/bf/ Pj+ ljåfgx¿sf] ;xof]u lng] ul/Yof] .

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljsf; slxn]b]lv ePsf] eGg] lglZrt ;dofjlw ls6fg ug{ g;lsP tfklg k"jL{o Pj+ klZrdf lrGtsx¿n] /fHo ;+rfngsf nflu cl3 ;f/]sf lrGtgx¿af6 o;sf] ljsf; qmdsf] yfngL ePsf] dflgG5 . vf;u/L k"jL{o lrGtsx¿ sf}l6No, dg', z'qm, sGkm\o'l;o; / klZrdf lrGtsx¿ c/:t', Kn]6f], ;'s/ft, ¿;f], ns h:tf ljåfgx¿n] /fHo ;~rfng k|lqmof / ljlwsf ljifodf u/]sf] lrGtg g} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljsf;sf] k|f/De ljGb' ePsf] dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 .

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cl:tTj eg] O;fk"j{ !$(! sf] Moses sf] ;dob]lv g} kfpg ;lsG5 . Ozfk"j{ $)) df Kn]6f]n] Joj:yfkgnfO{ 5'§} ljwfsf] ¿kdf klxrfg u/fPsf lyP . Ozfk"j{ @$* df k|yd /f]dg ;d|f6\ Diocletian n] cfkm\gf] /fHonfO{ Ps ;oeGbf a9L efudf ljefhg ub}{ clwsf/sf] k|Tofof]hg / lgoGq0fsf] z[+vnfsf] ;'¿jft u/]sf lyP . O;fk"j{ @)^–@@) sf] ;dodf lrlgof xfg j+zdf /fHo Joj:yf ;~rfngdf ;xof]u ug]{ JolQm Pj+ kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] of]Uotfsf cfwf/df 5gf}6 ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] yfngL ePsf] lyof] . oBlk rLgaf6 z'¿ ePsf] k|zf;sx¿sf] of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t 5gf}6 k|lqmofn] tTsfnLg ljZjdf k|efj kfg{ ;s]sf] kfOFb}g .

o'/f]kdf cf}Bf]lus qmflGt x'g' k"j{ cf}Bf]lus qmflGtsf] cu'jf a]nfotdf ;d]t ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf dxTjk"0f{ kbx¿df s'nLg 3/fgfsf JolQmx¿nfO{ dfq lgo'lQm ug]{ rng lyof] . k|mfG; / o'/f]ksf cGo sltko b]zx¿df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf dxTjk"0f{ kbx¿ lnnfd a9fa9sf] dfWodaf6 h;n] a9L /sd a'emfpg saf]n u¥of] p;}n] kfpg] Joj:yf ;d]t /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;g\ !$($ df Pacioli n] bf]xf]/f] n]vf k|0ffnLnfO{ k|of]udf NofPsf lyP eg] ;g\ !%@% df Machiavelli n] zf;sdf x'g'kg]{ u'0fx¿sf] JofVof u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !&$% tfsf tTsfnLg kl;{of -xfn hd{gL_ sf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] j0f{g ug]{ qmddf Vincent de Gournay n] Tof] ;/sf/ gt /fhtGqfTds lyof] gt s'nLgtGq lyof], g k|hftflGqs lyof] a¿ sfof{notGq 8]:sdf a;L sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;/sf/, lghL :jfy{ ePsf clwsf/Lx¿sf] tfgfzfxL zf;g lyof] egL sd{rf/LtGqsf] af/]df ;j{k|yd kl/efiff lbPsf] kfOG5 . ;g\ !&&^ df Adam Smith n] ljlzi6Ls/0fsf] l;4fGtsf] af/]df Jojl:yt¿kdf rrf{ u/]sf lyP eg] ;g\ !&*( df George Washington n] cfkm\gf] k|zf;gdf cd]l/sL :jtGqtf ;+u|fddf of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf JolQmx¿ lgo'Qm ub}{ n'6 k|0ffnLsf] ck|ToIf¿kdf hu a;fn]sf lyP . ;f] Joj:yf cg';f/ k|zf;sx¿ /fhgLlt1x¿sf] OR5fdf /xg], k|To]s k6s ;/sf/ kl/jt{g x'gf;fy sd{rf/Lx¿df klg km]/jbn u/L ;/sf/df hfg] JolQmsf cfkm\gf ljZjf;kfq jf ;dy{snfO{ dfq sd{rf/Ldf lgo'lQm ug]{ k|rng /x]sf] lyof] .

pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLeGbf k5fl8sf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] Oltxf; eg] Jojl:yt Pj+ j}1flgs ¿ksf] kfOG5 . h; cg';f/ ;g\ !*)! df yf]d; h]km/;gn] cd]l/sL ;/sf/df æn'6 k|0ffnLÆ -Spoil System_ nfO{ ;+:yfut u/]sf / kl5 Andrew Jackson n] cem o;nfO{ dha't agfPsf lyP . ;g\ !*!) df Robert Owen n] sfdbf/x¿nfO{ tflnd tyf cGo Jofjxfl/s 1fgsf]

16

cfjZostf x'g] atfPsf lyP . ;g\ !*%) df John Stuart Mill n] lgoGq0fsf] ;Ldf, cfb]zsf] PsfTdstf / k|f]T;fxg sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ j}1flgs :j¿k k|bfg u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !*%^ df Daniel C. McCallum n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgfsf] jsfnt u/]sf lyP . of] cjwf/0ffsf] sf/ssf] ¿kdf ;g\ !*$! Dff b'O{ cd]l/sL /]n Pscfk;df h'w]sf] 36gfnfO{ lnOPsf] 5 . o; 36gfn] ;ª\u7gsf ;a} lqmofsnfkdf Pp6} dfq k|d'v kbflwsf/Ln] lgoGq0f, ;'kl/j]If0f ug{ ;Qm}g eGg] tYosf] phfu/ ePsf] lyof] .

;g\ !*%# eGbf cufl8 a]nfotdf ;a} ;fj{hlgs kbx¿df efO ef/bf/sf 5f]/f gfltnfO{ /fVg] k|+rng lyof] eg] ;g\ !*%# df a]nfotdf gy{sf]6 6«]e]lnog l/kf]6{sf] cfwf/df k|zf;gsf pRr kbx¿df k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] cfwf/df dfq sd{rf/Lx¿ lgo'Qm ug]{ / o:tf] k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff lgikIf lgsfoåf/f ug]{ Joj:yf eP cg';f/ ;g\ !*%$ df g} of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df sd{rf/L lgo'Qm ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] cfw'lgs z'¿jft eof] . To:t} cd]l/sL /fi6«klt uf/lkmN8sf] xTofkl5 ;g\ !**# df cd]l/sfdf Pendleton Act sf] lgdf{0f u/L n'6 k|0ffnLnfO{ ;dfKt ub}{ u'0f k|0ffnLsf] z'¿jft u/]sf] lyof] . h;cg'¿k cd]l/sL nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] :yfkgf x'g k'Uof] .

;g\ !**& eGbf cufl8 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ 5'§} ljwfsf] ¿kdf x]l/b}g lyof] . o;nfO{ /fhgLltsf] Pp6f cËsf] ¿kdf dfq x]l/GYof] . /fhgLlt1x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{sf] nflu cfkm\gf glhssf JolQmx¿, ljZjf;kfqx¿, efOef/bf/x¿nfO{ g} k|zf;ssf] ¿kdf lgo'lQm ug]{ k|rng /x]sf] lyof] . ;g\ !**& df cd]l/sL ljåfg\ Woodrow Wilson n] ;j{k|yd ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] kl/efiff ub}{ æ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g lj:t[t / k|0ffnLa4 k|of]u xf]Æ egL ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / /fhgLltnfO{ cnu–cnu ljifosf] ¿kdf x]l/g' kg]{ dfGotfsf] ;"qkft u/] . o;kl5 g} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ 5'§} ljwfsf] ¿kdf cWoog ug{ z'¿ ePsf] kfOG5 . tTkZrft ;g\ !()) df Frank J. Goodnow n] /fhgLltn] gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ / k|zf;gn] gLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{ ePsf]n] /fhgLlt / k|zf;gnfO{ Pp6} 7fpFdf /fv]/ cWoog ug{ gldNg] egL /fhgLlt / k|zf;g cnu–cnu ljwf ePsf] k|i6 kf/] . ;g\ !()) df Frederic W. Taylor n] j}1flgs Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg ub}{ >lds / Joj:yfkg ;xof]usf] cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbP . h;af6 nfutdf lgoGq0f ub}{ sfo{ k|s[ltdf j}1flgs Joj:yfkgsf] k|lqmofnfO{ ckgfOof] .

;g\ !(@! df cd]l/sfdf ah]6 / PsfplG6Ë PS6sf] lgdf{0f eO{ ah]6 tyf n]vf x]g]{ 5'§} lgsfosf] :yfkgf ul/of] . ;g\ !(@@ df Max Weber n] cf}Bf]lus qmflGtkl5 klZrdL b]zx¿df cfPsf] kl/jt{g / Tof] eGbf cl3sf] klZrdL ;Eotfsf] ljsf;sf] qmdsf] cWoog u/L Pp6f cfbz{ ;dfhsf] sNkgf ubf{ sd{rf/LtGqsf] l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg u/]sf / k|m]Gr efiffdf k|sflzt pgsf] ;f] l;4fGt ;g\ !($* df cË|]hL efiffdf cg'jfb ePkl5 k|sfzdf cfPsf] kfOG5 . pgn] sfg'g / ljj]sdf cfwfl/t ;dfh s:tf] k|sf/sf] x'g] / To; ;dfhdf k|zf;lgs Joj:yf s'g k|sf/sf] x'g]5 eGg] pNn]v ub}{ Pp6f cfbz{ ;dfhdf /x]sf] sd{rf/LtGqsf ljz]iftfx¿ lrq0f u/] . pgn] clwsf/ / >]0fL tyf zlQmsf] lglZrttf, ljlzi6Ls/0f, kb;f]kfg, lnlvt b:tfj]hdf cfwfl/t k|zf;g, JolQmut tyf sfof{no ;DaGwL s'/fdf k[ystf, j[lQ k|0ffnL, lglZrt tnj / eQfsf] Joj:yf, of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df 5gf}6, nfnlkmQfzfxLnfO{ sd{rf/LtGqsf] ljz]iftfsf] ¿kdf pNn]v u/] . To;}u/L ;g\ !(@# df cd]l/sfdf Snfl;lkms];g PS6sf] lgdf{0f eO{ kb juL{s/0fsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ leq\ofOof] .

17

L.D. White n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ clVtof/jfnfn] 3f]if0ff u/]sf ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] p2]Zo k|fKt jf sfof{Gjog ug{ ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ s[ofsnfkx¿sf] ¿kdf kl/efiff u/] . /fhgLltsf] rf;f] /fHosf] OR5fnfO{ gLltsf ¿kdf cleJoQm ug'[{ xf] eg] tL OR5fx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ kf6f] k|zf;gsf] xf] eGg] dfGotfsf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] k"jf{4{df cd]l/sfsf ljZjljBfnodf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ 5'§} ljwfsf ¿kdf k9fpg] cleofg ;d]t z'¿ ePsf] kfOG5 .

;g\ !(@& kl5sf] ;donfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;'gf}nf] o'usf] ¿kdf x]l/g yflnof] . o; sfndf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt y'k|} gofF gofF l;4fGtx¿ k|ltkfbg eP . ;g\ !(@& df ON6g dfof]sf] Jojxf/jfbL lj1fgsf] l;4fGtn] k|zf;gdf Jofjxfl/s kIfsf] cWoogdf hf]8 lbof] . h;dfkm{t pgn] sfo{ jftfj/0f / pTkfbsTj aLrsf] ;DaGwsf] af/]df cWoog u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !(#) dd]/L kfs]{6 kmf]n]6n] JolQmut pTk|]/0ff / ;fd"lxs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf cfwfl/t Joj:yfksLo bz{gsf] ljsf; u/] . To;}n] pgnfO{ ;fd"lxs Joj:yfkg ljrf/wf/fsf] cu'jfsf] ¿kdf klg lng] ul/Psf] 5 . !(#& df r]:6/ jg{f8{n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g /fhgLltaf6 cnu ljwf xf]Og eGb} /fhgLlt / k|zf;g Pscsf{sf kl/k"/s ljifoj:t' x'g\ eGg] s'/f cufl8 ;f/] . ;g\ !(#& df n'y/ u'lnsn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;Gbe{df k|sfz kfb}{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ POSDCORB sf] ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] kfOG5 . n'y/ u'lnssf] POSDCORB n] k|zf;gnfO{ dfgjLo ;ª\u7gsf ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ ;3fp k'Uof] . ;g\ !(#( df :yfkgf ePsf] American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) n]] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cWoog, cg';Gwfg / ljsf;df hf]8 lbof] . ;fOdgn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/nfO{ /fhgLlts k|lqmofs} ¿kdf cWoog ul/g' kg]{ wf/0ff cufl8 ;f/]sf lyP . ;g\ !($# df ca|fxd df:nf]n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf j[l4sf] nflu pTk|]/0ff;DaGwL cfjZostfsf] ;f]kfgsf] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/] . ;g\ !($^ df ;/sf/L ;ª\u7gx¿sf] k|s[lt t'ngfTds ¿kdf cGo ;ª\u7geGbf a9L /fhgLlts x'G5 egL lj8«f] ljN;gsf] l;4fGtnfO{ r'gf}tL ;d]t lbOof] . pQm dtsf k|ltkfbs Paul Appeleby lyP eg] cGo ;dy{sx¿df Philip Selznick, Norton Long h:tf ljåfg\x¿ /x]sf lyP . ;g\ !($& df Herbert A. Simon n] dfgjLo Jojxf/ / cfr/0fn] k|zf;gdf kfg]{ k|efjsf] cWoog ub}{ Jojxf/jfbsf] l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg u/] . pgn] /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] leGgtfsf] ;§f logLx¿ aLr ;xof]u / ;dGjodf hf]8 lbPsf lyP . ;g\ !($& d} ljåfg\ Robert Dahl n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ lj1fgsf] ¿kdf cWoog ug]{ xf] eg] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] t'ngfTds cWoog x'g h¿/L 5 eGg] dfGotf cufl8 ;f/]sf lyP . ;g\ !(%% df Herbert Kaufman, Fred W. Riggs / Walter R. Sharp n] t'ngfTds k|zf;gsf] cWoognfO{ cd]l/sfsf] k|Voft o]n ljZjljBfnodf k|j]z u/fPsf lyP . cd]l/sfsf] lk|G;6g ljZjljBfnodf ;g\ !(%^ sf] ;]K6]Da/df t'ngfTds ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljZj ;Dd]ng eO{ ;f] ;Dd]ngn] ljsf; k|zf;gsf] af}l4s cfwf/ v8f ug{ k'Uof] .

;g\ !(^@ df cd]l/sL /fi6«klt hf]g Pkm s]g]8Ln] ;+3Lo sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf o'lgog ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhLsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !(^* df Dwight Waldo sf] ;+/IfsTjdf s]xL o'jf ljåfg\x¿n] tTsfnLg cd]l/sL ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf /x]sf] oyfl:yltnfO{ cfnf]rgf ub}{ "New Public Administration" sf] cfGbf]ng rnfP . ;g\ !(&@ sf] Equal Employment Opportunity Act n] cd]l/sfdf ljutsf] e]befjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ p2]Zon] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;sf/fTds lje]bnfO{ ckgfOof] eg]

18

;g\ !(&) sf] bzsdf cfP/ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gk|ltsf] df]xe+u x'g yfNof] . o;nfO{ k'/ftg l;4fGtsf] ¿kaf6 Jojxf/ ul/+bf o;sf l;4fGtx¿ qmdzM sdhf]/ x'g yfn] . e2f ;+/rgf, af]lemnf] kb;f]kfg, nf];] sfo{k|0ffnL, clwsf/sf] cTolws s]Gb|Ls/0fh:tf sf/0fx¿af6 of] ldtJooL, pknlAwd"ns Pj+ k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] egL o;sf] ljsNksf] vf]hL ug{ yflnof] . of] vf]hL cleofgn] !(*) sf] bzsdf New Public Management sf] gfdaf6 d"t{¿k lnof] . h; cg';f/ lghLIf]qsf] Joj:yfkgsf ;kmn cEof;x¿sf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf k|of]u u/L ahf/ s]lGb|t ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g, Jofj;flos ;/sf/ / pkef]Qmfjfbdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ dfGotfnfO{ cufl8 ;f/]sf] lyof] . sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t d"NofÍg, vr{ s6f}tL, sfdnfO{ k|d'v / ;xfos sfo{df ljefhg ug'{kg]{ ljifo cufl8 ;f/L ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf cfP/ ljsl;t b]zdf o;;DaGwL k|of]u klg x'g yfNof] . cy{zf:qsf] l;4fGtsf] ¿kdf /x]sf klAns RjfO; Yof]/L / lk|lG;kn Ph]06 Yof]/Ln] o; cjwf/0ffnfO{ cl3 a9fpg d2t u/] . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 ;fl/of] eg] ;fem]bf/L ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffsf] klg ljsf; x'g uof] . a]nfotdf k|wfgdGqL dfu{/]6 Yofr/sf] kfnfdf klxnf] sbdsf] ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ 5l/tf] agfpFb} g]S;\6 :6]k Ph]G;L -Next Step Agency) sf] ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/df lghL If]qdf x:tfGt/0f ug]{ cleofg rnfOof] . a]nfotsf k|wfgdGqL hf]g d]h/sf] kfnfdf gful/s j8fkq -Citizen Charter_ sf] cjwf/0ffn] ljZjJofkL :j¿k u|x0f ug{ k'Uof] .

;g\ !((@ df k|sflzt David Osborne / Ted Gaebler sf] rlr{t k':ts Reinventing Government n] lghL If]qsf Joj:yfkgsf ljlw, wf/0ff tyf d"No dfGotfx¿nfO{ klg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf k|of]udf Nofpg'kg]{ eGg] dfGotf cufl8 ;f/] . gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgnfO{ cd]l/sL lSnG6g k|zf;gn] Jojxf/df k|of]udf Nofpg yfNof] . o;}u/L ;g\ gAa]sf] bzsdf g} o; cjwf/0ffsf] k|of]u a]nfot, Sofg8f nufotsf b]zdf klg ul/of] .

gofF ztfAbLsf] z'¿jftsf lbgdf ljåfg\ Robert Denhardt ;d]tn] gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] sdhf]/LnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ o;sf] ljsNksf] ¿kdf New Public Service sf] cjwf/0ff k|:Tffj ub}{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf Joj:yfksLo u'0fnfO{ eGbf nf]stflGqs u'0fnfO{ hf]8 lbg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf cufl8 NofP . u|fxsnfO{ xf]Og gful/snfO{ ;]jf u/, ;fj{hlgs lxtdf Wofg b]pm, pBdzLntfnfO{ eGbf gful/s / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ dxTj b]pm, /0fgLlts lx;fan] ;f]Rb} nf]stflGqs tj/af6 sfo{;Dkfbg u/, pQ/bfloTjnfO{ xn'sf¿kdf gn]pm, ;+:yf xfFSg] xf]Og o;dfkm{t ;]jf u/, pTkfbsTjdf dfq Wofg glbO{ hgtfnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL dxTj b]pm eGg] h:tf dfGotfx¿nfO{ g} gofF ;fjhlgs ;]jfsf] l;4fGtn] jsfnt u/]sf] 5 .

;g\ @))$ df k|sflzt State Building, Governance and World Order in Twenty First Century gfds k':ts dfkm{t Francis Fukuyama n] ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]q ;se/ 36fO{ p;sf] ;Ifdtfdf j[l4 ug'{kg]{ ljifodf hf]8 lbb} ;Ifd Pj+ k|efjsf/L /fHosf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf 5g\ . ;g\ @))% df cd]l/sfsf] xfj8{ ljZjljBfnosL k|f]km];/ Marilee Grindle n] kof{Kt c;n zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 ;fb}{ ;fgf] s'/faf6 yfngL ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsL 5g\ .

o;/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] cfhsf] cj:yf;Dd cfOk'Ubf w]/} cf/f]x–cj/f]x kf/ ul/;s]sf] kfOG5 . slxn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ /fhgLlts} Pp6f kf6f]sf] ¿kdf x]l/of] eg] slxn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ /fhgLltaf6 5'§} ljwfsf] ¿kdf cWoog ul/of] t slxn] ;fj{hlgs

19

k|zf;g / /fhgLlt Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s ljifo x'g\ egL cWoog ul/of] . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsb]lv ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljsNksf] vf]hL eP klg kl5Nnf lbgx¿df o;sf] s'g} ljsNk gePsf] lgisif{ lgsfNb} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;do ;fk]If¿kdf ultzLn agfO{ ljZj kl/j]zdf cfPsf gjLgtd dfGotfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg] ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L agfpg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ gsf/fTdsaf6 ;sf/fTdstkm{ pGd'v u/fpg' kg]{ eGg] dfGotf :yflkt x'g uPsf] kfOG5 .

g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljsf; k|frLg ;dodf g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yf g}ltstf / wd{df cfwfl/t lyof] . /fHodf g}ltstf sfod ug{', ;dfhdf zflGtJoj:yf sfod ug'{, /fHosf] l;dfgfsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ / To;sf nflu /fh:jsf] ;+sng ug'{ /fHosf] k|d'v bfloTj /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;f] sfo{ ;+rfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQmsf] ¿kdf zf;sx¿n] cfkm\gf glhssf ljZjf;kfq, efOef/bf/, ljåfg\ JolQmx¿ ;d]tsf] ;xof]u lng] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

g]kfndf Jojl:yt zf;g Joj:yfsf] z'¿jft ls/fFtsfnaf6 ePsf] xf] eg] ToxL ;dob]lv k|zf;lgs Joj:yfn] klg s]xL Jojl:yt ¿k lnPsf] kfOG5 . ls/fFtsfndf k|zf;lgs Pj+ Goflos lgsfox¿sf ¿kdf s'y]/ c8\8f, dfKrf]s, z'NnL jf zf]Nn, lnª\Jjn, lk6Nhflw/0f cflb ;+:yfx¿sf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] eg] tL lgsfox¿df sfo{ ug{sf] nflu ljåfg\x¿, k'/f]lxt -/fhk'/f]lxtx¿_ tyf efOef/bf/x¿sf] ;xof]u lng] k|rng /x]sf] kfOG5 . Gofo k|zf;gdf clGtd Gofostf{sf] ¿kdf /fhf cfkm}+ /x]sf] kfOG5 .

lnR5ljsfndf ;]gf, k|zf;g / Gofo Joj:yfsf >f]tsf] ¿kdf /fhfnfO{ lnOGYof] eg] /fhfnfO{ zf;g Joj:yfdf ;xof]u ug{sf] nflu dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] u7g ug]{ k|rng lyof] . ls/fFtsfnLg Goflos Pj+ k|zf;lgs lgsfox¿af6 /fHosf] k|zf;g ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] eg] s]Gb|nfO{ s/b:t'/ a'emfpg] u/L :yfgLo ;fdGtx¿nfO{ k|zf;sdf lgo'Qm u/L pgLx¿s} ;xof]uaf6 s]Gb|b]lv 6f9fsf] k|zf;lgs sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/fOGYof] . of] ;dodf /fHonfO{ cg]s lhNnfx¿df ljefhg u/L lhNnf k|d'vsf] ¿kdf ljifoklt /xg] Joj:yf lyof] . kf~rfnLaf6 ufpFleqsf] d'2f dfldnf x]g]{ / ljsf; tyf lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿ ul/g] Joj:yf lyof] . ufpFdf k|ltxf/ -åf/]_ n] /fhfsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ Joj:yf lyof] .

dNnsfndf k|zf;g, ;]gf, Gofocflb ;a} If]qdf /fhf g} ;j]{;jf{ /x]sf x'Gy] . pgnfO{ ;xof]u ug{sf] nflu lhNnf -ljifo_ tyf ufpFdf åf/]nfO{ k|zf;ssf] ¿kdf lgo'Qm ul/GYof] . k~rsrx/L / k~r ;d'Rroaf6 ufpFsf] d'2f dfldnfsf] ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] eg] /fh;efdf 6f]n/IfsnfO{ :yfg lbOg] Joj:yf lyof] . To; ;dodf /fhu'¿sf] ¿kdf /fhf]kfWofo, ;}lgs clws[tsf] ¿kdf pd/f, lsNnf /Ifssf] ¿kdf sf]§gfos, bf}8fxsf] ¿kdf 5l/bf/ /xg] / lghx¿sf] zf;g Joj:yfdf dxTjk"0f{ :yfg /x]sf] kfOG5 .

g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f kZrft\ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] kfnfdf u'¿, k'/f]lxt, dGqL, rf}tfl/of -h+uL ;]jf tkm{sf If]qLo / s]Gb|Lo k|d'vsf] ¿kdf /x]sf_, sfhL -s'nLg ju{sf vfgbfgL ef/bf/ / nfdf] ;do;Dd /fHosf] ;]jf ug]{ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ dfq k|fKt x'g] kb_, jsLn, sk/bf/ -/fhfsf] e08f/] h;df /fhfsf ljZjf;kfq JolQmx¿ / /fgLsf cfkmGtx¿nfO{ lgo'Qm ul/GYof]_, vhf~rL, ;/bf/ -:yfgLo :t/sf sfof{no k|d'vsf] ¿kdf /x]sf x'Gy]_, SofK6]g, dL/ d'G;L h;n] j}b]lzs dfldnf x]g]{ ub{y], ;'Aaf h;n] lhNnf tyf s]Gb|df ;d]t lghfdtL;DaGwL

20

sfo{ ub{y], åf/] / rf]jbf/ h:tf kbx¿af6 ;fj{hlgs, Goflos / ;]gf ;DaGwL sfo{x¿ u/fOYof] . k|zf;gsf] >f]t /fhfaf6 lgM;[t x'g] ub{Yof] . :yfgLo :t/sf] k|zf;g ;+rfngdf :yfgLo k~rfotx¿sf] ;xof]u lng] Joj:yf sfod} lyof] . To; ;dodf ljz]if u/L uf]/vf /fHosf ^ y/ -cof{n, vgfn, kfF8], af]x/f, kGt / du/_ n] k|zf;lgs lgsfosf] dflyNnf] kbsf] lhDd]jf/L kfpg] ePsf]n] tTsfnLg k|zf;gnfO{ …y/3/ k|zf;gÚ eGg] ul/GYof] eg] c¿ s'nsf of]Uo, jL/ / ljZjfl;nf JolQmx¿nfO{ klg k|zf;sLo lhDd]jf/L lbg] ul/GYof] . ef/bf/L kb …y/3/Ú sf ;b:onfO{ lbg] ul/GYof] eg] sd{rf/LnfO{ jflif{s ¿kdf lgo'lQm ug]{ rng lyof] / dg gk/]sf sd{rf/LnfO{ x6fpg] ul/GYof], h;nfO{ khgL k|yf elgGYof] .

/f0ffsfndf k|zf;gnfO{ s]Gb|Ls/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . b]znfO{ k"j{, klZrd, pQ/ / blIf0f u/L rf/ v08df ljefhg u/L rf/ hgf sdfl08Ë hg/nsf] Joj:yf u/L lghfdtL / hËL b'a} clwsf/ lbOPsf] lyof] . k|zf;gdf kfl/jfl/s ;b:ox¿sf] jr{:j /x]sf] / d'Vo kbx¿df kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ g} /xg] / ;j{;fwf/0fn] …a8fsfhLÚ eGbf dflysf] kb kfpFb}g lyP . u'¿, rf}tl/of / sfhL d'Vo zlQmsf] ¿kdf /xg] / cGo sd{rf/Lx¿ s'g} g s'g} kIfsf ;dy{ssf ¿kdf /x]sf x'Gy] . To; ;dodf rfs8L k|yfn] clws k|>o kfPsf] lyof] . ;j{;fwf/0fn] ;fgf]ltgf] k|zf;lgs kbsf nflu klg /f0ffx¿sf] rfs8L ug'{kYof]{ . ;/sf/L ;]jfdf k|j]zsf] nflu rf/ kf; ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ;d]t /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;do–;dodf ljz]if bf}8fxfsf] Joj:yf u/L :yfgLo :t/df Gofo lg;fkm lbg] Joj:yf klg /x]sf] kfOG5 . /f0ff zf;gsfndf klg khgL k|yfn] lg/Gt/tf kfPsf] lyof] .

g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ n] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 5gf}6sf] nflu bvf{:t kl/ifb\sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] eP klg ;f] Joj:yf sfof{Gjogdf cfpg ;s]g . g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf ;'wf/sf] qmd @))& ;fndf g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf ePkZrft\ z'¿ ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfn cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& n] nf]s;]jf cfof]u -klAns ;le{; sld;g_ sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] / @))* ;fndf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm 5'§} / :jtGq lgsfoaf6 ug]{ p2]Zon] klAns ;le{; sld;g -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_ sf] :yfkgf ePsf] kfOG5 . @))& df ePsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gn] NofPsf efjgfnfO{ ;+af]wg ug{ ;Ifd ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] vfFrf] cf}+NofO{ ef/t ;/sf/;Fu ;Nnfxsf/sf] dfu eP cg'¿k @))( ;fndf Pg=Pd=a'rsf] cWoIftfdf u7g ul/Psf] k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldltn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf] nflu k|ltj]bg;d]t k]z u/]sf] kfOG5 . @))( ;fndf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿n] u/]sf] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ p2]Zon] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f P]g, @))( hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] .

g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'wf/ u/L ;do ;'xfpFbf] ultzLn k|zf;lgs Joj:yf sfod ug{ ;do–;dodf ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ ePsf lyP . @))( ;fnsf] a'r sldzgaf6 z'¿ ePsf] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿sf] ;Gbe{df 5'§} kl/R5]bdf pNn]v ul/Psf] x'Fbf oxfF k'g/fj[lQ ul/Psf] 5}g .

lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ ;do ;fk]If agfpg] x]t'n] ljleGg sfg'gL k|of;x¿ ePsf kfOG5 . @)!# ;fndf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] yfngL eO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug'{kg]{ gofF r'gf}tL ylkPsf] lyof] . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;+rfng ug{ ;Ifd agfpg] p2]Zon] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!# tyf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)!# th'{df u/L lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g, lgo'lQm, ;]jfsf] cjlw, ;]jfsf] zt{, lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] arfp,

21

;¿jf, a9'jfnfO{ Jojl:yt ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ klg ;/sf/n] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;d]t k/fdz{ glnO{ cf:yfsf cfwf/df k|zf;lgs lg0f{ox¿ ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] cGTo x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] yfngL ePkl5 k|zf;gsf] ljsf; / ljsf;sf] k|zf;gnfO{ Ps};fy cEof; ul/+b} cfPsf] 5 .

lj=;+= @)!& ;fndf cfPsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrft\ /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lx¿af6 x'g ;Sg] e|i6frf/nfO{ /f]Sg] Pj+ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ e|i6frf/ d'Qm agfpg] p2]Zon] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& hf/L eO{ ;f] P]gn] /fi6«;]js Pj+ ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLsf] kbsf] ;d]t kl/efiff u/L To:tf] ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLsf] kbdf axfn /x]sf] s'g} klg JolQmn] u/]sf] e|i6frf/sf] nflu cGo JolQmn] u/]sf] e|i6frf/sf] nflu eGbf a9L ;hfo lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . @)!* ;fndf g]kfnnfO{ !$ c+rn / &% lhNnfdf ljefhg u/L c~rnfwLzsf] Joj:yfsf] ;fy} a8f xflsdsf] 7fpFdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] ;d]t Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . @)@! ;fndf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)@! hf/L ul/of] . @)@* ;fndf :yfgLo k|zf;g cWofb]z hf/L u/L k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ lhNnf k~rfotsf] ;b:o ;lrjsf] sfo{ef/af6 d'Qm ul/of] / @)#! ;fndf k|zf;g of]hgf nfu" u/L k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ lhNnfsf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] lhDd]jf/L lbOof] eg] :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/LnfO{ lhNnfsf] ljsf; of]hgf th'{dfsf] nflu lhDd]jf/L lbOof] . lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ ;Ifd agfO{ sfdk|lt pTk|]l/t ug]{ p2]Zon] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ tflndsf] Joj:yf ug{ @)@^ df cfly{s ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf / @)#( ;fndf g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f s]Gb|sf] ;d]t :yfkgf ePsf] kfOG5 . @)#) ;fndf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;'b[9Ls/0f of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] kfOG5 . oBlk ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf krf{ v8f u/L sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] khgL k|yfsf] k|rng sfod} lyof] eg] k~rfotL Joj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] dflyNnf] txdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ ljgf l;w} x'=k|= -x's'd k|dflË_ af6 lgo'lQm lbg] k|rng s]xL xb;Dd sfod} /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

lj=;+= @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngaf6 k|fKt /fhgLlts kl/jt{gn] NofPsf rfxgf Pj+ ljZj kl/j]zdf cfPsf gjLgtd dfGotfx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft u/L cufl8 a9\g'kg]{ r'gf}tL ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf /Xof] . oBlk lj=;+= @)$( ;fn;Dd cfOk'Ubf klg lghfdtL k|zf;gdf khgL k|yfsf] cGTo x'g ;s]sf] kfOFb}g . k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L / hgd'vL agfpg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L sd{rf/L nfO{ krf{ v8f u/L khgL ug]{ k|yfsf] cGTo ug{ Pj+ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;'/lIft ug]{ x]t'n] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( tyf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) hf/L ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .

lj=;+= @)$^ ;fnsf] kl/jt{g kZrft\ cfPsf] ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff, gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgn] NofPsf] dfGotf tyf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f tyf lghLs/0fsf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ glthf d'vL, hgd'vL tyf gful/s pGd'v agfpg' kg]{ dfGotfx¿n] k|>o kfpFb} uP . ljZj kl/j]zdf cfPsf ;'zf;g, 5l/tf] Pjd\ r':t ;/sf/, ;xL JolQm ;xL :yfgdf h:tf dfGotf cg'¿k ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ klg x'Fb} uPsf] / ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;xhstf{, ;dGjostf{, lgofds / lgb]{zssf] ¿kdf ;Lldt u/fpg' k5{ eGg] dfGotf cg'¿k s]xL k|of;x¿ klg x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 .

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( n] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;ª\u7g -o'lgog_ vf]nL cfkm\gf xs lxtsf nflu cfjfh p7fpg kfpg] cj;/ klg lbOof] . lj=;+= @)^# ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g

22

kZrft lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg] p2]Zon] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( df ;+zf]wg u/L $% k|ltzt kb dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, blnt, ckfË / lk5l8Psf If]qsf nflu cf/If0fsf] ¿kdf 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 .

lj=;+= @)$& ;fndf k|hftGqsf] k'gM:yfkgf kZrft\ hf/L ePsf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !@$ n] b]zsf] k|zf;g ;+rfngsf] nflu lghfdtL ;]jf tyf cGo cfjZos ;]jfx¿;d]t u7g ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !%# n] ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ## n] lgikIf, ;Ifd tyf :jR5 k|zf;gtGqsf] cjwf/0ffsf] k"0f{ kl/kfngf ug]{ /fhgLlts k|0ffnL cjnDag u/L e|i6frf/ / b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ub}{ ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ /fHosf] bfloTj x'g] s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt lbPsf] 5 . wf/f !@^ n] nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu pko'Qmtfsf] 5gf}6 ug]{, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxL tyf lghfdtL ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gsf ljifodf k/fdz{ lbg] sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L dfq lbPsf] 5}g ;}lgs ;]jf, ;z:q k|x/L ;]jf jf k|x/L ;]jf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQm / a9'jf ubf{ ckgfpg' kg{] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg{] clgjfo{ Joj:yf ug'{sf] ;fy} s'g} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf zt{;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg'g / To:tf] ;]jfsf kbsf] lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg{] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u;Fu To:tf] ;+:yfn] k/fdz{ lng rfx]df nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] k/fdz{ lbg ;Sg] clwsf/ ;d]t k|bfg u/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] -sfo{If]q lj:tf/ u/L_ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ lgikIf agfpg] k|of; u/]sf] 5 . wf/f !!$ n] Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf u/L Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqf+lÍt kbdf lgo'lQm, ;¿jf, a9'jf ubf{ jf To:tf] kbdf axfn /x]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfo ubf{ Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/; adf]lhd ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .

g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg'gL k|of;x¿sf] kmn:j¿k lghfdtL k|zf;g ;+:yfut x'Fb} cfPsf] klg 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( n] lghfdtL ;]jfleq ljleGg ;]jfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;]jf tyf :jf:Yo ;]jf h:tf ;]jfx¿sf] u7g u/L lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ ljlzi6Ls/0f ul/Psf] cj:yf 5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] b]znfO{ e|i6frf/ d'Qm agfpg /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lx¿af6 x'g;Sg] e|i6frf/nfO{ ;/sf/L d'2fsf] ¿kdf ;/sf/ jfbL eO{ rnfpg] tyf e|i6frf/sf] d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg txlssft u/L d'2f bfo/ ug]{ clwsf/ clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ lbPsf] / /fi6«;]js sd{rf/L pk/sf] e|i6frf/sf] d'2f ;fdfGo cbfntaf6 ;'g'jfO{ gu/L ljz]if cbfntaf6 x'g] Joj:yf;d]t u/]/ /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ a9L lhDd]jf/ agfPsf] kfOG5 . o;/L lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(, e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(, ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^#, ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g, @)^$, ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ h:tf P]gx¿ sfof{Gjogdf cfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ s]jn ;+:yfut ub}{ pQ/bfoL lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ¿kdf cl3 a9fpg k|of; u/]sf] kfOG5 .

;]jf zt{ ;~rfng Pjd\ Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfg'gn] g} sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf, ;d"x, >]0fL cflbsf] Joj:yf u/L ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t agfpg] p2]Zon] lj=;+= @))* ;fndf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] u7g eP klg @)$( ;fn;Dd klg krf{ v8f u/L sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] khgL k|yfsf] cGTo x'g g;Sg' g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] sdhf]/ kIf lyof] . cfh ko{Gt g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g

23

ljleGg cf/f]kaf6 d'Qm x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf] sf/0f sd{rf/Ln] c;'/Iffsf] dxz'z ug'{, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf /fhgLlts x:tIf]k x'g', sd{rf/Lsf] /fhgLlts ;fldKotf vf]Hg] k|j[lQ, bfloTj kG5fpg] k|j[lQ / ;]js xf]Og zf;s ;Demg] h:tf k|j[lQn] sd{rf/L a[Qd} c;Gtf]if km}nfPsf] 5 . o;n] cfd gful/sx¿;Fusf] ;'dw'/ ;DaGwdf ;d]t c;/ k'¥ofPsf] cj:yf 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf JofKt e|i6frf/sf] sf/0f cfd gful/s sd{rf/L ju{k|lt ljZj:t x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g, h;n] sd{rf/L / hgtf aLrsf] b'/LnfO{ a9fpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 .

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] e"ldsf ;/sf/af6 hf/L gLltx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf dfq ;Lldt geO{ gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{ ePsf] / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g Pp6f ultzLn cjwf/0ff ePsf]n] ;du| lghfdtL k|zf;gdf ;'wf/ geO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ ljsf;d'vL, p2]Zod'vL, ;]jfd"ns / hgd'vL k|zf;gsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsb}+g . ljZj–kl/j]zdf cfPsf gjLg cjwf/0ffx¿sf] k|efj g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;d]t kb}{ cfPsf] 5 . t;y{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf ;'wf/ u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgd}qL agfpg lghfdtL k|zf;g;d]tsf] ;du| ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;'wf/ ckl/xfo{ 5 .

24

kl/R5]b–#

g]kfndf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf If]qdf ePsf k|of;x¿

k[i7e"ld ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g /fHo ;+rfngsf] cfwf/:tDe Pj+ ;/sf/ / gful/s aLrsf] ;Dks{ ;]t'sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] :yfoL ;+oGq xf] eg] k|zf;g ;'wf/ Ps lg/Gt/ k|s[of xf] . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;Ifdtf / k|efjsfl/tfdf g} ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf lge{/ ub{5 eg] /fhgLlts k4ltsf] ;kmntf;d]t o;}df lge{/ /x]sf] x'G5 . /fhgLlts k4ltdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g, hgr]tgfsf] :t/df cfPsf] j[l4, v'nf ;dfh, ;"rgf / k|ljlwsf] If]qdf cfPsf] ljsf;, Joj:yfksLo l;4fGtdf cfPsf] gjLgtd wf/0ff / ljZjJofkLs/0fn] NofPsf gjLgtd dfGotfn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljsNksf] vf]hL;d]t ug{ k'u]sf] cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ lgoldt kl/jt{g, kl/dfh{g / ;'wf/ u/L ;do ;fk]If agfpg' cfjZos ePsf] 5 . ;'wf/ Pp6f ultzLn cjwf/0ff xf] . o;af6 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;do–;fk]If ¿kdf kl/dfh{g u/L qmldstf, lg/Gt/tf, gjLgtf tyf l;h{gfTdstf h:tf s'/fx¿sf] ;dfj]z x'+b} hfG5 . o;} s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L g]kfndf lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ ;do;fk]If ¿kdf hgd'vL, pQ/bfoL, ;Ifd, lgikIf tyf nf]stflGqs Joj:Yff cg's"n agfpg] p2]Zon] ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg cfof]u u7g u/L ljutb]lv g} k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .

lj=;= @))& ;fneGbf klxn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g zf;ssf] :j]R5fsf] ¿kdf ;+rfng x'g] / zf;ssf] glhssf] JolQm jf efO ef/bf/x¿ dWo]af6} k|zf;sx¿sf] lgo'lQm x'g] kl/kf6L /xL cfPsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @))& ;fndf ePsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrft\ k|hftflGqs zf;g

25

Joj:Yff ;'xfFpbf] ljsf;d"ns k|zf;g Joj:Yff ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu k|zf;g ;'[wf/sf] cfjZostfsf] dx;'; ul/of] . tt\kZrft\ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;Ifd, ;/n, kxF'rof]Uo, hgpQ/bfoL, lgikIf / kf/bzL{ agfpg ;do–;dodf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] k[i7e"lddf rrf{ ug'{ k"j{ g]kfndf xfn;Dd ePsf k|zf;g ;'wf/;DaGwL ljleGg cfof]u Pj+ ;ldltsf] p2]Zo, cfwf/e"t l;kmfl/; / sfof{Gjogsf] ;dLIff x'g' ;fGble{s b]lvFbf oxfF ;+lIfKt ¿kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

cfof]u tyf ;ldltx¿n] lbPsf ;'emfjx¿ != k|zf;lgs k'gu{7g ;ldlt, @))(

g]kfndf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] qmddf klxnf] k|of;sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] k|zf;lgs k'gu{7g ;ldlt, @))( nfO{ æj'r sldzgÆsf] gfdn] lrlgG5 . g]kfndf /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo eO{ /fhgLlts Joj:yfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g kZrft\ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'wf/ ug]{ p2]Zon] lj=;+= @))& ;fndf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ef/t ;/sf/;dIf y'k|} clws[t Pj+ cGo sd{rf/Lx¿ dfu eP kZrft\ g]kfnsf] s]Gb|Lo / lhNnf k|zf;lgs ;ª\u7gsf] cWoog u/L l;kmfl/; ug{sf] nflu ef/t ;/sf/n] Pg=Pd= j'rsf] g]t[Tjdf s]kL d7/fgL / P;=s]= cfgGb;d]tsf] # ;b:oLo 6f]nL ;g\ !(%@ d] !$ df g]kfn k7fPsf] lyof] . Pg=Pd= j'rsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t ;f] ;ldltdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 sfg'g ;lrj ltns zd;]/ Pj+ cy{ ;lrj lxdfno zdz]/ u/L hDdf % ;b:oLo agfOPsf] lyof] . cfof]un] ;g\ !(%@ d] !$ df cfkm\gf] sfof{/De u/L ljleGg dGqfno, ljefu, k|x/L nufot cGo sfof{nox¿sf] k|zf;lgs 9fFrf / k|zf;lgs sfd sf/jfxLsf] cWoog u/L ;g\ !(%@ h'g @# df cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg a'emfPsf] lyof] .

cfof]un] ljleGg ljZn]if0f / cf}lrTosf] cfwf/df !@ kl/R5]bsf] k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]sf] / ljleGg zLif{sdf ljefhg u/L kl/R5]b @ b]lv kl/R5]b !) df cfkm\gf l;kmfl/;x¿ ;d]6]sf] kfOG5 . pQm cfof]usf d'Vo l;kmfl/;x¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\M–

� ljleGg dGqfno / ljefusf] k'gu{7g ug]{ -dGqfnosf] ;+Vof !! j6fdf ;Lldt ug]{_

� sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ k/LIff ;+rfng ul/g'kg]{ .

� nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{af6 dfq gofF sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm x'g'kg]{ .

� sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tna ;'ljwfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 ug]{ .

� sd{rf/LnfO{ tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� e|i6frf/sf] hfFra'em ug]{ pkfox¿ vf]Hg' kg]{ .

� sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tx 36fpg' kg]{ -!% txaf6 $ txdf_ .

� k|d'v ;lrjsf] Joj:Yff u/L Soflag]6 ;]qm]6/Lsf] k|0ffnL x6fpg' kg]{ .

� ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] Joj:Yff cjnDag ug'{ kg]{

� lghfdtL k|zf;g / cfly{s k|zf;g;DaGwL sfg'gsf] th'{df ug'{kg]{ .

26

� sfg'g / sfg'gL k|s[ofsf] ;'wf/ qmlds ¿kdf ul/g'kg]{ .

� pRr kb:y clws[tx¿ ef/taf6 Nofpg'kg]{ .

pk/f]Qm l;kmfl/;x¿dWo] k|d'v ;lrjsf] Joj:yf ug]{ Pj+ xflh/ uf]Zjf/f c8\8f vf/]h ug]{ b'O{j6f l;kmfl/;sf] k"0f{ ¿kdf sfof{Gjog eP klg cGo l;kmfl/;x¿ tTsfn sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] b]lvGg . ef/tLo clwsf/Lx¿sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] ;f] sldzgn] pk;lrj:t/sf $ hgf / ;xfos ;'kl/6]08]06 txsf !) hgf clws[t cy{ dGqfnosf nflu ef/taf6 dufpg' kg]{, uf]ljGb gf/fo0f ef/taf6 cfpg] l6dsf] g]tf x'g' kg]{, ef/taf6 pk;lrj:t/sf] sfg'g d:of}bf ug]{ cg'ejL clws[t dufO{ lgo'Qm ug]{, sfg'g cfof]udf lhNnf GofofwLz jf ;];g hh af]nfO{ ;]jf lng], ;j]{ ;]6nd]06 clkm;/ ef/taf6 dufO{ lgo'Qm ug]{, jg ;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ jf jg ljefusf] k'gu{7g ug{ ef/tsf] s]Gb|Lo jg dxflg/LIfs jf pQ/ k|b]zsf] lrkm sGh/e]6/ af]nfP/ ;Nnfx lng], jg ;DaGwL k|fljlws tof/ ug{ / tflnd lbg ef/taf6 ljz]if1 lemsfpg], lrkm OlGhlgo/sf nflu ;'kl/6]08]06 / l8lehg Psfp06]06 ef/taf6 dufpg], x'nfs / 6]lnu|fkm ljefusf] k'gu{7g u/L To;sf] clws[t ef/taf6 lemsfpg], cfsfzjf0fL / 6]lnkmf]g ljefunfO{ ;+ul7t ug{ ef/taf6 clkm;/ lemsfO{ ;]jf lng], ef/taf6 /]Nj] clkm;/ lemsfpg], :jf:Yo / lrlsT;f ljefusf] k|d'v ef/taf6 dufpg], vl/b Ph]G;Lsf] k/LIf0f ef/taf6 ul/g], /fh:j af]8{sf] ;b:o ef/taf6 dufpg], ef/taf6 dufOPsf clws[t /fv]/ k|x/Lsf] tflnd :s"n vf]Ng], To;sf nflu $% hgf sd{rf/L ef/taf6 dufpg], cfjZos ePdf ef/taf6 lhNnf tyf ;];g hhx¿ Nofpg] h:tf ;'emfjx¿ ;d]t lbPsf] b]lvG5 . of] k|ltj]bgn] ef/tLo lj1x¿af6 ef/tLo 9fFrfs} k|zf;lgs Joj:yf :yfkgf ug]{ / ef/ts} JolQmx¿ dufO{ sfo{ ug]{ u/L ef/tLo k|efj sfod /fVg] s'/fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] b]lvG5 .

@= k|zf;g k'gu{7g of]hgf cfof]u, @)!#

;fdGtL Joj:yfdf u7g ul/Psf ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf] k'gu{7g u/L k|zf;sLo Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ NofO{ ;/sf/L sfdsfhdf ;'wf/ ug{ / k|zf;sLo ;Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 ug{sf] nflu cfjZos l;kmfl/; / of]hgf tof/ u/L ;/sf/dfkm{t To:tf l;kmfl/; sfof{Gjog u/fpg] d'Vo p2]Zon] lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{sf] cWoIftfdf ;a} dGqfnosf ;lrj;d]t ;b:o /x]sf] pRr:t/Lo k|zf;sLo k'gu{7g of]hgf cfof]u u7g ePsf] lyof] . o; cfof]unfO{ k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] If]qdf sf]z]9'Ëfsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . sfo{If]q / sfo{ljlw cfof]u cfkm}+n] tTsfn lgwf{/0f u/L sfo{ ub}{ uPsf] x'Fbf Jofjxfl/s b[li6sf]0faf6 dxTjk"0f{ cfof]u dflgG5 . pQm cfof]usf d'Vo l;kmfl/;x¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 M

� sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{;DaGwL P]g sfg'gsf] th'{df ug]{ Pj+ cGo cfjZos k|zf;sLo sfg'gx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ .

� k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ug]{ .

� lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljleGg ljifout ;]jfx¿sf] u7g ug]{ .

27

� cy{ dGqfno cGtu{t ;ª\u7gfTds tyf Joj:yfkg ;e]{ -O & M) clkm;sf] :yfkgf ug]{ .

� nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ .

� of]hgf th'{dfsf nflu of]hgf ljsf; dGqfnosf] :yfkgf ug]{ .

� /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] u7g ug]{ .

� k~rjifL{o of]hgfsf] z'¿jft ug]{ .

� cfly{s k|zf;gdf ;'wf/ ug]{ .

� rfn' / ljsf; ah]6sf] juL{s/0f ug]{ .

� gofF tnadfg nfu" ug]{ .

� lhNnf k|zf;g k'gu{7g of]hgf th'{df ug]{ .

� ;a} dGqfnox¿df 6]lSgsn ;ldlt u7g ug]{ .

� u|fdL0f ljsf;df hf]8 lbg] .

� sd{rf/Lx¿sf] k'gu{7g u/L sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;+Vof 36fpg] .

� dGqfnox¿sf] k'gu{7g ug]{ .

� k|zf;lgs ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] nflu lhNnf, u|fd / Ansx¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

plNnlvt l;kmfl/;x¿dWo] w]/} l;kmfl/;x¿ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] kfOG5 eg] dGqfnosf] k'gu{7g ug]{ Pj+ lhNnf k|zf;g k'gu{7g of]hgf th'{df ug]{ ;DaGwL l;kmfl/; eg] nfu" ePgg\ . k|zf;g ;'wf/;DaGwL cfof]ux¿af6 lbOPsf l;kmfl/; sfof{Gjogof]Uo agfpg k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf] sfo{ut cWoIf b]zsf] ;/sf/ k|d'vnfO{ g} agfpg'kg]{ eGg] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] pQm cfof]usf] l;kmfl/; cg';f/ g} g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jfsf zt{ Pj+ ;'ljwf ;DaGwdf lglZrttf sfod ug{ klxnf] k6s lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!#, lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)!# ;d]t hf/L eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] kfOG5 . To:t} ljleGg k|zf;sLo sfg'gx¿sf] lgdf{0f eO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] lyof] eg] g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgsf] k|f/lDes :j¿ksf] ¿kdf /fli6«o :t/sf] k|lzIf0f ;+:yfg hg k|zf;g ;+:yfg (Institution of Public Administration) sf] tTsfn :yfkgf eof] . ;f] cfof]un] k|zf;g ;'wf/;DaGwL pRr:t/Lo Pjd\ zlQm ;DkGg :yfoL cfof]u u7g u/L k|zf;g ;'wf/;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf / ;+:yfut ¿k lbg' kg]{ Pjd\ To:tf] cfof]unfO{ s]xL xb;Dd To:tf l;kmfl/;x¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ clwsf/ lbO{ zlQm ;DkGg u/fpg' kg]{ ;'emfj ;d]t lbPsf] lyof] .

#= k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)@%

lj=;+= @)@% ;fn j}zfv ! ut] k"j{ u[x k~rfot dGqL j]bfgGb emfsf] cWoIftfdf k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u u7g eof] . æk|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)@%Æ sf] d'Vo p2]Zo df}h'bf k|zf;g oGqnfO{ l56f], 5l/tf] / sfo{bIf agfO{ o'ufg's"n agfpg] ljifodf

28

cfjZos ;'emfj / l;kmfl/; k]z ug'{ /x]sf] lyof] . pQm cfof]unfO{ ljleGg :t/sf k|zf;lgs ;ª\u7gnfO{ a9L 5l/tf], sd vlr{nf] / ;Ifd agfpg] nufotsf ( j6f sfo{If]q (TOR) tf]lsPsf] lyof] . pQm cfof]un] k|f/lDes, dWofjlw / clGtd r/0f u/L # r/0fdf cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg a'emfPsf] lyof] . pQm cfof]usf l;kmfl/;x¿ dWo] d'Vo l;kmfl/;x¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\M

� dGqfnosf] k'gu{7g u/L dGqfnosf] ;+Vof !* af6 !@ sfod ug]{ .

� ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ c~rn / lhNnf k|zf;gnfO{ :yfgLo k|zf;gsf] ¿kdf lng] .

� lghfdtL ;]jfdf kb juL{s/0f Joj:yf nfu" ug]{ .

� s]Gb|Lo txdf lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ clws[td"ns agfpg] .

� k|fljlwsx¿nfO{ ljefuLo k|zf;g;DaGwL sfddf gnufpg] .

� lghfdtL ;]jfsf kbdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df dfq lgo'lQm ug]{ Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjog u/L /fhgLlts lgo'lQm k|yf aGb ug]{ .

� clwsf/ ;DkGg k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] :yfkgf ug]{ .

� Ps} lsl;dsf] sfd, st{Jo / p2]Zo ePsf ;+:yfgx¿nfO{ Ps csf{df ufEg] jf Pp6} ;+rfns ;ldltåf/f ;+rfng u/fpg] .

� sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfo ubf{ ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf lbg' kg]{ .

� sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] Joj:yf ug]{{ .

� of]hgf OsfOsf] :yfkgf ug]{ / of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf ljefuLo k|d'vx¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg] .

� gofF ;+:yfgx¿ :yfkgf gug]{ Pj+ ;+:yfgsf] n]vfsf] cl86 dxfn]vfk/LIfsaf6 u/fpg] .

� k~rfot / lhNnf k|zf;gnfO{ cnu ug]{ Pj+ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ lhNnf k~rfotsf] clwsf/af6 d'Qm ug]{ .

� /fhkqflÍt k|yd / ljlzi6 >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lsf] kbfjlw tf]Sg] .

� lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k|zf;g ;+rfng ug{ s]Gb|Lo k|zf;g Ph]G;Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� k|zf;goGqnfO{ >+[vnfa4 ug]{ .

� clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg / vf]:g] k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ x'g'kg]{ .

� sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ug]{ .

� P]g lgod ljkl/t k|zf;sLo ultljlw x'g glbg] .

� lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ b}lgs /fhgLltaf6 cnu /fVg] -k|zf;gnfO{ /fhgLltaf6 d'Qm ug]{_ .

29

� sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{ zf;g k|0ffnLk|lt k|lta4 agfpg] .

plNnlvt l;kmfl/;x¿dWo] k~rfot / lhNnf k|zf;gnfO{ cnu ug]{ Pj+ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ lhNnf k~rfotsf] clwsf/af6 d'Qm ug]{, sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfo ubf{ ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf lbg' kg]{, ;+:yfgsf] n]vfsf] cl86 dxfn]vfk/LIfsaf6 u/fpg], sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{ zf;g k|0ffnLk|lt k|lta4 agfpg], lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k|zf;g ;+rfng ug{ s]Gb|Lo k|zf;g Ph]G;Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ h:tf s]xL l;kmfl/;x¿ sfof{Gjog ePsf b]lvG5g\ eg] sltko ;'emfjx¿ nfu" g} x'g ;s]gg\ .

$= k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)#@÷@)##

tTsfnLg cy{ tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqL e]if axfb'/ yfkfsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t pQm cfof]usf] d'Vo p2]Zo ljsf;sf] k|jfxnfO{ clj/n ult k|bfg ug{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf cWoog ug]{ /x]sf] lyof] . pQm cfof]un] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg ljleGg zLif{s cGtu{t hDdf % kl/R5]bdf k|:t't u¥of] . pQm cfof]usf d'Vo l;kmfl/;x¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\M

� clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/L lg0f{osf tx 36fpFb} lg0f{o k|lqmofdf klg ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ug]{ .

� s]Gb|sf] ck]Iff :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] :yfkgfdf a9L k|fyldstf lbg] .

� dGqfnosf] ;+Vof sd ug]{ .

� of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df Pj+ sfof{Gjog Ifdtfdf ;+:yfut ljsf; ug{ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u Pj+ of]hgf OsfOsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ .

� s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L lgsfosf] ¿kdf hgzlQm tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] u7g ug]{ .

� :6fkm sn]hsf] :yfkgf ug]{ .

� sfo{ ljefhg / sfo{ ;Dkfbg lgodfjnLdf ;'wf/ ug]{ .

� Ps :yfoL k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldlt u7g ug]{ .

� ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx¿nfO{ PsLs/0f ug]{ .

� If]qLo lgb]{zgfnox¿nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ .

� k|zf;gnfO{ clws[td"ns agfpg] .

� sfo{qmd ah]6sf] yfngL u/L ;+:yfut ug]{ .

� lghfdtL kbsf] sfd, st{Jo, hjfkmb]xL / clwsf/ lglZrt ug]{ Pj+ k|To]s ;]jfleq ljz]if1tfsf] cfwf/df ;d"x ljefhg ug]{ .

� c~rnfwLz kb afx]s cGo s'g} kbdf /fhgLlts lgo'lQm gug]{ .

� nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{df lghfdtL ;]jfdf 58\s] k|j]zsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

30

� lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ txut k|0ffnLdf n}hfg] .

� sd{rf/Lsf] tna ahf/ efpsf] cfwf/df j[l4 ug]{ .

plNnlvt l;kmfl/;x¿dWo] sfo{ljefhg / sfo{ ;Dkfbg lgodfjnLdf ;+zf]wg ug]{, s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L lgsfosf] ¿kdf hgzlQm tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] u7g ug]{ Pj+ of]hfgf OsfOx¿sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{;DaGwL l;kmfl/;x¿ sfof{Gjog ePsf eP klg sltko l;kmfl/;x¿ nfu" x'g ;s]gg\ .

%= k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)$*

lj=;+= @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng kZrft k'g:{yflkt ePsf] k|hftflGqs Joj:yf cg's"n k|zf;gdf ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/L tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL lu/Lhfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] cWoIftfdf @)$* cflZjgdf u7g ePsf] æpRr :t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)$*Æ sf] d'Vo p2]Zo k|zf;gnfO{ k|hftGq / ljsf;sf dfux¿ k"/f ug{ ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L agfpg] /x]sf] lyof] . ^ dlxgfsf] ;do tf]lsPsf] pQm cfof]unfO{ ;/sf/L ;]jfx¿nfO{ a9L bIf, pkof]uL / sd vlr{nf] agfpg] pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ug]{ Pj+ cfof]usf l;kmfl/;x¿nfO{ sfof{lGjt ug]{ k|lqmof tyf t/Lsf l;kmfl/; ug]{ nufotsf % j6f sfo{If]q (TOR) tf]lsPsf] lyof] . pQm cfof]unfO{ tf]lsPsf] sfof{b]zleq /x]/ :ynut cWoog;d]taf6 k|fKt k|ltlqmof / ;'emfjx¿sf] cfwf/df k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]sf] lyof] . pQm cfof]usf d'Vo l;kmfl/;x¿ b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\M

� ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]qdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;/sf/L lgoGq0fnfO{ v's'nf] ub}{ k|j4{gfTds / k|]/0ffTds e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ Pj+ lghL If]q / u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf sfo{x¿sf] klxrfg u/L To:tf sfo{x¿df ;/sf/L ;+nUgtf 5f8\b} hfg] .

� cfly{s ultljlw / ;]jf ;~rfngdf u}/ ;/sf/L If]qnfO{ cem a9L ;Ifd agfpg] pkfox¿ cjnDag ug]{ .

� ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf j[l4 ug{ ljleGg pkfox¿sf] ;fy} ;]jf s/f/sf] Joj:yf nfu" ug]{ .

� dGqfnosf] ;+Vof @! af6 !* sfod ug]{ .

� gful/s a8fkq clgjfo{ /fVg]

� /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]unfO{ >f]t ;fwgsf] afF8kmfF8 tyf ljsf;;DaGwL gLltx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug]{ sfo{df s]lGb|t ug]{ .

� lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g u/L kb juL{s/0f ub}{ PsLs[t lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� lghfdtL ;]jfdf 58\s] k|j]zsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� ;xfos ;lrjsf] kb vf/]h ug]{ .

� ljlzi6 >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kbfjlw tf]Sg] .

31

� k]zfljb\x¿nfO{ cfkm\g} k]zfut sfo{df ;+nUg eP/ klg pRr tx;Dd k'Ug ;Sg] l:ylt l;h{gf ug]{ .

� sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg kmf/fddf ;'wf/ u/L sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfd, st{Jo / lhDd]jf/Lsf] :t/ cg';f/ km/s–km/s agfpg] .

� sd{rf/LnfO{ krf{ v8f u/L x6fpg] Joj:yf cGTo u/L ;kmfO k]z ug]{ df}sf lbg] .

� sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ljj/0f tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{ .

� lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg] .

� k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] lgoldt cg'udg ug]{ ;+oGq agfpg] .

� sd{rf/Lsf] b}lgs / e|d0feQfsf] b/df t'¿Gt j[l4 ug]{ .

� dGqL / lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ lglZrt ug]{ .

� sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;+Vof @%Ü 36fpg] .

� ;/sf/L sfo{ k|0ffnL / sfo{ljlwdf ;/nLs/0f ug{ lg0f{osf] ;+Vof 36fpg], clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] Pj+ l6Kk0fL k|lqmofnfO{ ;Lldt ug]{ .

� lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ clws[td"ns agfpg] .

� ah]6 tyf n]vf Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug{{ rfn' / k"FhLut ah]6sf] ljsf; ug]{ Pj+ lglZrt dfkb08sf cfwf/df ah]6 th'{df ug]{ .

� :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;xof]u Pj+ ;+nUgtfåf/f ;DkGg ug{ ;lsg] sfo{x¿ :yfgLo lgsfodf lgIf]k0f ug]{ .

� k|zf;gsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ug]{ .

� ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ ug]{ Pj+ ;/sf/L x:tIf]k aGb ug]{ .

� ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf lghLIf]qnfO{ a9L ;l/s u/fpg] gLlt lng] .

� /fli6«o :t/df tflnd / ljsf;sf] nflu pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o dfgj >f]t ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf ug]{ .

� ;fj{hlgs If]qdf pRr:t/sf] Joj:yfkg ljsf; ug]{ .

� e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf ;+nUg lgsfonfO{ ;Ifd agfpg] sfg'gL Joj:yf ug]{ .

pk/f]Qm l;kmfl/;x¿dWo] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;'/lIft ;]jfsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ug]{, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf ;+nUg lgsfonfO{ ;Ifd agfpg sfg'gL Joj:yf ug]{ nufotsf s]xL l;kmfl/;x¿ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf eP klg sltko ;'emfjx¿ nfu" g} ul/Pg . d"ntM of] k|ltj]bgn] lj=;+= @)$& ;fndf cfPsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g, gofF ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] sfof{GjognfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fvL k|zf;gdf ;'wf/ ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

32

ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|efj, v'nf cy{tGq, pbf/ cy{ Joj:yfnfO{ cjnDag ug]{ gLltut b:tfj]hsf] ¿kdf ;d]t of] k|ltj]bgnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

^= ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] kRrL; jifL{o u'¿of]hgf cWoog k|ltj]bg, @)%%

/fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf lj1fg / k|ljlwsf If]qdf afx\o tyf cfGtl/s tj/df b]vfk/]sf r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] lsl;daf6 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]q, k|zf;sLo :j¿k / Joj:yfkg k|lqmof tyf /0fgLlt to u/L sfo{of]hgf;lxt @% jifL{o u'¿of]hgf tof/ ug]{ d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf] o; cWoog kl/ifb\nfO{ 5l/tf] k|zf;gsf] vf]hL, /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] sfo{sf] /]vf+sg, hgzlQm ljsf;sf pkfox¿, lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 6«]8 o'lgogx¿sf] e"ldsf, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds ljsf; h:tf ljleGg sfof{b]z tf]lsPsf] lyof] . tf]lsPsf] sfof{b]zleq /xL g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf ul/g' kg]{ ;'wf/x¿nfO{ % ;d"xdf ljeflht u/L %÷% jif{sf] cjlwdf nfu" ub}{ hfg] u/L kRrL; jif{sf] eljiok/s r/0fa4 of]hgf k|:t't u/L cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg a'emfPsf] lyof] . pQm k|ltj]bgdf d'Vo ¿kdf lgDg s'/fx¿ ;d]l6Psf] b]lvG5 M

!= ;fj{hlgs If]qdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{

� ;fj{hlgs ;]jf;Fu ;Da4 gLlt lgdf{0fdf pkef]QmfnfO{ k|ToIftM ;+nUg u/fpg] sfo{gLlt ckgfpg' kg]{ .

� ;/n / sd vlr{nf] Gofo k|bfg ug]{ ;+oGq :yfkgf ug]{ .

� ;fj{hlgs rf;f] / lxt;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ .

� pRr kb:y sd{rf/LnfO{ b}lgsL /fVg nufO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ .

� ;/sf/nfO{ gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ / ;'zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf a9fpgdf s]lGb|t u/fpg] .

� Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf j[l4sf nflu lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLsf] æglthfd"ns sfo{tflnsfÆ nfO{ j:t'ut agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

� e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{ lg/f]wfTds / pkrf/fTds pkfo cjnDag ug]{ Pj+ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfox¿sf] ;jnLs/0f ug]{ .

@= ;/sf/sf ;a} sfo{qmdnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfOg' kg]{ Pj+ To;nfO{ /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs If]qdf ljsl;t ug'{ kg]{ .

#= /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] sfd Pj+ bfloTj sfg'gåf/f :ki6 ljefhg ug]{ Pj+ lghfdtL ;]jf;lxt ;fj{hlgs ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt kIfx¿sf] lgu/fgL, lgoGq0f / ;'kl/j]If0f ug{ ;+;bdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;ldlt /fVg' kg]{ .

$= ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ gofF kl/j]z / dfGotf cg's"n agfpg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u h:tf lgsfosf] e"ldsfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ .

� ljsf; k|zf;gdf lghL If]qsf] e"ldsfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ .

33

� ;fj{hlgs / lghL If]qsf] ;fem]bf/L ljsf; ug]{ .

� ljsf;sf sfo{qmddf PsLs[t b[li6sf]0f ckgfpg' kg]{ .

� ljsf; k|zf;gdf Joj:yfkg k/LIf0f cjnDag ug]{ .

%= sfg'gåf/f g} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] hjfkmb]lxtf :ki6 ug]{

� ;lrjnfO{ dGqLk|lt pQ/bfoL agfO{ sfo{k|lt dGqLdfkm{t ;+;bLo ;ldltk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg] .

� sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍg pkef]Qmfåf/f ug]{ kl/kfl6sf] yfngL ug]{ .

� hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ gtLhfdf cfwfl/t agfpg' kg]{ .

^= ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ pkef]Qmf s]lGb|t agfpg' kg]{ .

� pkef]Qmf clwsf/ ;+/If0f P]g th'{df ug]{ .

� gful/s j8fkqsf] Joj:yf nfu" ug]{ .

� ;]jf ;~rfng;DaGwL sfdsf] u'gf;f] ;'Gg / u'gf;fnfO{ k|zf]wg ug{ Administrative Ombusdman sf] :yfkgf ug]{ .

&= :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ ;fdfGo ;Ifd k4lt (General Competence Model) df kl/0ft u/L :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{ ;Ifd agfpg] .

� :yfgLo kbflwsf/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/L axgsf cfwf/df x6fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� :yfgLo ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{ ;Ifd agfpg æIfdtf clej[l4 sfo{qmdÆ ;~rfng ug]{ .

*= ;fj{hlgs gLlt th{'dfdf /fhgLltsf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;lqmo agfpg] .

� ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df ubf{ g} sfof{Gjogsf] kIfdf Wofg lbg'kg]{

� ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{dfsf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug]{ .

(= ;/sf/L ;ª\7gsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ lk/fld8 cfsf/af6 ;dtn agfpg' kg]{ .

� ljefu vf/]h u/L If]qLo sfof{nox¿nfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg agfpg] Pj+ k|To]s If]qdf If]qkfnsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� 6]nLjls{Ë Joj:yfnfO{ :yfkgf ug]{ .

� ljz]if1tfsf] k"0f{ pkof]u ug{ kf]6{kmf]lnof] Joj:yfkg ckgfpg] .

!)= bIf Pj+ k|efjsf/L lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

34

� lghfdtL ;]jfdf >]0fL / tx 36fO{ lg0f{o lgb]{zg / ;'kl/j]If0fsf] >[+vnf 36fpg] .

� lghfdtL ;]jfdf txut k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ .

� ;lrjsf] lgo'lQmdf Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf / g]t[TjnfO{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ .

� /fhkqflÍt txsf] k|j]z >]0fLdf Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf :gftsf]Q/ agfOg' kg]{ .

� sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ a9'jf nufot j[lQ ljsf;, ;¿jf tyf kb:yfkg, tflnd cflb ljifo;Fu cfa4 ul/g' kg]{ .

� hgzlQm ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/ lzIffsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ .

� /fli6«o d"No / ;"rsf+s;Fu cfwfl/t x'g]u/L tna eQfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� pTs[i6 sd{rf/L k'/:sf/sf] yfngL ug'{ kg]{ .

!!= sd{rf/L o'lgogx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt agfOg' kg]{ .

!@= ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf nflu 5'§} ;+j}wflgs ;]jf u7g u/L ;+;baf6 l;w} ah]6 dfUg kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

!#= Ps} k|sf/sf sfd ug]{ sfof{nox¿ aLr ljleGg k|lt:kwf{ l;h{gf u/L k|zf;gsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf a9fpg] .

!$= ;/sf/L sfo{nfO{ 5l/tf], ;'ne Pj+ ;/n agfpg sfo{–lbUbz{g tof/ ug]{ .

� sfof{nosf] sfdsf] lgoldt pkef]Qmf ;j]{If0f ul/g' kg]{ .

� Flexi time Joj:yf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .

� sd{rf/Lsf] kf]zfs / kl/rokqsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

!%= ;"rgf Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

� s]Gb|Lo ;"rgf Joj:yf u/L ;"rgfnfO{ ;ª\u7gsf] ;+:yfut :d/0fdf (Institutional memory) /flvg' kg{] .

� ;"rgfnfO{ g]6jls{Í ug]{ .

!^= cfly{s Joj:yfkgdf d'Vo;lrjnfO{ dfq lhDd]jf/ agfpg] Joj:yfdf dGqLnfO{ klg lhDd]jf/ agfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

35

� cfly{s ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg] .

� rfn' / k"Flhut ah]6sf] ljsf; ug]{ .

� n]vf k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'wf/ u/L j:t' n]vf k|0ffnLdf ;|]:tf /fVg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

k|ltj]bgdf l;kmfl/; ul/Psf plNnlvt ljifox¿ ljleGg % r/0fdf nfu" ul/g' kg]{df k|ltj]bg a'emfO;s]sf] !% jif{ lalt;Sbf klg pQm l;kmfl/;x¿ dWo] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfox¿sf] ;jnLs/0f ug]{, ljsf; k|zf;gdf lghL If]qsf] e"ldsfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{, gful/s j8fkqsf] Joj:yf nfu" ug]{, pTs[i6 sd{rf/L k'/:sf/sf] yfngL ug'{kg]{, sd{rf/Lsf] kf]zfs / kl/rokqsf] Joj:yf ug]{, rfn' / k"FhLut ah]6sf] ljsf; ug]{ h:tf s]xL ljifox¿sf] dfq sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt clwsf+z ljifox¿ cem} klg ;Daf]wg x'g afFsL g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

&= e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;'emfj ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)%^

@)%^.(.! df jl/i7 clwjQmf dxfb]j ofbjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t & ;b:oLo e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;'emfj ;ldlt, @)%^ sf] d'Vo p2]Zo e|i6frf/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;'wf/sf pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ug'{ /x]sf] lyof] . pQm ;ldltnfO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf] nflu ePsf ljBdfg sfg'gL, ;ª\u7gfTds, k|lqmofut / cGo ljifodf cWoog u/L ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfj lbg] sfof{b]z tf]lsPsf] lyof] . pQm ;ldltn] e|i6frf/n] k|f]T;fxg kfpgfsf] d'Vo sf/0f g}ltstfdf cfPsf] x«f; xf] eGg] cf}+NofpFb} ljleGg ( efudf ljefhg u/L cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf a'emfPsf] lyof] . pQm ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] sfof{b]zleq /x]/ lbPsf ;'emfjx¿sf] d'Vo Joj:yf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\M

� e|i6frf/sf] kl/efiffsf] bfo/f km/flsnf] agfO{ s;"/df b08 ;hfosf] dfqf a9fOg' kg]{ .

� e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfox¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ cGj]if0ffTds sfo{ljlwsf] cjnDag ub}{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] bIftf j[l4 ug]{ .

� lghfdtL / ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf lgsfox¿df sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgog /xg gkfpg] sfg'gL Joj:yf ug]{ .

� dxfcleof]u ;DaGwL sfg'g agfpg' kg]{ .

� /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|nfO{ k|wfgdGqL cGtu{t /xg] u/L :yfkgf ug]{ .

� cbfnt / Goflos If]qsf] cg'lrt sfo{ / e|i6frf/sf lqmofsnfkx¿ /f]Sg Gofo kl/ifb\sf] ;'kl/j]If0fdf /xg] u/L 5'§} ;ts{tf;DaGwL lgsfo /fVg] .

� ljz]if cbfntsf] u7g ug]{ .

� lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf ;Dk"0f{ :yfoL / c:yfoL kbk"lt{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df dfq ug]{ .

36

� k|x/L ;]jf cfof]u Pj+ ;+:yfg ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� ;¿jfnfO{ kf/bzL{ / cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg] .

� b'u{dIf]qdf ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg ljz]if ;'ljwf / eQf k|bfg ug]{ .

� k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] sfo{If]qnfO{ lj:tf/ u/L k|zf;sLo kbx¿sf] lgol'Qm, ;¿jf, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxL;DaGwL d'2f o; cbfntaf6 x]g]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

� a9'jf;DaGwL cfwf/x¿ kf/bzL{ x'g'kg]{ .

� ;hfosf] ¿kdf ;¿jf ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ /f]Sg' kg]{ .

� ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfjf;, lzIff, :jf:Yo h:tf cfwf/e"t ljifodf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{ .

� sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfd, clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L tf]lsg' kg]{ .

� ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf;Fu b}lgs ;Dks{df cfpg] sfof{nox¿df 6f]sg k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ .

� s/ k|zf;gnfO{ r':t / k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

� ;/sf/L e"ldsfnfO{ lgodg;DaGwL sfo{df k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

� gful/s j8fkq nfu" ug]{ .

� j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] /sdnfO{ /fli6«o ah]6df clgjfo{ ;dfj]z ug]{ .

� ;fj{hlgs Pj+ ;/sf/L ;DklQsf] j}1flgs clen]v /fVg'kg]{ .

� e|i6x¿sf] gfd ;fj{hlgs ub}{ pgLx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs jlxisf/ ug]{ cleofg yfngL ug]{ .

� lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg] k|j[lQnfO{ cGTo ul/g' kg]{ .

� GofokflnsfnfO{ kof{Kt ;|f]t ;fwg pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ .

� kf/blz{tf;DaGwL P]g lgdf{0f x'g' kg]{ .

� /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] jflif{s cfosf] ;|f]t;lxtsf] cfo Joosf] ljj/0f clgjfo{ ¿kn] ;fj{hlgs ug]{ / n]vfk/LIf0f ;d]t u/fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

� GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQm k|lqmof kf/bzL{ agfOg' kg]{ .

� ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf sfo{x¿ kf/bzL{ agfOg' kg]{ .

� kf/blz{tfnfO{ u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ Pj+ lghLIf]qsf lqmofsnfkx¿df ;d]t nfu" ul/g' kg]{ .

37

ljz]if u/L e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] nflu ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ cf}+Nofpg] u/L u7g ePsf] pQm ;ldltn] ;a} If]qdf ul/g' kg]{ ;'wf/x¿ ;d]6L cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg a'emfPsf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt ;'emfjx¿dWo] ljz]if cbfntsf] u7g ug]{, lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf ;Dk"0f{ :yfoL / c:yfoL kbk"lt{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df dfq ug]{, gful/s j8fkq nfu" ug]{ h:tf s]xL ;'emfjx¿ sfof{Gjog ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] cGo sltko ;'emfjx¿ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] b]lvPg .

*= ;ª\u7gfTds :j¿k, tflnd / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwL k|ltj]bg, @)%^

k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)$* sf] l;kmfl/; cg';f/ ;/sf/af6 u7g ePsf] k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt @)%@ df lj36g eP kZrft\ :yfkgf ePsf] k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnon] klg cfkm\gf] sfo{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ug{ g;s]sf]n] @)%% d+;L/df ;f] ;lrjfnonfO{ vf/]h u/L @)%%.*.@ df -!_ k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;dGjo tyf cg'udg ;ldlt / -@_ k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldlt u7g ePsf] lyof] .

k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldltsf] lg0f{o;d]tsf] cfwf/df ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf ;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ldlt @)%%.!).^ df k|zf;g ;'wf/ sfo{6f]nL u7g ePsf] / pQm sfo{6f]nLnfO{ ;/sf/sf] ;ª\u7gfTds :j¿k, tflnd / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf If]qdf cWoog ug]{ u/L sfo{ lgb]{z eP adf]lhd pQm 6f]nLn] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg k]z u/]sf] lyof] . pQm k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt d'Vo l;kmfl/;x¿ lgDg /x]sf kfOG5g\ M

� ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]q lgwf{/0f ug]{ .

� dGqfno, ljefu, lgb]{zgfno÷sfof{no, lhNnf, OsfO{ / ufpF:t/Lo sfof{nox¿ cf}lrTo cg';f/ sfod ug]{, ufEg] jf vf/]h ug]{ .

� ;ª\u7g l;h{gf ubf{ ;ª\u7gnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ /fli6«o÷;fdflhs tTjx¿ Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o jftfj/0f ;d]tnfO{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ .

� dGqfnosf] ;+Vof !* df ;Lldt ug]{ Pj+ ljefux¿ %^ sfod ug]{ .

� cgfjZos If]qLo lgb]{zgfno÷sfof{no vf/]h ug]{ / u[x dGqfno cGtu{t kfFrj6} ljsf; If]qdf If]qLo :t/sf sfof{no vf]Ng] .

� r/0fa4 ¿kdf ax';Lk k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ .

� ;lrjeGbf dflysf] kbsf]nflu dfq ;jf/L rfnssf] Joj:yf ug]{, ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ;'ljwf kfpg] kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ rfns, dd{t / OGwgsf] nflu Psd'i6 eQf pknAw u/fpg] .

� lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dtn ;ª\u7gsf] cjwf/0ff nfu" ug]{ .

� pkTosfsf Pp6} k|sf/sf sfd ug]{ sfof{nox¿ PsLs/0f ug]{ .

� lg0f{osf tx 36fpg] .

� ;/sf/sf] lghLs/0f;DaGwL gLlt / sfo{qmdnfO{ yk :ki6 ug]{ .

� sfof{nox¿n] pknAw u/fpg] ;]jf / dfkb08 tf]Sg] .

38

� sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lbOg] tflnd Jofjxfl/s / u|fxsd'vL agfpg /fli6«o dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; kl/ifb\ u7g ug]{ .

� /fi6« ;]js jf kbflwsf/Lx¿af6 x'g] cg'lrt sfo{ jf e|i6frf/;DaGwL sf/jfxLsf nflu sfo{kflnsfsf] dftxtdf 5'§} lgsfo v8f ug]{ .

� k|wfgdGqL sfof{no cGtu{t e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ljefu :yfkgf u/L ljz]if k|x/L ljefu vf/]h ug]{ .

� e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] nflu cGo lg/f]wfTds Pj+ pkrf/fTds pkfox¿sf] cjnDag ug]{ .

� ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f cBfjlws u/fO{ /fVg] .

� clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* df ;fj{hlgs kbsf] kl/efiffnfO{ km/flsnf] agfO{ ;/sf/ k|d'v, dGqL, ;f+;b, :yfgLo lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx¿ Pj+ /fhgLlts lgo'lQmb]lv ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;f] kl/efiffdf ;d]6\g] .

� e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] nflu sfo{ ug]{ lgsfox¿nfO{ ;Ifd / ;an agfpg] .

plNnlvt l;kmfl/;x¿ ;lxt a'emfPsf] k|zf;g ;'wf/ sfo{6f]nLsf] k|ltj]bg s]xL kIf nfu" ePsf] b]lvG5 eGg] sltko ;'emfjx¿ sfof{Gjog gePsf] l:ylt b]lvG5 .

(= ;fj{hlgs vr{ k'g/fjnf]sg cfof]u, @)%&

k|ltjif{ a9\b} uPsf] ;/sf/L vr{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{] pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ug]{ p2]Zon] @)%&.%.!% df df= ljgoWjh rGbsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t % ;b:oLo æ;fj{hlgs vr{ k'g/fjnf]sg cfof]u, @)%& nfO{ ;fj{hlgs >f]t Joj:yfkgdf k|efjsfl/tf, lgoldt tyf lz/f]ef/ vr{df s6f}tL, ljQLo cg'zf;gsf] kfngf, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg tyf :yfgLo lgsfodfkm{t\ x'g] vr{;d]tsf ljifox¿ tf]lsPsf] lyof] . cfof]un] ljleGg r/0fdf, ljleGg :yfg / ljleGg ;d"xx¿;Fu 5nkmn u/L cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . cfof]un] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ lhDd]jf/ / pTkfbgd"ns gagfP;Dd ;/sf/L vr{af6 ck]lIft k|ltkmn k|fKt ug{ g;lsg] lgSof}{n lgsfnL sfo{qmdsf] nIo k|flKt, Dofb gf3]sf] k]ZsL / a]¿h'sf] cfwf/df ljefuLo k|d'vnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpFb} sfo{;Dkfbg / nIo;d]tsf] cfwf/df cjsfz lbg] k|fjwfg P]gdf /flvg' kg]{ h:tf ;'emfjx¿ lbPsf] kfOG5 . o;n] lbPsf d'Vo ;'emfjx¿ lgDg adf]lhd 5g\ .

� ;/sf/L ;+nUgtfsf If]qsf] klxrfg u/L tL ljifox¿ !( j6f dGqfnoaf6 ;Dkfbg ug]{ .

� lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLdf g} clVtof/jfnf tf]lsg' kg]{ .

� ;¿jfsf] cjlw @ jif{ lglZrt ug]{ .

� cgfjZos If]qLo sfof{nox¿ vf/]h ug]{ .

� lhNnf :t/df PsLs[t ;]jf k'¥ofpg' kg]{ sfdsf] nflu lhNnf :t/df Pp6} ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f sfof{nodfq /fVg] .

39

� lzIff If]qdf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ug]{ .

� cfof]hgfsf] 5gf}6 lglZrt dfkb08sf] cfwf/df ug'{kg]{ .

� cfGtl/s ;'/Iff vr{ / /Iff vr{nfO{ /fh:jsf] &Ü df ;Lldt ug]{ .

� lgj[lQe/0f sf]ifsf] :yfkgf u/L pQm sf]ifdf /sd hDdf ul/lbg] .

� hgn]vf k/LIf0f k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

� cfufdL % jif{leq lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] gofF kbk"lt{ gug]{ gLlt lng] .

� ah]6 th'{df ubf{ z"Godf cfwfl/t ah]6 k|0ffnL cjnDag ug]{ .

� ljlgof]hg k|0ffnLnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t agfpg] .

� a]¿h' sd ug{ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ .

� :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L :yfgLo lgsfox¿df ljQLo cg'zf;g sfod ug]{ .

� ;+:yfgx¿nfO{ r/0fa4 ¿kdf lghLs/0f ug]{ Pj+ ;+rfns ;ldlt / sfo{sf/L k|d'vdf of]Uo JolQm lgo'Qm ug]{ .

� ljsf; ;ldlt P]gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ .

;fj{hlgs vr{nfO{ Jojl:yt u/L ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿dfkm{t Go"gtd vr{af6 clwstd pknlAwx¿ s;/L xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifosf] vf]hL ug]{ s'/fdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] cfof]un] hDdf !$ kl/R5]bdf ljefhg u/L a'emfPsf] k|ltj]bgdf ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] s6f}tL Pj+ ;xL ;b'kof]usf] nflu ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ g} cr's pkfo xf] eGg] lgSof]{n ;'emfPsf] kfOG5 . pQm cfof]un] lbPsf l;kmfl/;x¿dWo] lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLdf g} clVtof/jfnf tf]lsg' kg]{ Pj+ ;¿jfsf] cjlwnfO{ @ jif{df lglZrt ug]{ ljifonfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLn] ;Daf]wg u/] klg cGo sltko l;kmfl/;x¿ sfof{Gjogdf cfpg ;s]sf] b]lvb}+g .

!)= :j]lR5s cjsfz k|0ffnL cWoog k|ltj]bg, @)^!

:j]lR5s cjsfz k|0ffnL ;DaGwdf lj1 ;]jf pknAw u/fpFbf zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] lgldQ ;/sf/n] ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿ ;DaGwdf Pj+ zf;sLo ;'wf/ dfu{ lrqdf plNnlvt ;doa4 sfo{of]hgf cg';f/ ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos kg]{ pkfo / gLlt;d]tsf ljifodf cWoog u/L d:of}bf tof/ ug{] ;d]tsf sfo{ lgb]{z tf]sL ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnoaf6 ldlt @)^!.@.$ df k"j{ ;lrj d's'Gbk|;fb cHof{nnfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] / pxfFn] tt\;DaGwdf cWoog u/L :j]lR5s cjsfz k|0ffnL cWoog k|ltj]bg, @)^! k]z ug'{ePsf] b]lvG5 .

cWoog k|ltj]bgdf :j]lR5s cjsfz;DaGwL sfg'gdf ePsf Joj:yfx¿, g]kfn /fhkqdf :j]lR5s cjsfzsf] k|of]hgsf nflu k|sflzt ;"rgfsf zt{x¿, :j]lR5s cjsfz :jLs[t ubf{ cy{ dGqfnon] ckgfpg' kg]{ sfo{ljlw;d]t to u/L nfu" ul/Psf] k|yd r/0fsf] :j]lR5s cjsfz of]hgfn] sd ;]jf cjlw / pd]/ ;d"xsf

40

sd{rf/LnfO{ ;d]6\g g;s]sf] Pj+ of]hgf vlr{nf] ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ phfu/ ub}{ :j]lR5s of]hgfnfO{ cTolws dxTj lbO{ ;'wf/sf] :jtGq kf6f]sf] ¿kdf gx]/L b/aGbL 36fpg] c¿ of]hgf;Fu PsLs[t u/L nlIft ;d"xnfO{ cj;/ lbg] Pj+ ;]jf s/f/df lnO{ sfd u/fpg pko'Qm b/aGbLnfO{ l/Qm u/fpg To:tf kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ :j]lR5s cjsfzsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ h:tf ljsNk;lxt lgDg ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't u/]sf] b]lvG5 M

� :j]lR5s cjsfznfO{ zf;sLo ;'wf/sf] cGo a'Fbfx¿;Fu ;dGjo u/]/ dfq nfu" ug]{ gLlt lng] .

� lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] cfsf/ 36fpbf ;Dkfbg x'g] sfo{x¿, ;+:yfut ;+/rgf / sd{rf/Ln] ;DkGg ug]{ sfo{ljj/0fsf cfwf/df ug]{ .

� /fhkq cg+lst kbnfO{ cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] 1fg ePsf ;xfossf] kbdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ gLlt lng] .

� lghfdtL b/aGbL 36fpg] ;DaGwdf cGo ljsNk gePdf dfq :j]lR5s cjsfz nlIft ;d"xsf] nflu dfq nfu" ug]{ .

� cjsfz kl5 :jtM vfnL x'g] b/aGbL vf/]h / kbk"lt{df aGb]h ug]{ .

� /fhkq cg+lst / >]0fLljxLg tyf lkog jf ;f] ;/xsf] kbsf] kbk"lt{ gug]{ gLlt lng] .

!!= tna cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx¿ / ltgsf l;kmfl/;x¿

s= k] sldzg, @))(

g]kfndf tna :s]n th'{df u/fO{ nfu" ug]{ k|rng lj=;+= @))& af6 z'¿ ePsf] xf] . klxnf] k] sldzgsf] u7g lj=;+= @))( ;fndf tTsfnLg nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf ;b:o >L b]jgfy jdf{sf] cWoIftfdf ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm sldzgn] tnadfg / eQfsf] gofF :s]n nfu" ug'{ kg]{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] eP klg plNnlvt l;kmfl/;sf] sfof{Gjog ePsf] b]lvGg .

v= k] sldzg, @)!^

dlGqkl/ifb\\ ;lrjfnosf ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf lj=;+= @)!^ ;fndf u7g ePsf] k] sldzg lj=;+= @)!& ;fndf k'gu{7g eO{ lj=;+= @)!* ;fndf :yfoL ¿k kfPsf] pQm sldzgn] gofF tna :s]nsf] 3f]if0ff;d]t u/L lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k|zf;lgs / k|fljlws u/L b'O{ ju{df ljefhg u/L sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tNnf] / dflyNnf] txsf] aLrsf] km/s !M!%M%% x'g] u/L tnadfg lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 .

u= tna cfof]u, @)#*

41

sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tnadfgdf ug'{ kg]{ ;'wf/sf nflu lj=;+= @)#* ;fndf k|B'Dgnfn /fhe08f/Lsf] cWoIftfdf tna cfof]u u7g ePsf] lyof] . pQm cfof]un] cfkm\gf] l;kmfl/;df k|ltJolQm k|lt lbg Go"gtd @#)) Sofnf]/L vfB kbfy{ cfjZos kg]{ / Ps sd{rf/Lsf] rf/ ;b:oLo kl/jf/nfO{ # pkef]Qmf OsfO{ dfgL k|To]s pkef]Qmf OsfOnfO{ pQm Sofnf]/L k|fKt ug{ cfjZos x'g cfpg] /sd, sk8f, cfjf; nufot cGo cfjZostf k"lt{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ /sd;d]tsf] cfwf/df Go"gtd tna tf]Sg l;kmfl/; ub}{ Go"gtd / clwstd tnaaLrsf] cGt/ !M*=% sfod ug]{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] kfOG5 .

3= tna ;'ljwf ;'emfj cfof]u, @)$&

lj=;+= @)$& sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrft\ lj=;+= @)$& ;fn kf}ifdf gGbnfn hf]zLsf] cWoIftfdf u7g ePsf] tna ;'ljwf ;'emfj cfof]un] klg k|B'Dgnfn /fhe08f/Lsf] cfof]un] lbPsf] l;kmfl/; cg';f/ g} sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tna lgwf{/0f ul/g' kg]{ l;kmfl/; ub}{ Go"gtd / clwstd tna aLrsf] cGt/ !M% x'g'kg]{ ;'emfj lbPsf] kfOG5 . pQm cfof]un] cf}iflw pkrf/ ;'ljwf, z}lIfs eQf, kl/jxg eQf h:tf ;'ljwfx¿ klg sd{rf/LnfO{ lbg' kg]{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] .

ª= tna cfof]u, @)$*

lj=;+= @)$* ;fndf g/sfGt clwsf/Lsf] cWoIftfdf u7g ePsf] tna cfof]un] sd{rf/Lsf] Go"gtd tna l;kmfl/; ubf{ ;LdfGt s[ifsx¿sf] cfosf] xf/fxf/Ldf k'Ug] u/L x'g'kg]{ eGb} cl3Nnf cfof]ux¿n] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] Sofnf]/L / pkef]Qmf OsfOx¿;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL tna lgwf{/0f x'g' kg]{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] kfOG5 . pQm cfof]usf s]xL l;kmfl/;x¿ lgDg /x]sf kfOG5g\M

� k|To]s jif{ pkef]Qmf d"No;"rLdf cfpg] j[l4sf] () k|ltzt;Dd Ifltk"lt{ lbg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� ;]jf lgj[Q sd{rf/Ln] vfOkfO cfPsf] tnasf] ^& k|ltzteGbf a9L lgj[lQe/0f gx'g] u/L dflyNnf] xb tf]Sg' kg]{ .

� ;]jf lgj[Q sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ klg ! dlxgfsf] /sd bz}+ vr{ jfkt lbg'kg]{ .

� ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿ / ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tna eQf Pj+ ;'ljwfdf Ps¿ktf geP;Dd ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tna eQf Pj+ ;'ljwf ga9fpg] .

� ljZjljBfnox¿nfO{ lbOg] cg'bfg ;DaGwdf gLlt lgwf{/0f / ;f] sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u u7g ug]{ .

r= tna lgwf{/0f sfo{bn, @)%#

lj=;+= @)%# ;fndf ch'{gdl0f cf=bL= sf] ;+of]hsTjdf u7g ePsf] tna lgwf{/0f sfo{bnsf] d'Vo p2]Zo sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;'ljwf / lxt ;DaGwdf cWoog u/L ;'emfj lbg] /x]sf] lyof] . pQm sfo{bnn] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bgdf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7gsf] dfGotf, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] @)$* df lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k|ltJolQm

42

k|ltlbg cfjZos kg]{ Sofnf]/L @@&( ;d]tsf cfwf/df vfBkbfy{sf] d"No tyf /f]huf/bftfn] >ldssf] >dsf] pkof]usf] cg'kftdf Ifltk"lt{ lbg'k5{ eGg] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] kfOG5 . pQm sfo{bnn] lbPsf s]xL l;kmfl/;x¿ o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\M

� z'¿ :t/sf / clGtd :t/sf kbsf] tnadfgsf] cGt/ !M^ cg'kft sfod ug]{ .

� jflif{s tna j[l4sf] /sd sl/j Ps lbgsf] tna a/fa/ ug]{ .

� tnadfgdf vlK6g] k4lt ;a} txdf nfu" ug]{ .

� lghfdtLtkm{ k|fljlws / ck|fljlws ;a}sf nflu Pp6} tnadfg sfod ug]{ .

� /fzg kfpg] sd{rf/Lsf] tnadfg /fzg gkfpg] sd{rf/Lsf] eGbf !)Ü sd ug]{ .

5= tna cfof]u, @)%%

lj=;+= @)%% ;fndf nf]saxfb'/ >]i7sf] cWoIftfdf u7g ePsf] tna cfof]un] gofF tnadfgsf] k|:tfj u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm cfof]usf d'Vo l;kmfl/;x¿ lgDg b]lvG5 M

� Go"gtd tna lgwf{/0f ubf{ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7gsf] dfGotfnfO{ cfwf/ lng' kg]{ .

� tna lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;fdflhs tyf g}lts d"No dfGotf sfod ug]{ u/L lgwf{/0f ug]{ .

� Go"gtd / pRrtd tna aLrsf] cGt/ !M% sfod ug]{ .

� /fhkqflÍt / /fhkq cg+lÍt b'a} >]0fLx¿df tnadfg vlK6g] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� tnasf] lgwf{/0f ;fs{ d'n'ssf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tnasf] lgs6 /xg] u/L ug]{ .

� aLr–aLrdf s'g} cWoog ljgf xr'jfsf] cfwf/df tna j[l4 ug'{sf] ;§f d'b|fl:kmtLsf] cfwf/df tna j[l4sf] :jlgld{t k|0ffnL x'g'kg]{ .

� sd{rf/Lsf] tnanfO{ pkef]Qmf d"No;"rL;Fu cfa4 ug'{kg]{ .

� sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{

� ;/sf/ / sd{rf/L b'a}sf] of]ubfgaf6 lgj[lQe/0f sf]if :yfkgf ug]{af/] cWoog u/fpg] .

pQm cfof]un] klg cl3Nnf cfof]ux¿n] em}+ Ps sd{rf/Lsf] # pkef]Qmf OsfO{ sfod u/L k|ltJolQm k|ltlbg @#)) Sofnf]/L cfjZos kg]{ tyf vfBkbfy{,

43

sk8f, jf;:yfg / cGo vr{sf] nflu cfjZos /sd;d]t hf]8L Go"gtd tna lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 .

h= pRr:t/Lo tna cfof]u, @)^! sf] k|ltj]bg

/fi6«;]jsx¿sf] bL3{sfnLg tna gLlt tyf cy{tGqsf] cj:yf x]/L rfn' cfly{s jif{d} sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;'ljwfdf s] slt j[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 / tnasf] cg'kft s] slt sfod ug{ pko'Qm x'g] eGg] ljifodf cWoog u/L ;'emfj k]z ug]{ p2]Zon] dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] ldlt @)^!.^.& sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ k"j{ d'Vo ;lrj 8f= O{Zj/ k|;fb pkfWofosf] ;+of]hsTjdf % ;b:oLo pRr:t/Lo tna cfof]u, @)^! u7g eO{ dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] ldlt @)^!.^.@* sf] lg0f{on] & ;b:oLo agfOPsf] pQm cfof]un] @)^!.!!.!$ df ;/sf/ ;dIf cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg a'emfPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm cfof]un] tf]lsPsf] sfof{b]zleq /xL ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf tyf lnlvt kqfrf/sf] dfWodaf6 /fo ;'emfj ;+sng u/L k|fKt ;'emfjx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ub}{ tna ;'ljwfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ u7g ePsf ljutsf cfof]u÷;ldlt÷sfo{bn ;d]tsf] cWoog u/L jt{dfg tna ;'ljwfx¿, /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] jt{dfg l:ylt, ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf] sfo{bIftf, tna ;'ljwf k'g/fjnf]sgsf cfwf/x¿;d]tsf] ;"Id ljZn]if0f u/L tna ;'ljwf;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg gLltsf] :j¿k;d]t tof/ ub}{ tna ;'ljwf j[l4af6 kg]{ ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds c;/x¿ ;d]tsf] ljZn]if0f u/L cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg a'emfPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm cfof]usf s]xL l;kmfl/;x¿ lgDg /x]sf 5g\M

� sd{rf/L tyf /fi6«;]jssf] tnadfg lgwf{/0f ubf{ k|lt kl/jf/ rf/ ;b:o dfGg' kg]{ / $ ;b:osf] pkef]Qmf OsfO{ x'g'kg]{ .

� sd{rf/Lsf] tna cGt/ cg'kft !M% nfO{ oyfjt /fVg' kg]{ .

� Go"gtd / clwstd tnadfg lgwf{/0f ul/g' kg]{ .

� jflif{s u|]8 j[l4nfO{ slgi7–Ho]i7 aLrsf] km/s 5'6\ofpg] / Ho]i7 sd{rf/LnfO{ cg'ejsf] df}lb|s kfl/tf]lifs lbg] ;+oGqsf] ¿kdf lng' kg]{ .

� a9'jfsf] s'g} u'~hfoz gePsf kbx¿df @ b]lv $ tx;Ddsf] Joj:yf u/L k|To]s txsf] z'¿ tnadfg, u|]8 j[l4 / ;+Vof cnu–cnu tf]Sg] .

� sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ z}lIfs eQf, kl/jxg eQf, hLjg jLdf -/fhkqflÍt sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ¿= @))))).– / ;xfos :t/nfO{ ¿= !@)))).–_ sf] aLdf jfkt /sd lbg] Joj:yf afx]s j[4fj:yf ;'/Iff jf d[To' kZrft\ kfl/jfl/s ;'/Iff jfkt hLjg jLdfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� d[To' ePdf dfq jLldt /sd kfpg] Joj:yf vf/]h ug]{ .

� sd{rf/Laf6 dfl;s ¿=@)).– of]ubfg x'g] u/L ¿=$)).– jLdf sf]ifdf hDdf ug]{ .

� ;'udtf, b'u{dtf, d"No l:ylt;d]tsf] cfwf/df :yfgLo eQfsf] lgwf{/0f ul/g' kg]{ .

44

� :jf:Yo jLdf k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ .

plNnlvt l;kmfl/;x¿sf cltl/Qm /fh:jsf] jt{dfg cj:yf, cfufdL jif{x¿df x'g ;Sg] j[l4 / j[l4 ePsf] /fh:j;d]tsf] cfwf/df @)^@.$.! b]lv @)^%.$.! ;Dddf nfu" x'g'kg]{ egL $ jif{sf] tna ;'ljwfsf] l;kmfl/;;d]t u/]sf] kfOG5 .

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tna eQf tyf ;'ljwfsf] lgwf{/0f u/L ;do ;fk]If ¿kdf ahf/ d"No / cfjZostf ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ tna eQf tyf ;'ljwfdf j[l4sf] ;'lglZrttf ug{sf nflu o;/L @))( ;fndf u7g ePsf] k] sdLzgb]lv g} k|of;x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . ljleGg tna cfof]ux¿af6 lgj[lQe/0f sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ug]{, tnasf] lgwf{/0f ;fs{ d'n'ssf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tnasf] lgs6 /xg] u/L ug]{, cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7gsf] dfGotf cg';f/ tna, eQf, cGo eQfx¿ h:t} z}lIfs eQf, cfjf;, n'uf eQf cflbsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ egL l;kmfl/; u/]sf] ePklg sltko l;kmfl/;x¿ cem} sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf 5}gg\ . lgj[lQe/0f sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ug]{ ljifonfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;/sf/L gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf pNn]v eP klg ;f] ljifo cem} nfu" x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g eg] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tna eQfsf] j[l4 xr'jfsf] cfwf/df gu/L pkef]Qmf d"No;"rL;Fu cfa4 ug'{kg]{ h:tf l;kmfl/zx¿sf] klg sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . oBlk g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;do–;dodf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tna eQfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L tna, eQf j[l4 ub}{ cfPsf] klg 5 . t/ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lbOPsf] tna ;'ljwf lgjf{xd'vL dfq} ePsf] eGg] /x]sf] kfOG5 . lgjf{xd'vL ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] sf/0f lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ cfkm\gf] sfo{k|lt pTk|]l/t x'g g;s]sf] eGg] k|zf;g ;'wf/;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg k|ltj]bgdf ;d]t cf}+NofOPsf] 5 . sfo{k|lt pTk|]l/t geO{ ;Dkfbg ul/Psf] sfo{af6 ;]jf k|jfxdf u'0f:t/Lotf sfod x'g g;Sg' :jefljs g} b]lvG5 . t;y{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tna eQf tyf ;]jf ;['ljwfdf lj:tf/ ubf{ ;fs{ d'n'sdf /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lbOPsf] ;]jf ;'ljwf tyf g]kfn /fi6«a}+saf6 k|To]s jif{ tof/ ug]{ pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rLsf] cfwf/df ul/g' kg]{ egL k] sldzgx¿af6 ul/Psf l;kmfl/;x¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;/sf/n] Wofg lbg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

!@= k|zf;g k'gM ;+/rgf cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgM @)^%

;+3Lo nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf cg'¿k g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cWoog u/L ;du| ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfj / l;kmfl/z ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ p2]Zon] @)^%.*.$ df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{on] tTsfnLg ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqLsf] ;+of]hsTjdf u7g ePsf] k|zf;g k'gM ;+/rgf cfof]un] tf]lsPsf] sfof{b]zleq /xL k|yd cGtl/d k|ltj]bg, cGtl/d k|ltj]bg -s_ / -v_ u/L ljleGg k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf a'emfPsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^%.*.$ sf] lg0f{on] u7g eO{ ldlt @)^^.%.!& df k'gMu7g ePsf] pQm cfof]un] k]z u/]sf k|ltj]bgn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf d'Vo ljifox¿ lgDg b]lvG5 M

� gofF kb jf b/aGbL l;h{gf gug{], /fhkq cg+lst s'g} klg l/Qm kbx¿ k"lt{ gug{] .

45

� b08xLgtfsf] cGt ug{] .

� zflGt ;'/IffnfO{ k|yd k|fyldstf lbO{ cfjZos ;fwg ;|f]tsf] plrt Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

� ;'/Iff lgsfoleq x'g] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg] .

� k|zf;gdfly x'g] u/]sf] /fhgLlts x:tIf]knfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf d'Qm ug{] Pj+ /fhgLltn] k|zf;gdfly ug]{ cg'udg / lgoGq0fsf] xb / ;Ldf sfg'gåf/f g} tf]Sg] .

� ljleGg cfof]ux¿ u7g ug{] k|j[lQnfO{ t'¿Gt aGb ug]{] .

� v'nf ;Ldfgfsf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu kof{Kt dfqfdf ;'/Iff rf}sLx¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{ Pj+ ;LdfIf]qsf gfsfx¿df cgfjZos 3';k}7 /f]Sg kl/rokqsf] Joj:yf nfu" ug'{kg]{ .

� tYofÍ ;+sngsf] sfo{nfO{ ;]jf s/f/af6 ;~rfng ug]{ .

� cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿ hgtfsf] 3/b}nf]df k'¥ofpg lglZrt ;]jf s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf u/L oyf;+ej Psåf/ k|0ffnLleq /fvL k|jflxt ug]{ .

� gful/s j8fkqnfO{ Jojl:yt agfO{ clgjfo{ nfu" ug]{ / gful/snfO{ ;';"lrt u/fpg] .

� lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ljj/0f tof/ u/L k|To]s sd{rf/LnfO{ p;sf] sfo{ljj/0fk|lt lhDd]jf/ t'Nofpg] .

� /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / sd{rf/Lsf ;+3 ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;¿jf Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg gx'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

� k|x/L k|zf;gdf egf{, kb:yfkg / ;¿jf ;d]tdf /x]sf] /fhgLlts x:tIf]k cGTosf] nflu 5'6\6} Pp6f :jtGq k|x/L ;]jf cfof]usf] u7g ug{' kg]{ .

� ;'/IffsdL{ -g]kfn k|x/L / g]kfnL ;]gf_ sf] /fzg :s]ndf Ps¿ktf Nofpg] .

� ;jf/L rfns cg'dlt kq / ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ljj/0f sDKo'6/Ls[t ug]{ .

� cg'udg ;ldltnfO{ cfjZos ;|f]t / ;fwg pknAw u/fpg'sf ;fy} pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .

� ;dfh sNof0f P]gsf] kl/dfh{g u/L cWofjlws ug]{ .

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf @$3!= cg';f/ a9'jf ePsf /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fLsf k|zf;g ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ uf=lj=;=;lrjsf] kbdf v6fO{ uf=lj=;= ;lrjsf] ;xof]uLsf] ¿kdf n]vfkfn, ;xn]vfkfn / k|fljlws tkm{sf /fhkqcg+lst -s[lif, kz';]jf, OlGhlgol/ª_ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ v6fpg' kg]{ .

� uf=lj=;=nfO{ ;|f]t / ;fwgo'Qm agfO{ sDKo"6l/s[t clen]v k|0ffnL :yfkgf u/L uf=lj=;= sf tYof+s tyf ;"rgfx¿ Jojl:yt ¿kdf /flvg' kg]{ .

46

� :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ 3/b}nf]df :jf:Yo ;]jf k'¥ofpg] .

� z}lIfs Sofn]08/ lgwf{/0f u/L z}lIfs If]qsf sfo{nfO{ cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg] .

� d]lzg l/8]jn kf;kf]6{ agfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg] .

bf];|f] cGtl/d k|ltj]bg -s_ g]kfndf ljB'tLo zf;gsf] k|j4{g;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf /x]sf ljBdfg sfg'gL, gLltut / ;+:yfut Joj:yfsf] af/]df s]lGb|t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm k|ltj]bgdf ljB'tLo zf;g k|j4{gdf b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx¿sf af/]df pNn]v ub}{ cNksfnLg, dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/L ljleGg b]xfosf l;kmfl/;x¿ k]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 M

� ljB'tLo zf;gsf] clwstd k|of]usf nflu lbzflgb]{z, cfjZos ;xof]u / ;dGjo ug{ s]Gb|Lo :t/df pRr:t/Lo lgb]{zs ;ldltsf] u7g ug]{ .

� ;a} dGqfnox¿n] ^ dlxgfleq j]j;fO6 cBfjlws ug]{ .

� ah]6sf] a9Ldf #Ü /sd ljB'tLo zf;g k4ltsf] nflu 5'6\ofpg] .

� ;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf ;"rgfx¿nfO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf Government Integrated Data Centre (GIDC) df /fVg] Joj:yf u/L ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿sf] Connectivity :yflkt ug]{ .

� Digital Signature sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

� nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lnOg] k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmddf ljB'tLo zf;g;DaGwL kf7\oqmdnfO{ clgjfo{ ug]{ .

� ljB'tLo zf;gsf] nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/x¿ tLg jif{leq ;]jf s]Gb|:t/;Dd k'¥ofpg] .

� ljB'tLo zf;gnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ cfjZos k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] .

� ;a} u|fdL0f If]q;d]tdf OG6/g]6;lxtsf] cTofw'lgs b"/ ;+rf/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ .

� k"j{–klZrd, pQ/–blIf0f ;"rgf dxfdfu{x¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ .

pQm k|ltjb]gn] d'Vo ¿kdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lgdf{0f u/]sf] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;+:yfgdf kbk"lt{ Pj+ a9'jf;d]tsf] nflu Ps ;ldlt u7g ug]{, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] ;+rfngdf Ps¿ktf Nofpg 5ftf sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f ug]{, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf kbflwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQmsf nflu lgo'lQm l;kmfl/; af]8{ u7g ug]{ Pj+ ;+rfns ;ldltsf kbflwsf/L tyf dxfk|aGws÷sfo{sf/L k|d'vnfO{ tf]lsPsf] cjlwe/ sfd ug{ kfpg] sfg'gL Joj:yf ug]{ cflb ljifox¿sf] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] kfOG5 .

cfof]un] lbPsf ljleGg l;kmfl/;x¿dWo] gful/s a8fkqsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{, d]l;g l/8]jn kf;kf]6{sf] z'¿jft ug]{, dGqfnox¿df j]j;fO8sf] z'¿jft ug{], nf]s ;]jf

47

cfof]usf] kf7\oqmddf ljB'tLo zf;g;DaGwL ljifo ;d]6\g]nufot s]xL l;kmfl/;x¿sf] sfof{Gjog eP klg cGo l;kmfl/;x¿sf] sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] b]lvGg .

!#= ;+:yfg ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)^#

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^#÷*÷@( sf] lg0f{on] k"j{ ;lrj 8f= ef]nfgfy rfln;]sf] ;+of]hsTjdf ljleGg If]qsf lj1x¿ /x]sf] ul7t pRr:t/Lo ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg ;'wf/ ;ldltsf] d'Vo p2]Zo cTolws gf]S;fgdf rln/x]sf / r/d cfly{s ;+s6sf] cj:yfdf kl//x]sf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf ;'wf/sf] nflu cWoog u/L k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{ /x]sf] lyof] . ;+:yfgx¿nfO{ Jofj;flos 9fFrfdf ;+rfngof]Uo agfpg ug'{kg]{ gLltut ;'wf/sf pkfox¿ Pj+ ;+:yfgx¿sf] k'g;+{/rgf ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfsf] klxrfg u/L l;kmfl/; ug]{ ;d]tsf] sfof{b]z kfPsf] pQm ;ldltn] #^ j6f ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx¿sf] jt{dfg ljQLol:yltsf] cWoog;d]t u/L ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx¿ 3f6fdf hfg'sf sf/0fdf ;+:yfgx¿sf] :yfkgf ubf{ a[xt\ / bL3{sfnLg cf}Bf]lus of]hgfsf] cleGg cËsf ¿kdf jf b]zsf] 7f]; cfjZostfsf ¿kdf glnPsf] ljifonfO{ cf}+NofpFb} d'Vo ¿kdf lgDg adf]lhd ;'emfj lbPsf] b]lvG5 M

� 3f6fdf uPsf dfq xf]Og d'gfkmfdf rn]sf sltko ;+:yfgx¿ -h;sf] lghLs/0f ubf{ cem a9L d'gfkmf sdfpg ;S5g\_ nfO{ klg lghLs/0f ug]{ .

� lghLs/0f ug}{ kg]{ ;+:yfgx¿ lghLIf]qnfO{ ljqmL ug]{ .

� lg/Gt/ 3f6fdf hfg] t/ lghLs/0f ug{ g;lsg]÷pko'Qm gx'g] ;+:yfgx¿nfO{ lnlSj8];gdf n}hfg] .

� tTsfn lghLs/0f ug{ pko'Qm gx'g] ;+:yfgx¿sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ .

pQm ;ldltn] ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx¿df bfloTj sd ug]{ cNksfnLg Pj+ bL3{sfnLg ;'wf/sf pkfox¿;d]t l;kmfl/; u/]sf] kfOG5 . dWo Pj+ bL3{sfnLg ;'wf/x¿n] ;/sf/L ;+:yfg lj36g -vf/]h_ k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ ug]{, ljBdfg sfg'gL Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug]{, ;+:yfut Pj+ ;+/rgfut If]qdf ;'wf/ ug]{ ljifox¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf] kfOG5 . ljZjJofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:otf ;d]t k|fKt ul/;s]sf] Pjd\ v'nf / pbf/ cy{ Joj:yf cjnDag ul/;s]sf] ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] e"ldsf / /fHosf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ k'gM kl/efiff ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;f]xL cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug]{ lbzfdf k|:t't k|ltj]bgsf ;'emfjx¿ /x]sf eP klg ltgsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g afFsL g} /x]sf] 5 .

!$= dfgj ;+zfwg dGqfnosf] u7g ;DaGwL sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bg, @)^@

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnonfO{ k'gM ;+/rgf u/L ;du|df dfgjLo ;+;fwgsf] of]hgf, ljsf; / Joj:yfkg ug{ dfgjLo ;+;fwg dGqfno :yfkgf ug]{ ljifodf sfo{ ljefhg / sfo{If]q ;d]t olsg ug{] Pj+ dfgj ;|f]tsf] ljBdfg cj:yfsf] cWoog u/L To;df ul/g' kg]{ ;'wf/sf ljifox¿ ;d]tsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfof{b]z tf]sL ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^!.!@.( sf] lg0f{on] ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf ;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf % ;b:oLo sfo{bn u7g u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] sfo{bnn] tf]lsPsf] sfo{ lgb]{zsf] kl/lwleq /xL @)^@ j}zfvdf cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg ;/sf/ ;dIf k|:t't u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm sfo{bnn] dfgj

48

;+;fwg ljsf; / Joj:yfkgdf dfu / cfk"lt{ aLr ;+VofTds tyf u'0ffTds ¿kdf vf;} ;fldKo cfpg g;s]sf] h:tf sf/0fn] dfgj ;+;fwgsf] pkof]u kIf b'j{n /x]sf] eGb} dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf;sf] lgldQ k|lzIf0f Joj:yfsf] e"ldsf cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf]n] df}h'bf k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgx¿sf] e"ldsf / k|lzIf0f Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ s'/f cf}+NofPsf] kfOG5 . pQm sfo{bnn] lbPsf s]xL ;'emfjx¿ lgDg adf]lhd /x]sf b]lvG5g\ M

� gLltut kIfdf ;'wf/ u/L /fli6«o dfgj ;+;fwg gLlt th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .

� ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ If]qut¿kdf a[xQ/ ;'wf/ ug]{ .

� ;fj{hlgs If]qsf sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg;DaGwL dfu{bz{s 5ftf P]gsf] ¿kdf PsLs[t ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g P]g lgdf{0f ug]{ .

� nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] xfn sfod /x]sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf, 5gf}6 k|lqmof, k/LIf0f ljlw Pj+ kf7\oqmddf ;'wf/ ug]{ .

� k]zfljb\ of]Uotf (Professional Qualification) afx]s cGosf] xsdf ;]jf k|j]z ug{ cfjZos kg]{ df}h"bf z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] :t/ Ps tx a9fpg] .

� k|lzIf0f sfo{qmdnfO{ ;]jf k|j]z / ;]jfsfnLgdf ljefhg u/L ;fwf/0f / ljz]if k|s[ltsf] k|lzIf0f lbg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� /fhkqflÍt >]0fLsf] sd{rf/Lsf] cGt/dGqfno ;¿jf dfgj ;+;fwg dGqfnon] ug]{ .

� /fhkqflÍst k|yd >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lsf] cGt/dGqfno jf ljefuLo k|d'vdf x'g] ;¿jfsf] nflu ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� pRr:t/Lo tna cfof]u, @)^! sf] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df tna:s]ndf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ .

� ;fj{hlgs kbdf x'g] lgo'lQmdf ;Dej eP;Dd cjsfz k|fKt /fhkqflÍt sd{rf/LnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] .

� @) jif{ ;]jf cjlw k'u]sf sd{rf/Lx¿n] :j]lR5s cjsfz lng ;Sg] ;'ljwf v'nf ug]{ .

� ;]jf lgj[Q x'g] sd{rf/LnfO{ cjsfz kq;Fu} lghn] kfng ug'{kg]{ cfrf/;+lxtf klg lbg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� ;du| dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;;DaGwL gLlt th'{df, ;dGjo / cg'udgsf] nflu /fli6«o dfgj ;+;fwg kl/ifb\sf] u7g ug]{ .

� /f]huf/ ;"rgf s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf ug]{ .

� ;Dk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ Pp6} lgsfo cGtu{t /xg] u/L ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf ug]{ .

49

� ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] dfgj ;+;fwg of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf k|ToIf¿kdf dfgj ;+;fwg dGqfnosf] e"ldsf ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

� dfgj ;+;fwg of]hgfsf] th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogdf gLltut dfu{bz{gsf] nflu ljleGg lgsfox¿sf] k|ltlglwTj /xg] u/L dGqL:t/Lo dfgj ;+;fwg tyf zf;sLo ;'wf/ ;ldlt u7g ug]{ .

� ljBdfg ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] gfd kl/jt{g u/L dfgj ;+;fwg dGqfno /fVg] .

� k|:tfljt dfgj ;+;fwg dGqfnodf zf;sLo ;'wf/ ;DaGwdf cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg ug{ 5l/tf] ;+/rgfsf] ¿kdf lj1x¿ /x]sf] ;'zf;gsf nflu /fli6«o s]Gb|sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ cy{ dGqfnoaf6 lemsL k|wfgdGqLsf] k|ToIf lgoGq0f cGtu{t /fVg] .

� ;/sf/L ;DklQsf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu s]Gb|Lo ;DklQ Joj:yfkg ljefusf] :yfkgf ug]{ .

� nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ .

� ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL sfo{ lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno cGtu{t /fVg] .

lj=;+= @)^@ ;fndf sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnonfO{ dfgj ;+;fwg dfGqfnosf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsPsf] cj:yf 5}g . o;/L ljleGg sfo{bn÷cWoog 6f]nLx¿ u7g u/L ;'emfjx¿ ;+sng ug]{ t/ To:tf sfo{bn÷cWoog 6f]nLaf6 k|fKt ;'emfjx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ pbfl;gtf b]vfpg] k|j[lQ 5 . g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf hgzlQm ljsf; / Joj:yfkgsf] ljifo lj=;+= @)!# ;fnb]lv z'¿ ePsf] of]hgfa4 ljsf;af6} z'¿ ePsf] ljifo ePklg xfn;Dd klg lghfdtL k|zf;gdf hgzlQm ljsf; / Joj:yfkgnfO{ :yflkt u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . dfgj ;+;fwg dGqfnosf] u7gsf] ;DaGwdf ul7t sfo{bn / ;f] sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bg klg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf hgzlQm Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ul/Psf] Pp6f k|of; xf] . o:tf k|of;n] Tolta]nf ;fy{stf kfpF5g\ hlta]nf o:tf k|of;af6 k|fKt ;'emfjx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf /fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgs b'a} If]q k|lta4 x'G5g\ .

!%= lghfdtL ;]jfdf txut k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{;DaGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg, @)^$

lghfdtL ;]jfleq /x]sf] bhf{ tyf >]0fL k|yfsf] cGTo ub}{ PsLs[t lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :yfkgf u/L lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ txut k|0ffnLdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ Pj+ lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ ljs]lGb|t ug]{ d'Vo p2]Zon] lj=;+= @)^$ ;fndf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnoaf6 k|f= 8f= dw'lglw ltjf/Lsf] ;+of]hsTjdf tLg ;b:oLo ælghfdtL ;]jfdf txut k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{;DaGwL cWoog 6f]nLÆ sf] u7g ePsf] lyof] . pQm 6f]nLnfO{ tf]lsPsf] sfof{b]zleq /xL @)^$.&.@* df ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno ;dIf a'emfPsf] pQm cWoog k|ltj]bgsf d'Vo–d'Vo l;kmfl/;x¿ lgDg /x]sf kfOG5g\M

� lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf] >]0fLut k|0ffnLsf] ;§f txut k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ .

50

� lghfdtL ;]jfleq hDdf @) tx sfod ug]{ h;df dGqfno ;]jf, sfo{sf/L ;]jf, ljz]if1 ;]jf, jl/i7 ljz]if1 ;]jf / jl/i7 sfo{sf/L ;]jf u/L kfFrj6f ;]jf sfod ug]{ tyf xfnsf] ;]jf ;d"x vf/]h ug]{ .

� ljs]lGb|t sd{rf/L k|zf;g k|0ffnL cjnDag ug]{ .

� k|To]s ;]jf / ;d"x cGtu{t j[lQ >[+vnfsf] z'¿ txsf] kbdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df lgo'lQm ug]{ .

� 58\s] k|j]znfO{ sfod} /fVg] .

� sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL cjnDag ug]{ .

� lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|ltefjfg JolQmnfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ ;sf/fTds cfsif{0f /0fgLlt lng] .

� sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfO{ sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg of]hgfdf cfwfl/t agfpg] .

� k|To]s sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jf k|j]z, ;]jfsfnLg nufot cfjZos tflndsf] Joj:yf ug{]

� jt{dfg tflnd Joj:yf / tflnd ;+:yfx¿sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ .

� ;¿jfnfO{ k]zfut hgzlQm ljsf; Pj+ ;b'kof]u / j[lQ ljsf;sf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ dfWodsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ .

� a9'jfnfO{ cg'dfgof]Uo agfO{ j[lQ ljsf; / ;ª\u7gsf] hgzlQm ljsf; gLlt;Fu ;fd~h:ok"0f{ agfpg] .

� Ps ;]jf jf ;d"xsf] clGtd txaf6 csf]{ ;]jf jf ;d"xsf] z'¿ txdf lj:t[t d"NofÍg / k/LIf0fsf] cfwf/df kbf]GgtL ug]{ .

� cjsfznfO{ cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg] .

!^= lghfdtL ;]jfdf pTk|]/0ffsf] ljBdfg cj:yf ;e]{If0f cWoog k|ltj]bg, @)^*

zf;sLo k4ltsf] k|efjsfl/tf, ;/sf/L sfdsfhdf ;/ntf / gful/sx¿sf] ;]jfdf tTk/tf Nofpg pTk|]/0ffsf If]qx¿sf] klxrfg ug]{ p2]Zon] ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] k|f= 8f= dw'lglw ltjf/Lsf] ;+of]hsTjdf Ps cWoog 6f]nL u7g u/]sf] lyof] . pQm 6f]nLn] ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno ;dIf a'emfPsf] k|ltj]bgdf d'Vo d'Vo b]xfosf l;kmfl/; /x]sf 5g\M

� glthfd"ns sfo{tflnsfnfO{ clgjfo{ agfpg] .

� tna eQfsf] Joj:yfnfO{ jf:tljs w/ftndf Nofpg] .

� sfo{;Dkfbg k|f]T;fxg sf]ifnfO{ ;a} sfof{nox¿df nfu" ug]{ .

� sfo{ lhDd]jf/L / sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an aLr ;Gt'ng Nofpg] .

51

� pTk]|/0ffsf] j:t'ut dfu{lrq agfpg] Pj+ pTk|]/0ffsf ljifo / zf;sLo k|0ffnLnfO{ cfa4 ug]{ .

� lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ /fhgLlts x:tIf]k Pj+ cGo afXo x:tIf]kaf6 d'Qm ug]{ .

� sfo{ jftfj/0f / sfo{ ;'/Iffsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ .

� cj;/ / nfesf] ;dfg ljt/0f ug]{ .

� sd{rf/Lsf] tgfj Joj:yfkg ug]{ .

� bL3{sfnLg j[lQ ljsf; of]hgf th'{df u/L j[lQ ljsf;sf] ;dfg cj;/ pknAw u/fpg] .

� sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;+:s[ltdf kl/dfh{g u/L ;]jfu|fxL s]lGb|t agfpg' kg]{ .

cfjlws of]hgf / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ;'wf/sf ljifox¿ ljsf; k|zf;g ;~rfngsf] ;+oGq ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ePsf]n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'wf/ geO{ ljsf; k|zf;gn] ult lng g;Sg] s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ cf7f}+ k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)$(–@)%$_ df ljsf; k|zf;gdf ;'wf/ ljifonfO{ k|fyldstfsf] If]qdf /fvL lg0f{o k|lqmofdf 9Lnf;':tL, pko'Qm sfo{ jftfj/0fsf] cefj, lghfdtL ;]jfsf] 36\bf] dgf]jn, pQ/bfloTjsf] sdL h:tf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;Daf]wg ug{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm, ;¿jf, a9'jf Pj+ tflnd Joj:yfdf ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf cf}+NofPsf] kfOG5 .

gjf}+ of]hgf -@)%$–@)%(_ df b]zsf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt u/L hgtfdf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff clej[l4 u/fpg tyf ;du| ljsf;nfO{ lglb{i6 lbzftkm{ cled'v u/fpg k|zf;gdf ;'wf/sf] vfFrf] /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ cf}+NofpFb} k|zf;lgs If]qdf ;'wf/ u/L ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgnfO{ :jR5, 5l/tf], kf/bzL{, ldtJooL, k|lt:kwf{Tds, sfo{d"ns, ;Ifd, pTkfbgzLn, ;]jfd"ns / pQ/bfoL agfO e|i6frf/d'Qm k|zf;g k|bfg ug{ bL3{sfnLg lghfdtL sd{rf/L gLltsf] th'{df u/L lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ PSsfOzf}+ ztfAbLsf] a9\bf] r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;an Pj+ ;Ifd agfO{ ;du|df k|zf;gnfO{ ;'zf;g / ljsf; Joj:yfkgsf] kIfaf6 ;'b[9 u/fOg] egL ljsf;sf If]qdf k|zf;lgs ;'wf/nfO{ lnOPsf] 5 .

bzf}+ of]hgf -@)%(–@)^$_ sf rf/j6f k|d'v /0fgLltx¿dWo] ;'zf;gnfO{ Pp6f /0fgLltsf] ¿kdf ;d]6\b} ;'zf;gsf] clej[l4sf] nflu ;xeflutfTds cfly{s ljsf;df hf]8 lbg], cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k4ltnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{, lg0f{o k|lqmof / ;fj{hlgs vr{nfO{ a9L pQ/bfoL / kf/bzL{ agfpg], ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg], k|zf;g ;+oGqnfO{ r':t, ;Ifd, hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ agfpg] Pj+ ;xeflutfd"ns ljsf;nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] s'/fx¿df hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvG5 .

lqjifL{o of]hgf @)^&–@)&) sf] u/LaL 36fpg] nIonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ /f]huf/L s]lGb|t ;dfj]zL tyf ;dGoflos cfly{s j[l4 u/L u/LaL lgjf/0f / lbuf] zflGt :yfkgfdf ;3fp k'¥ofpFb} cfd hgtfsf] hLjgdf kl/jt{gsf] k|ToIf cg'e"lt lbnfpg' k|d'v p2]Zo lnOPsf] pQm of]hgfdf ;/sf/L, lghL, ;xsf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 gful/sx¿nfO{ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;]jf ;'b[9 ug]{ / ljBdfg\ cfly{s ;fdflhs cj:yfnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ /0fgLlt lnPsf] kfOG5 eg] b]zdf ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ sfg'gL /fHosf] d"No dfGotf :yfkgf ub}{

52

hg;xeflutf, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]xLkg / e|i6frf/d'Qm cj:yfsf] l;h{gfdf hf]8 lbg'sf ;fy} ;/sf/ / lghL If]qaf6 gful/snfO{ k'¥ofOPsf] ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 u/L ljsf;nfO{ kl/0ffdd'vL÷glthfd'vL agfpg] ;d]t /0fgLlt lnPsf] kfOG5 . pQm of]hgfsf] k|fyldstfsf] If]qdf ;d]t ;'zf;gsf] clej[l4 u/L hgtfnfO{ k'¥ofpg] ;]jf ;'ljwf u'0f:t/o'Qm agfO{ ;'ky d"Nodf ;dod} pknAw u/fpg hf]8 lbOg] ljifonfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] kfOG5 .

rfn' of]hgfsf] cfwf/kqdf lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&–@)&)_ sf] ;dLIff ub}{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ljlw;Ddt 9Ën] sfd ug]{ :ki6 sfo{ lhDd]jf/L ePsf] If]qsf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/fpg] of]hgfsf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ …x]nf] ;/sf/ sIfÚ sf] :yfkgf ePsf], e|i6frf/ lj¿4sf] /0fgLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf, @)^% cGtu{t ## j6f s]Gb|Lo ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] nflu lgsfout sfo{of]hgf, @)^& sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf], ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ l56f], 5l/tf] / ;/n agfpg s]xL lhNnfx¿df PsLs[t ;]jf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgfsf] sfo{ z'¿ ePsf], ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|jfx ;/n, ;xh / kf/bzL{ agfpg g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf s]Gb|Lo cg'udg ;ldltsf] u7g ul/Psf], cfly{s ;d[l4, ;'zf;g nufotsf /fli6«o hLjgsf dxTjk"0f{ If]qx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ clek|fon] tTsfn ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ !% j6f If]qx¿ cGtu{t !(* j6f lqmofsnfkx¿ klxrfg u/L pRr cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{, ;'zf;g j[l4 ug]{ nufot hghLljsf;Fu k|ToIf / k/f]If ¿kdf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;'wf/sf lqmofsnfk;lxtsf] zf;sLo tyf cfly{s ;'wf/sf] tTsfnLg sfo{of]hgf, @)^( sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] Pj+ dfgj clwsf/nfO{ k|j4{g u/L ;+:s[lts} ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ sfo{of]hgf -@)^&–@)&)_ sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] s'/fx¿ pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .

t]x|f}+ of]hgf -cf=j=@)&)–@)&#_ sf] cfwf/–kqsf] d'Vo p2]Zo, nIo, /0fgLltx¿ tyf k|fyldstfdf cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«af6 ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ug]{tkm{ pGd'v u/L ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo tyf SAARC sf ljsf; nIox¿ xfl;n ug]{, lbuf] ljsf;, dfgj clwsf/ Pjd\ hnjfo' kl/jt{gnufot cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo:t/df k|lta4tf hgfOPsf cGo ljifox¿nfO{ ;d]t ;Daf]wg ub}{ u/LaL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ /x]sf] / pQm nIf Pj+ p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ljsf; k|lqmofdf lghL, ;/sf/L / ;xsf/L If]qsf] of]ubfg clej[l4 u/L ;dfj]zL, km/flsnf] / lbuf] cfly{s j[[l4 ug{] Pj+ ;fj{hlgs tyf cGo If]qx¿df ;'zf;g clej[l4 ug{] /0fgLlt lnPsf] kfOG5 eg] ;'zf;g k|j4{gnfO{ k|fyldstfsf] If]qdf /flvPsf] kfOG5 . of]hgfsf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;fj{hlgs If]q, lghL If]q / ;xsf/L If]qsf] e"ldsf lglZrt u/L ljsf;sf] k|d'v ;+oGqsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ;/sf/n] lghL If]q tyf cGo u}/ ;/sf/L If]qx¿sf] ;d]t ;xsfo{df cu'jfsf] e"ldsf v]Ng' kg]{ lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/df /x]sf] s'/f k|i6 kfb}{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] lgofds, ;dGjostf{, ;xhstf{, ;'kl/j]Ifs, lgb]{zs Pj+ ;]jf k|bfos;d]tsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ ;'zf;g clej[l4 u/L hgtfnfO{ k'¥ofOg] ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf ;dod} Gofof]lrt ¿kdf kfpg ;Sg] ca:yf l;h{gf ug{] ;d]tsf] sfo{x¿ ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] /x]sf] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .

cGo k|of;x¿

53

!= ;+ljwfg;ef cGtu{t /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf / /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;ldlt, cjwf/0ffkq / k|f/lDes d:of}bf ;DaGwL k|ltj]bg, @)^^

/fHosf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgf, ;+3Lo PsfOsf] If]q lgwf{/0f / gfdfs/0f tyf /fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ug]{ nufotsf ljifox¿ ;d]6L /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf / /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;ldltåf/f tof/ ul/Psf] cjwf/0ffkq;lxtsf] k|f/lDes d:of}bfdf g]kfnsf] ljBdfg PsfTds /fhgLlts ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g u/L ;+3fTds zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L /fHosf] zf;g zlQmsf] k|of]u ;+3Lo ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL ;+3, k|b]z, :yfgLo tx / ljz]if ;+/rgfaf6 ul/g] / ljleGg txsf ;+3Lo PsfOsf ;/sf/ aLr ljwflosL, sfo{sfl/0fL / Goflos clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8 ;+ljwfgdf g} :ki6 ¿kn] ul/g] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf / /fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmf8 eO{ g]kfn ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf ¿kfGt/0f ePkl5 g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfdf klg kl/jt{g x'g' :jefljs g} x'G5 . t/ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ¿k/]vfsf] ;DaGwdf zf;sLo :j¿k lgwf{/0f ;ldltaf6 lgwf{/0f ul/g] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .

@= ;+ljwfg;ef cGtu{t /fHosf] zf;sLo :j¿k lgwf{/0f ;ldlt, cjwf/0ffkq Pj+ JofVofTds l6Kk0fL;lxtsf] k|f/lDes d:of}bf k|ltj]bg, @)^^

g]kfndf lj=;+= @)^@÷^# df ePsf] P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng kl5 g]kfndf nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf dfq ePg ;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ k|of;sf] yfngL ug{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] s]lGb|s[t / PsfTds 9fFrfsf] cGTo u/L /fHosf] ;dfj]zL, ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g k|0ffnL;lxtsf] cu|ufdL k'gM;+/rgf ug{ dfu{ k|z:t u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf cg'¿k ;+ljwfg;efaf6 g} gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf ljleGg ljifout ;ldltx¿ u7g ePsf lyP . tL ljleGg ;ldltx¿dWo] /fHosf] zf;sLo :j¿k lgwf{/0f ;ldltaf6 k|fKt k|f/lDes d:of}bf k|ltj]bgdf ;'zf;g / ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] u7g ;DaGwdf JofVofTds l6Kk0fL;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] k|ltj]bgdf ;'zf;gnfO{ zf;g Joj:yfsf] s]Gb|ljGb' dfgL ljlwsf] zf;g, :jtGq / ;Ifd Gofokflnsf, hjfkmb]lxtf, kf/blz{tf, ;xeflutf, /fhgLlts x:tIf]k d'Qm k|zf;g, e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f, ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLtf, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{dfkm{t ;'zf;gsf] ;'lglZrttf h:tf cflb ljifox¿nfO{ k|:tfjgfdf g} /fVg Pj+ k|zf;g oGqnfO{ k|zf;g / ;'Joj:yf lgwf{/0f ug]{ :jtGqtf;lxt :jR5 / ;Ifd k|zf;g oGqsf] cg'z/0f u/L e|i6frf/ / b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ub}{ ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ h:tf w]/} ljifox¿nfO{ /fHosf] bfloTj cGtu{t /fVg l;kmfl/; u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf cfwf/e"t dfu{bz{s l;4fGtx¿df pRr:t/Lo Jofj;flos g}ltstf, kf/bzL{, ldtJooL, ;fj{hlgs lxt Pj+ k|efjsf/L tj/n] >f]t kl/rfng, ljsf;d'vL k|zf;g, :jtGq Pj+ /fhgLlts x:tIf]k d'Qm k|zf;g, hjfkmb]xL Pj+ pQ/bfoL k|zf;g, gLlt lgdf{0fdf hg;xeflutf, k|zf;gdf gful/ssf] ;xh kx'Fr, lg/Gt/ j[lQ ljsf;sf] cj;/, ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGt Pj+ cfwf/e"t of]Uotf / bIftfsf] cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm, ;/sf/L ;]jfdf Psdfq cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgog h:tf ljifonfO{ pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] u7g / ;~rfngsf] nflu 5'§} wf/f cGtu{t lghfdtL -gful/s_

54

;]jf, Gofo ;]jf, ;+;b ;]jf, :jf:Yo ;]jf, lzIff ;]jf, g]kfnL ;]gf, ;z:q tyf g]kfn k|x/L ;]jf Pj+ ;+:yfg ;]jfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfleq ;d]6\g' kg]{ elgPsf] 5 .

#= ;+ljwfg;ef÷Joj:yflksf ;+;b /fHo Joj:yf ;ldltsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)^*

;+;bsf] /fHo Joj:yf ;ldltsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)^* df dGqfnout ¿kdf /x]sf ;d:ofx¿ Pj+ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ljleGg ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljleGg dGqfno Pj+ lgsfox¿nfO{ 5'§f5'§} zLif{s cGtu{t /fvL tof/ ul/Psf] pQm k|ltj]bgdf d'Vo ¿kdf k|zf;gdf /x]sf] /fhgLlts x:tIf]k, sd{rf/Lx¿df /x]sf] k'/ftgjfbL ;f]r / sfo{z}nL h:tf s'/fn] ;'zf;gnfO{ cf]em]ndf kf/]sf], gful/sk|lt ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;fv lub}{ uPsf], lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ ljleGg cf/f]kx¿ nfUg] u/]sf] Pj+ :jo+ sd{rf/Lju{df ;d]t ljleGg u'gf;fx¿ ljBdfg /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ cf}+NofOPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm k|ltj]bgdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljBdfg cj:yf, To;df /x]sf ;d:of Pj+ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g Pj+ ;du| lghfdtL k|zf;gdf dgf]an pRr agfpg ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf s]xL ljifox¿nfO{ pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm k|ltj]bgdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ / gful/s aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ lgs6 / ;xof]uL agfpg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g Pj+ /fHo ;~rfngdf ;+nUg ;a} lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] hjfkmb]lxtf, kf/blz{tf / k|lta4tfn] ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] eP klg ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ aLr Ps csf{df ;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf] cefj vl6\sPsf] s'/fnfO{ phfu/ ub}{ d'n'sdf sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ljBdfg P]g, lgodsf] k|fjwfgsf] ljk/Lt sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm Pj+ ;¿jf ug]{ k|j[lQn] k|zf;lgs ;+oGqnfO{ lkmtnf] / sdhf]/ agfPsf] dfq 5}g sd{rf/Lx¿sf] dgf]an lu/fPsf], /fHosf] 9's'6Ldfly cltl/Qm Jooef/ ylkPsf] Pj+ ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;d]t cgfjZos tgfj / Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf dsf{ k/]sf] ;d]tsf u'gf;fx¿ sd{rf/Lj[Qdf /x]sfn] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] dgf]an psf:g cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg ;DalGwt ;a}nfO{ lgb]{z ub}{ s]xL ;'emfjx¿ lbPsf] kfOG5 . h;dWo] d'Vo ;'emfjx¿ lgDgadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M

� hgtfnfO{ tTsfn kl/jt{g / ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt lbg] ljifox¿nfO{ k|fyldstfleq /fvL sfo{ ug]{ .

� ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pRrtd k|of]u u/L ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ Go"gtd >d, ;do / nfutdf clwstd k|ltkmn k|fKt u/fpg] .

� ;'wf/sf sfo{sf] yfngL ubf{ lg0f{o ug]{ u/fpg] cj:yfdf uxg ljZn]if0f x'g'kg]{ .

� ;/sf/ kl/jt{g;Fu} dGqfno tyf ;lrjsf] ;+Vofdf eO{/x]sf] 36a9n] k|zf;gdf cl:y/tf a9]sf]n] dGqfno / ;lrjsf] ;+Vof P]gdf g} lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsg] sfg'gL Joj:yf ug{ kxn ug]{ .

� Ps dGqfnodf Psdfq ;lrj /fVg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� clen]v k|0ffnL Pj+ ;"rgf Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

� /fli6«o kl/rokqsf] Joj:yf u/L ;f]xL kl/rokqsf] cfwf/df /fHon] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ e"ldsf jf gful/sn] /fHok|lt lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ st{JonfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ /fli6«o kl/rokq;DaGwL Joj:yf tTsfn sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .

55

� ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf JofKt /fhgLlts/0fsf] cj:yfnfO{ cGTo u/L ;xL :yfgdf ;xL dfG5] /fVg] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

� ;]jfu|fxLn] k|fKt ug'{kg]{ ;]jf ;'ljwfx¿ ;j{;'ne ¿kdf ;xh tl/sfn] k|fKt ug{] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug{ To:tf lgsfox¿nfO{ pQ/bfoL Pj+ lhDd]jf/ agfO{ k|To]s # dlxgfdf k|ltj]bg lng] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� tna ;'ljwfsf] lgoldt k'g/fjnf]sg u/L dxFuLsf] cg'kftdf tna ;'ljwfdf j[l4 ub}{ hfg] .

� lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf] / r':t agfpg] .

� Human Resource Management u/L lghfdtL ;]jfdf pDbf / hfFul/nf JolQmx¿sf] k|j]zsf] jftfj/0f ldnfpg] .

� lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Pp6} ;ª\u7g x'g'kg]{ .

� lghfdtL k|zf;gdf k'/ftg ;f]r, z}nL, ;+:sf/ / Jojxf/df kl/jt{g u/L cfjZostfg';f/sf] ;sf/fTds ;f]r ljsf; ug]{ .

� b08 / k'/:sf/nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgdf cfa4 u/L ;]jfu|fxLsf] d"NofÍsg;d]tsf] cfwf/df b08 / k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, lgodsf] s8fOsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

� lghfdtL ;]jfdf a9]sf] b08xLgtf / cg'zf;gxLgtfsf] lg/fs/0fsf] nflu ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ .

� ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno cGtu{t cfw'lgs ;"rgf / k|ljlwo'Qm ;'ljwf ;DkGg dxfzfvf :yfkgf u/L ;]jf k|bfossf] Ifdtf tyf bIftf clej[l4 ug]{ .

$= cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)^(÷@)&)

cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)^(÷)&) df lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ :jR5, k|lt:kwL{, kf/bzL{, kl/0ffdd'vL / ;dfj]zL agfO{ hgtfsf] cfjZostf / cfsf+Iffk|lt ;+j]bgzLn Pj+ cfkm\gf] sfo{sf] lglDt pQ/bfoL, ;Ifd Pj+ ;+3Lotf / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfd"ns, cg'zfl;t / ljlw;Ddt\ 9+un] sfd ug]{, :ki6 sfo{ lhDd]jf/L ePsf] If]q agfpg] p2]Zo /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;f] cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ :jR5, kf/bzL{ / k|efjsf/L agfpg] / ljB'tLo zf;g k4lt tyf k|lqmofnfO{ qmdzM nfu" ub}{ hfg], gLlt / sfdsf cfwf/df b08 k'/:sf/ lbg], sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm kb:yfkgf, ;¿jf, a9'jf tyf tna ;'ljwfnfO{ k"jf{g'dfgof]Uo, ljlw;Ddt\ / pTk|]/0ffsf cfwf/e"t dfGotf cg'¿k agfpg] /0fgLltx¿ /x]sf] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ u/L lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t ub}{ lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL agfpg gLltut, sfg'gL Pj+ Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf ljleGg k|of;x¿sf] yfngL ePsf] ;fy} glthfd"ns Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{, sfo{qmdx¿sf] cg'udg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ u/L cg'udg k|0ffnLnfO{ j:t'k/s agfpg], ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / lgIf]k0fsf] dfWodaf6 :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{ clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L x:tfGt/0f u/L :yfgLo lgsfodf ;'zf;g

56

sfod ug{ :yfgLo lgsfoåf/f ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿sf] glthfd"ns cg'udg ;"rsx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;d]t pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .

%= x]nf] ;/sf/ sfo{qmd

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ;+rfng / ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox¿ ;d]tsf If]qdf /x]sf ljBdfg ;d:ofx¿sf] af/]df gful/sx¿af6 -6]lnkmf]g, km\ofS;, Od]n, j]j;fO6, kqfrf/ jf k|ToIf ;Dks{ ;d]taf6_ u'gf;f] tyf ;'emfjx¿ ;+sng u/L plrt ;'g'jfO{ / ;Daf]wg ub}{ zf;sLo Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ u/L hgd'vL k|zf;gsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ p2]Zon] g]kfn ;/sf/n] æx]nf] ;/sf/ sIf ;+rfngÆ lgb]{lzsf, @)^* hf/L u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] b]lvG5 . x]nf] ;/sf/ sfo{qmdaf6 ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|jfxsf] lgldQ lhDd]jf/ agfO{ hgd'vL k|zf;gsf] ljsf; x'g] ck]Iff lnOPsf] kfOG5 .

plNnlvt k|of;sf cltl/Qm ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/sf nflu zf;sLo ;'wf/sf dfu{lrq tof/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} ljleGg ;dodf dlGqkl/ifb\\ Pjd\ cy{ tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnoaf6 ljleGg lgb]{zgx¿ Pjd\ sfo{ljlwx¿ hf/L u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvG5 .

pk;+xf/ g]kfndf x/]s /fhgLlts kl/jt{g;Fu;Fu} k|zf;gnfO{ ;do ;fk]If agfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgpQ/bfoL, ;Ifd, lgikIf, kf/bzL{ Pj+ glthfd'vL agfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf u'0f:t/Lotf sfod ug]{ p2]Zoaf6 k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ ePsf kfOG5g\ . k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] ;DaGwdf xfn;Dd u7g ePsf cfof]u Pj+ ;ldltx¿sf] cWoog ubf{ lj=;+= @))& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrft\ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'wf/sf] klxnf] k|of;sf] ¿kdf @))( ;fnsf] j'r sldzg u7g ePsf] / lj=;+= @)!# ;fnsf] k|zf;g k'gu{7g of]hgf cfof]un] tTsfnLg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;do ;fk]If agfpg Jofjxfl/s ;'emfjx¿ lbPsf] lyof] . To:t} lj=;+= @)@% ;fnsf] j]bfgGb emf cfof]u, @)#@ ;fnsf] 8f= e]ifaxfb'/ yfkf cfof]u, @)$* ;fnsf] k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u / ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t @)^% ;fnsf] k|zf;g k'g;{+/rgf cfof]ux¿af6 ul/Psf l;kmfl/;x¿n] ;du| ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'wf/sf] vfFrf] cf}+Nofpb}+ k|lt:kwL{ lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;du| ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'wf/sf ljljw kIfx¿ ;d]6L k|ltj]bg lbPsf] b]lvG5 .

o;/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ cem lhDd]jf/, pQ/bfoL / kf/bzL{ agfpFb} ljZjJofkLs/0f / e"d08nLs/0fn] NofPsf r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd agfO{ k|zf;gdf :jR5tf / Jofj;flostf clej[l4 ug]{ k|ofzx¿ ePsf b]lvG5g\ . k|zf;g ;'wf/;Fu ;DalGwt cfof]u Pj+ ;ldltx¿af6 k|fKt ;'emfjx¿sf] cWoogaf6 k|foM ;a} k|ltj]bgx¿n] ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgfdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L dGqfnosf] ;+Vof 36fpg], /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] ;DaGw / ;LdfnfO{ lglZrt u/L k|zf;gnfO{ /fhgLlts x:tIf]kaf6 d'Qm ug]{, k|zf;gdf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] Joj:Yff cjnDag ug]{, ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx¿sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{, sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;+Vof 36fpg] (right size) h:tf ljifonfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltj]bgx¿n] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu ;+:yfut, sfg'gL Pj+ k|lqmofut ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf, sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tna ;'ljwfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg, sd{rf/LnfO{ tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{, lghfdtL

57

k|zf;gnfO{ clws[td"ns agfpg], sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ljj/0f tof/ ug]{, ah]6 tyf n]vfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ nufot lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] ;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwf;Fu Pj+ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] j[lQ ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf k|ltj]bgx¿ s]lGb|t /x]sf] kfOG5 . lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ k|ltikwL{ / kf/bzL{ agfpg ;]jfs/f/sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ klg sltko k|ltj]bgx¿df ;d]l6Psf] kfOG5 .

g]kfndf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf If]qdf k|of;x¿ gePsf xf]Ogg\ . t/ lghfdtL k|zf;gn] ;do ;fk]If ¿kdf km8\sf] df/L ;]jfu|fxL gful/sx¿nfO{ l56f], 5l/tf], :t/Lo / k|efjsf/L ;]jf k'¥ofpg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf cfPsf gjLgtd\ k|ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfjfg hgzlQmnfO{ lghfdtL k|zf;gdf cfsif{0f u/L pgLx¿sf] lj1tf Pj+ ljz]if1tfsf] ;b'kof]u ub}{ cGt/f{li6«o :t/df k|lt:kwL{ tyf ;Ifd ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g :yflkt u/L ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;Ifd lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] ljsf;sf nflu k|zf;g ;'[wf/ cfjZos 5 . kl/jt{gzLn ;dosf] rfk / dfunfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ ljZj kl/j]zdf cfPsf gjLgtd pknlAwx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ l56f], 5l/tf] / k|efjsf/L ;]jf pknAw u/fpg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf hgd'vL ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf 5 . cfof]u÷;ldltx¿ a]nf–a]nfdf u7g u/L tLgn] lbPsf] ;'emfj sfof{Gjog gug]{ xf] eg] To:tf] cfof]u÷;ldlt u7g ug'{sf] cf}lrTo l;4 gx'g] x'Fbf ;'emfj / l;kmfl/; sfof{Gjog ug]{ /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs k|lta4tf cfjZos 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/sf nflu k|fKt ;'emfjx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ pRr :t/Lo ;+oGq agfO{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;'wf/ / cg'udg ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; ug'{ klg lgtfGt cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .

58

kl/R5b–$

k|zf;g ;'wf/sf ;dsfnLg ljifox¿

k[i7e"ld ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g s'g}klg d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfngsf] d]¿b08 xf] . k|zf;lgs Joj:yfn] ljsl;t ePsf gofF kl/l:yltnfO{ ;d]t cfTd;ft ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . zf;g Joj:yf tyf ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu k|zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf cfjZos x'G5 . zf;g Joj:yf Pjd\ ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu k|zf;lgs ;+oGqdf ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf kb{5 . cfly{s j[l4 / cfly{s ljsf; u/]/ dfq s'g} klg d'n's ;Dj[4 x'g ;Sb}g . To;sf nflu zf;g Joj:yfdf nf]stflGqs u'0fx¿, pRr dfgj ljsf; ;"rs, gful/s :jtGqtf, /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tf Pjd\ :jtGq k|]; h:tf ljifo ;d]l6g' kb{5 . pbf/ nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf sfod ug{sf nflu plNnlvt ljifox¿ ckl/xfo{ /xG5g\ . casf] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of; ltg} ljifonfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ lbzfdf s]lGb|t x'g'kb{5 .

k|zf;g ;'wf/n] k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf, ljlw / k|lqmofdf kl/jt{{gsf] ck]Iff /fVb5 . k|zf;lgs ;+oGqdf lqmofzLn /xg] hgzlQmsf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ck]Iff ub{5 . k|zf;lgs Jojxf/ / dgf]j[lQdf kl/jt{gsf] ck]Iff /fVb5 . lxhf]sf] k[i7e"lddf cfhsf] cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f / d"Nof+sg ub}{ efjL uGtJo to ug]{ cfwf/ xf] ;'wf/sf] k|lqmof . To;}n] o;nfO{ l;+uf] k4ltsf] ;'wf/sf] ¿kdf lng' kb{5 .

k|zf;g ;'wf/n] hlxn] klg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;+nUg /xg] JolQm, ;d"x / ;+:yfsf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;'wf/sf] s]Gb|df /fv]sf] x'G5 . of] gjLgtf k|j4{g ug]{ / l;h{gzLntf clej[l4 ug]{ k|of; xf] . ;dsfnLg kl/j]zdf ljsl;t ePsf gJfLg d"No dfGotfnfO{ c+lusf/

59

ug{sf nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;+/rgf, Jofj:fflos bIftf, sfo{;Dkfbg ckgfOg] ljlw / k|lqmof Pjd\ Jojxf/df ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf kb{5 . o;sf] cu|efudf gLltut kl/jt{g /x]sf] x'G5 . of] kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ lg/Gt/ k|lqmof xf] . t/ uGtJo xf]Og, uGtJodf k'Ug] dfWod dfq xf] . To;}n] k|zf;g ;'wf/n] ;du| zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ nf]stGqLs/0f ug]{, gful/sd}qL zf;g Joj:yf :yfkgf ug]{, gful/ssf cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] hu]gf{ ug]{, ;+ljwfgjfbsf dfGotfn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf ljifonfO{ Jojxf/df ¿kfGt/0f ug]{, cGt/–k':tfut ;dtf -Inter-generational equity) sfod ug]{ / kof{j/0fdf ;Gt'ng NofO{ bLuf] ljsf; ug]{ h:tf ljifo ;d]6]sf] x'g'kb{5 .

g]kfndf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf g]kfndf k|zf;lgs ljsf;;Fu} k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ klg lg/Gt/¿kdf x'b} cfPsf 5g\ . t/ k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿n] h'g¿kdf ;fy{stf kfpg' kg]{ xf] Tof] k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . k|zf;g ;'wf/nfO{ /fhgLlts kl/jt{gk|lt sl6a4 agfpg] cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] cf/f]k klg nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ /fhgLlts d'2fsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 . ;'wf/sf nflu lbOPsf ;'emfjx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf k|lta4tfsf] cefj b]lvPsf] 5 . ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ a]jf:tf ul/Psf] sf/0f ;'wf/sf lqmofsnfkk|lt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] ckGfTjsf] af]w ug{ g;s]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o:tf bf]ifx¿nfO{ Go"gLs/0f u/L oyfl:yltaf6 ck]lIft uGtJo;DDf k'Ug ;lsg] dfWodsf] ¿kdf k|zf;g ;'wf/nfO{ lng ;Sg' kb{5 .

/fhgLlts ;ª\qmd0fsfn qmdzM nlDa/x]sf] cj:yfdf k|zf;lgs kl/kf6Ldf klg To;sf] uDeL/ c;/ kl//x]sf] 5 . oltv]/ k|zf;lgs Joj:yfdf /fhgLlts x:tIf]k a9]sf] 5 . ;/sf/ kl/jt{g cem egf}+ dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] k'gu{7g;Fu} k|zf;sLo clwsf/Lx¿sf] km]/jbn ug]{ k|j[lQ cToGt w]/} dfqfdf a9]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfngsf nflu agfOPsf sfg'gx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] kIf Psbd lkmtnf] b]lvG5 . k|ljlwnfO{ k|zf;lgs ljlw / k|lqmofsf] cleGg kf6f]sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;'wf/sf nflu k|fyldstfsf If]qx¿ klxrfg ug{ / ltgdf pNn]Vo nufgL u/L pTkfbsTj a9fpg] lbzfdf 7f]; sbd rfNg ;lsPsf] b]lvFb}g . e|i6frf/sf] r/d j[l4n] jif]{gL b]zdf ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf v:sbf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ g/fd|f];Fu k|efljt kfl//x]sf] 5 / k|zf;gk|ltsf] cljZjf; a9\bf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . sfg'g dfGg] jf kl/kfngfk|lt OdfGbf/ x'g] eGbf sfg'gsf] b'¿kof]u ug]{ / sfg'g 5Ng] k|j[lQ a9\bf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . cf}iflw vl/bb]lv ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf ljt/0f;Dd, unt ;"rgf÷lj1fkg k|sfzgb]lv 5fqj[lQ ljt/0f;Dd cg]sf}+ clgoldttf /x]sf] kfOG5 . vfB kbfy{ / lkpg] kfgL, b"w h:tf b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t'df ld;fj6sf 36gfx¿ ;dfrf/sf ljifo x'g 5f]8]sf 5g\ . u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f ug{ g;ls/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . d'n'ssf] s"n u|fx:Yo pTkfbgdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbO{ cy{tGq l6sfO/x]sf] ;]jf Jofkf/ / j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] If]qnfO{ lgoldt ug{ g;Sbf of] If]qdf ljleGg ljs[lt / lj;+ult km}ln/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . v'nf cy{ Joj:yf cjnDag ul/Psf] elgP klg sltko If]qdf cem} Psflwsf/ 5 . l;l08s]6 k|0ffnL cBflk sfod} /x]sf] kfOG5 . ljt/0ffTds Gofosf nflu ul/Psf] /fHosf]ifsf] nufgLaf6 nlIft ju{n] nfe lng ;ls/x]sf] cj:yf 5}g . lghfdtL ;]jfdf 6«]8 o'lgogsf] cEof;n] ubf{ /fhgLlts bnsf] k|efj / ultljlw a9\bf] ¿kdf /x]sf] cj:yf 5, h;n] Jofj;flostfdf r'gf}tL ylkPsf] 5 .

60

To;}n] kl5Nnf] ;dodf ePsf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs kl/jt{g;Fu} k|zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ug{' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;du| zf;g Joj:yf ;'wf/sf] cleGg cËsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . d'n's /fhgLlts ¿kfGt/0fsf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts ¿kfGt/0f;Fu} cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f klg x'g nfu]sf] cj:yf 5 . d'n'ssf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts ¿kfGt/0fsf] qmddf To:tf] ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ afxs zlQmsf] ¿kdf /xg] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ klg ;fy;fy} ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf kb{5 . 5l/P/ /x]sf zlQmnfO{ ;d]6]/ zf;g Joj:yf sfod ug]{ lhDd]jf/L sd{rf/LtGqsf] xf] . To;}n] ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdf g} k|zf;gnfO{ ;'wf/ u/L kl/jt{gnfO{ ;F:yfut ug{ ;Sg] agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . plNnlvt k[i7e"lddf oltv]/ g]kfndf b]xfosf sf/0fn] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 M

s= hgtfsf] ck]IffnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{

nf]stGq :yfkgfkl5 hgtfdf cfPsf] /fhgLlts tyf ;fdflhs kl/jt{g;Fu} ;/sf/ cyf{t ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gk|ltsf] ck]Iff klg qmdzM j[l4 x'b} uO/x]sf] 5 . t/, To; cg'¿ksf] ;'wf/ gkfpFbf ax';+Vos hgtf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] sfo{z}nL / sfo{k4lt k|lt c;Gt'i6 /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . x/]s /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kl5 ;/sf/ k|lt hgtfsf ck]Iffx¿ a9\g] ub{5g\ . To:tf ck]Iffx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] xG5 . sf}l6Nosf] cy{zf:qdf pNn]v ePsf] h:t} – æcfdhgtfsf] v'zLdf g} /fHosf] v'zL cGt/lglxt /x]sf] x'G5 . hgtfsf] sNof0fdf g} zf;gdf a:g]x¿sf] sNof0f cGt/lglxt /x]sf] x'G5 . h'gs'/fn] zf;gdf a:g]x¿nfO{ v'zL kfb{5 To:tf] v'zLnfO{ v'zL dfGg' x'Fb}g . h'gs'/f cfd hgtfsf nflu nfesf/L 5 To;}df cfkm\gf] klg enfO{ b]Vg' kb{5Æ . To;}n] casf] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] ljifo cfd hgtfsf] ck]Iff ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg] tkm{ lgb]{lzt x'g' kb{5 .

v= ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{

ue{b]lv lrxfg;Dd ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] sfo{If]q /x]sf] x'G5 eGg] k/Dk/fut cjwf/0ffdf kl/jt{g cfO;s]sf] 5 . d'n's ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] d"n k|jfxdf ;fd]n eO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . v'nf Pjd\ pbf/ cy{Joj:yfn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] sfo{If]q / sfo{ ;+:s[ltdf k|ToIf kl/jt{g ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] ;/sf/sf] sfo{ k|lqmofdf kl/jt{g ug'{ kg]{ clgjfo{tf /x]sf] 5 . Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf ljsl;t ePsf gjLg d"No dfGotfnfO{ cfTDf;ft ug{sf nflu klg ljBdfg ;+/rgf, sfo{ljlw / sfo{ ;+:s[ltdf kl/jt{g gu/L gx'g] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 . gful/sdf cfPsf] r]tgf, hfu/0f / :yfgLo :jzf;gsf] cjwf/0ffn] klg ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfnfO{ kl/jt{g ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . oBlk v'nf cfly{s kl/j]z / kof{j/0fLo ;Í6n] xfd|f] h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sdf sltko If]qdf /fHosf] e"ldsf a9\bf] ¿kdf /xg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ljz]iftM /fli6«o ;'/Iff sfod ug{, sfg'gL zf;gsf] :yfkgf ug{, u/LaL lgjf/0f ug{, k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug{, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfod ug{ tyf /fHo ;a}sf] xf] eGg] ;dfj]zL ;+/rgfsf] ljsf; ug{ /fHosf] cem a9L ;qmLo e"ldsfsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

61

u= ;+3fTDfs zf;g k|0ffnL cg'¿ksf] Kf|zf;lgs Joj:yfkg ug{

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] d'n's ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq x'g] pb\3f]if ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;f]xL cg';f/ ;+3fTds zf;g Joj:yfsf] :yfkgfsf] nflu k|zf;lgs k|aGw ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . ;+3fTds PsfOsf ;+Vof / :j¿k lgwf{/0f ug]{ lhDdf /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] xf] . t/ ca lgwf{/0f x'g] k|fGtLo PsfOsf] k|zf;lgs Joj:yfkgsf nflu k|zf;sLo txaf6 ;d]t k"j{ tof/L ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . jiff}Fsf] lg/Gt/ cEof;af6 :yflkt PsfTds 9fFrfsf] k|zf;lgs kl/kf6LnfO{ ;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yfdf ¿kfGt/0f ug'{ ;lhnf] sfd xf]Og . of] kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg ug{ bL3{sfnLg tyf tTsfnLg cj:yfdf cfpg ;Sg] ;d:of, kfg{;Sg] k|efj Pjd\ c;/sf] ;d'lrt ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg'kg]{ x'G5 . PsfTds 9fFrfsf] zf;g k|0ffnLaf6 ;+3fTds 9fFrfsf] zf;g k|0ffnLdf ¿kfGt/0f x'Fbf k|zf;g Joj:yfdf lgSs} g} km]/jbn ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf kb{5 . ;+/rgfut kl/jt{g;Fu} hgzlQm, sfo{k|lqmof / sfo{ ;+:s[ltdf ;d]t kl/jt{g ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf kb{5 . lgZro g} ;+3fTDfs zf;g Joj:yfdf s]Gb|sf k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfx¿ 36fpg' kb{5 . k|fGtsf nflu gofF ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf kb{5 . s]Gb| / k|fGTfsf] sfo{If]q ;+ljwfgåf/f ls6fg geP;DDf of] sfo{nfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg c;lhnf] x'g] eP klg ljjfb/lxt¿kdf :yflkt ePsf d"No / dfGotfx¿sf cfwf/df k|zf;gsf] cfwf/e"t vfsf sf]/L /fVg' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

3= gjLg k|zf;lgs tyf Joj:yfksLo d"No dfGotfx¿nfO{ cjnDag ug{

;fj{hlgs k|zf;g clxn] klg k/Dk/fut k|s[ltsf] /xL j}1flgs Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ g;Sbf o;n] lbg] ;]jf k|efjsf/L x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . k|zf;gnfO{ pQ/bfoL, kf/bzL{, glthfd"ns, Jofjxfl/s / e|i6frf/d'Qm agfpgsf nflu gofF gofF l;4fGt / dfGotfx¿ ljsf; eO/x]sf 5g\ . o;/L ljsf; ePsf cjwf/0ffx¿nfO{ Jojxf/df cfTd;ft u/L k|zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg' kg]{, gful/sd}qL agfpg' kg]{, k|zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg'kg]{, k|zf;g Joj:yf leq g}ltstfsf] k|j4{g ug'{ kg]{, ;]jfk|jfxdf bIf agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L k|zf;lgs Joj:yfn] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] kIfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu ;dtfd"ns / ;fdflhs ¿kdf Gofok"0f{ agfpg], ;dfj]zL ljsf;nfO{ cjnDag ug]{, bLuf] ljsf; xfl;n ug]{ / ;/sf/L ;+/rgfnfO{ ljsf;d'vL agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . oL cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ u/L k|zf;gsf] u'0ffTds ljsf;sf nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf cfPsf gJfLg k|zf;lgs tyf Joj:yfksLo d"No dfGotfx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft ug{sf nflu klg ljBdfg k|zf;lgs Joj:yfdf ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

ª= ;"rgf k|ljlw Pjd\ k|ljlwn] NofPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{

k|ljlwdf cfPsf] ljsf; vf;u/L ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf lgSs} g} 7"nf] kl/jt{g NofPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . k/Dk/fut sfo{k|lqmof / k|ljlwaf6 ;~rflnt cem egf}F dfgjLo of]ubfgaf6 ;~rflnt g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] sfo{;Dkfbgn] ;]jfu|fxL / pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ ;Gt'li6 lbg ;s]sf] 5}g . of] If]qdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u u/L gful/s / ;]jfu|fxLd}qL ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ sfo{df

62

k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . k|To]s ;]jfu|fxLn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 k|fKt ug'{kg]{ ;]jfx¿ Go"gtd ;do, >d, nfutdf k|fKt ug{ ;s'g\ / ;/sf/n] klg ;]jf ljt/0f ubf{ bIftf, ldtJolotf / k|efjsfl/tf b]vfpg ;sf];\ eGg] kl/nIo lgwf{/0f u/L ljB'tLo zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffsf] Jofjxfl/s k|of]u cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 ;/sf/L sfo{k|0ffnLdf cjnDag ubf{ o;n] d'n'sdf ;'zf;g :yfkgf ug{ d2t k'Ug] b]lvG5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ zf;sLo lqmofsnfk / ;]jf ljt/0fdf k|of]u ug{ k|f/Dedf lgSs} g} nufgLsf] cfjZostf kg{;S5 . d'n'sdf sfg'g / Joj:yf sfod u/fO{ /fVg / gful/sx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;]jf ljt/0f u/L zf;g Joj:yfsf] k|of]hg l;4 ug{ of] s'g} 7"nf] nufgLsf] If]q xf]Og, /fhgLlts txsf] k|lta4tf ePdf of] ;xh} ;Dej x'g] ljifo xf] . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;dsfnLg ljsf;n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] sfo{If]q / e"ldsfdf g} kl/jt{g NofPsf] cj:yf 5 . k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/;Fu} sltko ;+/rgf lj:tf/ ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 eg] sltko ;+/rgfx¿ lj36g ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf;d]t b]lvPsf] 5 . sltkonfO{ Ps cfk;df ljno u/L PsLs[t¿kdf lhDD]fjf/L lbg' kg]{ cfjZostf klg b]lvPsf] 5 . k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] qmddf of] ;Gbe{nfO{ ;d]6\g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

r= kl/jlt{t d"No dfGotf cg';f/ k|zf;gnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ug{

s'g}klg d'n'ssf] kof{j/0fLo, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts kl/kf6Ln] Tof] d'n'ssf] zf;sLo ;+/rgf / ;+:s[ltnfO{ k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . zf;sLo kl/kf6Ldf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf, lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfhsf] ;femf pQ/bfloTj cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf nflu tTsfnLg / bL3{sfnLg /0fgLltx¿ tof/ ug'{ kb{5 . gLltut k|fyldstf to ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 / /0fgLltx¿nfO{ qmda4¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kb{5 . lj=;+= @)^# ;fnkl5 ;+j}wflgs tyf zf;sLo dfGotfdf cfwf/e"t¿kdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . d'n's /fhtGqaf6 u0ftGqdf ¿kfGt/0f ePsf] 5 . PsfTds zf;g Joj:yfaf6 ;+3fTdstftkm{ pGd'v 5 . wd{ ;fk]Ifaf6 wd{ lg/k]Ifsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf] 5 . c;dfj]zL ;+/rgfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg] k|of; k|ff/De ePsf] 5 . lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLsf] cfofdnfO{ yk ul/Psf] 5 . gful/ssf df}lns xs clwsf/sf] bfo/f a9]sf] 5 . x/]s sf]0faf6 zf;gdf ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf cf}+NofOPsf] 5 . zf;g ;~rfngsf] ;Gbe{df cfPsf o:tf d"ne"t kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;Sg] u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf gofF vfsf sf]g'{ kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . nf]stflGqs kl/kf6L ;+:yfut x'g k|of;/t /x]sf] of] ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfnfO{ /fhgLlts :yfloTjtkm{ ¿kfGt/0f ug{ /fhgLlts zlQmx¿sf] k|of;n] dfq ;Dej 5}g . o;sf nflu ;'zf;gsf] k"j{zt{sf] ¿kdf /x]sf ;xeflutf, pQ/bfloTj, hjfkmb]lxtf, bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf, ;dtf, ;xdlt, ;fdflhs Gofo / sfg'gsf] zf;g h:tf dfGotfx¿sf] Jofjxfl/s cjnDag cfjZos /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k|zf;gn] /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf] nfe lnP/ cfkm\gf] :jfy{l;4 ug{ cu|;/ x'g] ;do of] xf]Og . k|zf;g ;+oGqnfO{ d'n'ssf] :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ¿kdf ;qmLo agfO{ ;'zf;gs]f k|Tofe"lt lbg' kg]{ lhDd]jf/L o;df /x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] ck]lIft /fli6«o nIo / a[xQ/ /fli6«o lxtsf] k|j4{g ug{sf nflu kl/jlt{t d"No dfGotf / kl/kf6L cg';f/ k|zf;gnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f u/L :yfloTjtkm{ cu|;/ u/fOg' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

63

5= ljutdf ePsf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfsf] d"Nof+sg u/L ;'wf/sf gofF ljlwx¿ cjnDag ug{

g]kfndf x/]s /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kl5 k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\ . k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx¿n] ljutsf] d"Nof+sg, jt{dfgsf] ;'wf/ / eljiosf] vfsf sf]g]{ u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . tL k|ltj]bgx¿ ;'wf/tkm{ pGd'v /x]sf 5g\ / s]xL dxTjfsf+Iff klg af]s]sf] cj:yfsf b]lvG5g\ . t/ k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx¿sf] sfof{Gjog kIf k|efjsf/L x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ljutsf k|of;x¿ k|foM ;a} /fhgLlts kl/jt{gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{, kl/jlt{t kl/j]z cg';f/sf] /fhgLlts Joj:yf / /fhgLlts g]t[Tjk|lt ;dlk{t u/fpg, ;+/rgfut kl/jt{g u/L clVtof/Lsf] k|of]u ug{ k|of;/t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltj]bgx¿ cfpg] t/ sfof{Gjogdf To;nfO{ pk]Iff u/L cfkm\gf] ;xhtf / :jfy{ cg's"nsf lg0f{ox¿ ub}{ hfg] ljutsf] lg/Gt/ cEof;n] k|zf;g ;'wf/k|lt cljZjf; k}bf ePsf] hl6n kl/j]zdf k|:t't k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Fb}5 . lj1x¿n] ;'emfjsf gofF If]qx¿ vf]hL ug'{ k"j{ klxn] lbOPsf ;'emfj / ltgsf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf klxrfg ug{ ;'emfj lbO/x]sf 5g\ . lgZro g} k|zf;g ;'wf/ /fHosf] lg/Gt/sf] sfd xf] . o:tf] ljifonfO{ xn'sf ¿kdf lng / ;dfwfgsf tby{ pkfox¿ vf]hL ul/g' x'Fb}g . k|:t't k|ltj]bg tof/Lsf] qmddf ljutdf ePsf k|of;sf] ;d'lrt d"Nof+sg u/L ltgsf] sfof{Gjog cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ub}{ ;'wf/sf gofF pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .

Hf= ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg

ljBdfg cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf x'g] u/]sf sfdn] cfd hgtfdf c;Gtf]if k}bf u/]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . pQ/bfloTjsf] cefj b]lvPsf] 5 . ;xeflutfsf] cefj b]lvPsf] 5 . ;bfrf/ / cg'zf;gdf ljrng cfPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ g;s]sf] cf/f]k nflu/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . cfly{s l;4fGtdf cfPsf kl/jt{g / km]/jbnn] klg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;+/rgf / sfo{ ;Dkfbg k|lqmofdf kl/jt{g Nofpg' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . d'n'ssf] /fli6«o /fhgLlts Pjd\ ;fj{hlgs ck]Iff k"/f ug{sf nflu kof{Kt sf]if / lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] bIftf ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . To:t} ;dsfnLg kl/j]zdf ljsf; ePsf gLltut kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{sf nflu klg kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

em= ljBdfg k|zf;lgs ljlw / k|lqmofnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug{

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf x/]s If]qdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf bzf{O/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] sfo{k|lqmof / lg0f{o ug]{ tl/sfk|lt w]/} c;Gt'li6x¿ ;'lgO/x]sf 5g\ . k|zf;g k|lqmofd'vL /x]sf] / of] hgtfsf] ;xh kx'Frdf g/x]sf] u'gf;f] lg/Gt/ cfO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] dfGotf cg';f/ lhDd]jf/L ljefhg x'g g;s]sf], ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lx¿df g]t[Tj Ifdtf, lg0f{o lgdf{0f / ;~rf/ ;Lksf] yk cfjZostf b]lvPsf] l6Kk0fL /x]sf] kfOG5 . k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;, ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g / hgtfdf cfPsf] hfu/0f tyf ;/sf/af6 ul/Psf] ck]Iff ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ljBdfg k|zf;lgs ljlw / k|lqmofdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .

64

`= ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f k|efjsf/L gePsf] egL cfd ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] cledt k|s6 ul//x]s]f cj:yf 5 . lgZro g} ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|efjsf/L geP;Dd d'n'sdf ;'zf;g :yfkgf x'g ;Sb}g . cfd gful/sn] /fHon] ljt/0f u/]sf] ;]jfk|lt ;sf/fTds efj k}bfug{ g;s]df zf;g Joj:yfk|lt g} ljt[i0ff efj k}bf x'g] cj:yf cfpF5 . d"ntM cj}1flgs ;fË7lgs 9fFrf, sdhf]/ sfg'g sfof{Gjogsf] l:ylt, /fhgLlts k/fwLgtf / /fhgLlts x:tIf]ksf] cj:yf, k'/ftg sfo{z}nL, cfkm"nfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]/ ul/g] lg0f{o / sfo{qmdx¿, sdhf]/ d"NofÍg k|0ffnL, ck|efjsf/L cg'udg k4lt, sfo{:ynsf] v/fa jftfj/0f / ;+:yfut e|i6frf/nfO{ ;'zf;g :yfkgf x'g glbg] sf/ssf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . plNnlvt sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ g} ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0fsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;n] ubf{ gful/s / /fHo aLrsf] ;DaGw ;d]t k|efljt ePsf] cj:yf 5 . zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfngsf cfwf/e"t k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf plNnlvt kIfdf ;'wf/ u/L ;/sf/L ;]jf ljt/0fnfO{ pQ/bfoL, kf/bzL{ / cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg ;lsPdf dfq ;/sf/k|ltsf] ljZjf;sf] efj k}bf x'g ;S5 . t/, k|zf;g ;]jfu|fxL k|lt pQ/bfoL x'g g;s]sf], hgtfsf cfjZostfdf ;+j]bgzLn x'g g;s]sf], cfkm\gf] :jfy{df tlNng /x]sf], e|i6frf/df ¿dlnPsf], /fhgLlts :jfYf{sf cfwf/df kl/rfng ePsf] Hf:tf cf/f]kx¿ nflu /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . o:tf cf/f]kx¿nfO{ v08g ub}{ hgtfnfO{ cyf{t ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fvL ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] qmddf of] ljifon] klg k|fyldstf kfpg' kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . casf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] pQ/bfloTj / lgi7fdf -Integrity and responsiveness_ hf]8 lbg' kb{5 g ls zf;sLo cxd\n] ;/sf/ ;~rfng ug]{ . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;sx¿ gful/s ;]jf / gful/s ;zlQms/0fdf lqmofzLn x'g' kb{5 . elgG5 æ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿ u|fxs ;]jf ljt/0f dfq ub}{gg\ pgLx¿ nf]stGqsf afxs / ljt/s klg x''g\Æ . casf] k|zf;gn] zf;g xf]Og ;]jf -Serving rather than steering_ eGg] ;f]raf6 cl3 a9\g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf ljsf; ePsf kl5NNff dfGotfn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf nfestf{x¿ ;]jfu|fxL geP/ gful/s x'g\ eGg] dfGotf ljsf; ePsf] 5 . To;}n] gful/s ;jf]{Rrtf / ;jf]{kl/tfnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ ;]jf ljt/0fsf cfwf/x¿ to ul/g' kb{5 . ;]jf ljt/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cGo ljsl;t b]zx¿n] cjnDag u/]sf ljlw / k|lqmofnfO{ xfd|f] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;d]t cfTd;ft ug]{ u/L ljBdfg ;]jf ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf k'g/fjnf]sgsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

6= ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{

lj=;+= @)^# ;fndf ePsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kl5 d'n'sn] zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg] gLlt c+lusf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;f] gLltnfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf If]qdf cjnDag klg ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] of] cEof;n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ qmdzM ;dfj]zL :j¿k k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . cfly{s, ;fdflhs ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf ju{sf] zf;g Joj:yfdf plrt k|ltlglwTj x'g g;s]sf] ljutsf] tYof+sLo l:yltdf qmdzM kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . xfn;Dd ul/Psf] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cEof;n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf k/]sf] k|efj / c;/sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ ;do ePsf] 5 .

65

o;sf kIf / ljkIfdf k|s6 ePsf dt dtfGt/x¿nfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fvL cg';Gwfgd"ns ¿kdf ljBdfg l:yltsf] lrq0f ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf 5 . k|ltlglwTj / u'0ffTdstfsf aLrsf] ;Gt'ng sfod ug{sf nflu xfn cjnDag ul/Psf] ;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL gLltut Joj:yfsf] ;dLIff ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;f]xL cfwf/df o;;DaGwL gLltut Pjd\ sfg'gL Joj:yfdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ljifox¿ klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ljsl;t b]zx¿n] cEof; u/]sf] ljljwtf Joj:yfkgnfO{ klg ;Gbe{sf] ¿kdf x]g{ ;S5f}+ . ljljwtf Joj:yfkgn] cf]u6\g] If]q cf/If0f / ;sf/fTds lje]bn] ;d]6\g] If]qeGbf Jofks x'G5 . of] cfw'lgs cjwf/0ffaf6 nfe lngsf nflu o;sf] ;du| kIfsf] ;d'lrt ljZn]if0f ul/g' kb{5 .

7= ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{

ljsf;sf] k|zf;g / k|zf;gsf] ljsf; s'g} klg d'n'ssf] ;jf{lu+0f ljsf;sf cfwf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ / oL b'a} ljifo ljsf; k|zf;gsf] l;4fGtsf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . lgZro g} ljsf;fTds ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ug{sf nflu dfgj ;|f]t, cfly{s ;|f]t / ef}lts ;|f]t -Men, Money and Meterial_ cfjZos kb{5 . tL dWo] klg bIf dfgj ;|f]tn] sfo{;Dkfbg / k|ltkmnnfO{ ;+VofTds tyf u'0ffTds kIfdf dxTjk"0f{ k|efj kfb{5 -It is more the men -or the human element_ duly qualified, than any other factor which determines the quality and quantity of the performance and output._ . sd{rf/LtGqn] ljsf; k|zf;gdf kfg]{ k|efj / lgjf{x ug{] e"ldsfnfO{ b]xfosf] tflnsfaf6 :ki6 kfl/Psf] kfOG5 .

Source: Development Administration, SL Goel, P.117

lgZro g} ljsf; oflGqs k|lqmof -Mechanical Process_ xf]Og . of] dfgj ;|f]tsf] 1fg, ;Lk, bIftf, pTk|]/0ff;Fu hf]l8Psf] ljifo xf] . To;n] ljsf;sf nflu k"FhL eGbf bIf

Development Dynamism & Modernization

Efficient Organization Role of Bureaucracy in Development

Lubricating & Optimising the Capacity of Civil Service

Nation Building

Ensuring desired output in quantity and quality

Optimism the use of imputs within resources & Time Scheduled.

66

dfgj ;|f]t k|fylds ljifo dflgG5 . To;}n] xfd|f] ;Gbe{df klg ljsf;nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ug{ dfgj ;|f]tsf] ljsf; ckl/xfo{ /x]sf] 5 . k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] ;Gbe{df of] ljifo k|fyldstfk"j{s x]l/g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . To;}u/L ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffdf cfGtl/s tyf afXo sf/0faf6 k|z:t r'gf}tLx¿ cfPsf 5g\ . o;sf] ;fGble{stfdf klg k|Zg pl7/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . To:tf r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ xfd|f] ;Gbe{df ljsf; k|zf;gsf] ;fGble{stf cem} plQs} /x]sf] cj:yfdf ljsf; k|zf;gsf] k|Effsfl/tfsf nflu k|zf;lgs Joj:yfdf klg ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .

8= /fhgLlt / k|zf;g aLrsf] ;Ldf /]vf sf]/L cGt;{DaGWf kl/eflift ug{

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] ;Ldf / ;DaGwsf af/]df k|z:t ljj]rgf eO;s]sf] eP klg o;sf] cEof; hlxn] klg ljjfbsf] 3]/feGbf aflx/ /xg ;s]g . k|zf;gdf /fhgLlts x:tIf]k a9]sf] eGg] cf/f]k lg/Gt/ nflu/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g hf/L ePkl5 klg of] ;d:of /lx/x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . k|zf;goGqn] g} /fhgLlts x:tIf]ksf nflu cfdGq0f ug]{, pTk|]l/t ug]{ cf/f]k Psflt/ /x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ /fhgLlts g]t[Tj k|zf;lgs sfo{df ¿lr /fVg] k|j[lQ rsf]{ ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . sltko sfg'gL Joj:yfn] g} k|zf;gnfO{ cfkm\gf] Jofj;flos dfGotf / cfbz{df rNg glbPsf] cj:yf 5 . /fhgLlts txaf6 ul/Psf k|zf;lgs sfd sf/jfxLsf] x:tIf]kaf6 k|zf;gsf cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfx¿ sfod x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . k|zf;goGq cg'dfgof]Uo klg 5}g . :yfoL ;/sf/sf] rl/q / ;+:yfut ;+emgf sfod u/L ;ª\u7gnfO{ hLjGt agfpg' kg]{ k|zf;goGqsf lhDd]jf/ clwsf/Lx¿ d"Nodf cl8g'sf] ;§f :jfy{;Fu ;f}bf ul//x]sf] cf/f]k v]lk/x]sf 5g\ . lhDd]jf/L jf kbdf /x'Gh]n cfkm"n] klg ljutsf] unt cEof;nfO{ k/Dk/fsf] gfddf lg/Gt/tf lbg] / kbaf6 aflxl/P kl5 To:t} k|j[lQsf] rsf]{ lj/f]w / l6Kk0fL ug]{ ca k/Dk/f g} ePsf] 5 . o:tf] k|j[lQ /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs b'a} If]qdf plQs} /x]sf] 5 . lgZro g} k|zf;goGqnfO{ /fhgLlts x:tIf]kaf6 d'Qm ug{ g;SGf] xf] eg] o;n] cfkm\gf] ljlZfi6 rl/q b]vfpg ;Sb}g . To;}n] of] ;DaGwnfO{ yk Jojl:yt ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .

9= ;'zf;gsf] :yfkgf ug{

nf]stflGqs zf;g k4lt cg';f/ zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ug'{ kg]{ dfGotfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ p2]Zon] ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; ePsf] xf] . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ pQ/bfoL, kf/bzL{, ;xeflutfd"ns / cg'dfgof]Uo agfO{ sfg'gL zf;g :yfkgf ug]{ Wo]on] ljsf; ePsf] of] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df ¿kfGt/0f ug{sf nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;du| kIfdf k'g/fjnf]sgsf] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ sfg'gL 9Ën] ;Dkfbg ug]{ eGbf klg o;n] ug]{ sfdn] j}wtf xfl;n ug'{k5{ eGg] -Legal v. Legitimacy) sf] cjwf/0ff qmdzM ljsl;t x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . ca ;'zf;g c;n ;/sf/ jf c;n zf;sLo k4lt eGbf dfly p7]/ nf]stflGqs zf;g k4ltsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . /fhgLlts cl:y/tf sfod /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;'zf;gsf] :yfkgf ug'{ lgSs} g} r'gf}tLk"0f{ ePsf] 5 . /fhgLlts cEof;sf] k|of]uzfnfsf] ¿kdf d'n'ssf] Oltxf; ljsl;t eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;'zf;gsf] :yfkgf

67

u/L d'n'sdf nf]stflGqs / k|efjsf/L zf;gsf] cg'e"lt u/fpg k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] k|of; nlIft x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

0f= ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ug{

ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf ljsf; ePsf] kl5Nnf] dfGotf xf] . xfd|f] h:tf] hftLo, eflifs, ;f+:s[lts, ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs ljljwtf ePsf] d'n'sdf o;sf] cjnDag u/L zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ;xeflutfd"ns agfpg' kg]{ / zf;g Joj:yfdf ckgTjsf] af]w u/fpg' kg]{ r'gf}tL 5 . ljljwtfsf] dfqf clws /x]sf] xfd|f] h:tf] b]zdf zf;gdf ;a}sf] k|ltlglwTj / k|ltljDa b]vfpg ;lhnf] 5}g . zf;g Joj:yfk|lt ckgTj af]w u/fpgsf nflu ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . of] r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljBdfg k4ltdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .

t= sfg'gsf] zf;g :yfkgf ug{

sfg'gsf] zf;gn] sfg'gsf] cufl8 ;dfgtf / sfg'gsf] ;jf]{kl/tfsf] kIfkf]if0f ub{5 . of] cjwf/0ff :j]R5frf/L zlQmsf] lj¿4df /x]sf] x'G5 . sfg'gsf] zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffn] hgpQ/bfoL / hgs]lGb|t zf;g Joj:yfsf] ck]Iff /fVb5 . of] nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfsf] cfwf/lznf klg xf] . sfg'gsf] zf;g :yfkgf x'gsf nflu nf]stflGqs ljlwaf6 sfg'g lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ / lgdf{0f ePsf sfg'gsf] afWofTds / k|efjsf/L kl/kfngf x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . d'n'sdf :yfoL zflGt / ljsf;sf] k"j{zt{sf] ¿kdf sfg'gsf] zf;g /x]sf] x'G5 . zf;gdf a:g] clwsf/Lx¿n] sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;Ldf / kl/lwdf /xL sfo{ ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ dfGotf af]s]sf] of] l;4fGt s'g} klg d'n'ssf] ;Eotf lgdf{0f ug]{ / cfly{s, ;fdflhs ljsf; ug]{ cfwf/ xf] . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ sfg'gsf] zf;g cg's"n agfpgsf nflu ljBdfg cj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

y= sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ Jofj;flos agfpg

æJofj;flostfÆ sd{rf/LtGqsf] cfwf/e"t ljz]iftf xf] . of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t k]zfut bIftf, lgj}{olQmstf, t6:ytf, lgikIftf, lglZrt sfo{ ;~rfng ljlw / k|lqmof h:tf u'0f sd{rf/LtGqsf nflu ckl/xfo{ dflgG5g\ . t/ xfd|f] ;Gbe{df eg] dflyNnf] txsf lhDd]jf/ clwsf/Lx¿n] ;d]t Jofj;flostf k|bz{g ug{ g;ls/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . S.L. Goel n] eg]sf 5g\ – æThe quality of personnel, level of efficiency, motivation and enthusiasm have not been maintained at a high level. Complaints by the Citizens regarding inefficiency and lack of devotion to duty on the past of government employees have become quite articulate and many people are even losing confidence in the existing administrative system thereby widening the credibility gap”. ef/tLo k|zf;goGqsf] lrq0f ub}{ pNn]v ul/Psf oL kª\lQmx¿ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg plQs} ;fGble{s b]lvG5g\ . g]kfnsf] sd{rf/LtGq of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t eP klg o;n] Jofj;flostf k|bz{g ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . kl/jt{g dg gk/fpg], zlQmsf] kl5 nfUg], /fhgLlts cfj/0fdf /dfpg], e|i6frf/df ;+nUgtf hgfpg], sfdk|lt a]jf:tf ug]{, ;'ljwfsf] vf]hL ul//xg], k|lqmofdf hf]8 lbg], kl/0ffdk|lt j]jf:tf ug]{, clwsf/ s]Gb|Ls/0f ug{ vf]Hg], uf]Kotfdf /dfpg], ;xeflutf g¿rfpg], nfe nfutdf Vofn

68

gug]{, ;]jfu|fxL k|lt ;+j]bgzLn gx'g] h:tf cf/f]kx¿ g]kfnsf] sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ nfUb} cfPsf] 5 . j]jl/og df]8]nsf] Jo'/f]qm];Ldf b]lvg] ;a}h;f] gsf/fTds rl/qx¿ xfd|f] k|zf;goGqdf b]lvPsf] cj:yf 5 . cem}klg g]kfnsf] k|zf;goGq cAan bhf{sf JolQmx¿sf] /f]hfOsf] k|fyldstfdf kg{ ;s]sf] 5}g . cfkm"nfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]/ / cfkm\gf] :jfy{ l;4 ug]{ lbzfdf k|zf;goGq lqmofzLn /x]sf], k|zf;goGqdf clgoldttf / e|i6frf/ km}nb} uPsf] h:tf cf/f]k nflu/x]sf] cj:yfaf6 dfly p7\g' ;xh 5}g . o:tf cf/f]kaf6 d'Qm u/L sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ Jofj;flos / glthfd'vL agfpg k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .

b= ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf åGå Joj:yfkg ug{

s'g}klg hLjGt ;ª\u7gdf åGå :jfefljs Pjd\ ckl/xfo{ kIfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . åGå Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsPdf ;ª\u7gn] ultzLntf xfl;n ub{5 . o;nfO{ a]jf:tf ul/Pdf gsf/fTds kl/0ffd Nofpg ;Sb5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;xeflutfd"ns, hgd}qL agfO{ ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg åGå Joj:yfkg u/L zf;g Joj:yfdf ;a} kIfsf] e"ldsf ;'lglZrt u/fpg' kg]{ r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 . of] r'gf}tLnfO{ ;+af]wg ug{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljBdfg ;+/rgfut Pj+ gLltut kIf / k4ltdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .

w= ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf 6«]8 o'lgogsf] e"ldsfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{

nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf k]zfut ;ª\u7gx¿ vf]Ng kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] k]zfut xs lxtsf nflu xfn v'n]sf 6«]8 o'lgogx¿sf] sf/0f ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf ljleGg vfn] x:tIf]k ;d]t x'g] u/]sf eGg] cf/f]k ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;~rfngdf 6«]8 o'lgogsf] e"ldsfsf] af/]df cg]s l6Kk0fLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf gLltut ljifob]lv b}lgs k|zf;lgs ljifodf ;d]t 6«]8 o'lgogsf] k|efj kg]{ u/]sf] cf/f]k nfu]sf] cj:yf 5 . of] cf/f]kaf6 d'Qm eO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljlzi6 rl/qnfO{ cIf'00f /fVgsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf 6«]8 o'lgogsf] e"ldsfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ 6«]8 o'lgog;DaGwL Joj:yf / cEof;nfO{ k'gM kl/eflift ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .

g= sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{

/fHosf]ifaf6 ;]jf ;'ljwf kfpg] /fi6«;]jsx¿sf] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf ljljwtf /x]sf] 5 . cfwf/e"t tnj eQf hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu ckof{Kt /x]sf] ljZn]if0f tnj cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx¿n] ljutb]lv g} ub}{ cfPsf] kfOG5 . ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] ckof{Kttf / ljljwtfn] sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]jn / pTk|]/0ff lubf]{ cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] pbf;Lgtf / ljs[ltx¿ leq\ofPsf] cj:yf 5 . /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tnj eQfsf] cg'kftdf ahf/ d"Nosf] lg/Gt/ j[l4 / df}lb|s d"Nodf cfPsf] x|f;n] sd{rf/Ldf sfd ug]{ dgf]an a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . To:t} Pp6} kbdf /x]sf sd{rf/Lsf] sfof{nout jf ;]jfut leGgtfn] pgLx¿sf] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf 7"nf] leGgtf /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;n] sd{rf/Lx¿ :jfefljs ¿kdf a9L ;]jf ;'ljwf kfpg] lgsfo jf ;]jf ;d"xdf hfg OR5's /xg] k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] 5 . o;n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs hLjgdf gsf/fTds k|efj ;d]t

69

kfl//x]sf] b]lvG5 . k4ltut ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ug]{ xf] eg] sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf, zt{, ;'ljwfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g' kg]{ b]lvG5 / o:tf] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf ljljwtf /xg klg lbg' gx'g] cj:yf 5 .

k= :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg

s'g} klg d'n'ssf] nf]stflGqs kl/kf6LnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ PsfOsf] ¿kdf :yfgLo lgsfox¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . hgtfnfO{ zf;g k|lqmofdf clws ;xeflutf u/fpg] / nf]stGqsf] cEof;df ;l/s ePsf] cg'e"lt u/fpg] lgsfo g} :yfgLo lgsfo x'g\ . o;n] dfusf] cfwf/df gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] x'G5 . /fhgLlts, cfly{s Pjd\ ;fdflhs ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg ;S5 . g]t[Tj ljsf;sf] cfwf/ k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5 . of] :yfgLo txdf zf;g / ;/sf/ b'a}sf] cge"lt u/fpg] 7fpF xf] . xfdLn] o;sf] cEof;nfO{ ;kmn¿kdf cjnDag ug{ ;s]sf 5}gf}+ . l;4fGttM cfjZos kg]{ clVtof/L lgIf]lkt x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf klg 5}g . :jfoQ zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{sf nflu / :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg gLltut Pjd\ Jofjxfl/s ¿kfGt/0fsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ gofF ¿kdf ;+/lIft u/L :jfoQ zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ lqmofzLn ug{ /fhgLlts Pjd\ k|zf;lgs b'a} If]qdf yk pbf/tfsf] cfjZostf b]lvG5 .

km= cfwf/e"t ;]jf ljt/0fnfO{ ;xh / ;/n agfpg

cfd gful/ssf rf;f] / ;/f]sf/sf ;]jfsf] ljt/0f k6Ss} k|efjsf/L /x]sf] 5}g . zf;g Joj:yfdf b]lvPsf cg]sg\ b'u'{0fx¿n] ;]jfk|jfxsf x/]s PsfO{ k|efljt /x]sf 5g\ . clgoldttf / b'¿kof]u ug]{ lgot af]s]sfx¿sf] pj{/ ynf]sf] ¿kdf ;]jf k|jfxsf PsfO{x¿ ljsl;t eO/x]sf 5g\ . /fhgLlts Pjd\ k|zf;lgs txaf6 o;nfO{ /f]Sg / Jojl:yt ug'{ eGbf cfkm\g} k|efjsf] pkof]u u/L ;+/If0f u/]sf] cf/f]k nflu/x]sf] 5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo, oftfoft, ;~rf/, e"ld k|zf;g, gful/stf cflb ljifodf cfd gful/sn] k|0ffnLut ¿kdf ;]jf k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;]jf k|jfxsf PsfO{df x'g] e|i6frf/, cg'zf;gxLgtf, l9nf;':tL / clgoldttfn] o;sf] k|lti7fdf x|f; cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;Da4tf, x}l;ot / cfj/0fn] ;]jf k|jfxdf lg0ff{os e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;]jf ljt/0f PsfOx¿ hgtfsf] ;xh kx'Frdf /x]sf 5}gg\ . ;]jf ljt/0fdf k|ljlwnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/Psf] 5}g . ;]jf ljt/0fsf sfg'gL Pjd\ gLltut Joj:yf cfkm}df k|lqmofd'vL, hl6n / em+eml6nf 5g\ / ltgsf] sfof{Gjog kIf cem} sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . ;]jf ljt/0fdf x'g] e]befj, c;dfgtf, clgoldttf / ckf/blz{tfn] zf;g Joj:yfk|lt g} hgtfsf] ljt[i0ff / g}/fZotf ag]sf] 5 . To;}n] ;'wf/sf] s]Gb|ljGb'df ;]jf ljt/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' kg]{ ljifo /xg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

a= ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug{

hgtfsf cfjZostfx¿ cgGt x'G5g\ / ;|f]t ;fwgsf] dfqf ;Lldt /xG5 . ;Lldt ;|f]t ;fwgaf6 c;Lldt cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{ To:tf] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] /0fgLlts pkof]u cfjZos x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t ;fwgsf] clen]v Jojl:yt gx'g', To:tf ;fwgsf] b'¿kof]u ul/g' Pjd\ ;+/If0f gul/g' s'g} gf}nf] ljifo b]lvPg . k|foM ;a}h;f]

70

lgsfodf o:tf] k|j[lQ /x]sf] 5 . Jojl:yt x'g g;s]sf ef}lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cj:yf ;a}h;f] lgsfosf] kl/;/df b]Vg ;lsG5 . ljlgof]lht cfly{s Pjd\ ljQLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|of]usf] k|efjsfl/tfdf klg k|z:t l6Kk0fL / u'gf;fx¿ cfO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . nfutsf] cg'kftdf k|ltkmn cfpg g;Sg'sf] k|d'v sf/0f g} oxL xf], ljz]ifu/L cfly{s Pjd\ ef}lts ;|f]tsf] ;d'lrt k|of]u / Joj:yfkg x'g g;ls/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf 3/ hUufsf] k|of]u, ;jf/L ;fwg / kmlg{r/sf] cj:yf x]bf{ o;sf] l:ylt ;xh} b]lvG5 . of] kIfnfO{ ;'wf/sf] qmddf ;d]6\g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

e= bLuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg

kof{j/0f ca ljsf;sf] cleGg cË ePsf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] k|fs[lts k|sf]k a9\b} uPsf] cj:yf 5 . ca ljsf;sf gLlt, /0fgLlt / of]hgf agfpFbf o;n] kof{j/0fdf kfg]{ k|efj / c;/sf] cfFsng ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . ljsf; k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'g, gLlt, lgod Pjd\ ;f];Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmd agfpFbf bLuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

d= ;'/Iff Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg

kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ cfGtl/s ;'/Iffsf] ljifo lgSs} g} r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvPsf] 5 . ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfox¿sf] ;+Vof / ;+/rgfdf lj:tf/ ePklg ;'/Iffs]f cg'e"lt sd x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . ck/fwsf :j¿kx¿ km]l//x]sf 5g\ . cdfgjLo 36gfx¿ al9/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . d'n'sdf zflGt / ljsf; vf]Hg] xf] eg] sfg'g / Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug'{ k"j{ zt{sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;'/Iff Joj:yfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] cefjdf ljsf; ultljlw cl3 a9\g g;Sg] cj:yf 5 . ct M ;'/IffnfO{ ljsf;;Fu hf]8]/ nfg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o;sf nflu ca /0fgLlts ¿kdf cf+sng ug'{kg]{ ;do cfPsf] 5 .

o= ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{

d'n['ssf] ljsf; lgdf{0f / k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{sf nflu ;fj{hlgs sf]ifaf6 ul/g] vr{sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf ljifodf k|z:t l6Kk0fL eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . vr{ k|lqmof cf}krfl/s / sfuhL k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] 5 . To;sf] k|ltkmn / nfe;Fu o;sf] k|of]hg hf]l8g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . vr{sf] k|ltztdf k|ultsf] ;dLIff ug]{ k/Dk/fut 9fFrf oBlk sfod} 5 . cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf ul/g] lgsfzf / vr{sf] k|of]hg ;sf/fTds b]lvg ;s]sf] 5}g . vr{df ;t\ k|ltzt k|ult x'g] t/ pTkfbsTj Pjd\ kl/0ffddf ;sf/fTds glthf gb]lvg] ;d:of lg/Gt/ cg'ej ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] ljBdfg ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

/= ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg tyf :jfoQ ;+:yfx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{

d'n'sn] pbf/ cy{ Joj:Yffsf] cjnDag ug{ yfn]b]lv ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljleGg k|of;x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . t/ cem} klg ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;+Vof pNn]Vo 5 / o;n] /fHosf]ifaf6 cg'Tkfbs nufgL Pjd\ vr{ a9fO/x]sf] 5 . ;~rfngdf /x]sf w]/} ;+:yfgx¿ 3f6fdf 5g\ / ;/sf/sf] nufgL k|ltkmnljxLg ag]sf] 5 . ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf, zt{, ;'ljwfdf ljljwtf /x]sf] 5 / of] pTkfbg;Fu jf k|ltkmn;Fu cfa4 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;df ul/g] lgo'lQm /

71

cjsfzsf ;dfrf/x¿n] of] If]qdf /fhgLlts rnv]n / x:tIf]k /x]sf] tYo phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL, lgo'lQm k|lqmof, nfef+z / ;'ljwf ljt/0f h:tf ljifodf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿nfO{ lglZrt dfkb08 agfpg ljutb]lv g} k|of; ul/Psf] ePklg To;n] ck]lIft ;kmntf kfpg ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . of] ljifonfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s ;Daf]wg ug{ ca l9nf ug'{ x'Fb}g .

n= ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{

;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{sf nflu /fHosf] tkm{af6 lgwf{/0f ul/Psf gLltut Joj:yfx¿nfO{ ;dsfnLg ;Gbe{ cg';f/ k'g/fjnf]sg ub}{ n}hfg' kg]{ x'G5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf d'n'sdf ePsf] ;+j}wflgs Pjd\ /fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf] cj:yf tyf /fHosf gLlt, lgb]{zs l;4fGtdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu sltko k'/fgf gLltx¿nfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 eg] sltko gLltx¿ k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs gLltdf ;dsfnLg ;Gbe{ cg';f/ kl/dfh{g u/L zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ dfu{bz{g ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

pk;+xf/ ;du| d'n'ssf] ;femf lxt -Collective national interest) ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug{sf nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g bl/nf] ¿kdf pleg' kb{5 . lglZrt JolQm, ju{ jf If]qsf] babafaf6 zf;g Joj:yf d'Qm x'g' kb{5 . hgtfsf clwsf/, OR5f / ck]Iffx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg] vfnsf sfo{qmdx¿ tof/ ug{;Sg' kb{5 . zf;g Joj:yfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu /fhgLlts l:y/tf k"j{ zt{ xf] . t/ of] ;+qmd0fsfndf d'n'sdf sfg'g / Joj:yf sfod ug{ k|zf;g ;'wf/ ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . oltv]/ k|zf;g ;'wf/ xfd|f] cfjZostf xf] . s'g} bftf jf afXo zlQmsf] bjfjsf sf/0f xf]Og . To;}n] xfd|f] ;|f]t ;fwg, ck]Iff / sfo{;+:s[ltsf] ;d'lrt ljZn]if0f u/L ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx¿ to ul/g' kb{5 . o;nfO{ k|fl1s ljifodfq gagfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx¿ dxTjfsf+IfL geO{ sfof{Gjog of]Uo x'g' kb{5 . ;d:ofsf] ;xL lgbfg ug{ ;lsPg eg] ;'wf/sf k|of;n] ck]lIft glthf lbg ;Sb}g . oyfy{ eGbf aflx/ uP/ ul/g] s'g} klg sfd sf/jfxLn] ;kmntf xfl;n x'g ;Sb}g . k/Dk/fut 9fFrfaf6 casf] ;'wf/ ;Dej 5}g . kof{Kt u[xsfo{ gu/L ul/g] ;'wf/ s]jn cWoog ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf /xg] tYo :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 . ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{ / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xeflutf g} casf] ;'wf/ k|of;sf cfwf/x¿ x'g\ . ;fy;fy} hf]l8P/ cfpg] d'2fx¿ -Cross cutting issues _ nfO{ x/]s ;'wf/sf ljifodf ;dflxt ub}{ nfg ;lsPdf dfq ck]lIft glthf xfl;n x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5 . s'g}klg d'n'ssf] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] r'gf}tL eg]sf] s;/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] pTkfbsTj a9fpg] / pknAw ;Lldt ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pRrtd\ pkof]u u/L w]/}eGbf w]/} pknlAw xfl;n ug]{ eGg] g} xf] . h;n] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] u'0f:t/Lotf clej[l4 ub{5 / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpFb5 . To;}n] ;'wf/nfO{ ;du|tfdf cjnDag ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . o;leq ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ -Structural reforms_, k|lqmofut ;'wf/ -Procedural reforms_ / Jojxf/ut ;'wf/ -Behavioral reforms_ kb{5g\ . ;du| ;kmntfsf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf ;'wf/sf] lg/Gt/tf cfjZos x'G5 . ;'wf/k|ltsf] k|lta40tf cfjZos x'G5 . stf{x¿sf] cg'zf;g / ;bfrf/ h:tf kIfx¿ Tolts} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ .

72

kl/R5]b–%

;ldltdf k|fKt ;'emfj÷k|ltlqmofsf] ljZn]if0f

k[i7e"ld ;ldltnfO{ k|fKt sfof{b]zsf If]qx¿df ;'wf/sf nflu ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L Pjd\ kqfrf/ u/L ;Da4 ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L If]q Pjd\ cfd gful/sx¿af6 ;'emfj dfu ul/Psf] lyof] . To;}u/L b]zsf ljleGg efudf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] pkl:yltdf ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lx¿ ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿, k]zfut ;ª\u7gsf kbflwsf/Lx¿, u}/;/sf/L Pjd\ lghL If]qsf k|ltlglwx¿ Pjd\ gful/s ;dfhsf cu'jfx¿ ;d]tsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu 5nkmn Pjd\ cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . k|foM ;a}h;f] dGqfno / s]Gb|Lo txsf lgsfox¿sf pRr clwsf/L ;d]t;Fu ;ldltsf cWoIf tyf ;b:ox¿af6 5nkmn / cGt/lqmof ul/Psf] lyof] . ;ldltn] ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsfdf /xL of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' ePsf lj1x¿, k"j{ k|zf;sx¿ Pjd\ ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf k|ltlglwx¿;Fu ;d]t ljleGg r/0fdf 5nkmn, cGt/lqmof Pjd\ sfo{zfnfsf] dfWodaf6 ;3g 5nkmn u/L /fo ;'emfj ;Íng u/]sf] lyof] . o;qmddf ;+:yfut / JolQmut ¿kdf cfof]udf y'k|} ;'emfjx¿ k|fKt ePsf lyP . ;ldltsf] sfo{If]qdf k/]sf ljifodf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ / o; If]qsf lj1x¿af6 /rgfTds ;'emfj / k|ltlqmof k|fKt x'g cfPsf 5g\ -gf]6M ;ldlt ;dIf k|fKt ;'emfjx¿nfO{ o;} k|ltj]bgsf] cleGg cËsf] ¿kdf k|ltj]bg;fy ;'emfj ljj/0f k'l:tsf agfO{ k]z ul/Psf] 5_ . ;ldltdf k|fKt ePsf ;'emfjx¿ Pjd\ 5nkmn sfo{qmddf ;xefuLx¿n] /fVg'ePsf wf/0ffx¿sf] ;f/;+If]k o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M–

73

!= ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL / hgpQ/bfoL agfpg ljBdfg ;fË7lgs ;+/rgf, sfg'g / gLltut ljifodf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/

� g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ljefhg lgodfjnL ;+;baf6 kf; u/]/ dfq nfu" ug'{ kg]{],

� pk/fi6«kltnfO{ b]zdf :yflkt ;a} ljZjljBfnosf] s'nkltsf] e"ldsf, j}b]lzs ;DaGw ;ldltsf] ;efkltsf] e"ldsf, dflyNnf] ;bgsf] cWoIf / /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;ldltsf] cWoIfsf] e"ldsf lbg'kg]{ egL pk/fi6«kltsf] sfof{noaf6 ;'emfj k|fKt x'g cfPsf],

� eljiodf x'g ;Sg] ;ª\3Lo /fHo Joj:yf ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L :ki6 /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt Pjd\ ;'/Iff kmf}hsf] lhDd]jf/L ;d]t k|i6 kfg'{ kg]{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;z:q k|x/L annfO{ s]Gb|Lo ;'/Iff kmf}hsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug]{ gLlt lnOg'kg]{,

� sf/fuf/ P]gdf ;'wf/ ul/g'kg]{ / sf/fuf/sf] Ifdtf a9fO{ Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{,

� s]xL dGqfnodf /x]sf ljefu / lgb]{zgfnox¿sf] sfo{If]qdf /x]sf] bf]xf]/f]kgf x6fpg'kg]{ -h:t}M vfB, kz';]jf / s[lif Sjf/]G6fOg ;DaGwL sfo{_,

� s'g}klg ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] u7g ug'{ k"j{ cfjZostf / cf}lrTotfsf] cfwf/df bf]xf]/f] e"ldsf / bfloTj gkg]{ u/L O&M Survey u/]/ dfq sfof{nox¿sf] k'g;{+/rgf tyf :yfkgf x'g'kg]{,

� efjL ;+ljwfg ;efn] ug]{ /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L lghfdtL ;]jfsf] s]Gb|Lo ;]jf, k|fGtLo ;]jf / :yfgLo ;]jf u/L # txdf juL{s/0f ug]{, o;sf] :j¿k kl5 tof/ ug]{ u/L xfn cWoog ug'{ h¿/L x'Fbf To; tkm{af6 Wofg lbg' kg]{,

� x/]s !) jif{df ;du| sd{rf/LtGqsf] O&M ;j]{ u/L ;'emfj lnO{ ;'wf/;lxt sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug'{ kb{5 . ;'wf/ ubf{ ;+/rgf nufot sfo{ k|0ffnL Software df klg ug'{ kg]{,

� dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnon] ub}{ cfPsf] h]i7 gful/s, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm Pjd\ ;+:yf ;xhLs/0fsf] sfo{ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnodf / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ lhDdf lbg' pko'Qm x'g] .

� s[lif dGqfnosf] gfd kl/jt{g u/L vfB, s[lif Pjd\ kz';]jf dGqfno /flvg'kg]{,

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ lgsfo Operating Personnel Agency-OPA_ / Central Personnel Agency (CPA) s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L lgsfosf] e"ldsf :ki6 u/fpg' kg]{,

� hn;|f]t dGqfnonfO{ pmhf{ / l;+rfO{ dGqfnodf v08Ls/0f ul/;s]kl5 o;n] g]kfndf pknAw k|r"/ hn;|f]tsf] PsLs[t ljsf; ug{df ;d:of k/]sf] / g]kfn ef/t aLrsf] låkIfLo hn;|f]tsf ljifox¿df PsLs[t wf/0ff k|:t't ug{ g]kfnsf]

74

tkm{af6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;Gbe{df sl7gfO{ Joxf]g{' k/]sf] 5 . ctM pmhf{ / l;+rfO{ dGqfnonfO{ PsLs[t u/L k'gM hn;|f]t dGqfno agfpg' kg]{,

� ljs]lGb|t÷;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL ckgfpFbf s]Gb|Lo ;fË7lgs ;+/rgf v'Drg] / :yfgLo ;fË7lgs ;+/rgf km}ng] cj:yf >[hgf x'g] b]lvPsf]n] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f eP kZrft s]Gb|Lo÷;+3Lo lgsfonfO{ ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg ug]{ If]qflwsf/÷clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8sf cfwf/df ;d]t Need assessment u/L ;ª\u7gsf] ;+/rgf sfg'g, gLlt th'{df ug{ pko'Qm x'g]],

� cGt/f{li6«o cEof;sf cfwf/df g]kfn k|x/L ;ª\u7gsf] lj:t[t ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg -O&M _ ;j]{If0f, @)^( åf/f k|:tfljt k|x/L / gful/ssf] cg'kftnfO{ zx/L If]qdf !M@)) / u|fdL0f If]qdf !M#%) sf] lx;fadf k|x/Lsf] b/aGbL :jLs[t u/L nfu" ul/g'kg]{,

� sfdsf] rfksf] cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL sfod ul/g' kg]{,

� sfd gePsf sfof{noaf6 sfd ePsf sfof{nodf sd{rf/LnfO{ sfhdf k7fpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

� ;x–;lrj / ;lrjsf] aLrdf csf]{ kb ;[hgf ug'{kg]{ ;f]xL kbaf6 If]qLo k|zf;s h:tf kbsf] lgo'lQm ul/g'kg]{,

� Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;]jfnfO{ vf/]h u/L k|zf;g ;]jfdf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{,

� tYofÍ ;d"x of vf/]h ug'{ kg]{ of cfly{s of]hgf ;d"x klg u7g ul/g' kg]{,

� ;+3Lo /fHo agfpFbf sd{rf/LnfO{ sxfF a:g] xf] /f]Hg] clwsf/ lbg' kg]{,

� lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf ;xfos :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{,

� /fhgLlt / k|zf;g aLrdf Pp6f k|i6 ;Ldf /]vf x'g'kg]{

� lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf st{Jo / clwsf/ ;Fu;Fu} cEof; ul/g' kg]{,

� dGqfnosf] ;+Vof a9L b]lvPsfn] 36fP/ 7Ls cfsf/ -Right sizing) ug'{ pko'Qm x'g],

� If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{nosf] pkfb]otf gb]lvPsfn] vf/]h ug'{ pko'Qm x'g],

� dGqfno, ljefudf cfGtl/s ;fË7lgs ;+/rgf ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{,

� b]zsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yfnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L /fHoaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf ;'ljwfx¿nfO{ hgtfsf] glhs}af6 k|bfg ug{ s]xL :yfgdf cljnDa ;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{ / bL3{sfndf ;fgf ;fgf Jojl:yt j:tLsf] ljsf; ub}{ To:tf :yfgdf ;]jf s]Gb| nufot cGo cfjZos ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; u/fpg],

� ;z:q k|x/L ansf] dfu ePsf] t/ pkl:ylt gePsf] :yfgdf yk o'lg6x¿ :yfkgf ub}{ hfg] gLlt lng'kg]{,

75

� k|0ffnL / k|of]uzfnfx¿sf] k|df0fLs/0f tyf :t/ pGglt ug{' kg]{, x/]s Onfsf :t/df !÷! s[lif ;]jf s]Gb|÷pks]Gb| / x/]s uf=lj=;=df :yfgLo >f]taf6} Joxf]g]{ u/L sDtLdf !÷! j6f u|fdL0f s[lif sfo{stf{ jf JTA sf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{,

� /fHosf] tkm{af6 /fhb"tfjf; /fVg ;Dej gePsf / j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] nflu hfg] g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] ;+Vof w]/} ePsf b]zx¿df >d ;xr/L /fVg] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{, ;fy} Jofkf/ Joj;fo x'g] :yfgdf jfl0fHo jf dxfjfl0fHo b"t /fVg pko'Qm x'g],

� j}b]lzs /f]huf/ sfof{no If]qLo :t/df klg vf]Ng' kg]{ jf If]qLo >d sfof{nonfO{ To;sf] lhDd]jf/L lbg' pko'Qm x'g],

� /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu h:tf cg';Gwfg / lgu/fgL ug]{ sfof{nox¿nfO{ k|wfgdGqL sfof{no dftxtdf /fVg' kg]{,

� d'b|0f ljefunfO{ g]kfnL gf]6 ;d]t 5fKg ;Sg]u/L Jofks ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{g u/L o;nfO{ cy{ dGqfno dftxtdf /fVg' kg]{ To;sf] nflu cfw'lgs k|]; / bIf hgzlQmsf] ;d]t Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

� ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s c8\8og dGqfno cGtu{tsf kz'klt If]q ljsf; sf]if / n'lDagL ljsf; sf]if h:tf ljsf; ;ldlt tyf sf]ifx¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;/sf/L If]qsf] kx'Fr sfod /fVg To:tf lgsfodf dGqfnoaf6 sfo{sf/L clws[t v6fpg] Joj:yf u/L ;ldlt tyf sf]if P]gdf ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{,

� ;+rf/ k|;f/0f If]qdf lghL nufgL lelqP kZrft of] If]q k|ltikwf{Tds ¿kdf ljsf; eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df k|;f/0f If]qsf] lgodgsf] nflu ljz]if1tf;lxtsf] lgofds lgsfo -Regulatory body_ h:t} k|;f/0f k|flws/0fsf] Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{,

� x'nfs ;]jf ljefusf] xfnsf] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g u/L ;"rgf k|ljlw ;DaGwL sfdx¿ yk ug]{÷o;sf] nflu Internet, ;]jf ;+rfng Telecenter, Community e-center, Express delivery, Telephonic card ljqmL, Papar parcel ;]jf, e-cafe ;+rfng h:tf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ k|ToIf ;]jf k'Ug] sfo{x¿sf] lhDd]jf/L lbg],

� uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgnfO{ k'g;{+/rgf u/L cfw'lgsLs/0f ug]{,

� ;/sf/L k|;f/0f /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] k|;f/0fnfO{ l8lh6nfOH8 u/L b'a} ;+:yfnfO{ ufe]/ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0f lgud -Pulic Services Broadcasting Corporation_ sf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/L cnu cnu klxrfg;lxt Pp6} ;~rfns ;ldlt -Governing body) sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{,

� ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g 7]s]bf/ d}qL eof], ljsf;d}qL ePg To;sf/0f of] P]g k'g/fjnf]sg x'g'kg]{,

� ;se/ ;ldlt, ljsf; ;ldlt u7g gug]{, ePsfnfO{ ;DalGwt sfof{nodf cfa4 u/L vf/]h ug]{, u7g ug}{ kg]{ ePdf lglZrt ;do tf]s]/ dfq ug]{ Sunset Policy nfu" ug]{, To;/L agfpFbf klg cWoIf, ;b:o ;lrj, cfly{s k|zf;g zfvf k|d'v / lhG;L k|d'v lghfdtL sd{rf/Laf6} n}hfg] Joj:yf ug]{,

76

� b]zsf] o'jfzlQm ljb]lzg] qmdnfO{ /f]Sg] / hfg]nfO{ a9L bIftfo'Qm agfO{ k7fpg] gLlt cjnDag ug'{kg]{ ;fy} ljb]zaf6 k|fKt k"FhLnfO{ b]zsf] ljsf;df nufO{ gofF /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf / s[lifdf Joj;foLs/0f ub}{ hfg' kg]{,

� hg;+Vofsf] j[l4sf] cg'kftdf sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL a9]sf] 5}g, hgtfnfO{ ;]jf ;'ljwf ljt/0fsf] Uof/]06L ug{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL a9fpg' kg]{,

� k|To]s %÷% jif{df sfof{nosf] hgzlQm / ;]jf;'ljwfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g'kg]{,

@= lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ Jofj;flos, u'0f:t/Lo / ;]jfu|fxLk|lt lhDd]jf/ agfpg ul/g'kg]{ ;+:yfut / hgzlQmdf ;'wf/

� ;a} sfof{nox¿nfO{ kof{Kt ef}lts ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg' kg]{,

� lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;+lrt 3/ ljbf !*) lbgeGbf a9L ePdf jif{sf] cGTodf a9Ldf ! dlxgfsf] tnj lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf ug'{kg]{,

� sd{rf/Lsf] kf]zfs ef}uf]lns If]q cg's"n x'g'kg]{, ;f]xL cg';f/sf] kf]zfs eQfsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{,

� sd{rf/Lx¿sf] pd]/ ^) jif{ sfod u/L Ps¿ktf sfod ug'{ pko'Qm x'g]],

� ;/sf/L ljbf a9L ePsfn] To:tf ljbf s6f}tL u/L zlgaf/ / cfOtaf/ ljbf lbg] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{,

� ;fdflhs Gofo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf If]qdf ljlgof]lht /sd b'¿kof]u eO/x]sf] x'Fbf To;nfO{ /f]syfd / lgoGq0f ug]{ k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ldnfpg'kg]{,

� ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df u'gf;f] ;'Gg] tyf hfgsf/L lbg] ;DaGwdf cg'udg clws[t -Nodal Officer) tyf ;"rgf clws[t -Information Officer) sf] Joj:yfnfO{ clgjfo{ ug{'kg]{,

� ljsf; lgdf{0f nufot /fHosf x/]s sfo{sf] cg'udg d"NofÍg ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; ug'{ h¿/L ePsfn] ;f] ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{ ;/f]sf/jfnf, k|fljlws ljz]if1, k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj / /fhgLlts g]t[Tj ;d]tsf] ;xeflutf /xg] u/L cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;ldlt agfpg] / To;n] lbPsf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ t'¿Gt sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{,

� k|zf;g oGqdf gLlt eGbf lgot g} g]kfnsf] ;d:of xf] cyf{t gLlt ag]/ /xg] t/ sfof{Gjog kIf ;jn gxF'bf ;d:of ePsfn] To;nfO{ ;dfwfg ul/g' kg]{,

� /fli6«o dxTjsf /fli6«o ;Dkbfsf] ;'/Iff cw{;}lgs annfO{ ;'Dkg] gLlt lng'kg]{,

� ;a} ;'/Iff lgsfox¿;Fu /x]sf xltof/x¿nfO{ abnL ;do;fk]If / gofF k|ljlwo'Qm xltof/ pknAw u/fpg' kg]{,

� g]kfn k|x/LnfO{ r':t Pjd\ Jofj;flos agfpgsf] nflu sfo{k|s[lt cg'¿k gLlt lgdf{0f tx, ;'k/Lj]If0f tx, cg'udg tx, ;]jf tyf ;xof]u tx / sfg'g

77

sfof{Gjog tx u/L % txdf juL{s/0f tyf tb\cg'¿k hgzlQmsf] k|of]u / ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{of]hgf agfO{ nfu" ul/g'kg]{,

� ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿df x'g] ;Dk"0f{ lgdf{0f vr{sf] !)Ü /sd ;'/Iffsf] nflu ljlgof]lht ug]{, u/fpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{]{,

� k|ljlwo'Qm k|x/L, oflGqs ;'/Iff Joj:yf tyf cg';Gwfgdf lj1fg k|ljlwsf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbg'kg]{,

� ljlzi6 JolQmsf] ;'/Iff, ljdfg:yn ;'/Iff, dxTjk"0f{ k|lti7fgsf] ;'/Iff, ljkb\ Joj:yfkg, /fhdfu{ ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg, 6«flkms Joj:yfkg, sf/fuf/ Joj:yfkg tyf cGo ljlzli6s[t If]qsf] ;'/Iffdf ljz]if Joj:yf ug'{kg]{,

� lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf sDtLdf klg b'O{ hgf;Dd afn aRrfsf] nflu z}lIfs eQfsf] ¿kdf k9fO{ vr{ pknAw u/fpg' kg]{,

� :yfgLo lgsfodf hfg] sd{rf/Lsf] 5'§} ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] cfjZostf b]lvPsfn] :yfgLo lgsfodf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu 5'[§} :yfgLo lgsfo ;]jf cfof]u agfpg' kg]{, h;n] ubf{ :yfgLo lgsfox¿ aLrdf ;¿jf a9'jf ug{ ;lhnf] x'g],

� lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOPsf] kf]zfs eQf sd ePsfn] To;nfO{ ;dofg's"n agfpg sDtLdf klg !))Ü j[l4 u/L ¿= !%))).– agfpg' kg]{ . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] kf]zfsnfO{ ef}uf]lns If]qsf cfwf/df ldnfpg' kg]{,

� ;jf/L ;'ljwf kfpg] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;se/ ;jf/L ;fwg cfkm} rnfpg k|f]T;fxg ug]{, ;fgf] ;jf/L ;fwg cfkm\gf] lghL x'g] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;fdfGo dd{t vr{ / OGwgsf] ;'ljwf cflkm;af6 pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{,

� ;fj{hlgs vl/b / lgdf{0fdf 7]Ssf lnFbf &)÷&% k|ltzt;Dd 36]/ 7]Ssf lng] clg sfd gug]{, u/]klg u'0f:t/o'Qm gx'g] k|lqmof cljnDa /f]Sg'kg]{,

� jif{df Ps k6s cfGtl/s ko{6gsf] nflu sd{rf/LnfO{ !% lbg eQf;lxtsf] ;'ljwf lbg'kg]{,

� sd;n Pjd\ sdhf]/ u'0f:t/sf] sfd ug]{nfO{ 7]Ssf lbg] k|0ffnLsf] cGTo x'g'kg]{,

� unt n]vf cl8l6Ë u/L sfd ug]{sf] nfO;]G; vf/]h ug'{kg]{,

� clwsf+z hgtf cfkm}Fn] n]Vg g;Sg] x'Fbf hgtfsf] dfunfO{ g} lgj]bg dfg]/ sfd ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/g' kg]{,

� sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ sfd;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf k'gt{fhuL tflnd gePsfn] k'gt{fhuL tflndsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ / l56f] l56f] ;¿jf ubf{ sfddf k|efj k/]sf]n] lglZrt cjlw gk'uL ;¿jf gug]{,

� /fHon] sd{rf/LnfO{ k"0f{sfnLg agfpg' kg]{ / To;sf] nflu sfg'gL Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

� ahf/ / ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf] lgoldt cg'udg ug'{kg]{,

78

� zflGt ;ldltn] uf=lj=;= nfO{ lbg] eg]sf] /sd cfwf dfq lbg] u/]sf]n] k"/} lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{,

� :yfgLo :t/df sfd ug]{ sfof{nox¿sf] sfdsf] k|ult / vr{sf] ;d]t lx;fa u/L -Public Audit_ gful/s k/LIf0f ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{,

� Jofks ¿kdf pkef]Qmfsf] xs lxt lj¿4sf lqmofsnfk ePsf] ;DaGwdf ahf/ cg'udgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' kg]{,

� ahf/ cg'udg, lg/LIf0f tyf hfFr ljZn]if0f ;]jfsf nflu cfw'lgs d]l;g/L tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] cefj ePsfn] ko{fKt ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

� sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf d"NofÍg ubf{ nufgLsf] cfwf/df d"NofÍg ug'{kg]{, nufgLsf] lx;fa gu/L k|ltkmnsf] cfwf/df dfq cfof]hgfsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ kl/kf6Ln] Go"g nufgL ePsf] ;/sf/L If]qn] sfd} ug{ g;s]sf] eGg] hgefjgf ljsl;t ePsfn] o;df ;'wf/ u/L ;xL d"NofÍg ug{'kg]{,

� :yfgLo :t/sf sfdsf] rfk a9L ePsf sfof{nox¿df kof{Kt sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{,

� cgfjZos sfof{nox¿nfO{ tTsfn aGb ug'{kg]{,

� dGqfno, cfof]u, ljefu, cbfnt nufot If]qLo Pjd\ lhNnf l:yt sfof{nosf] ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ / sfo{ k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ tyf gofF k|ljlwsf] k|of]usf] nflu cfGtl/s ¿kdf g} ;'emfj lbg Pp6f ;ldlt agfO{ lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg] k|0ffnLnfO{ cjnDag ug'{ kg]{,

� sd{rf/Lsf] cGt/ dGqfno ;¿jf x'g] Joj:yf t'¿Gt aGb u/L hf] hxfF kb:yfkgf / lgo'Qm x'G5 ;f]xL dGqfno cGtu{tsf lgsfodf /xg] Joj:yf ug]{ -of] Professionalism, Institutional Memory, Accountability etc. sf nflu clt cfjZos ePsf]_ / ;¿jfsf] Joj:yf jif}{e/L sfod ug]{, t/ tf]lsPsf] cjlw ;dfKt geO{ ;¿jf ug{ gx'g] .

� ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;]jfd'vL x'g'kg]{, sfof{nodf sd{rf/Lx¿ cg'kl:yt g/xg] Joj:yf ldnfpg], ;fy} sfd st{Josf] :ki6 hfgsf/L sfof{no k|d'vn] ;a}nfO{ u/fpg] clgjfo{ Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] x'g'kg]{,

� If]qLo / c~rn k|zf;g x6fpg' kg]{, k|x/Ldf tNnf] bhf{sf] b/aGbL a9fpg] / dflyNnf] txdf ga9fpg],

� ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjnfO{ clej[l4 ub}{ ;fdflhs k/LIf0f / ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t cg'udg Joj:yfnfO{ cleofgs} ¿kdf ;+rfng ug]{,

� sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;'/Iff, oftfoftsf] ;xhtf tyf Jofjxfl/s ;d:of ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L sf7df8f}+ pkTosf nufot b]z} e/L sd{rf/LnfO{ cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{,

79

� lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] 1fg ;LknfO{ pkof]u ug{sf] nflu cjsfz kl5sf] cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf pko'Qm of]hgf agfO{ lgj[Q sd{rf/LnfO{ cfod"ns, ;]jfd"ns tyf ;dfhdf d]nldnfkstf{ tyf ljjfb ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf sfd ug{;Sg] u/L sd{rf/LnfO{ lgj[Q tflndsf] Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{,

� sd{rf/Lsf] JolQmut Pjd\ ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] sd{rf/L ;+rosf]if;Fu ldnL ;fd'lxs cfjf;sf] Joj:yfsf] nflu dflyNnf] >]0fLsf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;fd'lxs ¿kdf 3/x¿ pknAw u/fpg] tyf tNnf] >]0fLsf sd{rf/LnfO{ km\Nof6 pknAw u/fpg] gLlt cjnDag ug'{kg]{,

� lghfdtL c:ktfnnfO{ lj:tf/ u/L If]qLo ¿kdf klg ;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{ kg]{, If]qLo ¿kdf lj:tf/ gubf{;Dd sf7df8f}+ cfpg hfgsf] nflu lj/fdL sd{rf/L / p;sf] Pshgf s'¿jfnfO{ ef8f :j¿k eQfsf] Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{,

� ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ljB'tLo ;'zf;gnfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg' kg]{ s]Gb|Lo lgsfo nufot ;a} :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ k|ljlw / xf8{j]o/ pknAw u/fO{ sfo{/t hgzlQmnfO{ To;df cEo:t agfpg],

� ;]jf k|jfxdf 6f]sg k|0ffnL, sfpG6/ k|0ffnL, Email÷Internet sf] pkof]u cflbnfO{ a9fpg' kg]{,

� ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df gful/s j8fkqnfO{ cBfjlws u/L /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{ ;fy} ;'zf;gsf] nflu Ifltk"lt{;lxtsf] sfo{ k|lta4tfsf] Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" u/fpg' kg]{,

� ;+ljwfg k|bt ;"rgfsf] xssf] ;xL pkof]u x'g] u/L ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{nosf j]j;fO6 -Website_ lgoldt ¿kdf cBfjlws ug]{ u/fpg] ug'{kg]{,

� ;]jf kfpg eg'{kg]{ kmf/fdx¿ Online df ;d]t k|fKt x'g]u/L /fVg'kg]{ . PsLs[t 3'DtL ;]jfnfO{ Jofks / lg/Gt/ ¿kdf n}hfg' kg]{,

� ;]jfu|fxLx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf ;/n / ;xh¿kdf k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] lgdf{0f ePsf ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿sf j]a;fO6x¿ lgoldt ¿kdf cBfjwL x'g] gu/]sf] eGg] u'gf;f] ;DaGwdf uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg] u/L ;f] ;DaGwdf ;a} ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿nfO{ cljnDa cfkm\gf] j]a;fO6nfO{ cBfjlws ug{ nufpg' kg]{,

� ahf/ cg'udg ubf{ uDeL/ uNtL ug]{ lj¿4 lhNnf cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug]{ / ;fgfltgf t/ k6s–k6s bf]xf]¥ofO{ /xg] s;'/bf/nfO{ lg/LIf0f clws[tn] Ps k6sdf ¿= %–!% xhf/ ;Dd hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sg] x'g'kg]{,

� gfktf}n P]g, @)@%, g]kfn u'0f:t/ k|df0f lrGx P]g, @)#& df k|=lh=c=af6 d'2f km};nf ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf]df :6f088{ gfk / tf}n P]g, @)@% df Joj:yf eP cg'¿k gfktf}n ljefunfO{ cw{Goflos lgsfosf] clwsf/ x'g'kg]{ cGoyf pkef]Qmf cbfnt jf lhNnf cbfntdf d'2f btf{ ug]{ u/L ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{,

80

� cw{Goflos lgsfon] ug]{ km};nf adf]lhdsf] b08 hl/jfgf s}bsf] nut /fVg] / To;nfO{ sof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] ;DaGwdf cGof}n b]lvPsf] x'Fbf ;f] ;DaGwdf pko'Qm Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

� ;]jf k|j]z / ;]jfsfnLg tflndnfO{ ;]jf k|jfxsf] ljlzi6tf;Fu hf]8\g] -Tie up) ug]{ u/L tflndsf] kf7\oqmd tof/ ug'{kg]{ tflndnfO{ a9L pkof]uL / cfsif{s agfpg'kg]{,

� g]kfn ;/sf/sf] 5fqj[lQdf ljb]zdf k9\g uPsf ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ -8fS6/ ;d]t_ ;+emf}tf adf]lhdsf] cjlw sfd ug{ clgjfo{ ug]{ ;]jf gu/]df k|rlnt b//]6 adf]lhd bf]Aa/ Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{,

� – cf}ifwf]krf/ /sd /fhkqfls+t -;lrj÷;x;lrj_ sf] !@ dlxgfeGbf sltko cj:yfdf >]0fL ljxLg sd{rf/Lsf] cf}ifwf]krf/ vr{ @! dlxgfsf] tnj a/fa/ ubf{ a9L x'ghfg] cj:yf tkm{ s;}sf] klg Wofg hfg g;s]sf] x'Fbf To;df ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L ;a}sf] xsdf @! dlxgf a/fa/sf] x'g'kg]{],

� g]kfn /fi6« j}+sn] k|To]s jif{ hf/L ug]{ pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rLdf ePsf] j[l4sf] k|ltztsf] cfwf/df lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] tna :jtM j[l4 x'g] u/L sfg'gdf g} Joj:yf u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kg]{,

� kb tyf lhDd]jf/L ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ sd{rf/Lsf] kb cg';f/sf] tnj cGt/nfO{ k|zf;gsf] dfGotf tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf cg';f/ x'g] u/L tnjsf] lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{,

� lghfdtL, g]kfnL ;]gf, ;z:q k|x/L an tyf g]kfn k|x/L tkm{sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;'ljwfdf ljljwtf /x]sf]n] ;a} txsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu ;dfg ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ ;fy} ;'ljwfnfO{ blIf0f PlzofnL dfkb08df k'¥ofpg] gLlt lnOg'kg]{,

� g]kfn ;/sf/sf] e|i6frf/ lj¿4 z"Go ;xgzLntfsf] gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ljBdfg ;]jf ;'ljwfdf ;do ;fk]If j[l4 ub}{ Go"gtd hLjgofkgsf] nflu rflxg] tnjdfg lgwf{/0f ul/g'kg]{,

� g]kfn ;/sf/af6 u7g ePsf] k] sld;gn] lbPsf] l/kf]6{ g]kfn /fi6« j}+saf6 k|To]s jif{ hf/L ug]{ pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rL / ;fs{ /fi6«x¿df /fi6« ;]js sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lbPsf] ;'ljwfnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L sd{rf/Lsf] tnj ;'[ljwf j[l4 ul/g' kg]{,

� xfn sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOPsf] jflif{s tnj j[l4 -u|]8_ ;fx|} sd eO{ ahf/ d"Nosf] cfwf/df cg'ko'Qm ePsfn] To;nfO{ sDtLdf klg x/]s sd{rf/Lsf] Ps lbgsf] tnj a/fa/ agfOg' kg]{,

� lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] b}lgs e|d0f eQf dx+uLsf] t'ngfdf Hofb} Go"g /x]sf sf/0f sd{rf/L sfhdf vl6Fbf kfpg] ;'ljwf gk'u eO{ vfg] vr{;d]t cGoqaf6 hf]xf] ug]{ cj:yf cfPsf] x'Fbf b}lgs e|d0feQfsf] /sd j[l4 ug'{ kg]{,

81

� j}b]lzs tflnd / e|d0f h:tf cj;/x¿sf] ;dGoflos ljt/0f x'g'kg]{,

#= lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jf, j[lQ ljsf;, ;¿jfnfO{ cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg / lgoGq0f k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg] ;DaGwdf jt{dfg sfg'gL Joj:yf / k|lqmofdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/ .

� hgtfnfO{ k|ToIf ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ uf=lj=;= h:tf :yfgLo lgsfo / cGo ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ sfof{nox¿df kb l/Qm eO{ vfnL x'g] cj:yfsf] cGTo ug'{kg]{, To;sf nflu ;Defljt of]hgf agfO{ ;se/ l56f] k"lt{ ug{ nf]s;]jf cfof]udf n]lv k7fpg] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / sfof{Gjog u/fpg' kg]{,

� b/aGbL >[hgf gu/L ul/g] a9'jf k|0ffnL sd{rf/L lxt cg's"n gePsfn] o:tf k|0ffnL cljnDa vf/]h ug'{kg]{,

� ;]jf k|j]zsf] pd]/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf /fhkq cg+lstdf xfnsf] pd]/ l7s} 5 . /f=k=t[tLodf @% jif{, /f=k= låtLodf #% jif{, /f=k= k|yddf $% jif{ ;lrjsf] nflu %) jif{, d'Vo ;lrjsf] nflu %% jif{ ;]jf pd]/ sfod ug'{kg]{],

� sd{rf/LnfO{ slDtdf klg hLjg lgjf{x x'g] u/L / lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] tf]s]sf] sd{rf/Lsf] kl/jf/nfO{ Go"gtd ¿kdf ePklg kfNg ;Sg] u/L dx+uLsf] cfwf/df tnj tf]lsg' kg]{,

� g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] h'g;'s} ;]jf jf ;d"xdf sfo{/t / a9'jfsf] nflu of]Uotf k'u]sf ;x;lrjx¿nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] h'g;'s} ;]jf ;d"xsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf a9'jf x'g kfpg] Joj:yf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg'kg]{,

� ;a} ;]jfnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] 5ftf P]g agfO{ nfu" ug'{kg]{,

� cfsl:ds jLdfsf] /sd ! nfv %) xhf/ / jLdfsf] /sd ! nfvaf6 j[l4 u/L ;do ;fk]If % nfv ul/g' kg]{],

� sd{rf/Lsf] kb:yfkg Pjd\ ;¿jfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu pQ/flwsf/ of]hgf -Succession Plan_ agfO{ nfu" ug'{kg]{,

� x'nfsL xNsf/fx¿sf] kb gfd kl/jt{g u/L ;+rf/÷;Djfxs ;xfos /flvg' kg]{,

� :yfgLo lgsfosf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ Ps lgsfoaf6 csf]{ lgsfodf ;¿jf ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

� & jif{eGbf a9L sf]xL klg Pp6f sfof{nodf a:g gkfpg] x'g'kg]{,

� 8fS6/ / OlGhlgo/x¿nfO{ ;]jf k|j]zkl5 t'¿Gt} lhNnfl:yt sfof{nox¿df k7fpFbf sfo{sf] cg'ej gx'g] eO{ ;d:of cfPsf] x'Fbf cg'ejL;Fu sfd l;s]kl5 cled'vLs/0f tflnd jf k'gt{fhuL -Refreshment Training_ lbP/ dfq k7fpg' kg]{,

82

� sd{rf/Lsf] ;¿jf / a9'jf k|0ffnLnfO{ cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg' kg]{, h]i7tfdf cfwfl/t jf ;d"xut -Jofr_ cfwf/df a9'jf k|0ffnL cljnDa ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] . ;du| lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ txut k|0ffnLdf n}hfg' g} pko'Qm x'g]],

� /f=k= låtLo / k|yd >]0fLdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lleqaf6 dfq k|ltikwf{ ug]{ / 58\s] k|j]z x6fpg' kg]{,

� s'g} klg kbdf lglZrt cjlw ;]jf ul/;s]kl5 klg kbf]Gglt x'g g;Sg] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;'ljwf;lxt clgjfo{ cjsfz lbg' kg]{,

� sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ffdf lgs} sdL ePsfn] df}lb|s / u}/ df}lb|s pkfox¿ k|efjsf/L agfO{ nfu" ug'{kg]{, sd{rf/Lsf] JolQmut sfd / sfof{nosf] sfd aLrdf :ki6 / kf/bzL{ lgod / ;+:sf/ agfpg h¿/L b]lvPsf],

� k|fljlws If]qsf OlGhlgo/sf] 7fpFdf ;8s clws[t, ejg clws[t cyf{t h] sfdsf] OlGhlgo/ xf] ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] kbLo gfd lbg' kg]{,

� lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] ;ftf}+ ;+zf]wgn] yk u/]sf] lgod ^@s= a]tnjL ljbf >Ldfg jf >LdtL ljb]zl:yt g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf; jf lgof]udf vl6uPsf] k|df0f;lxt lgj]bg lbg'kg]{ k|fjwfg Gofof]lrt gePsf]n] ;f] ljbf ;a} sd{rf/LnfO{ cj;/sf] ¿kdf lbg] Joj:yf sfod ul/g[' kg]{,

� ;/sf/L sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf b'3{6gf eO{ jf ;f]xL b'3{6gfsf] sf/0faf6 d[To' x'g] sd{rf/Lsf] kl/jf/nfO{ dfq lgj[lQe/0f tyf pkbfg /sd lbg] Joj:yfdf kl/dfh{g u/L ;/sf/L sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf x[bo3ft, a]xf];, d'l5{t jf 7"nf] rf]6 kL8f k/L ToxL sf/0faf6 d[To' ePdf ;f] sd{rf/Lsf] kl/jf/nfO{ ;d]t ;'ljwf lbg] u/L Joj:yf ug'{kg]{,

� g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;dfg >]0fLsf clwsf/Lx¿n] kfpg] ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] :t/ sfof{no cg';f/ km/s–km/s /x] ePsf] kfOFbf ;a}lt/ ;dfg x'g'kg]{ . pk–;lrjnfO{ lbOg] df]6/ ;'ljwfdf ;d]t Ps¿ktf gkfOPsf] x'Fbf Ps¿ktf sfod ul/g'kg]{,

� sd{rf/LnfO{ ;fd'lxs ¿kdf cfjf; ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf geP;Ddsf] nflu x/]s sd{rf/Lsf] tnj :s]nsf] Ps rf}yfO{ !÷$ /sd cfjf; ;'ljwfsf] nflu eQf :j¿k pknAw u/fpg' kg]{,

� xfn Pshgf uf=lj=;=;lrjn] w]/} uf=lj=;= x]g'{k/]sf] x'Fbf cljnDa uf=lj=;= ;lrjsf] kbk"lt{ u/L oyf ;dodf ;]jf lbg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

$= 6«]8 o"lgogsf] e"ldsf / ltgdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/

� 6«]8 o'lgogx¿sf] a9L rf;f] ;¿jfdf b]lvg] u/]sf] / slxn]sfFxL sfd ug{ klg sl7g ePsf] ;d]t x'Fbf ;¿jf k|0ffnLnfO{ Pp6f k|m]ddf n}hfg'kg]{,

� 6«]8 o'lgogdf /fhkq cg+lst sd{rf/LnfO{ dfq ;+ul7t x'g] clwsf/ lbg'kg]{,

83

� lghfdtL ;]jfsf] gLltut ljifo, sfg'gdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/ / lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lbg];]jf ;'ljwf h:tf k]zfut lxtsf] ljifodf dfq 6«]8 o'lgogsf] e"ldsf /xg] Joj:yf ug]{ u/L sfg'gdf kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{,

� sd{rf/L g} bnsf] g]tf / sfo{stf{ x'g] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; h;/L ePsf] 5 To;sf] cGTo ug'{kg]{ . sd{rf/Ln] /fhgLlts bnsf] cf8df cfkm\gf] :jfy{k"lt{ ug{ nfUg] / /fhgLlts bnsf] sfo{stf{n] sd{rf/Lsf] cf8df /fhgLlts bfpk]r ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] cGTo ul/g[' kg]{,

� lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf 6«]8 o'lgogx¿nfO{ /fhgLlts bnsf] eft[ ;ª\u7gsf] ¿kdf sfo{ ug]{ jt{dfg kl/kf6Lsf] cGTosf] nflu lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL adf]lhd cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgog lgjf{rg cljnDa u/fpg' kg]{ . ;fy} 6«]8 o'lgogsf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltdf a:g] sd{rf/Lsf] nflu cfrf/;+lxtf agfO{ nfu" ug'{kg]{,

� ljleGg bnsf ljleGg lhDd]jf/ ;ldltdf /x]sf dfG5]x¿ g} uf=lj=;= ;lrj÷ljBfno lg/LIfs tyf sfof{nosf sd{rf/L /x]sfn] pgLx¿nfO{ t'¿Gt sfjf{xL ug'{kg]{,

� jg /Ifs, ;z:q jg /Ifs h:tf cw{ ;}lgs k|s[ltsf kbx¿ /x]sf / /ft lbg ;'/Iff sfo{df v6\g' kg]{ km/]i6/, /]Gh/ tyf clws[t kbdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿n] s'g} klg k]zfut ;ª\u7gdf cfa4 x'g gkfpg] :ki6 sfg'gL Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

� sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgog a9L /fhgLlts ePsfn] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;]jfsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ pko'Qm gx'Fbf sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgog vf/]h x'g'kg]{,

%= b'u{d If]qdf ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ul/g'kg]{ k|lqmof / ;'wf/

� lhNnf lhNNffdf /fHosf] gLlt lgb]{zg sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ ;+oGq agfpg'kg]{,

� b'u{ddf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ cfs{ifs eQf / a9'jf tyf b'u{d kl5sf] ;¿jfdf k|fyldstfsf] :yfgdf ;¿jf /f]Hg kfpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

� b'u{ddf sd{rf/L hfg gdfGg], uPklg a:g gdfGg] k|j[lQnfO{ x6fpgsf] nflu b'u{ddf v6L hfg] sd{rf/LnfO{ ljz]ifeQfsf] Joj:yf ug'{sf ;fy} b'u{ddf ;]jf u/] jfkt a9'jfdf a9L cÍ kfpg] u/L P]g, lgodfjnLdf ;+zf]wg x'g'kg]{,

� nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 klxnf] k6s ;]jf k|j]z ePsf sd{rf/LnfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf b'u{ddf k7fpg] Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ t/ k|fljlws 1fg, ;Lk / cg'ej cfjZos kg]{ lhDd]jf/ kbx¿ h:t} 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/x¿nfO{ klxnf] kb:yfkg ubf{ k|d'vsf] lhDd]jf/L glbO{ c¿ cg'ejL;Fu sfd u/fpg] / csf]{ k6s dfq cg'ej xfl;n eO{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf k|d'vsf] lhDd]jf/L lbO{ b'u{d If]qdf k7fpg' kg]{,

� b'u{ddf sd{rf/L sfof{no ;do;Dd klg ga:g], tf]lsPsf] kf]zfs gnufpg] k|j[lQsf] cGTosf] nflu lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 lgu/fgL a9fpg' kg]{ .

84

^= lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg -Diversity Management_ ;DaGwL ;'wf/

� cf/If0f Ps JolQmnfO{ Ps k6s dfq lbg'kg]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; x'g'kg]{, cf/If0f sltjif{sf] nflu lbg] xf] lglZrt ¿kdf tf]s]/ lbg'kg]{ of] cf/If0f;DaGwL Joj:yf Sunset Law sf] cfwf/df dfq lbg'kg]{,

� ;dfj]zLdf hflt tyf If]qsf cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ug'{eGbf ;fd'bflos ljBfnoaf6 kf; u/]sf x/]s gful/snfO{ egL sf]6f 5'6\ofpg' pko'Qm x'g],

� cf/If0faf6 cfPsf pDd]b\jf/nfO{ Front line df sfd ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbg],

� cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf hfltut cfwf/df xf]Og ju{sf] cfwf/df lbg' kg]{

� lgj[Q /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] nflu nf]s;]jf cfof]udf sf]6fsf] Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{,

&= lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ j:t'ut / j}1flgs agfpg dfkg ;+oGqsf] ljsf;

� sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ;"rsfÍx¿n] sfdsf] 7Ls d"NofÍg x'g g;s]sf] x'Fbf d"NofÍg ;"rsfÍnfO{ sd{rf/Lsf] sfd;Fu tfbfTDotf ldnfO{ j:t'k/s / glthfd"ns agfpg'kg]{,

� sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ #^)) sf] agfpg' kg]{,

� sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgdf hgtf Pjd\ ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{,

� gful/s ;dfhn] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf va/bf/L ul//xg' kg]{,

� sfo{;Dkfbgdf gd"gf e"ldsf v]Ng] (Role Model) sd{rf/L rog u/L ;]jfu|fxLaf6 g} ;Ddfg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg],

� lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L, Jofj;flos, u'0f:t/Lo agfpg xfn ;]jfk|j]zsf] nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotfdf kl/jt{g ug]{ -dflyNnf] :t/ sfod ug]{_, ;fy} ;]jfu|fxLk|lt lhDd]jf/ agfpg ;]jfu|fxL ;Gt'i6L kmf/fd ljsf; u/L eg]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] / ;]jfu|fxLsf] u'gf;f], lk/dsf{sf] ;'g'jfO{ Joj:yfnfO{ pRr:t/Lo ;+oGq agfO{ k|fKt u'gf;f] x¿nfO{ oyf]lrt ;Daf]wg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg],

� x/]s cfly{s jif{sf] z'¿df g} x/]s sd{rf/LnfO{ :ki6 sfo{ ljj/0f;lxtsf] lhDd]jf/L lnlvt ¿kdf g} lbg],

*= ;]jf s/f/ ;DaGwdf ;'wf/

� ;xfos :t/sf sd{rf/LnfO{ :yfoL b/aGbLdf lgo'Qm gu/L ;]jf s/f/df lng' pko'Qm x'g],

� s/f/ ;]jf JolQm;Fu xf]Og ;+:yf;Fu ul/g'kg]{,

85

� s/f/df lgo'Qm ePsf JolQmn] lg/Gt/tf kfO/xg] cj:yf b]lvPsf] x'Fbf c:yfoL k|s[ltsf] h:tf] eO/x]sf]n] o;nfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g' kg]{,

(= ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ glthfd"ns agfpg ckgfpg' kg]{ gLltut ;'wf/

� ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfos sfof{nox¿n] lbPsf] ;]jfsf] ;Gt'li6 / c;Gt'li6sf] dfkgsf nflu k|To]s jif{ s'g} :jtGq :yfgLo lgsfo dfkm{t k[i6kf]if0f lbg gful/s k|ltj]bg kq -Citizen Report Card_ sf] Joj:yf ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] ;fy} o:tf sfof{nox¿n] jif{sf] Psk6s ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ clgjfo{ ug'{kg]{,

� tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug]{ / gug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] /]s8{ /fvL -Nagative Marking_ ;f]sf cfwf/df j[lQ ljsf; ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{kg]{,

� b08 / k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yfnfO{ sfo{ k|efjsfl/tf / glthf;Fu hf]8]/ Jojl:yt ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{,

� :yfgLo lgsfodf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm lh=lj=;=af6 ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{kg]{,

� ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ tyf lgodfjnL, @)^% nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{,

� s'g}klg If]qsf] clgoldttf ug]{sf lj¿4 ;"rgf lbg] JolQmsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] ;"rgfbftfsf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ljw]os -Whistle blower Protection Bill_ kfl/t u/L cljnDa nfu" ug{]],

� of]hgf / ah]6 JolQmsf] kx'Frsf] cfwf/df xf]Og cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t eO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ agfOg' kg]{,

� jflif{s pTs[i6 sd{rf/LnfO{ k'/:sf/ 3f]if0ff ubf{ klg ;Qf¿9 bnsf] lgs6sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf o;sf] cGTo x'g'kg]{ / sd{rf/LnfO{ k'/:s[t ubf{sf] cfwf/ tof/ ug'{ kg]{,

� cGo d'n'ssf] eGbf sd kfl/>lds lbP/ b/aGbL dfq a9fO{ of]Uo / ;Ifd g]kfnL gful/sx¿sf] 7"nf] ;d"xnfO{ cNemfpg] sfo{ ePsf] / cltl/Qm cfo cfh{g x'g] 7fpFx¿nfO{ /fd|f] 7fFp eGg] rng rNof], cltl/Qm cfos} nflu dfq ;/sf/L ;]jfdf hfg] k|j[lQ a9\of], cltl/Qm cfo ug{ grfxg] t/ of]Uo / ;Ifd o'jfx¿ ;/sf/L ;]jfdf hfg} 5f]8], o;}sf/0f ut jif{b]lv ef/tdf klg t]Aa/ rf}a/ tnj j[l4 u/L ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] cfsif{0f a9fOof], b/aGbL 36fOof] s] g]kfndf o:tf] ug{ ;lsb}g < ug'{ k¥of]],

� /fi6«sf ljleGg :yfgdf a;L sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ljleGg cfk/flws ;d"xaf6 xTof ug]{ sfo{ eO/x]sf]n] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;'/Iff k|aGw ldnfpg' kg]{ ;fy} xTof ul/Psf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;lxb 3f]if0ff u/L plrt Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ;d]t x'g'kg]{,

� cfufdL ;dob]lv lgo'Qm x'g] sd{rf/LnfO{ lgj[lQe/0f lbg] Joj:yfsf] cGTo u/L Psd'i6 pkbfgsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{,

86

� cjsfz of]hgf agfO{ lgj[Q ePsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfod"ns sfo{df nfUg ;Sg] u/L ;Lksf] ljsf; u/fpg] Joj:yf cjnDag ug'{ pko'Qm x'g],

� lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] kl/jf/n] & jif{;Dd k'/} / afFsL cjlw cfwf k]G;g kfpg] cj:yfnfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L cfhLjg k"/} k]G;g kfpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

� lgj[Q sd{rf/Lsf] k]G;g lghsf] a}+s vftfdf dfl;s ¿kdf k7fpg] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{,

!)= ljljw

� cfGtl/s ¿kdf d'n'sdf /f]huf/L l;{hgf ul/g' kg]{],

� lghL If]qdf x'g] u/]sf e|i6frf/nfO{ sfg'gL bfo/fdf NofO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf /f]syfd ul/g' kg{],

� ef}uf]lns cj:yfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L b]zsf] k'g;{+/rgf ubf{ lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{ ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6]/ ef}uf]lns ;fldKotf, ;'udtf, hftLo hg;+Vof, cfly{s Ifdtf cflbnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ sd k|b]z agfpg' kg]{,

� j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] o'jfnfO{ ;Lko'Qm agfO{ k7fpg] tkm{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ To;sf] nflu :yfgLo >d sfof{nonfO{ ;f]sf] lhDdf lbg' pko'Qm x'g],

� j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] gfddf x'g] 7uL / dfgj a]rljvgnfO{ lgoGq0f u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg /fHon] Wofg lbg' kg]{,

� j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ dof{lbt / cfs{ifs agfpg bL3{sfnLg ;'wf/ of]hgf agfO{ nfu" ug'{kg]{,

� ;'wf/sf] nflu tTsfnLg, dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg ljifo 5'6\ofpg], ;'wf/sf] lhDd]jf/L, sfo{of]hgf, cjlw / k|fKt x'g] kl/0ffdsf] ;"rs;lxt ;DalGwt lgsfo k|d'v;Fu ;Demf}tf ug{ ;d]t ldNg] u/L sfo{ of]hgf;lxt ;'emfj lbg pko'Qm x'g],

� åGåsf ;dodf jL/utL k|fKt u/]sf cd/ k|x/L kl/jf/dWo] s;}n] ;f9] ;ft nfv ;'ljwf kfPsf / s;}n] ;f] eGbf sdL kfPsf x'Fbf ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf /fxt pknAw u/fpg' kg]{,

� ;/sf/n] vl/b ug]{ cf}iflw u'0f:t/o'Qm x'g'kg]{, To:tf cf}iflw sDtLdf klg WHO, FMD af6 dfGotf k|fKt x'g' kg]{,

� :jf:Yo If]qdf vl/b ul/g] pks/0fx¿ u'0f:t/o'Qm x'g'kg]{, cf}iflw / pks/0f vl/b k"j{ Pp6f ;ldlt agfO{ To;af6 d"NofÍg ug'{kg]{,

� c:ktfn kl/;/leq c:ktfn cfkm}n] k;n /fvL ;:tf], ;'ne tl/sfn] cf}iflw ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg], c:ktfn kl/;/leq lghL kmfd]{;L vf]Ng glbg],

� s;}nfO{ klg ljz]if lhDd]jf/L lbg'eGbf klxnf JolQmsf] ;Rrl/qtfsf] k"0f{ k/LIf0f -Intigrity test_ ul/g' kg]{,

87

� xfnsf] ljBdfg zx/L ljsf; gLlt / cfjf; gLltdf ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g u/L PsLs[t zx/L ljsf; gLlt th'{df ug'{kg]{,

� s[lifdf Joj;foLs/0f ug{sf] nflu s[lifsf] cf}Bf]lusLs/0f / ahf/Ls/0f tyf kz'kfngdf Joj;foLs/0f ug'{ h¿/L ePsf] / ctM s[lif gLlt / kz'kfng gLlt Ps cfk;df cGt/lge{/ x'Fbf Ps csf{k|lt ;dGjo x'g] u/L th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{,

� :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg nfdf] ;dob]lv gePsf] sf/0fn] :yfgLo :t/sf] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfo{df sl7gfO{ ePsf] ;fy} :yfgLo lgsfodf hfg] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] b'¿kof]u ePsf] x'Fbf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg cljnDa ul/g' kg]{,

� u|fdL0f If]qdf hyfefjL af6f] vGgfn] ;d:of cfPsf] 5, To;sf] gLlt aGg' kg]{,

� Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf oftfoftdf /x]sf] l;l08s]6 k|0ffnLn] ubf{ hgtfn] /fd|f] / ;:tf] ;]jf kfpgaf6 jl~rt ePsfn] u}/sfg'gL ¿kdf /x]sf] l;l08s]6 k|yfsf] Jojxf/d} cGTo ul/g' kg]{,

� åGåsfndf JolQmsf] 3/ hUuf sAhf u/]/ xfn;Dd d'cfJhf glbPsf]n] kLl8t dsf{df k/]sf 5g\ . ctM d'cfAhfsf] Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{,

� oftfoft, xf]6n, b"w, kfgL nufotsf lghL If]qn] ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf ljt/0f u/]sf ;]jf ;'ljwfdf l;l08s]6 k|0ffnL xfjL ePsf] sf/0f ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf ;'zf;g sfod x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf jfjh"b klg l;l08s]6 k|0ffnLnfO{ x6fpg g;Sbf hgtfnfO{ lbg] ;]jf ;'ljwf dx+uf] / u'0f:t/xLg ePsf] 5 o;df ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{,

� sfnLsf]6b]lv x'Dnf;Ddsf] @$) ls=dL= ;8s af6f] lgdf{0fsf] nflu t'¿Gt g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ lbg'kg]{,

� s[lifdf Jofj;flosLs/0f / ahf/Ls/0f ug'{ cfjZos ePsfn] e"ldsf] e"–pkof]u gLlt agfO{ cljnDa zx/L If]qdf x'g] hUuf Knl6Ë sfo{sf] nflu eljio;Ddsf] nflu ljrf/ u/L Go"gtd dfkb08 tf]lsg' kg]{ . hUufsf] ;fgf ;fgf w]/} 6'qmf aGb} uPsfn] Go"gtd !@ lkm6] af6f] agfpg' kg]{,

� lzIfs ;]jf, ;+3, ;+:yfg ;ldltaf6 lgj[Q ePsf /fi6«;]jsnfO{ ;d]t lghfdtL c:ktfnaf6 ;'ljwf;lxt pkrf/sf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

� lzIffdf ;'wf/ ug{ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO{ pknlAwnfO{ lzIfssf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg;Fu cfa4 ug]{,

� k|To]s z}lIfs ;qdf slDtdf klg @@) lbg k7g kf7g ug{'kg]{ sfg'gL k|fjwfgnfO{ s8fO{sf ;fy sfof{Gjog u/fpg],

� b'O{ vfn] lzIff -af]l8{Ë / ;fd'bflos_ k|0ffnLn] b]zsf] lzIff If]qdf ;d:of NofPsf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf o:tf] k|0ffnLsf] cGTo x'g'kg]{,

88

� lzIffdf /fhgLlts/0f / Jofkf/Ls/0fn] ubf{ ;d:of NofPsf] 5, o;nfO{ /fHon] plrt tl/sfn] ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{,

� ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf a:g]sf] of]Uotf gtf]lsFbf w]/} ;d:of b]lvPsf 5g, ctM lglZrt of]Uotf tf]lsg' kg]{,

� ;fj{hlgs / ;/sf/L k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;Dkbfsf] cglws[t bf]xg tyf b'¿kof]u eO/x]sf] x'Fbf To;nfO{ /f]syfd ug]{ k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ug'{kg]{,

� r'/] If]qdf Jofks¿kdf cltqmd0f eO/x]sf] x'Fbf To;nfO{ /f]sL h}ljs ljljwtf ;lxt jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f ug]{ tkm{ cljnDa k|efjsf/L sbd rfNg'kg]{,

� b}jL k|sf]k Pjd\ cfunfuL Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ hgzlQm nufot ;fwg ;|f]t pknAw u/fpg],

� jftfj/0fnfO{ k|efj gkg]{ u/L qm;/ nufotsf pBf]ux¿ ;~rfngsf ;DaGwdf lglZrt dfkb08 agfO{ To:tf] dfkb08 lj¿4 ;~rflnt pBf]u aGb ug]{,

� b]zsf] h}ljs ljljwtf sfod u/L bLuf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu slDtdf $)Ü jg If]q sfod /fVg' cfjZos ePsf]n] jg If]qsf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / pkof]usf] nflu /fhgLlts nufot ;a}sf] Pstfa4 k|lta4tf /xg' kg]{,

� ljleGg lgsfox¿af6 k"jf{wf/ ljsf; Pjd\ lgdf{0fsf nflu jg If]qsf] hUuf dfu ug]{ k|j[lQ a9\b} uPsf]n] tL lgsfox¿n] jg If]qsf] hUuf dfu ubf{ j}slNks ljZn]if0f tyf bL3{sfnLg of]hgf cg'¿k eP gePsf] ;d]t ljrf/ u/L dfq dfu ug]{ / jg If]qsf] hUufsf] d"NofÍg u/L Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yfsf] gLltut Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

� jg If]qdf cltqmd0f u/L a;f]jf; ug]{ k|j[ltnfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf o:tf cltqmldt If]qdf ljleGg lgsfox¿af6 pknAw u/fOg] ;8s, aQL, kfgL, 6]lnkmf]g h:tf ;]jf ;'ljwf tyf ef}lts lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿ tTsfn} aGb ul/g'kg]{,

� jg k}bfj/sf] cj}w s6fgL tyf lgsf;L, jGohGt'sf] rf]/L lzsf/ ug'{ h:tf u}/sfg'gL sfo{sf] ;'/fsL lbg], kqmg ;xof]u ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ d'2f km};nf x'Fbf hl/jfgf jfktsf] lglZrt k|ltzt k|f]T;fxg :j¿k pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

� ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;4fGtnfO{ ;fy{s agfpg /fHosf lgsfodf kbk"lt{ ubf{ ;f/e"t ¿kdf ;dfg pkl:ylt geP;Dd s]xL cjlwsf nflu ;+/lIft ;d"xnfO{ dfq} ;xefuL x'g] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ .

pk;+xf/ g]kfnn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfnfO{ gful/s s]lGb|t agfO{ ;Ifd, k|efjsf/L / pQ/bfoL k|zf;gsf] ljsf;sf] nflu @))& ;fnb]lv lg/Gt/ k|of;x¿ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ultzLn, glthfd'vL, pQ/bfoL agfpg g]kfnsf] k|zf;gdf ljBdfg gLltut, sfg'gL / ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/ u/L nf]stflGqs Joj:yfsf] d"No /

89

dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;Ifd agfpg] p2]Zon] g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)^(÷(÷# sf] lg0f{on] u7g ePsf] o; k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldlt @)^( n] k|zf;g If]qsf lj1x¿, pkef]Qmfx¿ Pj+ ;]jf k|bfosx¿ ;d]taf6 JolQmut Pj+ ;+:yfut ¿kdf ljleGg ljifodf lnlvt Pj+ df}lvs ;'emfjx¿ k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . ljleGg dfWodaf6 k|fKt x'g cfPsf ;'emfjx¿nfO{ s]nfP/ x]bf{ ;du| ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL / pQ/bfoL agfpg ljBdfg ;fË7lgs ;+/rgf, sfg'g / gLltut ljifodf ;'wf/ u/L lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Jofj;flostfdf clej[l4 ug]{, lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] a[lQ ljsf;sf] cj;/nfO{ ;'lglZrt u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ glthfd"ns agfpg] tyf sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgognfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ tyf lglZrt dfkb08sf] cfwf/ tof/ u/L lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ug{] ;'emfjx¿ k|fKt x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] ;dosf] ult cg';f/ cfkm"nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ g;s]sf] dxz'z u/L ;do;fk]If k|zf;gsf] ljsf;sf nflu pkfox¿sf] vf]hL x'g' :jfefljs xf] . lg/Gt/ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] vf]hL dfq ug]{ t/ k|fKt x'g cfPsf ljsNkx¿sf] pkof]u gug]{ xf] eg] To;n] hgtfdf lg/fzf lgDTofpg] 5 . ljsNksf] vf]hL u/] kl5 To;nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] k|lta4tf ;a} If]qaf6 x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . t;y{ ljleGg dfWodaf6 k|fKt ;'emfjx¿nfO{ ;do;fk]If ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ub}{ nuL g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ultzLn agfpFb} k|lt:kwL{ / ;Ifd agfpgsf] nflu ;/sf/ lg/Gt/ lqmofzLn x'g'kg]{ x'G5 .

90

kl/R5]b –^

ljBdfg k|zf;lgs ;ª\u7gsf] j:t'l:ylt ljZn]if0f

k[i7e"ld ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu pko'Qm ;+/rgf cfjZos kb{5 . ;+/rgf k4lt / d'n's ;fk]If ljifo xf] . d'n'ssf] e"uf]n, hg;+Vof, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, k|ljlwsf] pkof]u, hg3gTj, ;fdflhs agf}6, ;+:s[lt, r]tgfsf] :t/, g]t[Tj ljsf;sf] cj:yf h:tf kIfn] ;+/rgf lgdf{0fdf k|efj kfl//x]sf x'G5g\ . xfd|f] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;+/rgf j:t'ut cfwf/df tof/ x'g g;s]sf] l6Kk0fL cf}krfl/s cgf}krfl/s b'a} ¿kdf k|s6 eO/x]sf] 5 . ;+/rgf lgdf{0f / lj36g ubf{ j:t'ut cfwf/df ug{ g;lsPsf] oyfy{ xfd|f] ;fd' /x]sf] 5 . cfjZostfn] :yfkgf ul/Psf sltko ;+/rgf klg ;xL ¿kdf cWoog gu/L ul/Psf] l6Kk0fLx¿ klg ;'Gg kfOG5 . To;} u/L hl6n /fhgLlts kl/l:ylt / ljleGg ;d"xsf] :jfy{ k"lt{sf nflu klg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;+/rgf x]/km]/ x'g] u/]sf lj1x¿ s} l6Kk0fL /x]sf] 5 .

ljutb]lvsf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|ltj]bgx¿n] ;+/rgfsf] pko'Qm cfsf/ agfpg' kg]{ ;'emfj k|s6 ul//x]sf 5g\ . To:tf ;'emfj ljkl/t ;+/rgfsf] lj:tf/ eO/x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf dGqfnosf] ;+Vofsf] lg/Gt/ j[l4nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . lj=;= @))( ;fnb]lvsf k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;DaGwL k|ltj]bgx¿n] dGqfnosf] ;+Vof 36fpg ;'emfj lbPsf] b]lvG5 . @))( ;fnsf] j'r sldzgsf] k|ltj]bgn] dGqfnosf] ;+Vof !& af6 !! df emfg'{kg]{ ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof] . @)@% ;fnsf] k|ltj]bgn] dGqfnosf] ;+Vof !* af6 !@ df emfg{ kg]{ ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof] . @)$* ;fnsf] k|ltj]bgn] dGqfnosf] ;+Vof @! af6 !* df emfg{ kg]{ ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof] . oltv]/ dGqfnosf] ;+Vof @& eGbf a9L /x]sf], dGqfnosf] ;+Vofsf] j[l4;Fu;Fu} af]8{, sf]if, s]Gb|, k|lti7fg, ;ldlt h:tf s]lGb|o :t/sf ;+/rgfsf] lj:tf/ cem w]/} Jofks /x]sf] b]lvG5 . :jfefljs ¿kdf sfo{If]q lj:tf/ ePsf If]qdf ;+/rgf lj:tf/ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . To:t} sfo{If]q s6f}tL ePsf If]qsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ k'gd"{NofÍg u/L pko'Qm cfwf/df

91

Nofpg ;Sg' k5{ . oltv]/ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;+/rgfn] o;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ k|fyldstfk"j{s ug'{kg]{ sfo{ x/]s ;+/rgfsf] ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:Yffkg ;j]{If0f xf] .

sfg'gL ¿kdf dGqfnosf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f u/L Pp6f afWofTds ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsPdf dfq of] ljifo lgoGq0fsf] bfo/fdf cfpg] b]lvG5 . /fhgLlts ;Gt'ng, ;dLs/0f Pjd\ :jfy{sf] ul0ftLo hf]8 36fpdf cgfjZos ;+/rgfx¿ lj:tf/ ul/g' x'Fb}g . dGqfnosf] ;+Vof Pjd\ sfo{If]q lgwf{/0fsf nflu of] ;d:of lg/Gt/ k'g/fj[lQ eO/xg] x'G5 .

;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ sfg'gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog lgZro g} cfhsf] cj:yf ljutsf] h:tf] sfg'gL l/Qmtf /x]sf] l:yltdf 5}g . zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ k|z:t sfg'gx¿ th'{df ePsf 5g\ . t/ tL sfg'gx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] kIf lgSs} g} sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . s'g} klg ljifodf sfg'gL l/QmtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ sfg'g lgdf{0f ul/g' pknlAwsf] Pp6f c+z xf], To:tf] sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog csf]{ . xfdL sxfF ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfngsf nflu th'{df ul/Psf sfg'gx¿nfO{ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf dfq lnOPsf] cf/f]k ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] nufO{ /x]sf 5g\ . ;'zf;g ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg P]g, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f P]g, ;DklQ ;'l4s/0f P]g, ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gnfO{ o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg] xf] eg] o:tf sfg'gx¿sf] k|efjsf/L / p2]Zok/s ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

gLltut Joj:yf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfngsf] cfwf/ ;fj{hlgs gLlt g} xf] . x/]s ;+/rgf lglZrt sfo{If]q, lhDd]jf/L / To:tf] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ gLltut Joj:yfsf] bfo/fdf /xg' kb{5 . /fli6«o gLlt / ljifout gLlt Pjd\ If]qut gLltdf cfjZos ;Gt'ng Pjd\ tfnd]nsf] cfjZostf /xG5 . ;ldltn] u/]sf] cWoog / ;Da4 clwsf/Lx¿;Fusf] 5nkmnaf6 klg sltko s]Gb|Lo txsf lgsfox¿ :ki6 ljifout gLlt a]u/ ;~rflnt /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . s]xL lgsfox¿ /fli6«o gLltåf/f lqmofzLn /x]sf] klg kfOPsf] 5 . hxfF gLltut l/Qmtf 5 ToXfF sfo{If]q, lhDd]jf/L, uGtJo / pQ/bfloTjdf cndn /xg ;Sg] x'G5 . To;}n] x/]s s]Gb|Lo txsf lgsfon] cfkm\gf] sfo{If]qsf ljifodf :ki6 gLltut Joj:yf u/L ;f]xL cfwf/df cfkm\gf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . gLltut k|aGw clVtof/L klg xf] / of] ;Ldf klg xf] . o;n] s'g} klg ;+/rgfsf] nIo, p2]Zo, lqmofsnfk lgwf{/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 . cg'udg / d"NofÍgsf nflu cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5 .

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf Jofj;flostfsf] ljsf; Jofj;flostf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfngsf] Pp6f k|d'v pkfud xf] . h;n] ;ª\u7gnfO{ lgwf{l/t nIodf k'¥ofpg ;xof]u ub{5 . Jofj;flostf leq y'k|} cGt/j:t' /x]sf] x'G5g\ . Jofj;flostfn] u'0f:t/Lotf k|aGw ub{5 . Jofj;flostfn] ;+:yfut ;+emgf cWofjlws /fVg ;xof]u ub{5 . g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf Jofj;flostfsf] ljsf; x'g g;s]sf] cf/f]k nflu/x]sf] 5 . ;Ifd hgzlQm /x]sf ;ª\u7gx¿ pknlAw xfl;n ug{ c;kmn ePsf] k|d'v sf/0f Jofj;flostfsf] cefj g} xf] . Jofj;flostfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;ª\u7g / JolQmut ¿kdf :jod\ sd{rf/L ;Dj]bgzLn eO{ lrGtg ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf Jofj;flostfsf] ljsf; ug'{ lgtfGt h¿/L eO;s]sf] 5 .

92

;]jf k|jfxsf] cj:yf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] klxnf] / k|fylds p2]Zo ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx g} xf] . t/ ;f] ljifodf g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g sdhf]/ ;fljt ePsf ljleGg cWoogaf6 b]lvPsf] 5 . hl6n sfo{ljlw, sfo{ljlwut ljljwtf, ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] cefj, ;]jfu|fxLk|ltsf] c;+j]bgzLntf, clgoldttf / e|i6frf/df /dfpg] k|j[lQ, zf;sLo cxd\ h:tf sf/0fn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . To:t} sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf /fhgLlts ;+nUgtf / k|efj, ;xeflutfsf] cefj, ;Ifdtfsf] cefj, k|ljlwsf] Go"g k|of]u h:tf sf/0fn] klg ;]jf k|jfx k|efljt eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . gful/s ;r]tgfsf] cefj, /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] hl6ntf, sdhf]/ clen]v Joj:yfkg / kf/blz{tfsf] cefjn] klg ;]jf k|jfx k|efljt eO/x]sf] 5 . Joj:yfkgsf gjLgtd\ k|ljlw Pjd\ pkfox¿sf] Go"g cjnDag, k/Dk/fut sfo{ ;+:s[lt klg o;sf nflu plQs} lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0fdf cg'udg / d"NofÍgsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . k[i7kf]if0fsf cfwf/df ;'wf/sf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ ;lxi0f'tf / k|hftflGqs ;+:s[ltsf] ;j{yf cefj /x]sf] l6Kk0fL jf/Daf/ k|sflzt eO/x]sf 5g\ . ;]jfu|fxL jf gful/snfO{ s]Gb|laGb'df /fvL ;'wf/sf sfd sf/jfxLx¿ cufl8 a9\g ;s]sf] kfOb}g . ;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0f, gful/s lgu/fgL, ;]jfu|fxLsf] d"NofÍg, u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg h:tf ljifo ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/df cfkm} klg k|j]z kfpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf 5g\ .

;'wf/sf] d"n ljifo /fHoaf6 ljt/0f ul/g] ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf s]lGb|t x'g' kb{5 . ;]jf k|jfxsf If]qx¿ klxrfg ul/g' kb{5 . ;f] If]qdf ePsf] ;|f]t ;fwg / nufgLsf] d"NofÍg ul/g' kb{5 . nufgLaf6 k|fKt k|ltkmnsf] ljZn]if0f ul/g' kb{5 . ;'wf/sf] ljifodf ;Fw} sd{rf/L k|zf;g, o;sf ;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwf Pjd\ j[lQ ljsf;sf ljifox¿ k|fyldstfdf kg]{ u/]sf 5g\, h'g ;'wf/sf] ;fx|} ;fgf] If]qdfq xf] . ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ r':t, b'¿:t, l56f] 5l/tf], ldtJooL, kf/bzL{, ;/n, kx'Frof]Uo agfO{ k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug]{ ljifo k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] d"n Ph]08f aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . cfd dflg;sf] zflGt ;'/Iff / /fHon] pgLx¿nfO{ k|bfg ug'{ kg]{ ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ s]lGb|t x'g'kb{5 .

hgzlQmsf] cj:yf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;+/rgfut kIfdf af/Daf/ x]/km]/ kl/jt{g eO{/x]sf] kfOP klg hgzlQmsf] ;Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu Tolt w]/} k|of;x¿ ePsf 5}gg\ . ePsf ;fgfltgf k|of;x¿n] klg glthfdf k|efjsfl/tf b]vfpg ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . hgzlQmsf] ;+Vof / cfsf/ ;d]t j:t'ut¿kdf lgwf{/0f x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . k|lzIf0f / tflndnfO{ sfd;Fu geO{ cj;/ / j[lQ ljsf;;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . sfo{ ;DkfbgnfO{ ;+:yfsf] nIo, p2]Zo / xfl;n ePsf pknlAw;Fu cfa4 u/fpg ;lsPsf] b]lvFb}g . sfo{ ljj/0f nfu" u/fpg' kg]{ Go"gtd\ lhDd]jf/L ;d]t k"/f ePsf] b]lvFb}g . sfdsf] rfksf cfwf/df ul/g'kg]{ ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfnfO{ JolQmsf] :jfy{;Fu hf]l8Psf] cf/f]knfO{ tYotM v08g ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . pQ/bfloTj / kf/blz{tfsf] cefj 5 . j[lQ ljsf; / ;]jfsf zt{x¿df af/Daf/ ul/g] x]/km]/n] hgzlQmsf] j[lQdfu{ cg'dfgof]Uo x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . 7"nf] ;+Vofdf >]0fL ljxLg hgzlQmsf] pkl:ylt 5 . lg0f{osf txx¿ cfjZostf eGbf a9L 5g\ . sfo{ ;Dkfbg k|lqmof cToGt nfdf] / k/Dk/fut g} /x]sf] 5 . k|ljlwsf] cjnDag u/L k4ltut ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . hgzlQm ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;+:yfut glthfdf geO{ :jfy{df cfwfl/t /x]sf]

93

cj:yf 5 . hg;+Vofsf] rfk / hg3gTj Pjd\ ;]jf k|jfxsf] cj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;+/rgf Pjd\ hgzlQmsf] d"NofÍg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;]jf ;'ljwf, cj;/ / j[lQ ljsf;sf leGg leGg cj:yfn] c;Gtf]if, Oiof{ / clgoldtf leq\ofPsf] 5 . lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{ eGbf kG5fpg] k|j[lQ w]/} /x]sf] 5 . dflyNnf] txdf of] cj:yf emg} w]/} /x]sf] kfOG5 . l;h{gzLntf, pT;fx, sfdk|ltsf] ;dk0f{ eGbf cj;/, :jfy{ / pbfl;gtf JofKt /x]sf] kfOG5 . pTk|]/0fsf] ;j{yf cefj 5 . o:tf] hgzlQmnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] pGgt zf;g k|0ffnLk|lt ¿kfGt/0f ug'{ kg]{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] a9'jf, j[lQ ljsf; / ;¿jfsf] cj:yf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf ;~rfngsf] cfwf/ ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;]jf zt{ ;~rfngsf nflu ljlzi6Ls[t P]g lgodx¿ th'{df ul/Psf] 5 . sd{rf/Lx¿sf] egf{b]lv cjsfz ;Ddsf r/0fnfO{ P]g lgodn] dfu{ lgb]{zg u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ ltgsf] k|of]u h'g¿kdf ul/g' kg]{ xf] Tof] ¿kdf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . lglZrt JolQm, ju{ Pjd\ ;d"xsf] :jfy{sf cfwf/df ;]jfsf zt{x¿ jf/Daf/ kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . ljz]if u/L a9'jf / j[lQ ljsf;sf] If]qdf of] l:ylt clws /x]sf] 5 . lgwf{l/t cfwf/x¿ g} j}1flgs tj/n] th'{df ul/Psf] b]lvFb}g . k|efj d"NofÍg a]u/ xtf/df a9'jfsf cfwf/x¿ kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . o;n] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ cg'dfg of]Uo j[lQ dfu{df ;~rfng x'g lbPsf] 5}g . P]g lgodn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf ;¿jfsf cfwf/x¿sf] sfof{Gjog kIf cToGt lkmtnf] /x]sf] 5 . P]g lgod ljkl/t lbgx'F ;¿jf eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . o;n] sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{x¿af6 sfg'gsf] pNnª\3g ug]{ ;+:s[lt j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] cj:yf b]vfPsf] 5 . ;¿jfnfO{ Sofn]08/ k4ltdf cfa4 ug{ g;lsP;Dd of] cj:yfsf] lg/Gt/ k'g/fj[lQ cjZo+efjL 5 . To:t} j[lQ dfu{ lgwf{/0f u/L o;nfO{ cfjlws jf s7f]/ gagfOg] xf] eg] o;n] sd{rf/LtGqsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ;Sb}g .

6]«8 o'lgogsf] e"ldsf / cfr/0f kfngfsf] cj:yf lghfdtL ;]jfsf lglZrt tx;Ddsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ 6«]8 o'glgogsf] clwsf/ lbOPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ljz]if u/L lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ gful/s k|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg / ;Da4 hgzlQmsf] xs lxt ;+/If0f ;DaGwL gLltut Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg 6«]8 o'lgogsf] cjwf/0ffut kIfdf klg c:ki6tf b]lvPsf] 5 . sfdbf/ / sd{rf/L aLrsf] ljefhgnfO{ cjwf/0ffut kIfaf6 a'em\g g;lsPsf] h:tf] b]lvPsf] 5 . Jofj;flostf / ;fd'lxs ;f}bfjfhLsf] dfGotfnfO{ cf–cfkm\gf] :jfy{;Fu d]n vfg] u/L cYof{OPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . /fhgLlts Pjd\ bnLo ;Da4tf g/xg' kg]{ sd{rf/LtGqsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotfnfO{ 6«]8 o'lgogsf] cEof;af6 v08g ul/Psf] l:ylt 5 . sfg'gx¿ th'{df ubf{ o;sf] dd{ / dfGotf cg';f/ ul/Psf] 5 5}g eGg] Pp6f k|Zg 5 eg] ul/Psf] sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] k|efjsfl/tf csf]{ hl6n ljifosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{ yk lqmofzLn agfO{ pTkfbsTj clej[l4 ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg nfUg' kg]{ 6«]8 o'lgog / logsf lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;lqmotfsf] If]q ljjfb /lxt /x]sf] 5}g . Pp6f /fli6«o:t/sf] 6«]8 o'lgogsf] u7g ug'{kg]{ sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf] sfof{Gjog x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . P]gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k|fjwfg ljk/Lt /fhgLlts bnsf] elugL ;ª\u7gsf] ¿kdf sd{rf/L ;+3 ;ª\u7gx¿ lqmofzLn /x]sf] lj1x¿sf] l6Kk0fL /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfsf] kl/sNkgf 6«]8 o'lgog;DaGwL gLltn] cjZo klg u/]sf] xf]Og .

94

kl5Nnf] ;dodf lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;d]t 6«]8 o'lgogsf] clwsf/nfO{ :yflkt ul/Pkl5 6«]8 o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/sf] k|of]u lgSs} g} cfnf]Ro aGb} uPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;n] sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf sltko :yflkt dfGotfdf g} ljrng cfPsf] l6Kk0fL ;d]t ;'Gg] ul/Psf] 5 . lgZro g} 6«]8 o'lgogx¿ sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf cfwf/e"t dfGotf :yflkt ug{ lgdf{0f ul/Psf 5g\ . /fHosf]ifsf] pkof]u / ;fj{hlgs clVtof/Lsf] k|of]u ug]{ hf] ;'s} klg sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;Ldf / kl/lwdf afFlwP/ /xg' kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n] 6«]8 o'lgogdf ;+nUg kbflwsf/L Pjd\ ;b:ox¿n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ cfr/0fsf lgodx¿ tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug{'kg]{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

b'u{d If]qdf ;]jf k|jfxsf] cj:yf d'n'ssf] ef}uf]lns ljljwtf / ljs6tfnfO{ ;d]t ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] ;dfg / ;dtfd"ns ¿kdf ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg'[ kb{5 . d'n'ssf] ef}uf]lns ljefhgdf b'u{d If]qsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts cj:yf t'ngfTds ¿kdf cGo If]q÷t/fO{÷dw]z / kxf8 sf] eGbf leGg /x]sf] 5 . b'u{d If]qdf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] cj:yf sdhf]/ 5 . ;r]tgf / hfu/0fsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ahf/Ls/0fsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ 5 . Go"gtd cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf ;fdfg / ;|f]t k|flKtsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ 5 . kl/rflnt ePsf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ljt/0f / pkof]usf] cj:Yff sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;xeflutf / k|ltlglwTjsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ 5 . plNnlvt cj:yfn] ubf{ ToxfF ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ljt/0f / k|jfxsf] cj:yf :jefj}n] sdhf]/ x'g k'u]sf] 5 . o;n] ;/sf/af6 pk]lIft ePsf], d"nwf/df ;dflxt x'g g;s]sf], zf;g Joj:yfsf] cË aGg g;s]sf] h:tf l6Kk0fLx¿ cfpg' :jfefljs b]lvG5 . b'u{d If]qdf ;+/rgf sd 5g\ . hg 3gTj sd ePsf] sf/0f k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] nufgL w]/} 5, pTkfbsTj sd 5 . hgzlQm sd 5g\ . ePsf klg pTk|]l/t gePsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . hj;Dd k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;, gful/s ;zlQms/0f / cfly{s pkfh{gsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsFb}g, ta;Dd ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn k|fKt x'g ;Sb}g . b'u{d If]qsf] ;anLs/0fsf nflu plNnlvt ltg} ljifodf PsLs[t ¿kdf ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg d'n'sdf ePsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gn] zf;g Joj:yfdf cfly{s, ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf dxz'z ul/of] . ;f] qmddf ;a} ju{, If]q / lnËsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{sf nflu ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] gLlt cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ug]{ qmddf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL / k|ltlglwd"ns agfpg cf/If0fsf] gLlt cjnDag ul/of] of] gLlt cjnDag kl5 k|ltlglwTjsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;+VofTds ¿kdf x]bf{ of] cjlwdf k|ltlglwTjsf] cj:yfdf pNn]Vo ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . t/ o;n] u'0ffTds ¿kdf kf/]sf] k|efj / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] gLltsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 nfe xfl;n ug]{ ju{sf] af/]df a[xt\ cWoog x'g'kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] cfly{s, ;fdflhs Joj:yf / o;n] kfg{;Sg] k|efjsf af/]df j:t'ut¿kdf ljZn]if0f u/L k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ ;do eO;s]sf] 5 . o:t} gLlt cjnDag u/]sf l5d]sL b]zx¿sf] cEof;nfO{ ;d]t ljZn]if0f u/L of] gLltut k|aGwsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf b]lvG5 .

sfo{ ;Dkfbg, d"NofÍg ;DaGwL

95

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ j:t'ut / j}1flgs agfpg ljutb]lv g} lg/Gt/ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . t/ o;n] ck]lIft glthf lbg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ;ª\u7gsf] gLlt, p2]Zo, pknlAw / glthf;Fu cfa4 x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ;ª\u7gsf] ck]lIft glthf xfl;n ug]{ ;"rs C0ffTds x'Fbf ;d]t ;a} sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf ;t k|ltzt cÍ k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 . sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ sfd;Fu cyf{t glthf;Fu cfa4 ug{ g;sL JolQm;Fu, ;DaGw;Fu, cfa4tf;Fu, a9'jf / j[lQ ljsf;;Fu dfq hf]l8Psf] 5 . d"NofÍg ug]{ clwsf/L / d"NofÍgsf cfwf/x¿ ;d]t pko'Qm x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . of] cf}krfl/s ljifodf ;Lldt ePsf] 5 . j:t'ut x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cj;/sf] ljt/0f Pjd\ lhDd]jf/Lsf] lgwf{/0fdf o;nfO{ hf]8\g ;lsPsf] b]lvFb}g .

;]jf s/f/ ;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ljz]if u/L lghfdtL ;]jfdf hgzlQmsf] rfk sd ug{, bL3{sfnLg cfly{s bfloTj 36fpg, sfdk|lt sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg / sfo{ ;DkfbgnfO{ nrs, ;xh / ;/n agfpgsf nflu ;]jf s/f/sf] cjwf/0ff ljsl;t ePsf] xf] . t/ xfd|f] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;]jf s/f/sf] k|of]u ck]lIft ¿kdf x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . kfn], kx/f, ;/–;kmfO{, ;'/Iff / k|fljlws k|s[ltsf sfdx¿ -;jf/L rfns, sDKo'6/ ck/]6/_sf nflu ;]jf s/f/sf] cjwf/0ff k|of]udf Nofpg' kg]{ xf] . To:t} 5f]6f] cjlwsf] ;]jf lngsf nflu, kl/of]hgf k|s[ltsf] sfo{ ;~rfngdf ;xhtfsf nflu o;sf] k|of]u ul/g' kg]{ xf] . o;sf] ljk/Lt :yfoL k|s[ltsf kbdf ;]jf s/f/df hgzlQm egf{ ug]{, To:tf hgzlQmnfO{ lglZrt lhDd]jf/L lbg g;Sg], cgGt sfn;Dd sfod /fVg], s/f/sf zt{ ljk/Lt :yfoL sd{rf/Lx¿sf ;dfg ;]jf, zt{, ;'ljwfx¿ ljt/0f ug]{, ;]jf zt{ / ;'ljwfdf Ps¿ktf sfod gx'g] h:tf ;d:ofx¿ b]lvPsf] kfOG5 . sltko s/f/ ;]jfsf hgzlQmn] s/f/df ;]jf u/]sf] cfwf/df :jtM :yfoL lgo'lQm kfpg' kg]{ dfu /fvL l;+xb/af/ aGb h:tf sfo{qmd ;d]t /fVg yfn]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . sltko ;ª\u7gn] cfkm\gf] cfGtl/s lgodfjnLdf ljz]if Joj:yf u/L :yfoL kbx¿df s/f/df lgo'lQm u/L lg/Gt/tf lbPsf / nf]s;]jf cfof]udf sd{rf/L dfu u/L kbk"lt{ ubf{ ;d]t To:tf sd{rf/L oyfjt sfod /fVg] u/]sf] klg kfOPsf] 5 . lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] Go"gtd d"No Pjd\ ;]jf s/f/sf] cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ff;Fu d]n gvfg] vfnsf Joj:yfx¿ k'g/fjnf]sg u/L lghfdtL k|zf;gdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

glthfd"ns ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g k/Dk/fut ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffdf ca kl/jt{g cfO;s]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf Joj:yfkgsf gjLgtd d"No / dfGotfx¿ k|j]z u/fpg' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o:t} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] s]Gb|laGb'df ca gful/sx¿nfO{ /fVg'kg]{ b[li6sf]0f ljsf; eO;s]sf] 5 . k|hftflGqs kl/j]zsf] lgdf{0f / gful/ssf] ;jf]{kl/tfsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf x/]s lqmofsnfkx¿ sfg'gsf] ;Ldfdf afFlwPsf x'g' cfjZos 5 . To:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ kf/bzL{, pQ/bfoL / j:t'ut x'g' Tolts} cfjZos b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g glthfd'vL x'g g;s]sf], gful/s s]lGb|t b[li6sf]0f /fVg g;s]sf], sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] ljlw / k|lqmofdf ;~rfng x'g g;s]sf], nufgLsf] t'ngfdf pknlAw / pTkfbsTj clej[l4 x'g g;s]sf] h:tf cf/f]k nfUb} cfPsf 5g\ . o:tf cf/f]kaf6 d'Qm x'g'sf nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] s'g} Pp6f kIf / If]qdf dfq ;'wf/ u/]/ ;+ej 5}g . o;sf nflu ;du| k|zf;gsf] ;+/rgf, k|lqmof, nufgL, hgzlQm / sfo{ ;+:s[ltsf] a[xt\\ k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

96

nf]ssNof0fsf/L b[li6sf]0fsf] Jofjxfl/s cEof; g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] nf]ssNof0fsf/L zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff, k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx, sdhf]/ / lk5l8Psf ju{sf] pTyfg /fHosf] sfd xf] . hgtfn] ;/sf/ Pjd\ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gaf6 ;'/Iff / ;]jf vf]h]sf 5g\ . To;}n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf 36]sf] 5}g . k|efjsf/L agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf a9]sf] 5 . pQ/bfloTj a9]sf] 5 . /fHodf zf;g / Joj:yfsf] cflwsfl/tf v:sg lbg' x'Fb}g . o;nfO{ b[9tfn], lhDd]jf/Ln], cg'zf;gn], ljZj;gLotfn] hu]gf{ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 . o;sf nflu zf;sLo PsfO{x¿sf] t];f]{ -Horizontal) / 7f8f] -Vertical) b'a}tkm{ ;Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .

sfo{ ;+:s[ltsf] cj:yf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf lqmofzLn hgzlQm of]Uotf k|0ffnLaf6 rog eO{ cfPsf ePklg sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf u'0ffTds b]lvg g;Sbf ;Ifdtfdf g} k|Zg lrGx nfu]sf] cj:yf 5 . sd{rf/Lsf] ;f]r, Jojxf/, k|j[lQ / dgf]j[lQdf k|hftflGqs kl/kf6L cg';f/sf d"No dfGotf / b[li6sf]0f emNsL ;s]sf] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQm jf kIf k5fl8 gnfuL s'g} klg lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{ kmfOn cufl8 a9\b}g eGg] cfd hgdfg;sf] b[li6sf]0f /x]sf] 5 . lg0f{osf txx¿ w]/} 5g\ . glthfdf eGbf k|lqmofdf hf]8 lbg] sfo{ ;+:s[ltn] ;]jfu|fxLx¿ c;Gt'i6 /x]sf] kfOG5 . clgoldttf lgoGq0fsf nflu egL k|lqmofut hl6ntf a9fpg] cEof; /x]sf] 5 . lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg] / cj;/sf] vf]hL ug]{ cf/f]knfO{ lghfdtL k|zf;gn] Jojxf/tM v08g ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . JolQmk/s sfo{z}nLsf] ljBdfgtf 5 .

;'wf/ ;Fw} dxTjsf+IfL Ph]08fsf] ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] ;+:yfut cEof;sf] yfngL ;Fu} ePsf] xf] . 5f]6f] cjlwdf w]/} ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ ul/P t/ of] lg/Gt/ ;'wf/sf] ljifo aGg ;s]g . k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfjlws jf tby{ ¿kdf ul/g] ljifo lyPg . of] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfngsf] lgoldt sfd xf] . t/ k|zf;g ;'wf/nfO{ d'n'ssf] kl/jt{g;Fu ljz]iftM /fhgLlts kl/jt{g;Fu cfa4 u/]/ x]l/of] . ;'wf/sf] gfddf ;Fw} ;+/rgf kl/jt{gdf hf]8 lbOof] . k|ltj]bgx¿ c;fWo} dxTjfsf+IfL 9Ën] n]lvP . Jofjxfl/stfnfO{ sd ljrf/ ul/Psf] b]lvof] . ;/sf/n] klg k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|ltj]bgx¿ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ tkm{ lqmofzLntf b]vfPg . ;'wf/ ;+:yfut ePg JolQmk/s eof] . s;sf] kfnfdf s] ul/of] eGg] h:tf l6Kk0fL / ;f] cfwf/df d"NofÍg ug]{ ul/of] . lg/Gt/ ;'wf/sf] cjwf/0ffn] dxTj kfpg g;s]af6 ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ bLuf] / k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]gg\ .

k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿sf] k|efj d"NofÍg d'n'sdf ePsf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf sfd sf/jfxLn] kf/]sf] k|efjsf] j:t'ut d"NofÍg ug{ ;lsPsf] b]lvPg . k|efj d"NofÍgsf nflu ;ª\VofTds Pjd\ u'0ffTds ;"rsx¿ ljsf; u/L ;'wf/af6 k/]sf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds k|efjx¿sf] ;d'lrt ljZn]if0f u/L cfjZos k[i6kf]if0f lng ;Sg' kb{5 . ;'wf/sf k|of;;Fu} r'gf}tL ;Daf]wg ug]{ ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . pTk|]/0ffsf pkfox¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;'wf/sf stf{n] clVtof/L klg k|fKt ug'{ kb{5, pQ/bfloTj klg jxg ug'{ kb{5 .

97

/fhgLlts k|lta4tf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;du| ;'wf/ k|zf;sLo txaf6 dfq ;Dej x'Fb}g . o;sf nflu gLltut ¿kdf /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / /fhgLlts zlQmsf] pRr k|fyldstf / ;'wf/k|ltsf] k|lta4tf cfjZos x'G5 . /fhgLlts k4lt eGbf aflx/ /x]/ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'wf/ ;Dej gePsf]n] ;a}eGbf klxnf] ;'wf/sf] yfngL /fhgLlts k4ltaf6} ul/g' kb{5 . /fhgLlt k|0ffnLn] ;xL dfu{ g;dft] ;Dd s'g} klg zf;sLo k4ltdf ;'wf/sf k|of;n] ck]lIft glthf lbg ;Sb}g . /fhgLlts ;ª\qmd0fsfn / ;+j}wflgs l/Qmtfsf] cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ yk lju|g glbg' ;'wf/sf] lbzfdf klxnf] r'gf}tL xf] . of] /fhgLltsf] k|yldstf slxNo} kg{ g;s]/ pk]lIft ePsf] If]q xf] h;sf] k|efj /fli6«o pTkfbsTj / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf kl//x]sf] 5 . ca /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] ;Ldf, ;DaGw :ki6 u/L pQ/bfloTjdf ;d]t ;fem]bf/L sfod ul/g' kb{5 . xfd|f] ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfngsf ljlw, k|lqmof, d"No dfGotf / b[li6sf]0fdf /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / /fhgLlts zlQmx¿ k|i6 5}gg\ . sd{rf/LtGq lglZrt k4ltn] rNg] xf] eGg] dfGotf eGbf lglZrt :jfy{ l;4sf nflu kl/rflnt x'g] cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] cj:yf 5 . of] ;do /fhgLlts ;ª\qmd0fsfnsf] cjlw xf] . k|zf;lgs ;ª\qmd0fsfn xf]Og . To;}n] o;sf] kl/rfngdf ;j{:jLs[t d"NonfO{ cjnDag ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] hu]gf{ u/L k|zf;gnfO{ j:t'ut ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ /fhgLlts g]t[Tj tTk/ x'g'kb{5 . of]Uotfsf dfkb08 -Merit Criteria) nfO{ /fhgLlts dfkb08 -Political Criteria) n] k/flht ug'{ x'Fb}g . clxn] k|zf;gdf b]lvPsf] /fhgLlts x:tIf]k / /fhgLltk|ltsf] k|zf;sx¿sf] cg'/fudf kl/jt{g Nofpg' ;'wf/sf] klxnf] zt{ xf] .

k|ltj]bg sfof{Gjogsf] lhDd]jf/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf ljBdfg ;d:ofsf] klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ ;'emfpg pRr:t/Lo k|ltlglw /x]sf k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u÷;ldltx¿ u7g ug]{ k|rng ca xfd|f] ;Gbe{df klg gf}nf] ePg . t/ To:tf ;ldltn] lbPsf ;'emfjx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] kf6f] Psbd sdhf]/ /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . sfof{Gjog ePsf ;'emfjx¿ klg k|ltj]bgdf k/]sf] sf/0fn] sfof{Gjog ePsf] geO{ ;dofg';f/ ePsf sfo{sf] kl/0flt :j¿k sfof{Gjogdf ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltj]bg tof/ ubf{ ;du| ;'wf/sf dxTjfsf+IfL ljifox¿ ;d]6]/ tof/ ul/g] k|j[lQ Psflt/ /x]sf] 5 eg] h:tf] ;'s} Jofjxfl/s cfjZostf ePklg bafa ;d"x jf :jfy{;Fu cfa4 geO{ s'g} gofF sfd gug]{ zf;sLo k|j[lQ o;sf nflu k|d'v lhDd]jf/ kIfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . cy{ dGqfnosf] ;xof]u, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] cu|;/tfdf k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{non] of] ljifosf] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . of] /fhgLlts tj/af6 hgtfnfO{ b]vfpg ul/g] ljifo xf]Og . ;+/rgfTds Pjd\ Jojxf/k/s b'a}¿kdf ;'wf/nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kb{5 . k|zf;g ;'wf/sf x/]s k|ltj]bgx¿ k4ltn] sfd ug'{ k5{ eGg] dfGotfdf plePsf b]lvG5g\ . k4ltdf lxF8fpg] sfd lgSs} g} sl7g sfd xf] h;sf nflu sfof{Gjogsf] lhDd]jf/Ldf a;]sfx¿df s7f]/ c7f]6 cfjZos x'G5 .

hg;+Vof, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] rfk / k|s[lt cg'¿k sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f, hg3gTjsf] cj:yf, k|jfx ug'{kg]{ ;]jfsf] Jofkstf, lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ e"ldsf, k"jf{wf/ / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; Pjd\ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf b]lvPsf kl5Nnf d"No dfGotf / r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] ljBdfg ;+/rgf ;Fu}

98

o;sf] ;ª\VofTds cj:yf ;d]t ;do ;fk]If x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . xfd|f] df}lns kl/j]z / cfjZostfnfO{ s]Gb|laGb'df /fv]/ cfjZos hgzlQmsf] ;ª\Vof lgwf{/0f ePsf] kfOb}g . sltko sfd a9]sf 5g\ h:t} :yfgLo lgsfo . sltko If]qdf sfd 36]sf 5g\ -h:t} x'nfs_ . sfdsf cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Vof k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5}g . sd{rf/LtGq gt /f]huf/L lbg] ynf] xf] gt vr{ s6f}tLsf] dfWod . To;}n] gofF s'/f u/L cfTd/ltdf /dfpg] ;do xf]Og of] . ;'wf/sf] yfngL tTsfn ug'{ kb{5 .

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f / ;'zf;g e|i6frf/n] ;a} kIfnfO{ g/fd|f];Fu ufFh]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/sf] ljifodf htftt} s'/fx¿ eO{ /xG5g\ t/, To;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ xfd|f ;a} k|of;x¿ ;kmn x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . e|i6frf/sf] z'¿jft gLlt lgdf{0fsf] tx, ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f ;DaGwdf, ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0fsf] nfut cg'dfg ubf{b]lv g} z'¿ eO{ lgdf{0f ;DkGg eO{;Sbf /fi6«sf] 7"nf] wg/f;L ;dfKt x'g] t/ lgdf{0f ePsf] ;+/rgf u'0f:t/ o'Qm gx'g] ;d:of /xL cfPsf] 5 . hgtfnfO{ ;j{;'ne ¿kdf ljt/0f ug'{kg]{ ;]jfdf klg hgtfn] cltl/Qm d"No r'Stf gu/L ;]jf gkfpg] cj:yf htfht} b]lvG5 . ctM oL ;a} ;d:of ;dfwfg u/L ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ljBdfg e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ lgsfox¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf kl/rfng ug]{ ;fy} xfd|f] ;fdflhs kl/j]znfO{ e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL ;+:s[ltdf ¿kfGt/0f ub{} hfg'kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 .

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] Joj:yfkg h'g p2]Zosf ;fy ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof, Tof] p2]Zo kl/k"lt{ ug{df ;+:yfgx¿ c;kmn dfq xf]Og pN6f] /fi6«sf] nflu af]em ;fljt ePsf 5g\ . o;df d'Vo t ;+:yfg Joj:yfkgsf] sdhf]/L b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿df /fhgLlts ¿kdf lgo'Qm x'g] g]t[Tj Pjd\ cgfjZos ¿kdf sd{rf/Lx¿ egf{ ugf{n] ;+:yfgn] cfkm\gf] nIocg'¿k sfo{ ug{ g;s]sf x'g\ . ca cfjZos gePsf ;+:yfgx¿nfO{ aGb jf vf/]h ug]{ tyf cfjZos ;+:yfgx¿df k|ltikwf{sf] cfwf/df Joj:yfks lgo'Qm ug]{, cgfjZos sd{rf/L g/fVg], ;+:yfgdf sd{rf/L lgo'lQmsf] nflu ;+:yfg ;]jf cfof]u u7g u/L ;f] dfkm{t lgo'Qm ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'kg]{, ;a} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿df cgfjZos ¿kdf ;]jf ;'ljwf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ afF8\g gkfpg] u/L Pp6f dfkb08 agfO{ nfu" ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

:yfgLo lgsfosf] ;~rfng :yfgLo lgsfo hgtfsf] ;a}eGbf glhssf] ;/sf/sf] ¿kdf :yflkt 5g\ . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% n] :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{ hglgjf{lrt, hgk|ltlglwd"ns :jfoQ ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . t/ ljut Ps bzsb]lv :yfgLo lgsfox¿ hgk|ltlglw ljxLg ePaf6 ;]jf k|jfx, ljsf; lgdf{0f / :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] klxrfg, kl/rfng / ;f] k|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]s]f 5}g .

ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg x'g g;Sbf nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLsf] hu a:g ;s]sf] 5}g . h;sf] sf/0f :yfgLo lgsfosf] lhDdf sd{rf/LnfO{ lbg' k/]sf] 5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ ;a} :yfgLo lgsfosf] lhDd]jf/L lbFbf lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTjsf] cefj, :yfgLo If]qdf ljsf; lgdf{0f, ;|f]t kl/rfng, hgkl/rfngsf] cefj eO{ :yfgLo lgsfodf hfg] /sdsf] b'¿kof]u tyf e|i6frf/ al9/x]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . o;sf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu :yfgLo lgsfosf] cljnDa lgjf{rg u/fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 eg] csf]{tkm{ :yfgLo lgsfodf sfo{/t

99

sd{rf/LnfO{ plrt cfwf/ / k|lqmof cjnDag u/L Ps :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 csf]{ :yfgLo lgsfodf ;¿jf ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf ePdf :yfgLo lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ cfkm\gf] sfdk|lt lhDd]jf/ Pjd\ pQ/bfoL agfpg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvG5 .

:yfgLo lgsfox¿ hg;+Vof, cfGtl/s cfo, ljsf;sf] :t/, j:tL ljsf;, ef}uf]lns agfj6 / If]qkmn cflbsf cfwf/df cg'ko'Qm b]lvPsf 5g\ . ctM :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{ viable unit sf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{sf nflu hg;+Vof, cfGtl/s cfo, ljsf;sf] :t/, j:tL ljsf;sf] cj:yf / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf hgtfsf] kx'Fr, If]qkmn cflbsf cfwf/df k'g;{+/rgf u/L juL{s/0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 . xfnsf $–^ j6f uf=lj=;=x¿nfO{ ufe]/ ufpFkflnsf agfpg], ;+:yfut ljsf; / hgzlQm Joj:yfkg u/L clws[t :t/sf] ;lrj /fVg] / juL{s/0fsf cfwf/df Go"gtd zt{ tyf sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg -MCPM_ sf ;"rsx¿ lgwf{/0f u/L :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsg] b]lvG5 .

sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍgdf gful/s Pjd\ ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;xeflutf gful/snfO{ plrt ;dodf lglZrt k|lqmof cjnDag u/L l56f] 5l/tf] ;]jf lbg' sd{rf/Lsf] bfloTj xf] . sd{rf/Ln] hgtfnfO{ lbPsf] ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] d"NofÍgsf] k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;s]df ;]jf ;'ljwfdf k|efjsfl/tf cfpg ;S5 . :yfgLo txdf hgtfnfO{ k|ToIf ¿kdf ;]jf ;'ljwf ljt/0f ug]{ :yfgdf /x]sf sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍg ubf{ ;f] :yfgdf a:g] gful/s / ;]jfu|fxL hgtf ;xeflutf u/fpg] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . h;n] ubf{ sd{rf/LnfO{ hgtfk|lt k|ToIf pQ/bfoL agfpg] k4ltsf] cjnDag ug{ ;lsPsf] b]lvFb}g ctM sd{rf/L / hgtf aLrsf] ;DaGwdf ;'wf/ Nofpg / ;]jfdf u'0f:t/Lotfsf] clej[l4 ug{ sd{rf/Lsf] #^)) d"NofÍg ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ ;ª\u7gsf] k|ult;Fu cfa4 ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . sf=;=d"= df ;a}n] ;tk|ltzt cÍ kfpg] k|j[lQn] o;sf] d"No z"Go k|fo ePsf] 5 . ;fy} sf=;=d"= jfktsf] cÍ k|flKtsf nflu sd{rf/L xflsd -cfkm\gf] ;'kl/j]Ifs_ k|lt cg'u|lxt x'g] t/ ;]jfu|fxL / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿k|lt pQ/bfoL x'g[' gkg]{ cj:yf ;[hgf ePsf] 5 .

To;}n] sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍgsf] lglZrt cÍ ;]jfu|fxL, ;/f]sf/jfn, ;xsdL{af6 kfpg] k4lt -360) Evaluation_ sf] ljsf; ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 . o;n] sd{rf/Lsf] plrt d"NofÍg eO{ ;]jf k|jfx, ;dGjo / ;f] k|ltsf] Downward Accountability sf] k|j4{gdf ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 . ;fy} :jd"NofÍg k4ltsf] ljsf; u/L d"NofÍg sfo{nfO{ a9L a:t'lgi7, Jofjxfl/s / kf/bzL{ agfpg ;lsG5 .

sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf lgj[Q x'g] pd]/ lghfdtL sd{rf/L nufot lzIfs Pjd\ GofofwLzsf] ;]jfsf] pd]/df Ps¿ktf 5}g . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzsf] ;]jf pd]/ ^% jif{;Dd 5 eg] lhNnf / k'g/fj]bg txdf ^# jif{ sfod ul/Psf] 5 . lzIfssf] ^) jif{ 5 eg] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] %* jif{ sfod ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnL hgtfsf] cf};t cfo'df x'Fb} uPsf] j[l4 cg'ejL sd{rf/Lsf] sfd ug{ ;Sg] pd]/ ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L /fHoaf6 ;]jf ;'ljwf lng] ;a} /fi6«;]jssf] ;]jf pd]/ ^) jif{ agfpg] / ;a} GofofwLzsf] ;]jf pd]/ ^% agfpFbf ;d;fdlos / /fi6«sf] lxtdf x'g] b]lvG5 .

/fi6«;]jssf] kfl/>lds

100

/fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lsf] tnj eQfnfO{ ;d;fdlos agfpg g;Sbf ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] nflu sd{rf/Ln] cfGbf]ng ug'{kg]{ cj:yf ;[hgf eO{ /xg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sd{rf/Lsf] tnjnfO{ dx+uLsf] cfwf/df pko'Qm agfpFb} n}hfg ;lsPsf] 5}g . tna eQf lgwf{/0f ubf{ sd{rf/Ln] kfNg'kg]{ kl/jf/sf] ;+Vof, ahf/ d"No Pjd\ cGo ;fs{ /fi6«df /fi6«;]js sd{rf/LnfO{ lbPsf] tnj ;'ljwfnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . jflif{s ¿kdf lbOg] tnjj[l4 -u|]8_ kof{Kt 5}g . h;sf] sf/0f jflif{s tnj j[l4n] dx+uLsf] cfwf/df sd{rf/LnfO{ /fxt k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . ctM u|]8 k|To]s sd{rf/Lsf] Ps lbgsf] tnj a/fa/ lbg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ cfkm\gf] sfdk|lt pTk|]l/t agfO{/fVg p;nfO{ ;do;fk]If pko'Qm tna eQf lbg' clt cfjZos 5 .

sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg xfn k|of]u eO{ /x]sf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg k|0ffnLn] sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ Ifdtfsf] plrt d"NofÍg ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . o;nfO{ ;'wf/ u/L k|To]s sfof{nosf] cf–cfkm\g} kmf/fd x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . h;af6 cnu–cnu sfo{ k|s[ltnfO{ pNn]v ug{ ;lsof]; . sfo{;Dkfbgsf] d"NofÍg ubf{ cfkm\gf] ;'k/Lj]Ifssf] ;fy} ;]jfu|fxL hgtfsf] tkm{af6 ;d]t d"NofÍg ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{;s]df d"NofÍg k|0ffnLaf6 hgtfsf] ;Gt'i6L / c;Gt'i6Lsf] dfkg ug{ ;lsg] x'Fbf sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

u'gf;f] ;'gjfO{ / ;"rgf k|jfx x/]s ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df cfGtl/s tyf jfXo u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{ / ;"rgf k|jfxsf] Joj:yf k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|of]u eO{ /x]sf] b]lvFb}g . ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿af6 ePsf sfd sf/jfxL k|lt hgtfsf] s] s:tf] wf/0ff /x]sf] 5 / To;df s] s:tf sdL sdhf]/L /x]sf 5g\, ltgdf s] s:tf ;'wf/ Nofpg h¿/L 5 eGg] hfgsf/L lngnfO{ klg k|To]s sfof{nodf u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ / ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ clwsf/L tf]lsg' kg]{ Joj:yf k"0f{¿kdf sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o:tf] clwsf/Ln] u'gf;f]nfO{ tTsfn ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug['{ klg h¿/L 5 . xfdLn] xfd|f] ;]jfnfO{ lg/Gt/¿kdf ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfgsf] nflu ;fy} hgtfk|lt lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL x'gsf] nflu ;d]t u'gf;f]sf] tTsfn ;Daf]wg tyf ;'g'jfO{ / ;"rgf k|jfxnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg' klg cfjZos b]lvG5 .

;fj{hlgs ljbf g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ljbf w]/} lyP To;df klg wd{ lg/k]If /fi6«sf] 3f]if0ff kl5 d'n'ssf] ljljwtfsf] klxrfg / dfGotfsf cfwf/df lbOg] ;a} wd{ hft hfltsf rf8kj{, gofF jif{ h:tf kj{df ;d]t ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs ljbf 3f]if0ff ubf{ ;fj{hlgs ljbfsf lbgx¿ w]/} ePsf 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs ljbfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf kfg{] k|efjsf] ;d]t cfwf/df ljZn]if0f u/L k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5, ;fy} xfnsf] xKtfdf ! lbg / z'qmaf/ # ah] ljbf ug]{ k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ u/L sfof{no ;do ( ah]af6 z'¿ u/L % ah];Dd sfod ug]{ / xKtfdf @ lbg ljbf lbg' ;do ;fk]If x'g] b]lvG5 . xKtfdf @ lbg ljbf lbg gldNg] sfof{nodf kfnf] kfnf] u/L ;]jf ;'ljwfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

j[lQ ljsf;

101

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf j[lQ ljsf; k|0ffnLsf cfwf/x¿ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf km]/abn eO{/xg] u/]sf 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLdf ;a} eGbf a9L ;+zf]wg sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jf k|fjwfgdf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf; k|0ffnL clglZrt eO/x]sf] 5 . sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;nfO{ Pp6f k|0ffnLdf cfa4 u/L n}hfg' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 . lglZrt k|0ffnL a;fn]kl5 j[lQ ljsf; cg'dfg of]Uo agfpg ;lsG5 . o;kl5 sDtLdf klg !) jif{ ;Dd To;nfO{ ;+zf]wg gug]{ u/L cg'dfg of]Uo j[lQ ljsf; k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 .

sd{rf/Lsf] u}/ df}lb|s k|f]T;fxg lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] sd{rf/Lx¿n] kfpg] df}lb|s / u}/ df}lb|s ;'ljwfx¿sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ lo ;'ljwfx¿ ;do ;fk]If / kof{Kt gePsf] u'gf;f] cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd ;]jf ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ g;Sbf e|i6frf/ / clgoldttfn] k|>o kfPsf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . ctM cfjf; tyf oftfoft ;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ cfjf; ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg g;Sbf sd{rf/LnfO{ lbPsf] tnj eQfsf] 7"nf] lx:;f 3/ ef8fdf hfg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;fs{ /fi6«x¿n] /fhwfgL zx/df cfkm\gf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfjf; ;'ljwf pknAw u/fPsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L xfdLn] klg ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfjf; ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg ;s]df Psflt/ 3/ hUuf Joj;foLn] agfPsf 3/ tyf km\Nof6x¿ ljqmL x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ cy{tGqnfO{ rnfPdfg agfpg klg sl7gfO{ k/]sf] cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L sd{rf/L ;~rosf]if;Fusf] ;xsfo{df lghLIf]qn] agfPsf cfjf; If]qdf dflyNnf] :t/sf sd{rf/Lsf] nflu 3/ tyf tNnf]:t/sf sd{rf/Lsf] nflu ;fd'lxs km\Nof6 pknAw u/fpg' pko'Qm x'g] ;d]t b]lvG5 . o;af6 sd{rf/Lsf] ;'/Iff tyf oftfoftsf] ;fd'lxs Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 .

lghfdtL tyf lzIfs c:ktfn xfn lghfdtL c:ktfn sf7df8f}+df s]lGb|t ePsf]n] b]ze/sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;f] c:ktfndf ;xh kx'Fr sfod x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;}u/L lghfdtL, ;]gf, k|x/Lsf nflu ;'ljwf ;lxtsf] c:ktfnsf] Joj:yf u/] klg lzIfsx¿n] of] ;'ljwf kfpg ;s]sf] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ Pjd\ lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;xh¿kdf pkrf/sf] k|aGw ug{sf nflu pkTosf aflx/ c:ktfnsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsPdf o;n] pkTosf aflx/ a:g pTk|]l/t ug]{, ;'ne pkrf/df kx'Fr j[l4 x'g] Pjd\ cfkm"nfO{ ;/sf/n] ;Daf]wg u/]sf] cg'e"lt u/L sfdk|lt÷;]jfk|lt ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf lqmofzLn hgzlQmsf] dgf]jn a9\g;Sg] cj:yf /xG5 .

58\s] k|j]z / o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] ;x;lrj;Dd lglZrt k|ltzt 58\s] k|j]zsf] Joj:yf /flvPsf] 5 . o;af6 ;do ;dodf k|ltefjfg hgzlQmsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z eO/x]sf] 5 . 58\s] k|j]z h'g p2]Zosf ;fy /flvPsf] lyof] ;f] adf]lhd geO{ ;]jf leq}sf hgzlQmdfq dflyNnf] cf]xbfdf hfg] k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] 5 . dflyNNff] kbdf hfgsf] nflu sfof{nosf] sfd gu/L sd{rf/Ln] cfkm\gf] k9fO{ lt/ dfq nfUg] cj:yf b]lvPsf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ aGb ug'{kb{5 eGg] cfjfh klg cfPsf] kfOG5 . t/ w]/}h;f] k|zf;g lj1sf] egfO{df o;n] ;du| lghfdtL k|zf;gdf gofF /Qm;~rf/ u/fPsf] o'jf hgzlQmnfO{ k|zf;gsf] g]t[Tjdf hfg] cj;/ lbO{

102

;'wf/sf] cj;/ Nofpsf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'[ g} pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 egL /fo JoQm ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ ubf{ o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg' g} pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

cw{Goflos lgsfosf] Joj:yfkg cw{Goflos lgsfonfO{ sfg'gn] lbPsf] lhDd]jf/L dWo] Goflos sfd sf/jfxL pko'Qm tl/sfaf6 eP u/]sf] kfOb}g . km};nf n]vg sfo{, km};nf adf]lhdsf] b08 hl/jfgfsf] nut /fVg] sfd, To;nfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd c;'n pk/ ug]{ sfo{df s'g} lglZrt k4ltsf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOb}g . cw{Goflos lgsfonfO{ sfg'gn] lbPsf] Goflos lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{ ;DaGwdf pko'Qm 1fg l;k lbnfpg tflnd lbg] / cw{Goflos lgsfoaf6 ePsf km};nf adf]lhdsf] b08 hl/jfgfsf] nut /fVg] / c;'n pk/ ug]{ ;DaGwdf cfjZos lgb]{lzsf agfO{ nfu" ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] Joj:yfkg :jb]zdf pko'Qm /f]huf/Lsf] ;[hgf x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/L Pp6f pko'Qm ljsNk ePsf] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . t/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] o'jfnfO{ ljleGg k|nf]egdf kf/L cgfjZos ;]jf ;'ljwfsf cfZjf;g b]vfO{ 7uL ug]{qmd :jb]zdf eO/x]sf] 5 . ljb]zdf hfFbf eg] adf]lhdsf] ;]jf ;'ljwf gkfpg], sfd gkfpg] eO{ g]kfnL o'jfx¿ ljleGg b]zdf ljrNnLdf kl//x]sf 5g\, eg] g]kfnL o'jtLx¿n] ljleGg lsl;dsf of}ghGo lx+;fsf] lzsf/ aGg' k/]sf ;dfrf/ cfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/df ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ljb]zdf sfdsf] nflu hfg] ;a} o'jfnfO{ plrt tflndsf] Joj:yf u/L l;ko'Qm agfO{ k7fpg], g]kfnL dlxnfnfO{ ljb]zdf k7fpFbf ;+:yfut ¿kdf dfq k7fpg] 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf dlxnfnfO{ gk7fpg] ;fy} g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] dfu ePsf ;a} b]z;Fu ;Demf}tf u/L plrt kfl/>lds / ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] ;'lglZrttf u/]/ dfq k7fpg] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

;]jf lgj[Q sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtf /fHosf]ifaf6 lgj[lQe/0f kfO/x]sf ;]jf lgj[Q sd{rf/Lx¿ JolQmut :jfy{af6 k|]l/t eO{ ljleGg ;+3, ;ª\u7g, cGt/fli6«o tyf /fli6«o u}/ /sf/L ;+:yf, k|lti7fg, kmd{ / kmf]/dx¿df ;+nUgtf b]vfpg] k|j[lQ a9]sf] 5 . cfkm" ;fj{hlgs kbdf /xFbf cfkm\gf] cg's"ntfdf P]g, lgod / gLltx¿sf] th'{dfdf k|efj kfg]{ / ;]jf lgj[Q e};s]kl5 emf]n] sG;N6]G;L ;+rfngdf Nofpg], /fi6« lxt ljkl/t cleJolQmx¿ lbg], h:tf sfo{x¿ x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . ctM o:tf k|j[lQx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;]jf lgj[Q sd{rf/Lx¿n] ug{ x'g] / ug{ gx'g] s'/fx¿ ;d]6L cfrf/;+lxtfsf] th'{df / ;f] sf] sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

cfrf/ ;+lxtfdf /fi6«sf] clxt x'g] ljifodf k|ToIf jf k/f]If ¿kdf ;+nUgtf /xg gx'g], lgj[Q ePsf] lglZrt cjlw;Dd j}tlgs k/fdz{bftfsf] ¿kdf sfo{ ug{ gkfpg] nufotsf k|fjwfgx¿ /flvg' kg]{ x'G5 .

/fhkqflÍt sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kf7\oqmdsf] k'g/fjnf]sg nf]s;]jf cfof]un] o;} jif{b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L /f=k=t[tLo zfvf clws[t -c=k|f=_ tkm{sf] gofF kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . /f=k= låtLo / k|yd >]0fLsf ck|fljlws / k|fljlws kbx¿df

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58\s] k|j]zsf] k|fjwfg 5 . oL kbx¿sf -ljz]ift ck|fljlws kb_ nflu k|ltikwf{Tds k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmd of]Uo JolQmsf] vf]hL -Talent Hunt) ug]{ lsl;dsf] x'g g;Sbf ck]Iff ul/P adf]lhdsf] hgzlQm ahf/af6 ;]jfdf leq\ofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;fy} cfGtl/s k|ltikwf{sf] nflu lgwf{l/t kf7\oqmd klg s]jn ;"rgfx¿sf] ;Íng ug]{ sfo{;Dd dfq l;ldt e} /rgfTdstf, >[hgzLntf, g]t[Tj, lg0f{o Ifdtf, ;d:of ;dfwfg, ;Í6 Joj:yfkg h:tf kIfx¿sf] k|of]ufTds k/LIf0f x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . t;y{ /f=k= låtLo / k|yd >]0fLsf kbx¿sf] v'nf / cGt/;]jf d"ns cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmd 5'§f 5'§} lgwf{/0f u/L Ifdtfjfg hgzlQm leq\ofpgsf nflu kf7\oqmdnfO{ ;d;fdlos agfpg' cfjZos 5 .

;['zf;g P]g tyf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] k|efjsfl/tf ;'zf;g P]g tyf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf sltko k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ Ps¿ktf sfod ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf 5 . ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;+:yfut Ifdtf / ;~hfnsf] cefj 5 . ;"rgf n'sfpg] ;+:sf/ sfod} 5 . ;"rgfbftfsf] ;+/If0fsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;"rgfsf] xs ;Fu;Fu} cfa4 x'g'kg]{ uf]kgLotfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'g, Documentation Act cflbsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sbf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

ctM ;'zf;g P]g / ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g aLr Ps¿ktf / ;fd~h:otf sfod u/L ;f] sf] k|efjsf/L sfo{Gjog ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;fwg ;|f]t, hgtf / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;"rgfsf] ;xh kxFrsf nflu k|lqmofut ;/nLs/0f / 5f]6f] tyf zL3| k|lqmofsf] cjnDag, ;"rgfbftfsf] ;+/If0fsf] k|0ffnLut k|Tofe"lt / ;"rgfsf] xs ;Fu cGt/ ;DalGwt x'g] cGo P]g sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

;/sf/L lgsfoåf/f /fli6«o pTkfbgsf] pkof]u b]zdf cf}Bf]lusLs/0fn] ult lng ;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf/ cfofltt j:t'x¿n] cf]u6\g] qmd a9\bf] 5 . s[lif÷u}/ s[lif pTkfbg nfut a9L x'g] ePsfn] b]z aflxaf6 cfpg] j:t';Fu :jb]zL pTkfbgn] k|ltikwf{ ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] klg /fli6«o pTkfbgsf] pkof]unfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] Joj:yf nfu" x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o; ;Gbe{df /fli6«o pTkfbgsf] k|j4{g ug{ ;/sf/n] ljz]if gLlt lng'kg]{ b]lvG5 . /fli6«o pTkfbgsf] pkof]udf j[l4 Nofpgsf nflu x/]s ;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] :jb]zL pTkfbg pknAw eP;Dd clgjfo{ ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ Joj:yf nfu" ug'{k5{ .

pRr cWoog / j}b]lzs cWoog, cjnf]sgsf nflu dfkb08 lgwf{/0f / sfof{Gjog pRr cWoog, j}b]lzs cWoog tyf cjnf]sgsf nflu lglZrt dfkb08sf] cefjdf cfkm\gf] dfG5], eg;'g cflbsf cfwf/df l;ldt JolQmn] dfq cj;/ lnO/x]sf 5g\ . pknAw x'g] cj;/x¿sf] ;dfg'kflts / ;dGoflos ljt/0f x'g g;s]sf u'gf;fx¿ JofKt 5g\ . oL u'gf;fx¿sf] ;Daf]wg u/L pRr cWoog, j}b]lzs cWoog / cjnf]sg e|d0fnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpgsf nflu lglZrt dfkb08x¿ lgwf{/0f u/L b'u{d If]qdf vl6Psf sd{rf/Lx¿n] ;d]t o:tf] cj;/ kfpg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt ub}{ pQm dfkb08sf] s7f]/tfk"j{s kfngf ug]{ /

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dfkb08sf] kfngf gePdf clVtof/jfnfnfO{ sf/jfxL x'g];Ddsf k|fjwfgx¿ /fVg' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .

ef}uf]lns If]qsf] cg'ej / a9'jf Joj:yf ljBdfg a9'jf Joj:yfdf cÍ u0fgf x'g] kIfx¿ dWo] h]i7tf afx]ssf cGo -sf=;=d"=, ef}uf]lns cg'ej jfktsf] cÍ, tflnd, z}lIfs of]Uotf_ jfkt kfpg] cÍ ;a}sf] ;dfg x'g] l:yltn] ubf{ a9'jfdf h]i7tfsf] d"Vo e"ldsf ePsf] b]lvG5 . sd{rf/Lx¿df a9'jf k|of]hgsf nflu cÍ k'¥ofpg] gfddf b'u{d dWo]sf] ;'ud 7fpFdf ;¿jf x'g] k|j[lQ 5 . ;]jf cjlw !@ jif{ gk'uL a9'jf x'g g;Sg] / !@ jif{df h'g;'s} ef}uf]lns If]qdf sfd ubf{ klg ef}uf]lns cg'ej jfktsf] cÍ k'Ug] cj:yf 5 . o;n] ubf{ sd{rf/Lx¿ b'u{ddf sfd ug{ hfg grfxg] cj:yf 5 . o;df ;'wf/ u/L sd{rf/LnfO{ b'u{d If]qx¿df sfd ug{ hfg] cj:yf >[hgf ug{ / b'u{dsf] cg'ej lbnfpgsf nflu a9'jfsf] ef}uf]lns cÍ x6fO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf tf]lsPsf] If]qsf] ef}uf]lns If]qsf] cg'ej tf]lsPsf / b/aGbL ePsf kbx¿df lglZrt cjlw;Dd sfd gul/sg a9'jfsf] ;+efJo pDd]b\jf/ g} gx'g] Joj:yf nfu" ug{ cfjZos 5 .

;]jf k|jfxdf hgtfsf] kx'Frsf] cj:yf ;/sf/nfO{ hgtfsf] glhs k'¥ofO{ pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf, ;dGjo, ;xof]u / ;fem]bf/Ldf pgLx¿sf ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf pgLx¿s} ;Nnfx / ;'emfjsf cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; u/L ;/sf/ k|ltsf] hgtfsf] ckgTj >[hgf ug{ cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu æ;]jfsf] jl/k/L hgtf xf]Og hgtfsf] jl/k/L ;]jfÆ eGg] cleofgsf ;fy ljleGg lsl;dsf lj:tf/ / kx'Fr -Outreach) sfo{qmdsf] ;+rfng ug'{ kb{5 .

;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTjsf] cj:yf ;fj{hlgs lgsfoåf/f k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf tyf ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;DaGwdf ;fj{ef}d hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt u/fpg], ;]jfk|ltsf] k|ltlqmof lng] / hgu'gf;fx¿sf] ;Daf]wg ug]{ tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf ;Dk"0f{ ultljlwx¿nfO{ kf/bzL{ agfO{ hgtfk|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj ;'lglZrt u/fpFb} ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"t ug{ ;fdflhs k/LIf0f / ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ h:tf pQ/bfloTjsf ;+oGqx¿sf] cEof; Jofks / clgjfo{ u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g .

;fj{hlgs jf ;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf x/]s kl/of]hgf tyf sfof{Gjog lgsfox¿n] ljsf;sf nflu u/]sf vr{sf] ;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0f ul/g' kg]{ u/L cfly{s k|zf;g sfg'gdf Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . ;Da4 pkef]Qmf, nfeu|fxL / :yfgLo gful/s ;dfhsf cu'jfx¿n] cfkm\gf] If]qdf ePsf ljsf; lqmofsnfkdf ePsf] vr{sf] af/]df hfgsf/L kfpg], vr{ tf]lsPsf] dfkb08 / cfwf/df eP gePsf] vf]hL ug{ kfpg] / ePsf] vr{n] lbPsf] pknlAwsf] d"NofÍg ug{ kfpg] ;d]tsf] clVtof/L ;lxt kl/of]hgf ;dflKt x'g' jf sfo{qmdx¿ ;lsg' cufj} ;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0f u/L To;kl5 dfq clGtd n]vf k/LIf0f ul/g' pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

:ynut ¿kdf /x]sf sfof{no -uf=lj=;=, :jf:Yo, s[lif, kz' cflb_ sf] k|efjsfl/tf

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:jf:Yo, s[lif, kz' h:tf Onfsf :t/Lo sfof{nox¿ uf=lj=;= / g=kf= hgtfnfO{ Front desk df a;L ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ lgsfox¿ x'g\ . jf:tjdf hgtfsf] ;/sf/ eg]sf log} sfo{nox¿ x'g\ . h;n] pgLx¿sf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿sf] :yfgLo :t/df ;Daf]wg ub{5g\ . oLg} sfof{nox¿af6 ;/sf/sf] cg'xf/ hgtfdf k|ltljlDat x'G5 . ctM o:tf :ynut ¿kdf /x]sf sfof{nox¿sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"NofÍg ul/g' h¿/L 5 . oL sfof{nox¿af6 k|jfx x'g] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/, kl/df0f, ;do, nfut / ;dGoflostf cflbsf cfwf/df d"NofÍg u/L k|efjsfl/tf k/LIf0f ug]{ / ;f]sf cfwf/df sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k'/:sf/ / b08sf] Joj:yf ub}{ sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t tnjnfO{ :yfgLo :t/sf lgsfox¿af6 nfu" ug'{kg]{df To;tkm{ /fHosf] plrt Wofg hfg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;]jf ljt/0f ug]{ :yfgLo :t/sf pNn]lvt lgsfox?nfO{ PsLs[t ?kdf :yfkgf u/L ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos 5 .

hgzlQm of]hgf th'{df / hgzlQm ljsf; sfo{qmd /fli6«o, If]qLo / :yfgLo :t/df jt{dfg / eljiodf cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQmsf] klxrfg, ljsf; / pkof]u ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQm of]hgfnfO{ lglb{i6 ug]{ hgzlQm ljsf; gLltsf] xfn;Dd th'{df x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . h;n] ubf{ /fli6«o / cGt/fli6«o ahf/df k|ltikwf{ ug{ ;Sg] ;Ifd hgzlQmsf] pTkfbg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ / pkof]u ug]{ lgsfox¿ aLr :ki6 ;f]r / ;dGjosf] cefj v8\lsPsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ pTkflbt hgzlQmn] ahf/df cj;/ gkfpg] / ahf/sf] dfu adf]lhdsf hgzlQm pknAw x'g g;Sg] l:ylt >[hgf ePsf] 5 .

;fy} lghfdtL ;]jf leqsf] hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; u/L pgLx¿sf] Ifdtfsf] pkof]u ug]{ sfo{ ;d]t hgzlQm of]hgfsf] cefjdf cf]em]ndf k/]sf] 5 . ctM /fli6«o :t/df hgzlQm ljsf; gLltsf] th'{df u/L gLltn] lglb{i6 u/] adf]lhdsf] cfjlws hgzlQm of]hgf th'{df / of]hgf adf]lhdsf hgzlQm ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o; sfo{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] ls6fgL / ;lqmo e"ldsf tyf ;fem]bf/ / ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo -lghL If]q ;d]t_ x¿ aLrsf] ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ / ;femf]bf/L ckl/xfo{ 5 .

s]Gb|Lo txl;n sfof{nosf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ;/sf/L afFsL c;'n pk/ ug]{ ;d]tsf lhDd]jf/L /x]sf] s]Gb|Lo txl;n sfof{nonfO{ ;f] cg';f/sf] ;+/rgf, hgzlQm, sfo{ljlw / ;|f]t ;fwg pknAw x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . clen]v /fVg ;Dd klg ;d:of k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . c;'n ug'{ kg]{ ;/sf/L afFsLsf] cÍ a9\bf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ;Gbe{df of] lgsfonfO{ s]Gb|Lo :t/sf] sfof{nosf] ¿kdf :t/f]GgtL u/L c¿ lgsfosf] pRr tx;Fu ;xof]u, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ug{ ;Sg] u/L hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu pQm sfof{nosf] ;+/rgf / sfo{ljlwsf ;DaGwdf kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .

;/sf/L ;DklQsf] clen]v Joj:yfkg ;/sf/L :jfldTj / lhDdfdf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQx¿sf] PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t clen]v Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;/sf/L lhDdfdf /x]sf 3/, hUuf, ;jf/L ;fwg, dxTjk"0f{ ef}lts ;fwg / cGo d"Nojfg pks/0fx¿sf] PsLs[t clen]v /fVg g;Sbf ;/sf/L ;DklQsf] b'¿kof]u / lxgfldgf x'g] hf]lvd a9]sf] 5 . To;}n] nflu s]Gb|Lo txl;n

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sfof{no;Fu ;d]t ;dGjo u/L jf ;f]xL lgsfonfO{ s]Gb|Lo clen]v PsfO{ agfO{ ;/sf/L ;DklQsf] clen]vnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ljutsf] t'ngfdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/ eO;Sbf klg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ k4lt, k|lqmofdf k|ljlwnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{], ;/sf/L clen]v /fVg], sfuh/lxt cjwf/0ff ckgfpg], ;]jf k|jfxdf k|ljlwnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ h:tf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . k|zf;g k'gM ;+/rgf cfof]usf] bf];|f] cGtl/d k|ltj]bg -s_ df ;/sf/L zf;g If]qnfO{ ljB'tLo k|ljlw dfkm{t ;~rfng Pjd\ k|j4{g ug{ 5'§} :ki6 gLlt tyf sfo{qmd to ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf cf}+NofOPsf] 5 . ;f] k|ltj]bgn] tTsfnLg, dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg ;f]r ;lxtsf] /fli6«o ljB'tLo zf;g ;DaGwL /0fgLlt th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg u/]sf] l;kmfl/z cem}klg plQs} ;fGble{s /x]sf] b]lvFbf ;f] ;DaGwL sfo{ yfngL ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfo ljz]if u/L lj1fg k|ljlw dGqfno / ;~rf/ dGqfnon] ljz]if k|of; ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

pQ/flwsf/L of]hgfsf] cjnDag g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf pQ/flwsf/ of]hgf cem};Dd gf}nf] ljifosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf pRr txdf pQ/flwsf/L of]hgf nfu" ug]{ gLltut Joj:yf ePklg ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog kIf k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] b]lvPg . g]t[Tj ljsf; / ;+:yfut ;+emgf sfod /fVg tyf gLltut lg/Gt/tf sfod /fVg pko'Qm ljsNksf] ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf] of] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df Nofpg l9nfO{ eO;s]sf] 5 . ljutsf k|zf;g ;'wf/;DaGwL k|ltj]bgx¿n] ;d]t of] ljifodf k|i6¿kdf ;'emfj k|:t't u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQ/flwsf/L of]hgf nfu" x'g ;s]df /fhgLltn] k|zf;gnfO{ cfkm"v'zL kl/rfng ug{ g;Sg], g]t[Tj bLuf] / cg'dfgof]Uo x'g], gLltut Joj:yfk|lt ckgTj af]w x'g] / o;n] lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ alnof] agfpg] cj:yf /xG5 .

lj1 ;d"x -Think Tank) sf] Joj:yfkg ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf ljleGg pRr:t/Lo kbx¿df /xL ;]jf u/]sf cg'ejL / k|ltefzfnL hgzlQmnfO{ /fHon] kl/rfng u/L /fli6«o :jfy{sf] ;+/If0fdf of]ubfg lng ;Sg' kb{5 . ;]jfdf /xFbf u/]sf] of]ubfgsf] cfwf/df lj1x¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ lglZrt ljifodf cWoog u/L /fHonfO{ ;]jf ug{;Sg] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsPdf ;/sf/ / k|fl1s JolQmx¿sf aLr 5nkmn / k/fdz{ ug]{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f x'G5 . t/ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf o:tf] cEof; ug{ g;Sbf ;]jf lgj[Q ljlzi6 1fg ;Lk ePsf JolQmx¿sf] Ifdtfsf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . o;sf nflu ;/sf/n] cu|;/tf b]vfO{ ;DalGwt ljifodf lj1tf xfl;n u/]sf JolQmx¿sf] ;femf d~r jf ljifout cfwf/df 5'§f 5'§} d~r agfO{ cg'ejL / of]ubfg lbg x}l;to ePsf hgzlQmnfO{ Pp6f 8f]/f]df cfa4 u/L cfjZos lhDd]jf/L lbg] / ;]jf lng] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] ;]jf ljleGg cWoog k|lti7fgx¿ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf :yflkt u/]/ jf ;/sf/n] ;NNffxsf/sf] e"ldsf lbP/ klg ug{ ;lsG5 .

;ldltx¿sf] u7g / Joj:yfkg

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s'g}klg ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ jf s'g} lglZrt sfd ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu ;ldltx¿ u7g ug]{ cEof; /lxcfPsf] 5 . Psk6s u7g ePsf ;ldltx¿ :yfoL ;+/rgf ;/x cgGt sfn;Dd /lx/xg] cEof;nfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . o;n] cgfjZos ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs vr{ a9fPsf] b]lvG5 eg] nufgLsf] cg'kftdf k|ltkmn ;d]t lbg g;s]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] ljleGg P]g, sfg'g cGtu{t :yflkt ePsf ;ldltx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cf}lrTo gb]lvPsf ;ldltx¿ vf/]h÷lj36g ug]{ Pjd\ tTsfn cfjZostf b]lvPsf ;ldltx¿nfO{ lglZrt ;dofjlwdf lglZrt pknlAw xfl;n x'g;Sg] u/L Joj:yfkg;Fu sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/ u/L ;f] cg';f/ sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ g;s]df lhDd]jf/ agfpg] tyf ;do;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/L :yfoL ;+/rgfaf6 ;Dej gx'g] sfdsf nflu dfq ;ldlt u7g ug]{ gLlt -Sunset Policy_ cjnDag ug'{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

;ª\u7g tyf sd{rf/Lx¿df k|ltikwf{Tds jftfj/0f ;dfg :t/sf jf ;dfg k|s[ltsf sfd ug]{ ;ª\u7g tyf sd{rf/Lx¿df glthfsf cfwf/df pTk|]/0ffd"ns cj;/ tyf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] k|ltikwf{Tds jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/L pTkfbsTj a9fpg] nIo /fvL gLltut Pjd\ sfg'gL k|aGw ug{ g;Sbf lghfdtL ;]jf glthfd'vL x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;dfg :t/ / k|s[ltsf sfd ug]{ ;ª\u7g / sd{rf/Lx¿ aLr k|ltikwf{ ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; ug{ ;s]df sfdsf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ / ;ª\u7gnfO{ glthfd"ns agfpg dfgj ;|f]tsf] pRrtd pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 .

cd's ;ª\u7g / lgsfok|lt sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;¿jf cfsif{0f ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f ug]{ sltko lgsfox¿ sd{rf/Lsf cfsif{0fsf s]Gb|laGb'sf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . sltko lgsfox¿df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ bl08t ePsf] dxz'z u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;/sf/n] To:t} cfsif{0f a9L ePsf 7fpFdf k|f]T;fxg -Incentive) ;d]t lbPsf] b]lvG5 . To:tf lgsfox¿sf] sfo{ k|lqmof ;/nLs/0f ug]{, kf/blz{tf clej[l4 ug]{, lglZrt ;dofjlw gf3]sfnfO{ clgjfo{¿kdf ;¿jf ug]{ / lgu/fgL lgsfoaf6 lgu/fgL a9fpg], dflyNnf lgsfoaf6 cg'udg Pjd\ ;'kl/j]If0f a9fpg] h:tf pkfo cjnDag u/L cfsif{0f 36fpg / To:tf sfof{nosf] ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ lgodg ug{ ;lsG5 .

;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|ltsf] nlIft ju{sf] :jfldTj af]w ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zLs/0f agfpgsf nflu cf/If0fsf] cEof; ul/Psf] klg s]xL jif{ eO;s]sf] 5 / t'ngfTds ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;dfj]zL :j¿ksf] b]lvg k|f/De ePsf] 5 . t/ ;]jf ljt/0f / ;]jf k|jfxdf ;DalGwt ju{af6 To;sf] cg'e"lt ug{ gkfPsf]n] ;DalGwt ;d"xn] pTk|]l/t x'g] jf uj{ ug{ ;Sg] l:yltsf] l;h{gf ePg t;y{ ;Dj]bgzLn eO{ nlIft ;d"xdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug{sf nflu cf/If0faf6 cfPsf hgzlQmnfO{ ;DalGwt ;d'bfo s} If]qdf ;]jf ljt/0f ug]{ u/L Front Line df v6fpg ;lsG5 .

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] lg0f{o k|lqmof kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfng–qmddf ul/Psf lg0f{ox¿nfO{ Gofofnodf r'g}tL lbg] / Gofofnoaf6 To:tf lg0f{ox¿ sfof{Gjog gug{ cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L x'g] tyf ab/ ;d]t x'g] qmd al9/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] sfo{sf/L sfddf cgfjZos ;do, ;|f]t / nufgL a9]sf] 5 eg] ;dodf sfo{ ;Dkfbg x'g g;sL k|zf;g ;~rfngdf sl7gfO{ ;d]t

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cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] k"0f{tM kfng gul/g' / sfg'gn] tf]ssf] ;Ldf jf bfo/fdf /xg g;s]sf] sf/0f g} o:tf ;d:of b]lvPsf x'g\ . cfkm"nfO{ sfg'gn] lbPsf] clVtof/Lsf] cwLgdf /xL lgwf{l/t k|lqmofsf] cjnDag ug]{ / ;xeflutfd"ns ¿kdf lg0f{o lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsPdf o:tf] ;d:of Joxf]g'{ gkg]{ tkm{ lg0f{ostf{ ;hu x'g' kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .

cGt/;]jf k|ltof]lutfsf] Joj:yf ljutdf /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] ;x;lrj kbdf cGt/;]jf k|ltof]lutfsf] Joj:yf eO{ of]Uotfsf cfwf/df g]t[Tj tx / gLlt lgdf{0fsf] lhDd]jf/Ldf ljleGg ;d"xaf6 k|ltikwf{ eO{ of]Uo JolQmx¿ rog eO{ cfPsf] cj:yf lyof] . To;n] kf/]sf] k|efjsf] af/]df x'g] cWoog g} geO{ ;f] Joj:yf x6fOPsf] ;Gbe{df ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] uDeL/ l6Kk0fL u/]sf] kfOG5 . cGt/;]jf k|ltikwf{n] ljleGg ;d"xdf /x]sf clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] of]Uotf / ¿lrsf cfwf/df j[lQ ljsf;sf] cj;/ ;d]t k|bfg u/]sf] Pjd\ km/flsnf] k|ltikwf{åf/f of]Uo JolQmx¿ rog eO/x]sf] ljutsf] cg'ejnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L ;a} lghfdtL tkm{sf /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] kbdf cGt/;]jf k|ltof]lutfsf] Joj:yf sfod ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

a}7s eQf Pjd\ k|lzIf0f kfl/>ldsdf ljleGgtf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿df x'g] j}7s tyf k|lzIf0fsf] qmddf lbOg] eQf Pjd\ kfl/>lds tyf vfhf vr{df ;d]t Jofks ljljwtf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;/L lbOg] eQf tyf kfl/>ldssf] cÍdf klg lgSs} g} 7"nf] leGgtf /x]sf] 5 . /fHosf]ifaf6 x'g] Jooef/df Ps} ljifodf lgsfout cfwf/df leGgtf /xg' pko'Qm x'Fb}g . t;y{ b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf lgodfjnLn] u/]sf] h:t} u/L of] ljifonfO{ klg lgodfjnLåf/f Jojl:yt ul/g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

;fj{hlgs lgsfodf ul/g] lgo'lQmsf] dfkb08 sfg'g adf]lhd :yflkt ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kbk"lt{sf nflu To:tf x/]s lgsfodf 5'§f 5'§} kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o;n] kbk"lt{ k|lqmofdf ljljwtf b]lvPsf] 5 . Ps} vfnsf kbsf nflu klg leGg leGg of]Uotf / cfwf/x¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . lj1tfsf] cefjn] kbk"lt{ k|lqmof ;xh¿kdf ;Dkfbg x'g ;d]t ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . w]/}h;f] kbk"lt{sf ljifox¿ ljjfbdf klg cfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . ;dodf :yfoL kbk"lt{ ug'{kg]{df nfdf] ;do;Dd gu/L s/f/ / c:yfoL sd{rf/Låf/f :yfoL kbx¿sf] sfd rnfO{ /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;n] Psflt/ kbk"lt{ k4ltk|lt g} cljZjf; k}bf u/]sf] 5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ ;Ifd hgzlQmnfO{ :yfoL u/L To:tf ;+:yfsf] ;+:yfut ;+emgf sfod /fVg pQ/bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ / To:tf] ;+:yfsf] nIo xfl;n ug{ ;d]t sl7gfO{ kl//x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;n] /fhgLlts g]t[TjnfO{ x:tIf]k ug{ cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . of] Joj:yfsf] cGTosf nflu ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf ul/g] kbk"lt{nfO{ Pp6f ljz]if1 PsfO{åf/f lgoldt ¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{ k|aGw u/L ;/sf/L ;+:yfg Pjd\ sfg'g adf]lhd :yflkt ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf :yfoL kbk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsPdf dfq plNnlvt ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 .

To;}u/L ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf pRr txdf ul/g] lgo'lQmsf] ljifo ;Fw} ljjfbsf] 3]/fdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lgo'lQm / cjsfznfO{ /fhgLlts kl/jt{g;Fu hf]8]/ a'em\g] ul/Psf] 5 . /fhgLlts :jfy{sf cfwf/df ul/g] lgo'lQm, cjsfz / sf/jfxL k|lqmofsf sf/0f o:tf ljifo pNn]Vo ;+Vofdf cbfnt;Dd hfg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . sfo{sf/L tj/af6 ul/g] o:tf lg0f{ox¿ cbfnt ;Dd k'Ug] / cbfntaf6 Jojl:yt ug{ cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ cj:yf lgZro g} pko'Qm xf]Og .

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a]nfavtdf /fhgLlts lgo'Qmsf kbx¿sf] Joj:yfkgsf k|of;x¿ eP klg To:tf k|of;x¿sf] sfof{Gjog kIf sdhf]/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] of] ljifonfO{ lgoldt / Jojl:yt ug{ To:tf kbx¿sf nflu rflxg] of]Uotf, cof]Uotf, lgo'lQm k|lqmof, sf/jfxL k|lqmof, kfng ug'{kg]{ cfr/0f / cg'zf;g, lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ pQ/bfloTj / lhDd]jf/L ;d]tsf ljifox¿ :ki6¿kdf lgwf{/0f ul/g' kg]{ / ;f] sf] kl/kfngf ug{ /fhgLlts g]t[TjnfO{ clgjfo{ ug'{kg]{ u/L sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

;fj{hlgs k|zf;g;DaGwL sfg'gsf] ;+lxtfs/0f ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfng ;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿ 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ . To:tf Joj:yfx¿ Pscfk;df a]d]nk"0f{ /x]sf] klg b]lvG5 . w]/} k'/fgf k|zf;sLo P]g sfg'gx¿nfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf ;d]t b]lvPsf] 5 . kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ / cfly{s ;fdflhs kl/jt{gnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L df}h'bf k|zf;g ;DaGwL sfg'gdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . of] qmddf Ps} k|s[ltsf k|zf;g;Fu ;Da4 sfg'gnfO{ ;+lxtfs/0f ug{ ;lsPdf Pscfk;sf] ;+ult sfod x'g], ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g ug{ ;xh x'g], Ps} ljifo bf]xf]/f]¿kdf /fVg' gkg]{, ljljwtf ;d]t gx'g] h:tf ;sf/fTds kIfx¿ sfod x'g] b]lvG5 .

;ª\u7gsf] nIo lgwf{/0f ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf x/]s ;ª\u7gx¿ lglZrt p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ :yflkt ePsf x'G5g\ . tL p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf nflu x/]s ;ª\u7gsf kl/nIo, kl/b[Zo tyf d"Nox¿ lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu ljlzi6Ls[t p2]Zox¿ / ;f] cg';f/sf sfo{qmd Pjd\ lqmofsnfkx¿ kl/eflift ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 . t/ sltko ;ª\u7gsf nIox¿ g} :ki6¿kdf lgwf{/0f x'g g;s]sf, lgwf{l/t kl/nIo, nIo tyf p2]Zo aLr g} tfnd]n gePsf, nIodf lgsfout bf]xf]/f]kgf sfod ePsf y'k|} pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ . ;ª\u7gsf] :ki6 kl/nIo, nIo tyf p2]Zo ls6fg u/L ;f]xL cg'¿ksf sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;+of]hg ug{ ;s]df dfq ;fË7lgs k|efjsfl/tf sfod x'g ;S5 .

hgzlQm ljsf; / Joj:yfkg ug]{ g]t[TjbfoL lgsfo g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs ljsf;sf] Oltxf; ca ;f7L jif{ k'Ug nfu]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf ljleGg df]8x¿ kf/ ub}{ qmdzM ;+:yfut x'Fb} cfPsf] elgPsf] sd{rf/L k|zf;g cem}klg ;Ifd, of]Uo, bIf / cg'dfgof]Uo x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . hgzlQm ljsf;sf nflu Jojl:yt of]hgfsf] cefj 5 . hgzlQm of]hgf ljsf; u/L To;nfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ g;lsP;Dd ;dsfnLg cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ hgzlQm leq\ofpg ;lsg] cj:yf /xFb}g . of] ;Gbe{nfO{ dxz'z u/L s]xL jif{ cl3b]lv ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] k'g/;+/rgf u/L dfgj ;+zfwg dGqfno agfpg] k|of; ePsf]df To;n] d"t{tf xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . s]Gb|Lo txaf6 hgzlQm of]hgf / hgzlQm Joj:yfkgsf nflu gLltut dfu{lgb]{z ug{ ;Sg] u/L clVtof/L lbO{ dfgj ;+zfwg dGqfnosf] :yfkgf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

lgsfout cfrf/;+lxtf lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ cg'zfl;t Pjd\ dof{lbt agfpg / ;fj{hlgs clVtof/Lsf] ;d'lrt k|of]u ug{sf nflu ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL sfg'g nufot ljleGg sfg'gL Joj:yfåf/f cfr/0fsf

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lgodx¿ tof/ ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . t/ To:tf lgodx¿sf] sfof{Gjog kIf sdhf]/ /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . csf]{tkm{ s]Gb|Ls[t ¿kdf tof/ ul/Psf o:tf cfr/0fsf lgodn] ;a} lgsfosf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ g;ls/x]sf] cj:yf klg b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu u[x k|zf;gsf sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0f / lzIffIf]qsf hgzlQmsf] cfr/0fsf lgoddf leGgtf /xg ;S5 . To;}n] x/]s lgsfon] cfkm\gf] ;ª\u7gn] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df ;]jfu|fxL;Fu ug'{kg]{ Jojxf/ / kfngf ug'{kg]{ cfr/0fut kIfnfO{ ;d]6L cfrf/;+lxtf tof/ ug'{kg]{ / To:tf] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg;Fu cfa4 ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

PsLs[t ;]jf s]Gb|sf] k|efjsfl/tf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg tyf ;/sf/sf] pkl:ylt hgtfsf] glhs;Dd k'¥ofpgsf nflu yfngL ul/Psf] PsLs[t ;]jf s]Gb|af6 hgtfn] ;xh¿kdf ;]jf k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ef}uf]lns ljljwtf, ;fdflhs agf}6, hg;+Vofsf] ljt/0f / ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;sf] cj:yf ;d]tsf cfwf/df x]bf{ o:tf ;]jfs]Gb|x¿ lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;n] Psflt/ ;/sf/L ;]jfnfO{ ;xh ¿kdf hgtf;Dd k|jfx ub{5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ljleGg OnfsfnfO{ ljsf; ug{ ;d]t ;xof]u k'Ub5 . o;n] sfg'g / Joj:yf sfod ug]{ OsfOx¿sf] lj:tf/ ;d]t u/fpFb5 / lhNnf ;b/d'sfdsf] ef/ ;d]t sd ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .

sd{rf/Ldf ;f+:s[lts kIfsf] 1fg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;+nUg hgzlQmnfO{ k|lzIf0f lbFbf ;}4flGts Pjd\ Jofjxfl/s kIfsf cltl/Qm d'n'ssf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts kIfsf af/]df ;d]t ;"lrt u/fpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . ljz]iftM d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf / ljlzi6tfsf] af/]df ;d'lrt 1fg x'g g;Sbf ;]jf ljt/0fdf ;d]t ;d:of kl//x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . csf]{tkm{ o;n] d'n'ssf] df}lns ;+:s[ltk|lt ;/sf/L txaf6 a]jf:tf ul/Psf] cg'e"lt klg ;Da4 kIfn] ug{;Sg] cj:yf 5 . To;}n] sd{rf/Lsf] tflnd sfo{qmddf ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts kIf, /xg ;xg / efiff, ;+:s[ltsf] af/]df cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L lbOg' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 . o;f] ug{ ;lsPdf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;fdflhs ¿kdf ;dfof]hg x'g ;xof]u k'Ub5 eg] ;DalGwt kIfn] klg ckgTjsf] af]w ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /xG5 . ;fy} !% lbgsf] clgjfo{ e|d0f sfo{qmd yfngL ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

sd{rf/Lx¿df :yfgLo efiffsf] 1fg ;]jf ljt/0fsf] txdf sfo{/t /xg] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ :yfgLo efiff l;Sg nufO{ pgLx¿s} efiffdf ;Djfb ug]{, pgLx¿sf] efiffdf cfkm\gf ;d:of / u'gf;f]x¿ k|:t't ug]{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsPdf ;]jf ljt/0f s]Gb| / ;]jfu|fxLsf aLrdf ;xh ;DaGw sfod x'g], cfkm\gf cfjfhx¿ /fd|f];Fu k|:t't ug{ ;Sg] / ;]jf k|bfos / ;]jfu|fxLx¿sf aLrdf ckgTjsf] efjgf ljsf; eO{ Pscfk;df ;xof]usf] jftfj/0f ;d]t lgdf{0f x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /xG5 . t/ :yfgLo efiff l;sfpg] / ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg] cEof; ug{ g;Sbf / hgtf aLrsf] ;DaGw ;'dw'/ ;/sf/ agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . To;}n] d'n'ssf] ljljwtfsf cfwf/df :yfgLo :t/df ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ :yfgLo efiff l;sfpg] tyf :yfgLo efiff hfg]sf] JolQmnfO{ cu|:yfg -Front Line) df v6fpg' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

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ljBfno :t/Lo kf7\oqmd / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;DaGwL hfgsf/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf / gfufl/sn] kfng ug]{ klg bfloTjsf af/]df cfd gful/sx¿nfO{ ;"lrt ug{ Pjd\ d'n'ssf] k|zf;lgs kl/kf6Lsf af/]df a]n}b]lv hfgsf/L lbgsf nflu ljBfno:t/Lo kf7\oqmddf d'n'ssf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] ljifo ;d]6\g g;Sbf ljZjljBfno plQ0f{ JolQmn] ;d]t ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf k|sf/, ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ k|lqmof, lhDd]jf/ lgsfo cflbsf] af/]df hfgsf/L g} gx'g] l:ylt 5 . To:t} gful/ssf xs clwsf/ / bfloTjsf af/]df klg ljBfno txb]lv g} hfgsf/L lbg' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf, zf;g k|0ffnL, ;]jf ljt/0fsf] cfwf/e"t k|lqmof / gful/s Pjd\ ;/sf/sf aLrsf] ;DaGwsf af/]df ljBfno txb]lv g} hfgsf/L lbg ;lsPdf zf;g Joj:yfk|lt gful/s ckgTj / hfu/0f cfpg ;Sb5 .

cfly{s ;xfotf tyf rGbf k'/:sf/ ljj/0fsf] ;fj{hlgsLs/0f /fHosf]if jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfaf6 s'g} klg sf/0fn] s'g} klg JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dsf] cfly{s ;xfotf, rGbf, k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/Pdf ;f] sf] ljj/0f cBfjlws /fvL To:tf] ljj/0f jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf clgjfo{¿kdf k|sflzt ug]{ Joj:yf u/L ;f] sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ g;Sbf . cfly{s k|zf;g ckf/bzL{ ¿kdf ;~rflnt ePsf] Pjd\ /fHo sf]ifsf] b'¿kof]u eO/x]sf] egL lg/Gt/ cf/f]k nflu/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;sf] v08g ug{ cfly{s ;xfotf tyf rGbf k'/:sf/sf] ljj/0f clws ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

ljz]if a9'jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;dfof]hg lglZrt cjlw ;]jf u/]kl5 tf]lsPsf Go"gtd cfwf/ k"/f ePdf Ps tx dflysf] kbdf kbf]Gglt ug]{ u/L ul/Psf] ljz]if a9'jf;DaGwL k|fjwfgsf] sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf sl7gfO{ /x]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf ;DaGwL sfg'gdf ePsf] kl5NNff] ;+zf]wgn] u/]sf] ljz]if a9'jf ePsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;dfof]hg ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjogdf hl6ntf / ljljwtf ;d]t b]lvPsf] 5 . o;/L ;dfof]hg ug'{kg]{ sd{rf/Lsf] 7"nf] ;+Vof /fhkqf+lst t[tLo tyf låtLo >]0fLsf] /x]sf] 5 . h;n] lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] txut >[+vnf / sfo{;Dkfbg Pjd\ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf k|efj kfl//x]sf] 5 . sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;nfO{ lgsfz lbg ul/Psf] pQm Joj:yfnfO{ ;d'lrt ¿kdf cjt/0f u/fpg g;lsPdf o;n] ;du| k|zf;g oGqdf kfg]{ k|efj ;sf/fTds gx'g klg ;Sg] cj:yf 5 . To;}n] ;a} ;ª\u7gsf] b/aGbL ;+/rgfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;]jf k|jfxdf /x]sf PsfO{x¿sf] :t/ pGglt u/L kb lhDd]jf/L / e"ldsfsf] ;d]t cfwf/df gofF ¿kdf of] ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . ljz]if u/L :yfgLo lgsfo / ;]jf s]Gb|x¿sf] :t/ pGglt u/L o:tf kbx¿nfO{ ;dfof]hg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;]jf k|jfx ;DaGwL PsfO{ jf lhNnf:t/Lo sfof{nodf ;dfg txsf sd{rf/L sfof{no k|d'v eO{ ;f]xL txsf c¿ sd{rf/L p;sf] dftxtdf /xg glbg] u/L ;dfof]hg ul/g' pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

;]jf k|j]zsf] nflu z}lIfs of]Uotf d'n'sdf ePsf] z}lIfs ljsf;, k|ltikwf{Tds ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf] ;]jf If]q, ljleGg lgsfon] u/]sf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg, ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿sf] ;]jf k|jfxsf] u'0f:t/df ug'{kg]{

112

;'wf/;d]tsf ljleGg sf/0fn] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf k|j]zsf nflu w]/} jif{ klxn] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . /f=k=cg+= låtLo >]0fLsf nflu bz hf]8 b'O{, /f=k=cg+lst k|yd >]0fLsf nflu :gfts, /f=k=t[tLo >]0fLsf nflu :gftsf]Q/sf] pkflwnfO{ Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf tf]lsg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 . kof{Kt hgzlQm ljsf; geO;s]sf s]xL k|fljlws If]qx¿df eg] s]xL ;dosf nflu ljBdfg Joj:yfnfO{ g} lg/Gt/tf lbg ;lsPdf o;sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;d]t ;d:of x'Fb}g .

:jljj]sLo clwsf/ k|of]usf] cj:yf ljBdfg sltko k|zf;sLo sfg'gdf k|zf;sLo clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ Jofks :jljj]sLo clwsf/ k|bfg u/L To:tf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u kIfdf ;d]t ljljwtf cfpg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . :jljj]ssf] dfqf hlt a9L eof] Tolt To:tf] clwsf/sf] b'¿kof]u x'g;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ pQ/bfoL, j:t'ut / cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg To:tf clwsf/nfO{ :ki6 dfkb08 / cfwf/åf/f lgoldt / lgolGqt ul/g' kg]{ x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu cWofudg P]gsf] bkmfdf ePsf] % xhf/b]lv (% xhf/;Dd hl/jfgf jf # dlxgf s}b jf b'a} egL cWofudg ljefunfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] clwsf/nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o:tf] Joj:yfsf] k|of]udf ljljwtf eO{ sfof{Gjogdf :j]R5frfl/tf /xg ;Sg] tkm{ uDeL/ x'g' kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . ljleGg sfg'gdf 5l/P/ /x]sf o:tf Joj:yfx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L k|zf;gnfO{ lglZrt kl/lwdf sfod /fVg' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .

113

kl/R5]b–&

/fHosf c·x¿sf] sfdsf/jfxL / ;'wf/

k[i7e"ld /fHo zlQmsf] k|of]u ug{ /fHosf ljleGg cËsf] Joj:yf cfjZos dflgG5 . dfgj :jtGqtfsf] /Iff / /fHosf] lg/s+'ztfsf] cGtsf nflu /fHosf k[ys cËsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . Ps} 7fpFdf /xg] zlQmn] lg/+s'ztfnfO{ lgDTofpF5 . ctM /fHosf] Pp6} cËdf ;a} zlQm s]lGb|t x'g' x'b}g eGg] l;4fGt /xsf]] 5 . /fHosf tLg cËsf] kl/sNkgf cl/i6f]6n / hf]g ns h:tf bfzlg{sx¿af6 ePsf] lyof] . oBlk dG6]:So' cfw'lgs zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf JofVofsf/ dflgG5g\ . pgn] ;g\ !&$* df k|sflzt æb l:kl/6 ckm nÆ gfds k':tsdf /fHosf tLg cËsf] ;+/rgf tyf ltgsf sfdsf] rrf{ u/]sf lyP . tTsfnLg km|fG;]nL lg/+s'z /fhtGq;Fu lbSs x'g k'u]sf dG6]:So' a]nfotL k4ltk|lt cfslif{t ePsf lyP . sfg'gsf] zf;gsf] k/Dk/fut l;4fGtnfO{ Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf nfu" ug{ klg pgn] zlQm k[ysLs/0fnfO{ Pp6f d'Vo pkfosf] ¿kdf lnPsf lyP . zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] csf]{ p2]Zo hgtfsf] :jtGqtfsf] /Iff ug'{ xf] . dG6]:So'n] Ps} cËdf /xg] zlQmn] hgtfsf] clwsf/ / :jtGqtfdf k|xf/ ug]{ cledt k|s6 u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; k|sf/ pgn] /fHodf u7g x'g] km/s–km/s cËn]] zlQmnfO{ lg/+s'z x'gaf6 arfpg] ;'emfj lbb} lg/s'+ztfsf] cGt, sfg'gsf] zf;g / gful/s :jtGqtfsf] /Iffsf] nflu /fHosf ljleGg cËdf zlQm k[ysLs/0f ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbP .

dG6]:So'n] /fHosf] ljwflosL zlQm hgk|ltlglwd"ns lgsfodf /xg' kb{5, :jtGq gful/s cfkm"af6 dfq} zfl;t x'g'kb{5, ;a} dflg;sf] ;xeflutfaf6 ;fj{hlgs ljifoj:t'df lg0f{odf

114

k'Ug g;lsg] ePsf]n] ljwflosfsf ;b:osf] r'gfj ug'{kb{5, hgk|ltlglwdfkm{t ljwflosL sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 eg]sf 5g\ . pgn] cof]Uo JolQmnfO{ pDd]bjf/ agfpg gx'g], ljwflosfdf b'O{j6f ;bg x'g'kg]{, cNkdtdf /x]sf dflg;sf] ;'/Iffy{ bf];|f] ;bgsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ h:tf wf/0ff klg /fv]sf] kfOG5 . o;}u/L /fHosf] ljwflosL OR5f sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{sfl/0fL cË sfo{kflnsf xf] . ctM o'4sf] 3f]if0ff / cGt ug]{, j}b]lzs gLlt to ug]{, /fhb"t k7fpg], x:tIf]k /f]Sg], u[x / k//fi6« dfldnf ;+rfng ug]{, /fi6«sf] /Iff / k|lt/Iffsf nflu k|x/L / ;]gf ;+rfng ug]{ h:tf sfo{ sfo{sfl/0fLsf] xf] . /fHosf] Goflos zlQm /fHosf] cË Gofokflnsfdf /xg] l;4fGt xf] . dG6]:So'n] sfg'gsf] JofVof ug]{ / b]jfgL / kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] lg/f]k0f Gofokflnsfn] ug'{kg]{ atfPsf 5g\ . JolQmsf] hLjg, :jtGqtf / ;DklQ ;DaGwL ljjfbdf Gofokflnsfaf6 lg0f{o x'g'kg]{ pgsf] dfGotf 5 . pgn] Goflos sfo{ sfo{sfl/0fLn] ug{ gx'g] wf/0ff /fv]sf 5g\ . sfo{sfl/0fL k|d'vn] Goflos clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ gx'g] pgsf] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtsf] nIo d"ntM sfg'gsf] zf;g / j}olQms :jtGqtfsf] /Iff ePsf] x'Fbf Gofokflnsf k[ys / :jtGq x'g'kg]{ wf/0ff /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

zlQmk[ysLs/0f nf]stflGqs /fHok|0ffnLsf] cfwf/lznf xf] . o;n] sfg'gsf] zf;g / j}olQms :jtGqtfdf hf]8 lbg] ub{5 . of] s'g} klg lg/ª\s'ztf / :j]R5frfl/tfsf] lj¿4df pleg] l;4fGt xf] . k"0f{ zlQmk[ysLs/0f ;Dej gx'g] sf/0f zf;gk|0ffnL ;'rf¿¿kdf ;+rfng x'g To;sf ;a} cjojx¿n] cf–cfkm\gf sfo{ u/]/ dfq k'Ub}g . oL cËx¿ aLr cfjZos ;dGjo klg x'g'kb{5 . logsf aLrdf cfjZos ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ePg eg] /fHon] cfkmgf] nIo k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g . /fHosf cËx¿n] km/s–km/s k|s[ltsf] sfo{ ug]{ eP tfklg ;a} cËsf] k|d'v st{Jo /fHosf] p2]Zo ;fsf/ kfg'{ xf] . ctM logLx¿sf] aLrdf ;xof]u / ;dGjo ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . cfk;L ljjfb / åGå :jfefljs ¿kdf xflgsf/s x'G5 . /fHosf cËx¿nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf :jtGq 5f]8\g] xf] eg] tL cËaLr zlQmsf] 6s/fj / j}dgZo z'¿ x'g yfN5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k cfk;L bfloTj k"/f x'Fb}g . oL cËx¿ aLrdf slxn]sfFxL ljjfb / åGå l;h{gf x'g] ub{5 . /fHo ;+rfngdf cfpg ;Sg] oL ljjfb / ljs[ltx¿nfO{ /f]Sg ;+ljwfgdf lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ngsf] l;4fGt ckgfpg' kg]{ x'G5 .

cf–cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf] ;Ldf gf3L sfo{ u/]df Pp6f cËn] csf]{ cËdfly k|ToIf jf k/f]If ¿kdf lgoGq0f ug'{ lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ng xf] . zlQm ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0fsf] pbfx/0fdf ljwflosfaf6 GofowLzdflysf] dxfcleof]usf] k|:tfj kfl/t, ljwflosfaf6 ;/sf/dfly cljZjf; jf ljZjf;sf] dtsf] k|of]u, dlGqkl/ifb\\af6 ljwflosfk|lt pQ/bfoLTj axg, ljwflosL / sfo{sfl/0fL sfo{pk/ Gofokflnsfaf6 Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg cflb kb{5g\ . zlQm k[ysLs/0f ;+ljwfgjfbsf] Ps k|d'v kxn' xf] . o;nfO{ zlQm lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ngsf] l;4fGt;lxt Jojxf/df nfu" ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . cTolws zlQmn] lg/+s'z agfpg ;Sg] ;+efjgf /xG5 . ljwflosf ax'dtsf] dbaf6 pGdQ x'g ;S5 . sfo{sfl/0fL k'ln; zlQmsf] cf8df lg/+s'z x'g ;S5 . Gofokflnsf sfg'gsf] clGtd JofVoftfsf cfwf/df 5f8f x'g ;S5 . /fHosf cËsf] o:tf] k|j[lQnfO{ lgolGqt ug]{ k|d'v pkfosf] ¿kdf zlQmsf] æ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0fÆnfO{ lnOG5 .

g]kfndf ;do–;dodf zf;g Joj:yf kl/jt{g ePsf 5g\ . o:tf] kl/jt{g slxn] zf;ssf] OR5fdf ePsf] 5, slxn] hgcfGbf]ngdfkm{t ePsf] 5 . zf;g Joj:yfdf ePsf kl/jt{gnfO{ b[li6ut u/L g]kfndf xfn;Dd ^ j6f ;+ljwfg hf/L eO;s]sf 5g\ . ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgf / :j¿ksf] ;Gbe{df tL ;a} ;+ljwfgn] zlQm k[ysLs/0f tyf lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ngsf] l;4fGt

115

cg';f/ Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsfnufotsf /fHosf ljleGg lgsfox¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

Joj:yflksf zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ Joj:yflksf sfg'g lgdf{0f ug]{ cË xf] . Joj:yflksf hgk|ltlglwd"ns cË xf] . nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf Joj:yflksf -ljwflosf_ af6} sfg'g lgdf{0f x'g'kg]{ dfGotf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . oBlk d'n'ssf ;a} sfg'g ljwflosfaf6 dfq lgdf{0f x'b}gg\ . ljz]if1tfsf] cefj, ;dosf] cefj, cGo sfd ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ cj:yf, cGo dxTjk"0f{ sfddf ;+nUgtfh:tf sf/0fn] s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf sfo{sfl/0fL / Gofokflnsfn] ;d]t s]xL sfg'g agfpg] ub{5g\ . To;}u/L ljwflosfåf/f ljleGg ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ljlgod agfpg] clwsf/ klg k|bfg ul/G5 . t/ To:tf lgod / ljlgodx¿ ;+ljwfgsf] ;Ldfleq /x]/ aGg' kg]{ x'G5 . ljwflosfsf] xsdf klg P]g jgfpFbf ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf ug'{kg]{ l;4fGt nfu" x'G5 . ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemg] sfg'gnfO{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ clwsf/ Gofokflnsf;Fu /xG5 . ljwflosfn] s;"/sf] kl/efiff ug]{, ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug]{, s/ nufpg], cbfnt u7g ug]{ / To;sf] clwsf/ If]q tf]Sg], /fHosf d'Vo lgsfox¿sf] vfsf tyf To;sf k|d'vsf sfd, st{Jo tf]Sg], sfo{ljlw tf]Sg], d'2f rnfpg]h:tf ljifodf sfg'g agfpg] clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sb}g . t/ ljwflosfn] P]gsf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;t{;lxt jf ;t{/lxt sfo{sfl/0fL / cGo lgsfonfO{ lgod, ljlgod agfpg] clVtof/L k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5 . t/ ;+ljwfgdf g} P]g lgdf{0f ug'kg]{ u/L Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eg] ljwflosfn] clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sb}g . g]kfndf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# cg';f/ lghfdtL ;]jfnufotsf ;/sf/L ;]jfx¿sf] u7g, ;+rfng / ;]jfsf ;t{ P]gåf/f g} Jojl:yt ul/g' kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . o:tf] P]g agfpg ljwflosfn] clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sb}g . lghfdtL ;]jf / sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf zt{ ;'/Iff ;DaGwL cfwf/e"t s'/f P]gåf/f g} lgwf{/0f x'g'k5{ .

g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ df Joj:yflksfsf] ;Gb{edf /fi6«;ef tNnf] ;bg / ef/bf/L ;ef dflyNnf] ;bgsf] ¿kdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . lgjf{lrt / dgf]lgt u/L /fi6«;efdf ^) b]lv &) ;b:o / ef/bf/L ;efdf @) b]lv #) ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . ef/bf/L ;efnfO{ sfg'gsf] d:of}bf, k|:tfj / k|Zg k|:t't ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ >L # nfO{ lrQ ga'em]df o:tf ljifox¿ vf/]h x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . b'a} ;bgaf6 kfl/t ljw]os v8\ulgzfgf nfu]kl5 P]g aGg] s'/f ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . To:t} g]kfn cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& df /fhfaf6 tf]lsPsf] ;+Vofdf ;b:o /xg] u/L Ps ;bgfTds ;Nnfxsf/ ;efsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% df k|ltlglw ;ef / dxf;ef u/L lå;bgfTds Joj:yflksfsf] ¿kdf k|ltlglw ;ef / dxf;efdf qmdzM !)( / #^ ;b:o x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . To;}u/L g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( df Joj:yflksfsf] ¿kdf Ps ;bgfTds /fli6«o k+rfotsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . h;df lgjf{lrt !!@ / dgf]lgt @* u/L hDdf !$) ;b:o /xGy] . /fli6«o k+rfotdf sltko ljifodf 5nkmn g} ug{ gkfpg] u/L aGb]h ;d]t nufOPsf] lyof] . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& df @)% ;b:o /x]sf] k|ltlglw ;ef / ^) ;b:o /x]sf] ;ef u/L lå;bgfTds ljwflosfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df ##) ;b:o /x]sf] Ps ;bgfTds cGtl/d ljwflosfsf ¿kdf Joj:yflksf–;+;b\sf] Joj:yf ug]{ / ;+ljwfg

116

;efsf] lgjf{rg kZrft\ ;+ljwfg;efn] g} Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;d]t e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ Joj:yf ul/of] .

Joj:yflksfsf] l;h{gf d'n'ssf] l;Fuf] hgtfaf6 x'g] ePsf]n] o;df :jfefljs ¿kdf pgLx¿sf] ckgTj / :jfldTj ufFl;Psf] x'G5 . ct M o;n] d'n's / hgtfsf] ck]Iff / lxtsf] vflt/ ofjt sfo{ ug'{kb{5 . ;Dk"0f{ hgtfsf] OR5f, cfsf+Iff, ;d:of, rfxgf cflb p;sf] zf;sLo lqmofsnfkdf d'vl/t ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . ;du|df ;'zf;gsf] cfwf/ Joj:yflksfsf] k|efjsf/L sfo{;Dkfbg g} xf] . ctM zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;+rfng / o;sf] ;'wf/, sfg'g Pj+ gLltsf] lgdf{0f / To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog, d'n'ssf] ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx, >f]t ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng, /fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgs ljs[ltsf] lgjf/0fh:tf zf;gJoj:yf;DaGwL ofjt\ sfo{ o;n] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;Dkfbg / lgoGq0f u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . oL ;a} ljifodf o;sf] uxg e"ldsf /xG5 . t/ ljutdf Joj:yflksfaf6 o; k|sf/sf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L ¿kdf lgjf{x x'g g;Sbf ;d:of / ljs[ltsf rfËx¿ r'lng k'u] . o;sf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf cg]sf} sdL sdhf]/L /x] . Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf sltko c;n /fhgLlts rl/q ePsf JolQmx¿sf] k|j]z ePg . /fHosf] o; dxTjk"0f{ cËdf of]Uo, ;Ifd / :jR5 5lj ePsf JolQmx¿ k'Ug ;s]gg\ eg] c;n zf;g sfod x'g ;Sb}g . cfk/flws dfgl;stf, v/fj cfr/0f, ;}4flGts 1fg / Jofjxfl/s cg'ejsf] cefj / c/fhs k[i7e"ld ePsf Pj+ sf]/f JolQmx¿sf] afx'Notf /x\of] eg] sfd sf/jfxLdf ljwflosL ljj]s k|of]u x'g ;Sb}g . ;/sf/ u7g / lj36gsf] v]ndf g} ljutdf Joj:yflksfsf] clwsf+z ;do laTof] . h;sf] sf/0f d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yf / ;/sf/n] :yfloTj kfPg . d'n'sdf /fhgLlts cl:y/tf a9of] . ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'Ug ;s]g . clgoldttf / e|i6frf/ a9of] . ;/sf/L >f]t ;fwgsf] b'¿kof]u a9of] . d'n'sdf c/fhstf / b08xLgtfn] k|>o kfof] . ;du|df d'n'sdf ;'zf;g sfod x'g ;s]g . casf] Joj:yflksf o:tf ljs[ltaf6 d'Qm x'g'kb{5 . of]Uo / ;Ifd JolQm Joj:yflksfdf r'lgP/ hfg' kb{5 . o;n] c;n ;/sf/sf] lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 . dx+uf] lgjf{rgn] ;'zf;g sfod ug{ sl7g x'Fbf lgjf{rgdf x'g] vr{sf] lgoGq0f cfjZos 5 . d'n'ssf] zf;g ;'wfl/Psf] ¿kaf6 ;+rfng ug'{kb{5 . d'n's ;'xfpFbf] pko'Qm ;+ljwfg agfO{ of] nfdf] ;qmd0f sfnsf] cGt ul/g'kb{5 . o;sf] nflu pko'Qm lgjf{rg k|0ffnL, :jR5 / ;Ifd JolQmsf] k|ltlglwTjsf nflu Joj:yflksfsf] ;b:o x'g] of]Uotf / cof]Uotfsf] :ki6tf ;+ljwfgaf6} x'g'k5{ .

Joj:yflkssfsf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg To;df sfo{/t hgzlQm ;Ifd / cg'ejL x'g' cfjZos k5{ . Joj:yflksfdf sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] ;Gbe{df pgLx¿nfO{ cfjZos tflnd k|bfg u/L bIf / ;Ifd t'NofOg' kb{5 . cfjZos ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOg' kb{5 . kof{Kt ;fwg >f]tsf] Joj:yf u/L ;+;b ;lrjfnonfO{ sfo{d"ns jgfOg' kb{5 . sfdsf] xsdf Joj:yflksf ;Da4 cg]sf}+ k|sf/ / k|s[ltsf sfd x'g ;S5 . ltgsf] vf]hL / ;'wf/sf] vfFrf] b]lvPsf] 5 . Joj:yflksf–;+;baf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] sfdnfO{ r':t agfpg sd{rf/Lsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg] ;Gbe{df o;sf nflu pgLx¿ ;w} ;lqmo cj:yfdf /xg'kb{5 . pgLx¿n] cfkm" k|j]z u/]sf] h'g ;]jf xf], To;sf] ;fv, 5lj / ul/dfnfO{ clej[l4 ug]{tkm{ nflu kg'{kb{5 . oL ;a} ;'zf;gs} c+z x'g\ . ct M c;n lgotn] ;/sf/, k|zf;lgs oGq, /fhgLlts bn, gful/s ;dfh / l;Fuf] hgtfn] OdfGbfl/sf ;fy cfcfkmgf] bfloTj lgjf{x u/]df d'n'sdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;xh x'G5 . o; lbzfdf Joj:yflksfsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . o;/L Joj:yflksfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] cfjZos kg]{ Joj:yfsf] ;+j}wflgs ;'lglZrttfsf ;fy}

117

To;df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] ;Ifdtf clej[l4sf] k|Tofe"lt cfjZos 5 . xfn Joj:yflksf–;+;b\ ;]jf cnu} sfg'gåf/f u7g u/L sd{rf/Lsf] aGbf]a:tsf] k|aGw ul/Psf] ePklg Joj:yflksf–;+;b\sf] ;fF3'/f] bfo/fdf sd{rf/Lx¿ ;Gt'li6 b]lvGgg\ . o;df k'g/fjnf]sgsf] cfjZostf 5 .

sfo{kflnsf sfo{sfl/0fL d"ntM sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ cË xf] . o;n] ljleGg sfo{x¿ ub{5 . d'n'ssf] ljsf;, lgdf{0f, d'b|f, ljQ, cy{, s/, /f]huf/L, pBf]u, >d, k//fi6««h:tf gLltx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ub{5 . o; cËn] ljwflosf lgld{t P]gsf] sfof{Gjog u/fp5 . /fHosf ;]gf, k|x/Lnufotsf ;ª\u7gsf] kl/rfng ub{5 . ;/sf/L ljw]osx¿ th'{df u/L ljwflosf;dIf k|:t't ub{5 . kmf}hbf/L sfg'gsf] pNn3+g ug]{nfO{ sf/jfxL ub{5 . cbfntn] lbPsf] ;hfo dfkmL d'NtaLsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ;d]t ub{5 .

sfo{sfl/0fL cË ljwflosfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'kb{5 . ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnLdf ;/sf/sf] hGd / cGt ljwflosfaf6} x'G5 . sfo{sfl/0fLn] ;+;bnfO{ hjfkm lbg'kb{5 . ;/sf/sf] gLlt, sfo{qmd / ah]6 ljwflosfaf6 cg'df]lbt x'g ;+;bLo k|0ffnLsf] cEof; ePsf] kfOG5 . zf;sLo k|s[lt cg';f/ ;/sf/ u7g / km]/abnsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg :j¿ksf] zf;gk|0ffnL ePklg sfo{sfl/0fLnfO{ lgb]{z / lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{ Joj:yflksfsf] ePsfn] Joj:yfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'k5{ . sfo{kflnsfn] g} ;+;bdf ljw]os k|:t't ub{5 . ljsl;t d'n'sdf ljwfosx¿n] klg ljw]os k|:t't ug]{ ub{5g\ t/ ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnL ckgfPsf] d'n'sdf s]xL vf; k|s[ltsf ljw]os ;/sf/L ljw]ossf ¿kdf k|:t't ug]{ k|rng /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf ;do–;dodf hf/L ePsf ;+ljwfgn] sfo{sfl/0fL ;DaGwdf ljleGg Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ df g]kfnsf] zf;g clwsf/ >L # df /xg], zf;g;DaGwL ;a} sfd >L # / cwLg:y sd{rf/Ldf /xg] / zf;g clwsf/df ;xof]u ug{ ljwflosf ;b:oaf6 dlGqd08n u7g ul/g] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& df sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ /fhf / dlGqkl/ifb\\df /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% df sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ /fhfdf lglxt lyof] . g]kfndf k~rfotsfnLg @)!( ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf sfo{sfl/0fL nufot ;a} zlQm /fhfdf lglxt lyof] . ;/sf/ /fi6« / hgtfsf] gfddf geO{ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] gfddf ;+rfng x'g] u/]sf] lyof] . @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] a]nfots} h:tf] …/fhf;lxtsf] dlGqkl/ifb\\Ú df sfo{sfl/0fL zlQm lglxt u¥of] . @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqsf] l;4fGtnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] eP klg kl5Nnf] ;dodf /fhfn] ;a} sfo{sfl/0fL zlQm cfkm}df lglxt ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/L ;+j}wflgs ;Ldf pNnª\3g u/]sf] cj:yf klg /x\of] . o;sf lj¿4 hgcfGbf]ng eO{ ;+j}wflgs kl/kf6L g} kl/jt{g eof] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\\df lglxt x'g] Joj:yf u/L g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL sfdx¿ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o:t} g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug]{ cleef/f dlGqkl/ifb\\pk/ /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ljutdf h] hlt ;+ljwfgx¿ c;kmn eP To;sf] d'Vo sf/0f g} sfo{sfl/0fL zlQmsf] k|of]udf /x]sf] xfgyfk g} xf] . o;}n] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df zf;sLo :j¿ksf] rog ubf{ zlQm / o;sf] lgoGq0f, /fhgLlts :yfloTj h:tf ljleGg kIfsf] cWoogsf cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ug'{ kb{5 . ljutdf sfo{sfl/0fL klg zf;sLo sdL sdhf]/Lx¿af6 d'Qm lyPg . hgd'vL k|zf;g

118

;d]tsf lglDt c;n zf;gsf] dfGotf adf]lhd ;~rfng x'g] pQ/bfoL / lhDd]jf/ sfo{kflnsf cfjZos 5 .

Gofokflnsf /fHosf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ cË Gofokflnsf xf] . t6:ytf, :jtGqtf, ;Ifdtf / OdfGbfl/tf o;sf cfwf/e"t zt{ x'g\ . of] sfg'gsf] clGtd JofVoftfsf] ¿kdf /xg] cË xf] . Gofokflnsf ;+ljwfgsf] /Ifs xf] . o;n] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemg] u/L lgdf{0f ePsf sfg'gnfO{ c;+j}wflgs 3f]if0ff ub{5 . ctM ;+ljwfgsf] ;jf]{Rrtf sfod ug'{ Gofokflnsfsf] st{Jo xf] . GofokflnsfnfO{ :jtGq cËsf] ¿kdf sfd ug{ lbg'k5{ . Gofokflnsf klg ;+ljwfgsf] ;jf]{Rrtfsf] cwLgdf /xg'k5{ . of] cË cfnf]Ro aGg' x'Fb}g . hgcf:yfdf l6Sg' kb{5 . of] JolQm–JolQm tyf JolQm / /fHoaLrsf sfg'gL ljjfbx¿sf] lg¿k0f ug]{ cË xf] . o;n] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] ;Ldf / k|lqmofdf cfwfl/t /x]/ Gofo lg¿k0f ub{5 . Gofokflnsf /fHosf] GofozLntf / ;Eotf hfFRg] s;L klg xf] . Gofokflnsfn] cfTdfg'zf;g cjnDag ug'{kb{5 . p;n] cfkm"nfO{ ljz]if ljwflosf sbflk 7fGg' x'+b}g . ljwflosf / sfo{kflnsfn]] ;+j}wflgs st{Jo lgjf{x gu/]df Goflos ;lqmotf a9\g] ub{5 . Goflos ;lqmotfn] hgtfsf xs clwsf/sf] /Iff ub{5 . of] gful/ssf] j}olQms :jtGqtfsf] /Ifs / ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/Ifs xf] .

g]kfndf ljutb]lv g} s'g} g s'g} :j¿ksf] Gofokflnsfsf] Joj:yf x'+b} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] :jtGqtf / ;Ifdtfsf] dfqfdf ;dfgtf gx'g ;S5 . g]kfndf ;g\ !((& ;fnb]lv :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] cjwf/0ffsf] k|fb'ef{j ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ df Gofo;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ >L # df /xg], Gofo ;Dkfbgsf nflu u|fd k+rfot, clkn cbfnt, ljz]if cbfnt / Joj:yflksfaf6 !@ hgf;Dd GofofwLz /xg] u/L k|wfg Gofoflwsf/L ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf lyof] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& df :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . To;}u/L g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% df :jtGq / ;Ifd Gofokflnsfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( df GofokflnsfnfO{ :jtGq b]vfpg ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] Joj:yf ul/of] . To;a]nf klg Gofokflnsfn] s]xL pNn]Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] pbfx/0fx¿ kfOG5g\ . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] g]kfnsf] Gofo;DaGwL clwsf/ ;+ljwfg, sfg'g tyf Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt cg';f/ cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfox¿af6 k|of]u ul/g] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . o;} Joj:yfnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] ;d]t lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5 . o; ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfn] :jtGq Gofokflnsf;DaGwL cjwf/0ff / d"No dfGotfnfO{ cg';/0f u/L nf]stGqnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ ;+ljwfgk|lt k|lta4 /xg' kg]{ u/L cfjZos Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] tLg txsf] cbfntL ;+/rgfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . ;'¿ ljjfb x]g{ lhNnf cbfnt, k'g/fjb]g ;'Gg k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / sfg'gL k|Zgsf] clGtd JofVof ug{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . vf; lsl;d / k|s[ltsf d'2fsf] sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug{sf nflu eg] sfg'gåf/f cGo cbfnt, Goflos lgsfo jf Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf / u7g ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . h;cg'¿k sd{rf/Lsf] ljefuLo ;hfo ;DaGwL ljjfb x]g{ k|zf;sLo cbfnt, >d ;DaGwL ljjfb lgK6f/f ug{ >d cbfnt, /fh:j;DaGwL ljjfb x]g{ /fh:j Gofoflws/0f, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;DaGwL ljjfb x]g{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Gofoflws/0f h:tf Goflos lgsfox¿;d]t :yfkgf ePsf] b]lvG5 . Gofo ;Dkfbgdf ljlzi6Ls/0fsf]

119

cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df cjnDag ug{ C0f c;'nL Gofoflws/0f, C0f c;'nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0f ;d]tsf] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw Gofoflws/0fsf] Joj:yf eP klg xfn;Dd ;f] Gofoflws/0f lqmofzLn x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . Gofokflnsfdf klg ljleGg ;'wf/ cfjZos 5 . Gofodf ;xh kx'FrnfO{ b[li6ut u/L cbfntsf] ;+/rgfTds 9fFrfsf] ;d]t k'g/fjnf]sg cfjZos b]lvG5 . k|lqmofd'vL sfo{z}nLdf clNemPsf] ;Gbe{df sfo{ljlwut ;'wf/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] d"n k|jfxdf ;+nUg eO{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf e/kbf]{ / ljZjfl;nf] Gofokflnsfsf] :yfkgf ug'{ /fHosf] st{Jo /x]sf] 5 . ;f] sf] nflu GofokflnsfnfO{ ;|f]t ;fwg / hgzlQmn] ;DkGg agfpg' kb{5 . sfo{;Dkfbgdf u'0ffTds ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . d'2f k|jfxnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ d'2f Joj:yfkg k4ltsf ljlzi6 tl/sfx¿ cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . Gofo;Dkfbg k|lqmofnfO{ cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg ;do tflnsf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . d'2fsf] k|s[ltsf cfwf/df km/s km/s dfu{ lgwf{/0f u/L ;+j]bgzLn / cTofjZos d'2fnfO{ b|'t dfu{ cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 . 7"nf] cÍdf -sl/a gf} c/asf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf] hl/jfgf / sl/a Psnfv jif{ s}b_ /x]sf] s}b hl/jfgfsf] nut c;'n x'g afFsL /x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lnO{ km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] If]qdf k|fyldstfk"j{s ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . cfufdL ;+ljwfgn] :jtGq Gofkflnsfsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm, ;]jf zt{sf] k|Tofe"ltsf ;fy} lqmofTds :jtGqtfsf] l:yltsf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{ cfjZos 5 . GofofwLz lgo'lQmdf bnLos/0fsf] k|efj x'g' x'Gg . Gofokflnsf ;a} ljrf/ /fVg]x¿sf] cf:yfsf] w/f]x/ x'g'k5{ . Gofokflnsfdf /fhgLlts/0f ug]{ k|of;x¿ hf] ;'s}af6 hlxn] ePklg Tof] gful/s :jtGqtfsf] lglDt kfRo x'g ;Sb}g .

GofokflnsfnfO{ :jtGq lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm ;Ifdtf / Jofj;flos lgi7fsf] cfwf/df ul/g'kg]{ / v/fj cfr/0f / sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefjdf kbd'Qm / sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;f]xL lgsfosf] ;+/rgf, sfo{k|0ffnL / ;|f]t ;fwg cfjZos 5 . o;tkm{ /fHo a9L uDeL/ aGg' kb{5 . Gofofnoaf6 Gofo ljrng x'g] cj:yf >[hgf eof] eg] sfg'gL zf;g, ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf / gful/s :jtGqtfsf] /Iff x'Fb}g . kmn:j¿k ;dfhdf c/fhstf a9\g ;Sb5 . o;}n] Gofosf] ;'lglZrttfsf] lglDt ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] k|Tofe"lt cfjZos 5 . Gofodf ;xh kx'Frsf lglDt Gofokflnsfaf6 ul/g] Gofo ;DkfbgnfO{ zL3| / ;'ne agfO{ cbfntk|ltsf] hgcf:yf clej[l4 ug{ Gofokflnsf :jod\sf] cg'ejsf] cfwf/df th'{df u/]sf] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlt of]hgf, cbfnt Joj:yfkg tyf cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f ;ldltsf k|ltj]bg, cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q k'g/fjnf]sg sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bg ;d]tsf Goflos ;'wf/sf nflu ul/Psf cWoog k|ltj]bgx¿n] l;kmfl/; u/]sf ljifox¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogaf6 w]/} ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 . o:t} Goflos hgzlQmsf] ;]jf zt{ / ;'ljwfsf] ;DaGwdf ljz]if Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, sfo{jf]emsf] cfwf/df b/aGbL >[hgf x'g'kg]{, Gofokflnsf leq ;xfos:t/sf] hgzlQmsf lglDt sfg'gL lzIffsf] ljz]if Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, Gofokflnsfsf] k"jf{wf/ nufotsf] ;du| ljsf;sf lglDt jif]{gL s"n ah]6sf] Go"gtd ! k|ltzt ljlgof]hg x'g] Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ h:tf s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf cfjZos 5 .

dGqfnosf] ;+/rgf / ;'wf/ /fHosf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ sfo{kflnsf dfkm{t k|of]u x'g] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg';f/ ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ s]Gb|Lo txdf ljleGg dGqfnosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

120

dGqfno / ;/sf/sf] ;+/rgfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ o; ;ldltn] 5'§} kl/R5]bdf k|:tfj u/] cg'?k x'g'kg]{ ;ldltsf] wf/0ff 5 . plNnlvt ;'emfj cg'?k dGqfnosf] ;+Vof / sfo{ljefhg k'g/fjnf]sg gx'Fbf;Dd tTsfnsf nflu dGqfno ;DaGwL ljBdfg Joj:yf, gLlt Pjd\ sfg'gL l:ylt tyf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf o; ;ldlt ;dIf ;DalGwt dGqfnoaf6 k|fKt ;'emfjsf ljifo ;+lIfKtdf o; zLif{s cGtu{t k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

!= k||wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no

kl/ro

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;j{k|yd k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{nosf] :yfkgf lj=;+= !*^# df ePsf] / o;n] ljleGg sfnv08df ljleGg lsl;dsf] sfd ub}{ cfPsf]df ldlt @)@#.!.@ df of] sfof{nonfO{ dlGqkl/ifb\\ ;lrjfnosf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ul/of] . o; ;lrjfnonfO{ ldlt @)%).^.! df k'gM k|wfgdGqL sfof{nosf] ¿kdf g} kl/jt{g ul/of] . ldlt @)%&.(.@* df k|wfgdGqL sfof{no / dlGqkl/ifb\\ ;lrjfno u/L b'O{ 5'§f 5'§} ;+/rgf jgfOof] . @)^).^.@ b]lv oL b'O{ lgsfonfO{ ufe]/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{nosf] gfdfs/0f ul/of] . of] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;jf]{Rr k|zf;lgs lgsfo xf] . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo g]kfn ;/sf/sf s]Gb|Lo ;ª\u7gx¿nfO{ ;dGjo, lgb]{zg, /]vb]v / lgoGq0f ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{nonfO{ #% j6f sfo{ tf]lsPsf 5g\ . !=dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfo{ @= g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{–ljefhg / dGqfnox¿sf] u7g, lj36g tyf ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf x]/km]/ #= g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{–;Dkfbg lgodfjnL $= ljleGg dGqfnosf sfo{sf] /]vb]v, lgoGq0f, lg/LIf0f, ;'kl/j]If0f, ;dGjo, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg %= dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog tyf ;f]sf] cg'udg ^= ljw]os, cWofb]z, lgod tyf cfb]zsf] th'{df, :jLs[lt jf hf/L &= g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg gLlt tyf /0fgLlt th'{df, :jLs[lt, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg *=b]zsf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, k|zf;lgs ultljlw tyf zflGt ;'Joj:yfsf] cBfjlws hfgsf/L tyf cg'udg (= Joj:yflksf–;+;b\sf] clwj]zg cfXjfg / cGTo !)= s]Gb|Lo:t/df Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; tyf cg'udg !!= zf;sLo ;'wf/, ;'zf;g tyf ;ª\3Lo 9fFrfsf] k|zf;g k'g;{+/rgf !@= låkIfLo jf ax'kIfLo :t/df ePsf ;lGw, ;Demf}tf jf ;xdlt sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg !#= k|wfgdGqLsf] lgb]{zg sfof{Gjog !$= dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f k|j4{g !%= ;'zf]eg !^= ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf] cBfjlws hfgsf/L / lgb]{zg !&= e|i6frf/ lj¿4sf] gLlt, of]hgf tyf To;sf] sfof{Gjog !*= k|wfgdGqL b}jL k|sf]k÷;xfotf sf]if ;~rfng !(= k|wfgdGqLsf] cfGtl/s tyf afXo hg;Dks{ / ;~rf/ @)= k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd k|df0fLs/0f ug'{ kg]{ lnvt @!= If]qLo k|zf;g @@= nufgL af]8{ @#= gofF g]kfn lgdf{0f sf]if @$=cbfntsf] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg @%= /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«kltsf] sfof{no @^= ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\ @&= clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u @*= nf]s ;]jf cfof]u @(= /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u #)= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u #!= /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| #@= ;fj{hlgs

121

vl/b cg'udg sfof{no ##= g]kfn 6«i6sf] sfof{no #$= u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]if #%= k|wfgdGqL / dlGqkl/ifb\\ ;DaGwL cGo sfo{x¿ .

ljBdfg P]g÷lgod

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{non] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ljefhg lgodfjnL cg';f/ tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{'kb{5 . o;sf nflu ljleGg sfg'gsf] th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . To:tf sfg'gdf d'VotM ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg / ;+rfng_ P]g, @)^$ nufotsf cGo P]g Pj+ ;DalGwt lgodfjnL 5g\ .

gLltut Joj:yf

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{nosf] cfkm\gf] bL3{sfnLg /fli6«o gLlt eg] cnUu} b]lvGg .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\ sfof{nosf] sfo{ ;DkfbgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf] nflu ;f] sfof{no cGtu{t ;ftj6f dxfzfvfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ltgdf Joj:yfkg tyf hgzlQm ljsf; dxfzfvf, zf;sLo ;'wf/ dxfzfvf, cfly{s k"jf{wf/ dxfzfvf, dlGqkl/ifb\\ a}7s tyf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo dxfzfvf, ;fdflhs ljsf;, of]hgf tyf cg'udg dxfzfvf, sfg'g tyf dfgj clwsf/ k|j4{g dxfzfvf / d'Vo ;lrjsf] ;lrjfno kb{5g\ . ;f] sfof{nosf] ljefuLo lgsfosf] ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| tyf g]kfn 6«i6sf] sfof{no /x]sf 5g\ . pQm sfof{nosf] sfdnfO{ cem a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg] p2]Zon] x]nf] ;/sf/ sIf, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g k'gM ;+/rgf sfof{Gjog PsfO{, ;"rgf ;~rf/ tyf k|ljlw ljsf; cfof]hgf, u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]if, n}lËs ;zlQms/0f ;dGjo PsfO h:tf ;fË7lgs ;+/rgf ;d]t ;+rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ .

;'wf/sf If]q

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\ sfof{nosf ljleGg kIfx¿df ;'wf/ ul/g' cfjZos b]lvG5 . clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0f ug]{ eGg] ePklg ;a} clwsf/ s]Gb|Ls[t ug{ rfxg] ;f]rn] k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no a9L af]lemnf] jgb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . o;n] dxTjk"0f{ cg'udg / ;dGjosf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{df sltko dGqfnon] ug'{kg]{ sfo{ ;d]t o;}n] ug'{ k/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; sfof{nosf] sfo{af]em a9L b]lvPsf] x'Fbf dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox¿ ;f]xL dGqfnox¿nfO{ lhDdf lbg] u/L clwsf/sf] lgIf]kLs/0f ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . k|wfgdGqL sfof{non] ljifout dGqfnox¿n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ug]{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kb{5 . ljB'tLo ;'zf;g k|0ffnLsf] k|j4{g ub}{ o;nfO{ kmf]sn KjfOG6 agfpg pko'Qm x'G5 . o; sfof{nonfO{ pQ/bfoL lgsfosf] ¿kdf ljsf; / jflif{s sfo{of]hgf th'{df u/L glthfd"ns Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL nfu" u/L To;sf] cg'udg / ;dLIff ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; ug{ h¿/L 5 .

122

@= cy{ dGqfno

kl/ro

lj=;+= @)@! ;fndf cfly{s tyf of]hgf dGqfnosf] u7g ePsf]df @)@^ ;fndf of]hgfnfO{ lems]/ cy{ dGqfno sfod ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o; dGqfnosf] d'Vo p2]Zo b]zdf cfly{s :yfloTj sfod u/L cfly{s ljsf;sf] s]Gb|Lo lgofdssf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . d'n'ssf] ljQLo tyf df}lb|s If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ ultljlwx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ bfloTj cy{ dGqfnodf /xsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkg, ljQLo Joj:yfkg, /fh:j ;+sng, ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj / cfly{s ljsf;, j}b]lzs ;xfotf Joj:yfkg, ljb]zL ljlgdo tyf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg vr{ Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{sf] nflu of] dGqfno :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . ;an ljQLo / cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf] dfWodaf6 lbuf], km/flsnf] tyf pRr b/sf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n u/L ;du| cy{tGqsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ b[li6sf]0f cy{ dGqfnosf] /x]sf] / cfGtl/s /fh:jsf] cfwf/nfO{ ;'b[9 ub}{ pknAw ljQLo ;|f]tsf] k|efjsf/L / ;d'lrt pkof]uaf6 ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj sfod ug{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] Wo]o /x]sf] 5 .

sfo{ljefhg

/fh:j k|0ffnLnfO{ ;/n agfpg], s/sf cfwf/ km/flsnf] ug]{ / pko'Qm s/sf b/x¿ tf]Sg] . s/ k|zf;gsf] bIftf / k|efjsfl/tfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ . k|fyldstfk|fKt If]qx¿sf] nflu a9L bIf, k|efjsf/L / Gofof]lrt ¿kdf ;fwgsf] afF8kmfF8 ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug]{ . ljQLo ;+:yf / ljQLo pks/0fx¿sf] dfWodaf6 pTkfbg / ahf/sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ub}{ ;Ifd ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ . ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf ;+:yfgx¿nfO{ s'zn agfpgsf nflu lghLs/0f gLltsf ;fy} cfjZos cGo gLltx¿ cjnDag ug]{ . kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfoL cfly{s tyf ljQLo ;"rgf k|0ffnL cjnDag ug]{ . ;fj{hlgs If]qsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu k|efjsf/L / plrt k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ . k|efjsf/L ;fj{hlgs vr{ gLltx¿sf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{ . j}b]lzs ;xfotfaf6 k|fKt ;|f]tx¿sf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu k|efjsf/L cg'udg / d"Nof+sg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ . ;fj{hlgs / lghL If]q aLr ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f sfod ub}{ ;du| cfly{s ljsf;df lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtfsf] nflu cg's"n jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgfdf ;xof]u ug]{ .

ljBdfg P]g÷lgod

cy{ dGqfnonfO{ lglb{i6 ul/Psf sfo{x¿ ;Dkfbg ug]{ l;nl;nfdf dGqfno / cGt{utsf lgsfox¿n] lgDgfg';f/sf sfg'g k|of]u u/L cfk\mgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] cfly{s sfo{k|0ffnL ;DaGwL ljifodf plNnlvt wf/fx¿, ;fnj;fnL cfly{s P]gx¿, ljlgof]hg P]g, cfos/ P]g, @)%*, cGtz'Ns P]g, @)%*, d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g,@)%@, dlb/f P]g, @)#!, eG;f/ P]g, @)^$, ;DklQ z'l4s/0f -dlg nfp08l/Ë lgjf/0f_ lgoGq0f P]g, @)^$, /fh:j r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)%@, ljb]zL ljlgdo -lgoldt_ ug]{ P]g, @)!(, /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#!, d"No clej[l4 s/ lgodfjnL, @)%#, cfos/

123

lgodfjnL, @)%(, cGtz'Ns lgodfjnL, @)%(, dlb/f lgodfjnL, @)##, eG;f/ lgodfjnL, @)^$, ;DklQ z'l4s/0f -dlg nfp08l/Ë_ -lgjf/0f_ lgodfjnL, @)^*, lghL u'06f, lem6L ef/L ;DaGwL ;"rgf, WTO/WCO sf ljleGg cg'jgwx¿, SAARC/SAFTA sf ;Demf}tf / cg'jgwx¿, lgsf;L k}7f/L lgoGq0f P]g, @)!#, pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, @)%$, cf}ifwL P]g, @)#%, vfgL tyf vfB kbfy{ P]g, @)$@, jg P]g, @)$(, /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@(, nfu" cf}ifw -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)##, xftxltof/ v/vhfgf P]g, @)!(, ;jf/L tyf oftfoft Joj:yf P]g, @)$(, ljikmf]6s kbfy{ P]g, @)!(, k]6]G6, l8hfOg / 6«]8dfs{ P]g, @)!(, /f;folgs dn lgb]{lzsf, @)%&, /f;folgs dn lgoGq0f cfb]z, @)%%, g]kfn ;jf/L k|b'if0f dfkb08, @)%^, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf] ldlt @)^^÷&÷!^ sf] ;"rgf

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

cy{ dGqfnosf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug{sf nflu ( j6f dxfzfvf, @$ j6f ljefu / ljefu ;/xsf] /fh:j k|zf;g tflnd s]Gb| /x]sf 5g\ . of] dGqfno cGtu{t dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no / cGo ljleGg ;+:yfg, ;ldlt / af]8{x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . h;nfO{ b]xfosf] ;ª\u7g tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M

cy{ dGqL cydG

;lrj cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s

;=;=dxfzfvf

cfly{s gLlt ljZn]if0f dxfzfvf

ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd dxfzfvf

dxfzfvf

;+:yfg ;dGjo dxfzfvf

cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg dxfzfvf

dxfzfvf

/fh:j Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf

ljQLo If]q Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf

sfg"g tyf k/fdz{ dxfzfvf

dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no

cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu

eG;f/ ljefu

/fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu

;DklQ z'4Ls/0f cg';Gwfg ljefu

/fh:j k|zf;g tflnd s]Gb|

k|zf;g dxfzfvf

• ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿

• ;ldltx¿

af]8{x¿

124

;'wf/sf If]qM

;jn ljQLo / cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf] dfWodaf6 bLuf], km/flsnf] tyf pRrb/sf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n u/L ;du| cy{tGqsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{df cy{ dGqfno s]lGb|t x'g' kb{5 . d'n'ssf] ;dli6ut cfly{s gLltsf] th'{df u/L To;sf] sfof{Gjog Joj:yfkgdf ;lqmo /xg], cfly{s j[l4sf] nflu gjLg ;f]rsf] ;fy} ;an ;ª\u7g agfpg, cfly{s / ljQLo ck/fwsf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0f ug]{ h:tf sfo{åf/f d'n'ssf] cy{tGq alnof] agfpg] tkm{ cy{ dGqfnosf] e"ldsf s]lGb|t x'g'kg]{, /fh:j k|zf;gnfO{ af]8{ cGtu{t /fvL /fh:j k|zf;gsf] ;+:yfut ;'wf/ ug]{, cfGtl/s /fh:j, eG;f/, ;DkQL z'4Ls/0f h:tf If]qdf alnof] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{, s/bftfnfO{ ;/n ;xh ¿kdf ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ E-Payment, Any Bank Branch System, Standard Operating Procedure tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{, s/bftf lzIffnfO{ Jofks agfpg], eG;f/ k|zf;gnfO{ eG;f/ hfFrkf; / k|lqmofdf :j–rfng, hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf] sfof{Gjog, cfw'lgs pks/0fsf] k|of]u Mobile, Vehicle, X-ray, IP Surveillance Camera, Chemical Laboratory sf] Joj:yf, ofq' hfFrkf;df cfw'lgs k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag, /fh:j r'xfj6 lgoGq0fsf] nflu Online Vehicle Tracking / Monitoring System nfu" ug]{, dGqfno cGt/utsf ljefu;Fu ;"rgfsf] g]6js{ :yfkgf u/L /fh:j kl/rfngsf] sfo{df k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug]{ cfos/ P]g, d"No clej[l4s/, cGtz'Ns P]g, ljb]zL ljlgod -lgoldt ug]{_ P]g, dlb/f P]g nufotsf ljleGg P]g÷lgoddf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/sf ;fy} cfjZos lgb]{lzsf tyf sfo{ljlwx¿ tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{ u/fpg], eG;f/ ljefu tyf eG;f/ sfof{nox¿sf] sfo{k|0ffnL sfo{d'vL agfpg O&M Survey u/L 7"nf eG;f/ sfof{nox¿df /f=k= k|yd >]0fLsf] clws[t k|d'v /xg] Joj:yf ug]{, /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefusf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] Joj:yf ug]{, s/bftfsf] ;+Vof Go"g /x]sf] lhNnfx¿df sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGq0f sfof{nonfO{ cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{non] ug]{ ;d]t sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L lbg], s/bftfnfO{ ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ ljB'tLo e'QmfgL tyf ljB'tLo a}lÍs k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{, /fh:j k|zf;g tflnd s]Gb|df ;DalGwt ljifosf lj1x¿sf] /f]i6/ agfO{ ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt tflnd kf7\oqmd agfO{ k|efjsf/L tflndsf] aGbf]a:t ug]{ u/fpg] sfd cy{ dGqfnoaf6 x'g'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .

#= pBf]u dGqfno

lj=;+= @)%& j}zfvdf pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ u/L tLgj6f dGqfnox¿nfO{{ PsLs[t u/L pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ul/Psf]df @)^%.%.!% b]lv pBf]u dGqfnonfO{ 5'§} dGqfnosf] ¿kdf :yflkt ul/of] . o; dGqfnosf] d'Vo p2]Zo b]znfO{ cf}Bf]uLs/0ftkm{ pGd'v u/fO{ b]zsf] lbuf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf; ug]{ /x]sf] 5 .

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ o; dGqfnonfO{ @$ j6f sfdx¿ tf]lsPsf 5g\ . !=pBf]u / cf}Bf]lus ljsf;;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg @= vfgL tyf vlgh kbfy{ cGj]if0f;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf, sfof{Gjog tyf lgodg #= vfgL tyf vlgh ljsf;

125

ljifos cWoog, cGj]if0f tyf ;j]{If0f $= cf}Bf]lus ljsf; %= cf}Bf]lus If]q, cf}Bf]lus ;+3–;+:yf tyf cf}Bf]lus lgof]u ^= ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo cf}Bf]lus ljsf; ;ª\u7g tyf cGo cGt/f{li6«o cf}Bf]lus ;ª\u7g &= j}b]lzs nufgL k|j4{g -nufgL af]8{sf] sfo{If]q afx]s_ *=cf}Bf]lus nufgL k|j4{g -nufgL af]8{sf] sfo{If]q afx]s_ (= 3/]n' tyf u|fdL0f ;Lk / pBf]usf] ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g !)= u'0f:t/ / gfktf}n lgwf{/0f tyf k|j4{g !!= pBf]u;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs k|lti7fg !@= pTkfbsTj j[l4 ljifos gLlt tyf sfo{qmd !#= cf}Bf]lus k|ljlw ljsf; / k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f !$= cf}Bf]lus hgzlQmsf] ljsf; / tflnd, cGj]if0f tyf ;j]{If0f !%= cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo k|j4{g / ;+/If0f !^= sDkgLsf] k|zf;g tyf cg'udg !&= cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ k|zf;g !*=sDkgL tyf ;Ful7t ;+:yfsf] bfdf;fxL;DaGwL sfo{ !(= ljz]if cfly{s If]qsf] :yfkgf / Joj:yfkg @)= cf}Bf]lus k|of]hgsf nflu ul/g] cfoftsf] lgodg tyf ;xhLs/0f @!= nufgL ;+/If0f / k|j4{g;DaGwL låkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo ;lGw ;Demf}tf @@= ¿U0f pBf]usf] pTyfg / ljsf; @#= cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofj;flos ;Lk ljsf; tflnd @$= g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf cGtu{tsf dfOlgË OlGhlgol/ª, s]ldsn OlGhlgol/ª, d]6fnlh{sn OlGhlgol/ª, d]6«f]nhL, lhof]nf]hL / s]d]i6«L ;d"xsf] ;~rfng .

ljBdfg P]g÷lgod

pBf]u dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu ljleGg P]gx¿sf] th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . k]6]G6, l8hfOg tyf 6«]8dfs{ P]g, @)@@, sDkgL P]g, @)^#, cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$(, ;fem]bf/L kmd{ /lhi6«zg P]g, @)!$, k|fOe]6 kmd{ /lhi6«]zg P]g, @)!(, g]kfn u'0f:t/ k|df0f lrGx P]g, vfgL tyf vlgh kbfy{ P]g, @)$@ h:tf P]gx¿ tyf ;DalGwt lgodfjnL /x]sf 5g\ .

gLltut Joj:yf

pBf]u dGqfnosf] /fli6«o gLltsf] ¿kdf cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^&, ljb]zL nufgL tyf Psåf/ gLlt, @)$( th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

pBf]u dGqfnosf] cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{sf] nflu dGqfnodf k|zf;g tyf ;+:yfg dxfzfvf, of]hgf tyf gLlt ljZn]if0f dxfzfvf, cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g dxfzfvf / k|ljlw dxfzfvf u/L $ j6f dxfzfvf /x]sf 5g\ . o; dGqfno cGtu{t pBf]u ljefu, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt, vfgL tyf e"–ue{ ljefu, g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefu / ljefuLo :t/sf] sfof{nosf] ¿kdf sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{no ;d]t /x]sf 5g\ . @& j6f lhNnfdf ;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]u sfof{nox¿ dGqfno cGtu{t Pp6f ljsf; ;ldltsf] ¿kdf ljz]if cfly{s If]q ljsf; ;ldlt /x]sf 5g\ . afFsL $* j6f lhNnfdf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf sfof{nox¿ /x]sf] kfOG5 .

;'wf/sf If]q

g]kfn WTO sf] ;b:o eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf To;sf k|fjwfg adf]lhd P]g sfg'gdf ;'wf/ ug]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . gfk tf}n ;DaGwL s;"/df z'Ns tyf b08 hl/jfgfsf /sd

126

j[l4 ug]{, gfktf}ndf Ps¿ktf Nofpg cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfndf /x]sf gfktf}n tyf u'0f:t/ k|of]uzfnfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] agfpg'sf ;fy} u'0f:t/ ljefunfO{ Asia Pasific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation sf] ;b:otf lbnfpg kxn ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;ª\u7g k'g;{+/rgf u/L k|fljlws :t/sf clws[t / ;xfos sd{rf/Lx¿sf] b/aGbL j[l4 ug]{, ahf/ cg'udg, lg/LIf0f tyf hfFr ljZn]if0f ;]jfsf nflu bIf hgzlQm / ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; u/L cfjZos ;]jf ;'ljwf lbg] u/L ;'wf/ ug]{, pBf]u dGqfno / To; cGtu{tsf ljefu / sfof{nosf] sfo{af]emsf] cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ klg h¿/L b]lvG5 . cf}Bf]lus af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL 5'§} sfof{no :yfkgf u/L cf}Bf]lus af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Dj4{g ug]{ / nufgL stf{n] k'¥ofpg' kg]{ k|zf;lgs cf}krfl/stfsf ;]jfx¿ Ps} ynf]af6 ;xh¿kdf pknAw u/fpg Psn ;]jf s]Gb|ljGb'sf] :yfkgf x'g'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .

$= pmhf{ dGqfno

kl/ro

@)^^ ;fn eGbf cufl8 pmhf{ ;DaGwL ljifo hn>f]t dGqfnosf] sfo{If]qleq /x]sf]df @)^^ df hn>f]t dGqfnonfO{ ljefhg u/L pmhf{ / l;+rfO{ dGqfnosf] ¿kdf 5'6\ofP kl5 o; dGqfnosf] cnu cl:tTj sfod ePsf] xf] . o; dGqfnosf] d'Vo p2]Zo b]zdf pknAw pmhf{sf] pTkfbg, Joj:yfkg / k|j4{g ;d]t ug]{ /x]sf] 5 .

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( adf]lhd o; dGqfnonfO{ !% j6f sfd tf]lsPsf 5g\ != pmhf{ pTkfbg, Joj:yfkg, pkof]u, ;'/Iff, k|j4{g Pj+ ljsf;;DaGwL gLlt of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg @= pmhf{sf] pkof]u;DaGwL cWoog, cg';Gwfg, ;j]{If0f tyf sfof{Gjog #= pmhf{;DaGwL ax'p2]ZoLo of]hgfsf] ;dGjo, lgdf{0f, ;~rfng tyf k|j4{g $= pmhf{;DaGwL hgzlQmsf] ljsf; %= gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] ljsf; ^= pmhf{ ljsf; tyf ljB't ljsf;;DaGwL cWoog, cg';Gwfg, cfof]hgfsf ;DefJotf cWoog, lgdf{0f, ;~rfng, ;Def/ / ljsf; &= pmhf{;DaGwL sDkgL tyf ;+:yfsf] ;dGjo / k|zf;g *= pmhf{ ljsf;df lghL If]qsf] nufgL k|j4{g -nufgL af]8{sf] sfo{If]q afx]s_ (= pmhf{sf] pkof]u;DaGwL /fli6«o, If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;Dks{ !)= pmhf{sf] pkof]u;DaGwL låkIfLo jf ax'kIfLo ;+oGqsf] ;+of]hg, jftf{ tyf ;lGw ;Demf}tf !!= hn;|f]t;DaGwL låkIfLo jftf{, ax'kIfLo ;lGw ;Demf}tf !@= ljB't\sf] lgodg, /f]oN6L tyf dx;'nb/sf] lgwf{/0f / sfof{Gjog !#= g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f tyf pmhf{ If]q;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo !$= cGo dGqfnosf] sfo{If]qdf gk/]sf] hn tyf To;sf] pkof]u / pmhf{;DaGwL sfo{ !%= g]kfn OlGhlgol/ª ;]jfcGtu{t On]lS6«sn OlGhlgol/ª ;d"x, d]sflgsn OlGhlgol/ª ;d"x / l;len OlGhlgol/ª ;d"xsf] xfO8«f]kfj/ pk;d"xsf] ;~rfng .

127

ljBdfg P]g÷lgod

pmhf{ dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg P]g, lgodx¿ th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . To:tf P]gx¿df hn>f]t P]g, ljB't P]g, ljB't rf]/L lgoGq0f P]g h:tf ljleGg P]gx¿ tyf ;DalGwt lgodfjnLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

gLltut Joj:yf

pmhf{ dGqfnosf] /fli6«o hn>f]t gLlt tyf ljB't ljsf; gLlt h:tf gLltx¿ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

pmhf{ dGqfnosf] rf/j6f dxfzfvf ePsf] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf 5 . h;df k|zf;g dxfzfvf, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd dxfzfvf, gLlt tyf j}b]lzs ;dGjo dxfzfvf, sfg'g dxfzfvf /x]sf 5g\ . o; dGqfno dftxt Pp6f dfq ljefu ljB't ljsf; ljefu /x]sf] 5 . dGqfno cGtu{t hn tyf pmhf{ ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno, hn tyf pmhf{ cfof]u, ljB't k|flws/0fh:tf lgsfox¿;d]t /x]sf] kfOG5 .

;'wf/sf If]q

bLuf] pmhf{sf] ljsf;af6 d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;df lta|tf cfpg] ePsfn] /fHon] pmhf{ If]qnfO{ k|fyldstfsf] ;"rLdf /fVg'kg]{, b]zsf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;sf nflu kof{Kt ljB't cfk"lt{ u/L hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg ;'ne / e/kbf]{ ljB't ;]jf pknAw u/fO{ ljB'tnfO{ lgof{tof]Uo j:t'sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{kg]{, pmhf{ If]qsf] ljsf;df ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf Go"g eO{ lghL If]qdflysf] a9L lge{/tfn] pmhf{ cefjsf] l:ylt >[hgf ePsfn] pmhf{ If]qsf] ljsf;df ljBdfg gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{], pmhf{;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ ljifonfO{ Pp6} dGqfno leq ;dflxt ug{ g;Sbf pmhf{sf] PsLs[t of]hgfsf] cefjn] pmhf{ If]qsf] ;dli6ut ljsf; x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f pmhf{sf] PsLs[t of]hgf nfu" ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . hn;|f]t dGqfnonfO{ pmhf{ dGqfno / l;rfO{ dGqfnodf ljefhg ugf{n] hn;|f]tsf] PsLs[t ljsf;df ;d:of b]lvPsf] sf/0f pmhf{ dGqfno / l;+rfO{ dGqfnonfO{ PsLs[t u/L hn;|f]t tyf pmhf{ dGqfno agfpg' kg]{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf 5 . j}slNks pmhf{ ;DalGwt 5'§} gLlt / P]g agfpg' kg]{, låkIfLo ljB't Jofkf/sf] nflu ljB't Jofkf/ sDkgLsf] :yfkgf ug]{, /fli6«o ljB't lgodg cfof]u P]g agfO{ nfu" ug]{, ;8s alQsf] nflu ;f}o{ pmhf{ / jfo' pmhf{ k|ljlw pkof]u gLlt / sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug{ klg h¿/L eO;s]sf] 5 . bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf nf]8;]l8Ë cGTo ug{ 7"nf hnfzoo'Qm jf 7"nf hnljB't cfof]hgf lgdf{0f / ;~rfng ug'{ kg]{, pmhf{ ljsf;sf nflu j}b]lzs nufgL k|j4{gsf] gLlt / sfo{qmd agfO{ nufgL k|j4{g ug]{, nufgL d}qL jftfj/0fsf] cfjZos k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug]{, ljB't ljsf; ljefusf] k'g/;+/rgf ug'{kg]{, hnljB't cfof]hgf cg'dlt kq ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ u/L kf/bzL{ agfpg], pmhf{ If]qdf /x]sf ljBdfg ;ª\u7gx¿sf] k'g/;+/rgfsf] ;fy} ljBdfg ljB't P]g, @)$( nufotsf ljleGg gLlt lgod sfg'gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ h:tf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .

128

%= sfg'g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno

kl/ro

lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf sfg'g ljefuaf6 dGqfnosf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ePsf] o; dGqfnosf] gfd ;do–;dodf km]/jbn x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . @)^(.@.% b]lv eg] sfg'g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfnosf] gfddf :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . o; dGqfnosf] d'Vo p2]Zo sfg'gL /fHosf] dfGotfnfO{ hLjGt agfO{ /fHo ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos sfg'gx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug]{, :jtGq / ;Ifd Gofokflnsf tyf ;/n / l56f] 5l/tf], ldtJooL / k|efjsf/L Gofo ;Dkfbgsf nflu cfwf/lznf tof/ ug]{ /x]sf] kfOG5 . o; dGqfnosf] sfo{, dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'g tyf lgod, gLltut Joj:yf Pj+ ;+/rgfTds Joj:yf o; k|sf/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( df o; dGqfnonfO{ #^ j6f sfo{ tf]lsPsf 5g\ . != P]g, cWofb]z, lgod / cfb]zsf] th'{df @= g]kfn sfg'g, cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g, Gofok|0ffnL / Gofo k|zf;gsf] cg';Gwfg, k'g/fjnf]sg / ;'wf/ #= g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sfzg x'g] ;"rgfx¿sf] ;Dkfbg $= sfg'gL /fo tyf k/fdz{ %= cGt/f{li6«o s/f/ tyf cGo lnvtsf] d:of}bf / ;f];DaGwL k/fdz{ ^= ;/sf/L d'2f lkmtf{, ldnfkq / g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;/f]sf/ kg]{ d'2fsf] k|lt/Iff &= låkIfLo jf ax'kIfLo ;lGw, ;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg, x:tfIf/, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g, cGt/f{li6«o / cGt/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;b:otf k|flKt, cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL bfloTj, cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng / jftf{df cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] ljifodf ckgfpg' kg]{ ljifodf k|bfg ul/g] sfg'gL /fo *= gf]6/L klAns tyf gf]6/L klAns kl/ifb\ (= cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL ljjfb !)= cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g;DaGwL ;+:yf / ;Dd]ng !!= g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ sfg'g tyf sfg'gL lnvt / ;lGwsf] cg'jfb !@= g]kfn kIf ePsf ;lGwsf] s]Gb|Lo clen]vLs/0f !#= sfg'gsf] PsLs/0f tyf ;+lxtfs/0f !$= ;lGw tyf ;Demf}tfx¿sf] k|sfzg !%= ;jf]{Rr cbfnt / cGtu{tsf cbfnt;DaGwL sfd, Gofo k|zf;g, d'2f / cbfntL nut tyf ;/sf/L d'2fsf] clen]v !^= ljz]if cbfnt, k|zf;sLo cbfnt, >d cbfnt / o:t} k|s[ltsf cGo cbfnt tyf Gofoflws/0f !&= lgMz'Ns sfg'gL ;xfotf !*= sfg'g lstfasf] Joj:yf tyf k|sfzg !(= ljjfb ;dfwfgsf j}slNks pkfo @)= sfg'g tyf Gofo;Fu;DaGwL /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3, ;+:yf;Fu ;Dks{, ;xof]u / ;dGjo @!= Joj:yflksf–;+;b\ tyf ;+ljwfg;ef;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmdsf] th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog @@= Joj:yflksf–;+;b\ ;+ljwfg;ef, Joj:yflksf–;+;b\ ;lrjfno tyf ;f];DaGwL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf ;~rfng @#= Joj:yflksf–;+;b\sf] j}b]lzs ;Dks{ / ;dGjo @$=cGt/–Joj:yflksf ;ª\3 -cfO{=kL=o"=_ @%= ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ljw]os @^= ;/sf/L cfZjf;g tyf ;ÍNksf] sfof{Gjog @&= ;+ljwfg;ef cbfnt @*= dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no @(= Gofo kl/ifb\ #)= Gofo ;]jf cfof]u #!= /fh:j Gofoflws/0f #@= Goflos hfFra'em cfof]u ##= g]kfn sfg'g cfof]u #$= g]kfn sfg'g Joj;foL kl/ifb\ #%= /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fg #^= g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf] ;~rfng .

129

ljBdfg P]g÷lgod

sfg'g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg P]gx¿, lgodx¿sf] th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf 5g\ . To:tf P]gdf g]kfn sfg'g JofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!), g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)@&, s/f/ P]g, @)%^, g]kfn sfg'g cfof]u P]g, @)^#, d]nldnfk ;DaGwL P]g, @)^^ h:tf ljleGg P]gx¿ tyf ;DalGwt s]xL lgodfjnLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

gLltut Joj:yf

sfg'g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dfldnf dGqfnosf] 5'§} /fli6«o gLlt th'{df ePsf] b]lvGg .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

sfg'g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfnosf] cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{sf] nflu dGqfnodf % j6f dxfzfvfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ltgdf sfg'g th{'df dxfzfvf, cGt/l{{li6«o sfg'g tyf ;lGw ;Demf}tf dxfzfvf, /fo tyf k|zf;g dxfzfvf, of]hgf, cg';Gwfg, cg'udg tyf dfgj clwsf/ dxfzfvf, ;+;bLo dfldnf dxfzfvf k5{g\ . o; dGqfno cGtu{t ljefu :t/sf] lgsfosf] ¿kdf Gofo ;]jf tflnd s]Gb| dfq /x]sf] 5 . ;Da4 lgsfosf] ¿kdf g]kfn sfg'g cfof]u /x]sf] / ljsf; ;ldlt cGtu{t g]kfn sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt tyf s]Gb|Lo sfg'g k':tsfno /x]sf 5g\ .

;'wf/sf If]q

dGqfnosf] gfd k6s–k6s kl/jt{g ul//xg' pko'Qm gePsf], hg;+Vof j[l4sf] cfwf/df hgtfnfO{ ;]jf ;'ljwf j[l4 ug{ sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vofdf klg k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ . sfddf bf]xf]/f]kg gkg]{ u/L k|To]s sfof{no / sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ljj/0f / lhDd]jf/L tf]Sg] . ;/sf/n] lgoldt ¿kdf ug'{kg]{ sfo{sf nflu ljsf; ;ldlt u7g gug]{ / ePsf ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ klg cf}lrTotf x]/L clt cfjZos afx]s cGo vf/]h ug]{ . k|To]s s]Gb|Lo lgsfodf sfg'gsf] Jofj;flos dfgj;|f]t;lxtsf] pko'Qm ;+/rgfsf] ljsf; ug]{ . k|To]s kbsf] :ki6 lhDd]jf/L / ;]jfsf] :t/ dfkgsf cfwf/ to u/L nfu" ug]{ . sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldltnfO{ ;/sf/L sfuhkq cg'jfbsf] nflu clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ . dGqfnosf] gfd æsfg'g tyf Gofo dGqfnoÆ sfod ug]{ / cfjZostf cg';f/ sfo{If]q jf sfo{ljj/0f dfq x]/km]/ ug{ ;lsg] . cGt/f{li6«o cEof; / ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cfb]z ;d]tsf] cfwf/df sDkgLsf] /lhi6«]zg ;DaGwL lgsfo sfg'g tyf Gofo dGqfno cGtu{t /fVg' kg]{ . ;fy} k|ltlnlk clwsf/ Pjd\ k]6]06 tyf l8hfOg ;DaGwL sfo{ Pp6} lgsfoaf6 ug]{ u/L af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;DaGwL lgsfosf] :yfkgf u/L ;f] lgsfonfO{ sfg'g tyf Gofo dGqfno cGtu{t sfod ug]{ . ;fy} k//fi6«« dGqfnoaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g ;DaGwL sfd sf/jfxL sfg'g dxfzfvf tyf sfg'g zfvf dfkm{t ;Dkfbg x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ . ;a} dGqfno, ;lrjfno jf cfof]udf sfg'g zfvfsf] Joj:yf u/L zfvf k|d'vsf] ¿kdf sfg'g ;d"xsf] slDtdf pk;lrj:t/sf] sd{rf/L /xg] Joj:yf ug]{ . dGqfno, ;lrjfno, cfof]u cGtu{tsf] ljefudf sfg'g ;d"xsf] b/aGbL sfod ubf{ ;DalGwt

130

dGqfno, ;lrjfno, cfof]udf /xg] b/aGbL;Fu tfbfDotf x'g] u/L sfod ug]{ . ljleGg dGqfno, ;lrjfno, cfof]u jf ljefudf Gofo ;]jfsf] b/aGbL sfod ubf{ s:tf k|s[ltsf lgsfodf s'g ;d"xsf] b/aGbL sfod ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf :ki6 dfkb08 agfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] . sfg'gL /fo dfu ug]{ / /fo k|bfg ug]{ ljifo dxfGofoflwjQmf / sfg'g tyf Gofo dGqfnodf ;d]t /x]sf] ;Gbe{df sltko cj:yfdf bf]xf]/f]kgf x'g] ;d]t cj:yf /x]sf]n] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] /fo dfu ubf{ sfg'g tyf Gofo dGqfno dfkm{t dfu ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{, h;af6 sfg'gL /fodf bf]xf]/f]kg gx'g'sf] ;fy} sfg'gL /fodf Ps¿ktf sfod x'g] / clen]v cBfjlws ug{ ;xh x'g] . xfn sfg'gdf k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq jf ;f] ;/xs]f cWofkg gx'g] u/]sf] ;Gbe{df Gofo ;]jfsf /fhkq cglÍt kbdf sfg'g ;DaGwL cWoog gu/]sf JolQmx¿ l;kmfl/; x'g] / xfn nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;~rfng ug]{ u/]sf] PsLs[t k/LIff k|0ffnLsf] sf/0fn] Gofo ;]jfdf l;kmfl/; x'g] JolQmx¿n] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] tof/Lsf] ;Gbe{df ;d]t sfg'g ;DaGwL cWoog ug'{ gkg]{ ePsf]n] To;/L l;kmfl/; x'g] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbgdf sl7gfO{ kg]{ u/]sf] x'Fbf Gofo ;]jfsf] kbdf l;kmfl/; ePsf /fhkq cglÍt sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf cfwf/e"t tflnd lbP/ dfq sfo{If]qdf k7fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ . Gofo ;]jfsf /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf k|j]z tflndsf] cjlw slDtdf # dlxgfsf] agfpg] . sfg'gL ;xfotf / d'2f lkmtf{sf] ljifodf d'2fsf] k|s[lt cg';f/sf] :ki6 dfkb08;lxtsf] gLltut Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

^= s[lif ljsf; dGqfno

kl/ro

s[lifsf] ljsf;sf nflu lj=;+= !(&* df s[lif c8\8fsf] :yfkgf ePsf] / To:t} !(($ df s[lif kl/ifb\sf] u7g ePsf] lyof] . @))* ;fndf s[lif kl/ifb\nfO{ lj36g u/L o;nfO{ s[lif ljefusf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ul/of] . @)!) ;fndf ;xsf/L ljefusf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof], @)#) ;fndf l;+rfO;DaGwL sfo{If]q;d]t yk u/L vfB, s[lif tyf l;+rfO{ dGqfnosf] ¿kdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . cf=j= #)#&÷#* b]lv l;+rfO{sf] sfd hn>f]t dGqfno / vfB Joj:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L cfk"lt{ dGqfnodf x:tfGt/0f u/L s[lif;DaGwL sfdsf] dfq lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{ u/L s[lif dGqfnosf] gfdfs/0f ul/of] . @)%%÷@)%^ b]lv o;nfO{ s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnosf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ul/Psf]df @)^(.@.% b]lv s[lif dGqfnoaf6 ;xsf/L;DaGwL sfo{ lemsL s[lif ljsf; dGqfno gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o; dGqfnosf] d'Vo p2]Zo b]zsf] cfjZostf / ;DefJotf cg'¿k s[lif ljsf;;DaGwL gLlt th'{df Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug'{ /x]sf] kfOG5 .

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ o; dGqfnonfO{ #@ j6f sfo{lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf] 5 . != s[lif;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg @= vfBfGg, gub] afnL, cf}Bf]lus afnL -;lhjg tyf /a/ KnfG6;d]t_, t/sf/L / kmnkm"n v]tLsf] ljsf; tyf k|j4{g #= s[lif /;fog tyf df6f];DaGwL cg';Gwfg / k|ljlw lj:tf/ $= s[lif Ol~hlgol/Ë / pGgt s[lif cf}hf/sf] cg';Gwfg, ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ %= afnL ;+/If0f cg';Gwfg tyf ;j]{If0f ^= s[lif

131

k|rf/ k|;f/ tyf o'jf s[ifs sfo{qmd &= s[lif g;{/L tyf aLp lahgsf] ljsf; *= kz'kIfL kfng tyf o;sf] ljsf;, Joj:yfkg, gZn;'wf/, bfgf / r/gsf] cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; (= kz' lrlsT;f, cf}iflw pTkfbg tyf lgodg !)= b'Uw / b'Uwkbfy{af6 jg]sf j:t'x¿sf] cg';Gwfg, ljsf; tyf ahf/ k|j4{g !!= dT:okfng tyf hnr/;DaGwL cWoog, cg';Gwfg, ljsf; tyf ahf/ k|j4{g !@= dfx'/L kfng tyf /]zd v]tL !#= s[lifIf]qsf] Joj;foLs/0f, cf}Bf]lusLs/0f / s[lifhGo j:t'sf] ahf/ Joj:yfkg tyf lj:tf/ !$= k|fËfl/s, h}ljs tyf /f;folgs dn !%= vfB u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f, cg';Gwfg, lgoGq0f tyf lj:tf/ !^= vfB, kz' tyf KnfG6 Sjf/]G6fOg !&= s[lif If]qsf] lap, lahg, lj¿jf, kz'kG5L, df5f cflbsf] hft, gZnsf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f, k|df0fLs/0f tyf lgodg !*= s[lif If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf cWoog, cg';Gwfg tyf ;j]{If0f !(= vfB ;'/Iff @)= s[lif ;"rgf k|0ffnL @!= s[lif jftfj/0f tyf ljifflb Joj:yfkg @@= k|fËfl/s v]tL tyf k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f @#= df;' tyf df;'hGo kbfy{ / kz' 5fnf tyf cGo kbfy{sf] ljsf; @$= s[lif;DaGwL h}ljs ljljwtf / h}ljs k|ljlw (Bio-technology) sf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ @%= km;n tyf kz' jLdf @^= s[lif j:t', ;]jf / k|ljlwsf] ;Da4tf, :t/Los/0f tyf k|df0fLs/0f @&= s[lif tyf kz';]jf;DaGwL k|of]uzfnfsf] ;Da4tf;DaGwL ljifo @*= vfBfGgafnL / cTofjZos j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg tyf ahf/ Joj:yfkg @(= ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;ª\u7g, ljZj kz' :jf:Yo ;ª\u7g, s[lif ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o sf]if tyf cGt/f{li6«o s[lif ;+:yf #)= s[lif kmfd{ tyf s[lif s]Gb| #!= s[lif;DaGwL ;+:yfg, ;ldlt tyf sDkgL #@= g]kfn s[lif ;]jfsf] ;~rfng .

ljBdfg P]g÷lgod

s[lif ljsf; dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu ljleGg P]gx¿sf] th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf 5g\ . h:t}M vfB P]g, kz' :jf:Yo P]g, u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f P]g h:tf ljleGg P]gx¿ tyf ;f] P]gx¿;Fu ;DalGwt lgodfjnL /x]sf b]lvG5g\ .

gLltut Joj:yf

s[lifljsf; dGqfnosf] /fli6«o gLltsf] ¿kdf /fli6«o s[lif gLlt, @)^! th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . cGo If]qut gLltx¿df s[lif Joj;fo k|j4{g gLlt, s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf gLlt, /fli6«o skmL gLlt, b'Uw ljsf; gLlt, /fli6«o dn gLltnufot cGo gLltx¿ th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf] sfo{;Dkfbg kfFrj6f dxfzfvfdfkm{t x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ltgdf k|zf;g dxfzfvf, of]hgf dxfzfvf, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg dxfzfvf, n}lËs ;dtf tyf jftfj/0f dxfzfvf, s[lif Joj;fo k|j4{g tyf tYofÍ dxfzfvf k5{g\ . o; dGqfno cGtu{t kz' ;]jf ljefu, s[lif ljefu, vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu u/L # j6f ljefu /x]sf 5g\ . s[lif ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ s]Gb| / aLpjLhg u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f s]Gb| klg ljefuLo lgsfosf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . kfFrj6} ljsf; If]qdf If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfnox¿ Pj+ kz' ;]jf If]qLo lgb]{zgfnox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . vfB k|ljlwsf] Pp6f If]qLo k|of]uzfnf /x]sf] / kfFrj6} ljsf; If]qdf s[lif tyf kz'

132

;]jfsf] If]qLo tflnd s]Gb|x¿ ;d]t /x]sf / &% j6} lhNnfdf lhNnf s[lif sfof{nox¿ Pj+ lhNnf kz' sfof{nox¿ ;d]t /x]sf 5g\ . s[lif tyf kz' ;]jfsf Onfsf :t/df ;d]t sfof{nox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;'wf/sf If]q

dGqfnosf] gfd s[lif dGqfno g} /fVg] . dGqfnosf] ;ª\u7g ;/+rgfdf s[lif tyf gLlt dxfzfvf yk ug]{ . cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg dxfzfvf cGtu{t vfB ;'/Iff cg'udg zfvfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . Sjf/]G6fOg ljefu gofF u7g u/L ;a} lhNnf :t/df / ;Ldf gfsfdf ;d]t zfvf v8f ug]{ . dGqfnosf] b/aGbL / hgzlQmsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ . k|To]s s[lif÷kz' ;]jf s]Gb|df Ps Ps j6f gd"gf kmfd{ tyf tflnd s]Gb| :yfkgf u/L sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . s[lif ;]jf, ;d"xdf ;]jf k|j]z ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ s[lif÷e]6g/L sn]h tyf k|fljlws lzIffnox¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L ;]jf ;d"x ;DaGwL nfdf] cjlwsf] Jofjxfl/s tflnd lbg] Joj:yf ug]{ . k|To]s sd{rf/Lsf] nflu lhDd]jf/L tyf clwsf/;lxtsf] :ki6 sfo{ljj/0f lgwf{/0f ug]{ . ;]jfs]Gb| :t/df cw{jflif{s ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ . kz' :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ cfslids ;]jf cGtu{t /fvL >f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . s[lif tyf kz' ;]jf ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ tflndx¿ ;DalGwt tflnd s]Gb|x¿n] dfq ;+rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ . s[lif If]qdf x'g] nufgLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ s[lif If]qdf ;/sf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L tyf bft[lgsfoaf6 ;d]t Psåf/ k|0ffnLaf6 vr{ ug]{ gLlt nfu" ug]{ . j}b]lzs ;xof]udf ;~rfng x'g] cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;+rfng ug{ ;DalGwt ljefu / dGqfnodf cfof]hgf ;Nnfxsf/ /fVg] Joj:yf u/L k|f]h]S6sf] sfof{no / b/aGbLsf] Joj:yf vf/]h ug]{ gLlt lng] . s[lif tyf kz'k+IfL ahf/ k|j4{g P]g th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] . k|fËfl/s s[lif pkh k|df0fLs/0fsf] lgodgsf] Joj:yf u/L k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0fdf nfUg] z'Ns cg'bfg lbg] Joj:yf ug]{ . s[lif ;]jf;DaGwL 5'§} P]g lgod agfpg] . s[lif e"ldsf] v08Ls/0f /f]sL s[lif pTkfbg j[l4sf] nflu v]tLof]Uo e"ldsf] rSnfjgbL P]g, lgod nfu" ug]{ . vfB :jR5tf gLlt ckgfpg] . u'0f:t/ lgodg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg bL3{sfndf vfB kl/ifb\ u7g ug]{ . s[lif gLltdf ;do;fk]If ;'wf/ ug]{ / h}ljs s[lif gLlt;d]t Nofpg] . o'jf hgzlQmnfO{ s[lif Joj;fodf cfslif{t ug]{ cg's"nsf] gLlt agfpg] . s[lifof]Uo e"lddf zx/Ls/0f /f]Sg] gLlt Nofpg] . k|To]s s[lif ;]jf s]Gb|df gd"gf s[lif kfs{ agfpg] . s[lif / kz'kfngdf jLdfsf] Joj:yf u/L s[ifsnfO{ ;x'lnot lbg] . s[lif / kz';Fu ;DalGwt P]g lgodnfO{ ;do;fk]If agfpg] . kz'kfng gLlt tyf kz' :jf:Yo gLlt th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

&= u[x dGqfno

kl/ro

@))& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrft gful/s zfl;t zf;g k|0ffnLsf] z'¿jft;Fu} d'n'sdf zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod u/fpg] / ;]jf k|jfxsf ljljw cfofddf ;'wf/ u/L ;f] sf] dfWodaf6 k|hftGqsf] k|j4{gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} gful/sx¿nfO{ zflGtk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf afFRg kfpg] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf ug{] h:tf p2]Zo /fv]/ lj=;+ @))* ;fndf u[x dGqfnosf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . tt\ kZrft o; dGqfnon] lj=;+ @)#& ;fn ;Dd u[x k~rfot dGqfnosf] ¿kdf / lj=;+= @)#& df

133

:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] :yfkgf kl5 u[x dGqfnosf] ¿kdf lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . d'n'sdf zflGt ;'Joj:yf / ;'/Iff sfod u/L hgtfsf] hLp wg, :jtGqtf / dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug'{sf ;fy} ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts If]q nufot /fli6«o hLjgsf ;a} If]qx¿df Gofok"0f{ Joj:yf sfod ug]{ sfddf u[x dGqfnosf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . cfGtl/s ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] PsLs[t / ;dGjofTds kl/rfngåf/f zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug]{, ljlwsf] zf;g tyf ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{, gful/s ;'/Iffsf nflu k|ljlw / k4lt s]lGb|t k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; tyf k]zfut ljlzi6tfsf] k|flKtsf nflu k|oTgzLn /xg], ;dfhsf] ;'/Iff / :yfloTj tyf gful/snfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf qf;af6 d'lQm / ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"ltåf/f ;a} g]kfnLdf ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / wfld{s ;b\efjsf] clej[l4 ub}{ cv08tf, /fli6«o Pstf / ;fj{ef}ldstfsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;d]t o; dGqfnon] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy;fy} ljkb\sf] PsLs[t / ;dGjofTds Joj:yfkg, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo / k|efjsf/L agfpg], pkef]Qmf xslxtsf] ;+/If0f ug]{, hgu'gf;f]sf] ;'g'jfO{ tyf ;Daf]wg ug]{, ;Ldf tyf cWofudg Joj:yfkg, ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs ;Dkltsf] ;+/If0f / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu ;d]t u[x dGqfno / dftxtsf lgsfox¿n] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf 5g .

b"/b[li6

æ;fj{ef}d, cv08tf, zfGt, ;d'Ggt / ;'/lIft g]kfnÆ :yfkgf ug]{ b"/b[li6 -Vision_ /x]sf]

dGqfnosf] kl/nIo

zflGt / ;'/Iff, ljlwsf] zf;g M ;'zf;g d"n cleofg, ;a}sf] u[x k|zf;g

sfo{ ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/ -sfo{ ljefhg_ lgodfjnL, @)^(, adf]lhd o; dGqfno cGtu{t– != cfGtl/s ;'/Iff;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg, @= zflGt, ;'Joj:yf tyf sfg'g / Joj:yf, #= xftxltof/ / v/vhfgfsf] Ohfht / lgoGq0f, $= lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ lgoGq0f, %= ljb]zL gful/ssf] lgodg tyf lgoGq0f, ^= ;jf/L lgoGq0f tyf pkTosfdf /x]sf ;/sf/L ;jf/L ;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg, &= u}/;/sf/L ;+3, ;+:yf k|zf;g, If]qLo tyf :yfgLo k|zf;g, *= gful/stf, hgdt ;+ª\u|x, cfk|jf;g tyf k|jf;g, (= tLy{:yfg / tLy{ofqL, !)= sNof0f wg / j]jfl/;L wg, !!= lr¶f, h'jf cflbsf] lgoGq0f h:tf ljifo kb{5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf cjf~5gLo Jojxf/sf] /f]syfd, dfbs kbfy{, ;fj{hlgs ck/fw cflbsf] lgoGq0f, ljkb\ Joj:yfkg, ;fj{hlgs ljbfsf] 3f]if0ff, pbL{ / ;fj{hlgs pT;j cflb, ;fj{hlgs rGbf ;+ª\sngsf] lgod / lgoGq0f, cWofudg, ;hfosf] dfkmL, ldgfxf tyf kl/jt{g, lje"if0f ;DaGwL sfo{, z/0ffyL{ dfldnf, c~rn / lhNNffsf] ;b/d'sfd tyf ;Ldfgf, /fli6«o kl/rokq, nfu" cf}ifw lgoGq0f / k|zf;g, cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf, ;LDff:tDesf] ;'/Iff / ;Ldf k|zf;g, u[x k|zf;g -sf/fuf/, zflGt ;'Joj:yf, nfu" cf}ifw, k|sf]k Joj:yfkg, ;'k'b{uL nufot_ ljifos /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;DfGjo / ;Dks{, ;ª\ul7t ck/fw lgoGq0f, jf¿bL ;'¿Ësf]

134

lgjf/0f, wfld{s ljifo, ;'k'b{uL, sf/fuf/ Joj:yfkg, k|x/L sNof0f, lgjf{rg cfof]u, g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/Ljn, /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefu, k|x/L lstfavfgf, cGo dGqfnosf] sfo{ ljefhgdf gk/]sf] ljifo klg of] dGqfnosf] sfo{If]qdf kb{5 .

ljBdfg P]g÷lgodx¿

u[x dGqfno cGt/utsf lqmofsnfknfO{ Jojl:yt¿kdf ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu ljleGg P]g lgodx¿sf] th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . h;df :yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, @)@*, Gfful/stf P]g, @)^# / lgodfjnL, @)^#, k|x/L P]g, @)!@, lgodfjnL, @)$( / k|x/L k|fljlws lgodfjnL @)%*, ;z:q k|x/L P]g, @)%* / lgodfjnL @)^), /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$, lgodfjnL @)^&, sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!(, lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ P]g, @)!*, s]lx ;fj{hlgs -ck/fw tyf ;hfo_ P]g, @)@&, sfnf] ahf/ tyf s]xL cGo ;fdflhs ck/fw tyf ;hfo P]g, @)#@, hUuf k|flKt P]g, @)#$, hGd d[To' tyf cGo JolQmut 36gf btf{ ug]{ P]g, @)##, b}jL k|sf]k lgoGq0f P]g, @)#(, nfu' cf}ifw lgoGq0f P]g, @)##, ljjfx btf{ P]g, @)@* / lgodfjnL, @)@*, afnaflnsf ;DaGwL P]g, @)$* / lgodfjnL, @)%!, Dffgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)^*, 5fkfvfgf / k|sfzg P]g, @)$* / lgodfjnL, @)$(, ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff P]g, @)$^, /fHo lj¿4 ck/fw / ;hfo P]g, @)$^, ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ / lgodfjnL, @)#$, ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;+rfng_ P]g, @)^$ / lgodfjnL, @)^%, xftxltof/ tyf v/vhfgf P]g, @)!( / lgodfjnL, @)@*, vfB P]g, @)@#, vfB lgodfjnL, @)@&, pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f P]g, @)%$, cTofjZos ;]jf ;+rfng P]g, @)!$, ;jf/L tyf oftfoft Joj:yf P]g, @)$(, ;jf/L tyf oftfoft Joj:yf lgodfjnL, @)%$, s]Gb|Lo cg';Gwfg Jo"/f] lgodfjnL, @)&) cflb P]g lgodx¿ kb{5g\ .

gLltut Joj:yf

u[x dGqfnon] sfo{ ;+rfngdf ;xhtf / sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf k|efjsfl/tf NofO{ ck]lIft glthf xfl;n ug{sf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf gLlt, sfo{ljlw, lbUbz{g / sfo{of]hgfsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog u/]sf] kfOG5 .

� cfGtl/s ;'/Iff gLlt, @)&) � xftxltof/ v/vhfgf nfO{;]G; sfo{ljlw, @)&) � /fh:j eG;f/ tyf cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff ;DalGw lgb]{lzsf, @)&) � cWofudg lx/f;t Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsf, @)&) � ljlzi6 JolQmx¿sf] ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw, @)&) � xftxltof/ d'cfAhf ;DaGwL dfkb08, @)&)

� u[x k|zf;g ;'b[9Ls/0f of]hgf, @)^* � k|x/L lbUbz{g, @)&) � g]kfn k|x/Lsf] # jif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgf, @)&) � s}bL aGbLx¿sf] dflkm ldgfxf ;DalGw dfkb08, @)^( � sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtf, @)^( � ljz]if ;'/Iff of]hgf, @)^^

135

� ;fj{hlgs ;]jf tyf ;8s cj/f]w lgoGq0f sfo{of]hgf, @)^^

� nfu' cf}ifw lgoGq0f gLlt, @)^# � nfu' cf}ifw lgoGq0f /0fgLlt, @)^^ � nfu' cf}ifw k|of]ustf{x¿sf] nflu pkrf/ tyf k'g:yfkgf s]Gb| ;+rfng lgb]{lzsf,

@)^* � ljkb hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^ � ljkb k"j{ tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{ of]hgf lgb]{lzsf, @)^& � /fli6«o ljkb k|ltsfo{ sfo{9fFrf, @)&) � zLtnx/ kLl8t /fxt dfkb08, @)&)

� :yfgLo k|zf;g lbUbz{g, @)%( � cWofudg sfo{ljlw, @)^% � ;/sf/L hUufsf] ef]uflwsf/ u/fpg] ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, @)^@ cflb .

;+u7g ;+/rgf

u[x dGqfnodf dfgj>f]t Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf, Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf, ;'/Iff ;dGjo dxfzfvf, gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd dxfzfvf / ljkb Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf u/L % j6f dxfzfvf /x]sf 5g . o; dGqfno cGt/ut sf/fuf/ Joj:yfkg ljefu, cWofudg ljefu, k|x/L lstfavfgf / /fli6«o kl/rokq Joj:yfkg s]Gb| u/L $ j6f ljefu, kfFr}j6f ljsf;If]qdf If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{nox¿ / ljefuLo :t/sf cGo ;'/Iff lgsfox¿df g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an / /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefu ;d]t /x]sf 5g\ / ltgsf :yfgLo :t/sf sfo{nox¿n] ;d]t zflGt ;'/Iff nufotsf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;Dkfbg ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} &% j6} lhNnfdf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nox¿, &$ j6f sf/fuf/ sfof{nox¿, ( j6f cWofudg sfof{nox¿, #@ Onfsf k|zf;g sfof{nox¿, ( j6f ;Ldf k|zf;g sfof{nox¿ / % j6f PsLs[t ;]jf s]Gb|n] ;d]t tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x u/L /x]sf] kfOG5 .

;'wf/sf If]q

l;lG8s]6 / sf6]{lnË lgoGq0f, cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf ;'/Iff / cg'udg, cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff Pj+ dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f ;DaGwL sfo{x¿ u[x dGqfnosf] sfo{If]qdf ;dfj]z ug]{ . k/Dk/fut ¿kdf rlncfPsf b]jL b]jtfsf d7dlGb/df k"hfcfhf Joj:yfkg / xh ;DaGwL sfo{ o; dGqfnosf] sfo{If]qaf6 x6fpg] . lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf sfdsf] rfksf] cfwf/df b/aGbL yk ug]{ . cWofudg ljefu cGtu{t cfjZostf cg';f/ cWofudg sfof{no yk ug]{ . sf/fuf/x¿sf] ef}lts cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ . dxfgu/Lo k|x/Lsf] sfd sf/jfxLsf] ;dGjo / pkTosfleqsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lx¿sf] sfdnfO ;d]t ;dGjo / ;'kl/j]If0f ug{ /fhkqflÍt ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] pkTosf cfo'Qmsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . # lgjf{rg If]q ePsf lhNnfdf /f=k=k|yd >]0fLsf] k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L /xg] u/L lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nox¿sf] :t/f]Gglt ug]{ . u[x k|zf;g lbUbz{g th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] . lhNnf k|zf;gsf] !) jifL{o u'¿of]hgf tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{ . lghfdtL ;]jfleq ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg ;d"x u7g ug]{ . lhNnfsf

136

sfof{no k|d'vn] lhNnf 5f]8g' kbf{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Laf6 :jLs[t lng] Joj:yf ug]{ . u[x k|zf;gdf rf}la;} 306f v6\g] sd{rf/LnfO z'¿ tnjsf] slDtdf @% k|ltzt eQf lbg] . lhNnfl:yt sfof{nosf k|d'vx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] ;'kl/j]Ifsn] ug]{{ d"NofÍgsf] @% k|ltzt c+ssf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ lbg] . ;'/Iff -;dGjo tyf Joj:yfkg_ P]g, /fli6«o kl/rokq -Joj:yfkg ljt/0f / ;+rfng_ P]g, ;'/Iff ;]jf cfof]u P]gx¿ hf/L ug]{ . :yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, nfu" cf}ifw lgoGq0f P]g nufotsf u[x k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt P]gnfO{ ;do ;fk]If ¿kdf kl/dfh{g ug]{ . 3'DtL ;]jfnfO lg/Gt/tf lbg] . k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] 5gf}6sf] lglZrt dfkb08 agfpg] . gful/stf ljt/0f cgnfOg ug]{ / o;sf] clen]vnfO{ ;a} lhNnfdf oflGqsLs/0f ug]{, u[x dGqfno cGtu{tsf ;'/Iff lgsfosf sd{rf/Lsf] ljj/0f u[x dGqfnodf ;d]t /fVg] Joj:yf ug]{, b'u{d If]qsf] k'gM juL{s/0f ug]{ . ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf hfFbf cfjZos kg]{ g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L / /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefusf] e"ldsf cWoog u/L ;do ;fd]If k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ . u[x dGqfno / dftxtsf lgsfox¿n] ;Dkfbg ug]{ lqmofsnfk / k|jfx ug]{ ;]jfsf] jflif{s sfo{of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ . yk lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nox¿df Ifltk"lt{ ;lxtsf] gful/s j8fkq nfu' ug]{ . lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nox¿nfO{ ef}lts ;|f]t ;fwg ;DkGg agfpg] .

*= k//fi6«« dGqfno

kl/ro

!(() ;fndf j}b]lzs ljefusf] ¿kdf :yfkgf ePsf] of] ljefu @))& ;fndf cfP/ k//fi6«« dGqfnosf] ¿kdf u7g ePsf] xf] . o; dGqfnosf] d'Vo p2]Zo g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs ;DaGwsf] ljsf; u/L g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / cv08tfsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug]{ /x]sf] 5 .

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ o; dGqfnosf !* j6f sfd tf]lsPsf 5g\ . != g]kfnsf] k//fi6«« gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg @= ljb]zL /fi6«x¿;Fusf] ;DaGw #= ljb]zdf g]kfnsf] k|ltlglwTj $= ljb]zdf g]kfn ;DaGwL k|rf/ k|;f/ %= /fxbfgL tyf ljb]zdf lbg] le;f ^= cltly ;Tsf/ &= lzi6frf/ -k|f]6f]sn_ *= g]kfn tyf cGo b]zsf gful/sx¿sf] cf–cfkm\gf] ;/sf/af6 JolQmdflysf] bfjf (= s"6gLlts ;+/If0f tyf pGd'lQm !)= ljb]zdf /x]sf g]kfnL gful/sx¿sf] clen]v tyf ltgLx¿sf] xs, lxt / ;+/If0f !!= u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL !@= cfly{s s"6gLlt !#= cGt/f{li6«o txdf hg:t/Lo tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ljsf; / k|j4{g !$= jfl0fHob"t;DaGwL cEof; -sG;'n/ k|flS6;_ !%= ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3, If]qLo ;xof]usf nflu blIf0f PlzofnL ;ª\u7g tyf cGo cGt/f{li6«o jf If]qLo ;+:yfx¿ !^= g]kfnl:yt ljb]zL lgof]u !&= s"6gLlts txdf x'g] jftf{ / ;Demf}tf;DaGwL ljifo -cGo dGqfnonfO{ tf]lsPsf] ljifoafx]s_ !*= g]kfn k//fi6«« ;]jfsf] ;~rfng .

ljBdfg P]g÷lgod

137

k//fi6«« dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu ljleGg P]gx¿sf] th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . h:t}M /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$, u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ / ;f] P]g;Fu ;DalGwt lgodx¿ .

gLltut Joj:yf

k//fi6«« dGqfnosf] /fli6«o gLltsf] ¿kdf g]kfnsf] ljb]z gLlt th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

k//fi6«« dGqfnosf] P3f/j6f dxfzfvf ePsf] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf 5 . o;df ;fdfGo k|zf;g dxfzfvf, lzi6frf/ dxfkfn dxfzfvf, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3, cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;ª\u7g tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g dxfzfvf,, If]qLo ;ª\u7g dxfzfvf, blIf0f Plzof dxfzfvf, pQ/k"j{ Plzof dxfzfvf, blIf0f k"j{ Plzof tyf Kofl;lkms dxfzfvf, dWo Plzof, blIf0f Plzof tyf clk|msf dxfzfvf, o'/f]k tyf cd]l/sf dxfzfvf, cfly{s s"6gLlt tyf u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL dxfzfvf / of]hgf, gLlt, cg'udg tyf cg';Gwfg dxfzfvf kb{5g\ . o; dGqfno cGtu{t /fxbfgL ljefu, cltly ;Tsf/ ljefu / sG;'n/ ;]jf ljefu u/L tLgj6f ljefux¿ /x]sf] kfOG5 . j}b]lzs ;DaGw :yfkgf / Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljleGg b]zdf /fhb"tfjf;, :yfoL lgof]u / dxfjfl0fHob"tfjf; u/L #^ j6f lgof]ux¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

;'wf/sf If]q

dGqfno, lgof]u tyf dxfjfl0fHob"tfjf;x¿ / k//fi6«« dfldnf cWoog k|lti7fgdf ;fdlos ;+:yfut Pj+ ;ª\u7gfTds ;'wf/ u/L ;fwg ;|f]tn] ;DkGg agfpg] . b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu cfly{s s'6gLlt ;+rfngsf cfwf/x¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] . s'6g}lts cfrf/;+lxtfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;a} dGqfno tyf lgsfox¿sf] aLr ;dGjofTds ;xof]usf] Joj:yf ug]{ / ;f] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] ;+zf]wg u/L o;sf] If]qnfO{ Jofks agfpg] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] g]kfnLsf] af/]df ;DalGwt b]zdf /x]sf s"6g}lts lgof]un] lg/Gt/ lgu/fgL u/L vf]h, p4f/ / ;xof]u ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ . /fhb"t lgo'lQmdf sDtLdf %)Ü s"6g}lts ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿af6 ug]{ . /fhb"t lgo'lQm kZrft\ ;DalGwt b]zdf hfg' cl3 u}/ s"6gLlts If]qaf6 lgo'Qm JolQmnfO{ s"6gLlts tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . ljb]z gLlt ;+rfngdf b]vf k/]sf r'gf}tL / ;f]sf] ;fdgf ug]{ k|sf/sf sfo{qmdx¿ to ug{ ljz]if1x¿sf] ;d"x agfpg] . ljb]z gLlt;Fu ;Da4 x'g] x/]s ljifodf k//fi6«« dGqfnosf] ;+nUgtf ;'lglZrt ug]{ . /fHosf] k//fi6«« gLlt th'{df nufotsf sfddf nfdf] ;do;Dd k//fi6«« ;]jfdf ;dlk{t jl/i7 s'6gLlt1x¿sf] cg'ejnfO{ pkof]u ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ . k//fi6«« dGqfnosf] hfgsf/Ldf gNofO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljlwjt k"j{ :jLs[lt ;d]t glnO{ ljb]zL d'n's jf lgsfo;Fu ljleGg lgsfox¿af6 ;Demf}tf ug]{ k|rngnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ To:tf] ;lGw ;Demf}tf, ;dembf/L ug'{k"j{ clgjfo{¿kdf k//fi6«« dGqfno;Fu ;dGjo ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; ug]{ . k//fi6«« dGqfnosf] k|ltlglwTj / sfo{If]q leq kg]{ ljifox¿df P]g sfg'gx¿sf] lgdf{0f ubf{ ;Da4 lgsfox¿n] k//fi6«« dGqfno;Fu ;dGjo ug]{ Joj:yf clgjfo{ ¿kdf nfu" ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ . ;fs{ /fi6«x¿

138

dflNbE;, e'6fg / ckmuflg:tfgdf g]kfnL cfjf;Lo /fhb"tfjf; :yfkgf u/L s"6gLlts k|ltlglwTjsf] oyfzL3| Joj:yf ug]{ . aL;xhf/ eGbf a9L ;+Vofdf g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿ sfo{/t /x]sf b]zx¿df ;d]t s"6gLlts lgof]u ;~rfng ug]{ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfly{s tyf k|zf;lgs b[li6n] cfjf;Lo /fhb"tfjf; :yfkgf ug{ jt{dfg l:yltdf sl7g ePsf d'n'sx¿df cj}tlgs jfl0fHob"tfjf; :yfkgf ug]{ .

(= e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno

kl/ro

lj=;+= @)@! ;fndf e"ld ;'wf/ dGqfnosf] ¿kdf u7g ePsf] of] dGqfno lj=;+= @)$# b]lv e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfnosf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ePsf] 5 . o; dGqfnosf] d'Vo p2]Zo j}1flgs e"ld ;'wf/sf] dfWodaf6 e"ldsf] clwstd pkof]usf] Joj:yfkg u/L e"lddfly ;dfg kx'Frsf] cj:yf l;h{gf ug]{ /x]sf] 5 .

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ o; dGqfnonfO{ !* j6f sfd tf]lsPsf 5g\ . != e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf ;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg @= dfnkf]/ /lhi6«];g #= hUuf btf{, d"NofÍg, hUuf k|zf;g / /fh:j ;Íng $= ;/sf/L hUuf / ;fj{hlgs hUufsf] clen]v Joj:yfkg tyf ;+/If0f %= e"ld ;DaGwL /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng ^= cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf / ;Ldf:tDesf] lgdf{0f, k'gM:yfkgf tyf dd{t;Def/ &= hUuf gfk hfFr ;DaGwL k|zf;g *= clgjfo{ jrt of]hgf, C0f ljt/0f / c;'nL (= lhof]8]l6s gfkL, 6f]kf]u|flkms gS;f tof/L / xjfO{ ;j]{If0fnufot gfk gS;f;DaGwL sfo{ !)= u'7L ;+:yfg / ;fj{hlgs u'7L cGtu{tsf] hUuf Joj:yfkg !!= ;'s'Daf;L ;d:of !@= d'Qm sd}of, sDn/L / xlnof Joj:yfkg !#= e"–pkof]u;DaGwL gLlt tyf Joj:yfkg !$= ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k"jf{wf/ !%= e"–;"rgf tyf clen]v !^= ;/sf/L tyf ktL{ hUuf clen]v ;+/If0f !&=cGo dGqfnosf] sfo{ljefhgdf gk/]sf e"ld;DaGwL ljifo !*= g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jfsf] ;e]{ ;d"xsf] ;~rfng .

ljBdfg P]g÷lgod

e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu ljleGg P]gx¿sf] th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . h:t}M hUuf gfk hfFr P]g, e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, u'7L ;+:yfg P]g / dfnkf]t P]g h:tf P]gx¿ tyf ;DalGwt lgodfjnL cflb /x]sf] b]lvG5 . s/La *) P]gx¿ / () eGbf a9L lgodx¿ e"ld Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ ;~rfngdf k|of]u eO{/x]sf] kfOG5 .

gLltut Joj:yf

e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfnosf] /fli6«o gLltsf] ¿kdf /fli6«o e"–pkof]u gLlt, @)^( th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

139

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfnosf] cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{sf] nflu dGqfnodf tLgj6f dxfzfvfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ltgdf k|zf;g dxfzfvf, of]hgf, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg dxfzfvf tyf e"ld Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf kb{5g\ . gfkL ljefu, e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg ljefu, e"–;"rgf tyf clen]v ljefu u/L tLgj6f ljefu Pj+ ljefu ;/xsf] lgsfosf] ¿kdf e"ld Joj:yfkg k|lzIf0f s]Gb| /x]sf] kfOG5 . &% j6f lhNnfdf *# j6f dfnkf]t Pj+ gfkL sfof{nox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . @! j6f lhNnfdf lhNnf e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . s]Gb|Lo cfof]hgfsf] ¿kdf /fli6«o e"–pkof]u cfof]hgf /x]sf] 5 .

;'wf/sf If]q

Pp6} dGqfno cGtu{t Ps} lsl;dsf] ;]jf ug]{ ljefu÷sfof{nox¿sf] PsLs/0f u/L Psåf/ k|0ffnLaf6 ;]jfk|jfx ug]{ h:tf] dfnkf]t, e"ld;'wf/, gfkL sfo{nonfO{ Pp6} sfof{no agfpg] . e"ld Joj:yfkg ;d"x u7g ug]{, ljZjljBfno e"ld Joj:yfkg cWoog ug]{ u/fpg] Joj:yf cGtu{t ug]{, ;]jf ;d"xdf k|j]z ubf{ e"ld Joj:yfkg ljifo cWoog u/]sf hgzlQmx¿nfO{ ;]jf k|j]z u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] . To:tf hgzlQm tof/ geP;Dd e"ld Joj:yfkgsf] kof{Kt 1fg lbnfpg] u/L tflnd lbnfpg] . dGqfnosf] ;du| ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L ;ª\u7g / b/aGbLsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ . e"ld ;DaGwL ;du| ljifonfO{ / ;a} If]qnfO{ ;d]6L ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿sf] ;lqmo ;xof]u, ;dGjo / ;xeflutfåf/f /fli6«o e"–pkof]u gLltnfO{ ;do;fk]If agfpg] / sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] . o;} gLltdf cfwfl/t /x]/ cGo ljifout gLlt, /0fgLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kg]{ . e"ld ;DaGwL ;a} ;"rgf l8lh6n 8f6fsf] ¿kdf /fVg] / o;sf] k|of]u / ;~rfngdf gLltut sfg'gL k|fjwfg dfkm{t Joj:yfkg ug]{ . e"ld;DaGwL P]g, dfnkf]t P]g / hUuf gfkhfFr P]gdf ;do ;fk]If ¿kdf ;'wf/ ug]{ . e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgn] hUufwgL / df]xL aLr hUuf afF8kmfF8 ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]df ;dosf] ls6fgL Joj:yfn] o;sf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf]n] o;df ;+zf]wg x'g'kg]{, xbaGbL ;DaGwdf ;d]t ;do;fk]If 7f]; sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L pknAw hUufsf] pkof]u ug]{ u/L ljleGg If]qdf 5l/P/ /x]sf sfg'gL Joj:yfnfO{ ;d]6L PsLs[t e"ld ;DaGwL P]g agfO{ nfu" ug]{ .

!)= ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfno

kl/ro

@)%& ;fndf ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfno u7g ePsf]df oftfoft;DaGwL sfd;d]t ug]{ u/L ldlt @)^(.@.% df o; dGqfnonfO{ ef}lts of]hgf, lgdf{0f tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfnosf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ul/of] . xfn o;sf] gfd kl/jt{g u/L ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfno sfod ul/Psf] 5 . o; dGqfnosf] d'Vo p2]Zo k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf;sf] dfWodaf6 b]zsf] cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg' /x]sf] kfOG5 .

140

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ o; dGqfnonfO{ !@ j6f sfo{ tf]lsPsf 5g\ . != ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg @= oftfoft -xjfO{ oftfoftafx]s_ tyf kl/jxg Joj:yfkg / ;~rfng;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf th'{df, sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, lgodg / d"NofÍg #= :yn–dfu{, hn–dfu{, /]ndfu{, ;j–j], km\nfOcf]e/ / /Hh'–dfu{sf] lgdf{0f tyf ljsf; ;DaGwL gLlt / of]hgfsf] lgodg, :jLs[lt tyf sfof{Gjog $= /0fgLlts ;8s -uf]/]6f]÷3f]8]6f] af6f] / :yfgLo ;8safx]s_ tyf k'n -emf]n'Ë] k'n / :yfgLo k'nafx]s_ sf] lgdf{0f, dd{t, ;Def/ tyf ;+/If0f %= :yn–dfu{ tyf /Hh'–dfu{sf] lgdf{0f;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf;Fusf] ;Dks{ ^= oftfoft -xjfO{ oftfoftafx]s_ tyf kl/jxg Joj:yfkg / ;~rfng;Fu ;DalGwt ;+:yfg, sDkgL tyf ;ª\u7g &= oftfoft -xjfO{ oftfoftafx]s_ ;]jf lgodg, Joj:yfkg / ;~rfng;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/l{li6«o ;+:yf tyf lgsfo;Fu ;Dks{;DaGwL sfo{ *= oftfoft;DaGwL cWoog, cg';Gwfg, tYofÍ ;Íng tyf ljZn]if0f (= ;8s af]8{nufot ;8s, /]n tyf oftfoft Joj:yf;DaGwL cGo lgsfo !)= Ol~hlgol/Ë kl/ifb\ tyf Ol~hlgol/Ë k/fdz{ ;]jf -sG;N6]G;L_ / ;f] ;DaGwL ;+:yf !!= /]ndfu{, d]6«f] lgdf{0f ;~rfng / ;Def/ !@= g]kfn OlGhlgol/Ë ;]jf, l;len OlGhlgol/ª ;d"xsf] xfOj] / /]n pk;d"xsf] ;~rfng .

ljBdfg P]g÷lgod

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftoft dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu ljleGg P]gx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . h:t}M ;fj{hlgs ;8s P]g, g]kfn ;8s af]8{ P]g, g]kfn OlGhlgol/Ë kl/ifb\ P]g, k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;+rfng P]g, lgdf{0f Joj;fo P]g, ;jf/L tyf oftfoft Joj:yf P]g nufot cGo ljleGg P]gx¿ tyf ;DalGwt ljleGg lgodfjnLx¿ .

gLltut Joj:yf

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfnosf] /fli6«o gLltsf] ¿kdf oftfoft gLlt /x]sf] kfOG5 .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfnosf] cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{sf] nflu dGqfnodf rf/j6f dxfzfvfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . To;df k|zf;g dxfzfvf, lgdf{0f tyf oftfoft dxfzfvf, of]hgf, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg dxfzfvf / u'0f:t/ tyf j}b]lzs ;xof]u dxfzfvf kb{5g\ . o; dGqfno cGtu{t ;8s ljefu, /]n ljefu / oftfoft Joj:yf ljefu u/L tLg j6f ljefux¿ /x]sf 5g\ . kfFrj6} If]qdf If]qLo ;8s lgb]{zgfnox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . @% j6f l8lehg ;8s sfof{no, ^ j6f x]eL l8lehg ;8s sfof{nox¿ tyf oftfoft Joj:yf ljefu cGtu{t !% j6f c~rn oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{nox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . !! j6f oflGqs sfof{nox¿ 5g\ . cGo lgsfox¿df s]Gb|Lo ;8s k|of]uzfnf, oflGqs tflnd s]Gb| /x]sf 5g\ .

141

;'wf/sf If]q

dGqfnosf] gfd k6s–k6s km]/jbn x'g] u/]sf] ;Gbe{df dGqfnosf] gfddf :yfloTj x'g'kg]{, dGqfnosf] sfd sf/jfxL;Fu ;DalGwt /fli6«o gLlt / ljifout gLltx¿ th'{df u/L nfu" ug'{kg]{, ;8s / oftfoftsf If]qdf ;'wf/sf lglDt ljleGg ;Da4 lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo u/L sfo{qmd th'{df u/L nfu" ug]{, dGqfnosf] cg'udgsf/L / ;xhLs/0f sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg], dGqfnosf] sfo{cg';f/ sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbLsf ;DaGwdf ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{ u/L b/aGbLsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ .

;8s ljefu cGtu{t ul/g' kg]{ k|zf;lgs ;'wf/sf sfo{x¿

;8s ljefusf] jt{dfg ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf lj=;+= @)%) ;fndf :jLs[t eO{ nfu" ePsf] xf] . h;cg';f/ s]Gb|df ;8s ljefu / $ j6f dxfzfvfx¿, Pp6f cfof]hgf lgb]{zgfno, If]qLo:t/df kfFrj6f If]qLo lgb]{zgfnox¿ / lkmN8:t/df @% j6f l8lehg ;8s sfof{nox¿, ^ j6f x]eL OSo"kd]06 l8lehgx¿ / ( j6f oflGqs sfof{nox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;fy} cfjZostf cg';f/ ljleGg of]hgf sfof{nox¿ :yfkgf eO{ ;8s of]hgfx¿ ;~rflnt 5g\ .

ljut b'O{ bzsdf ;8s ljefunfO{ k|fKt x'g] ah]6 tyf sfo{af]emdf ;d]t w]/} g} j[l4 ePsf] x'Fbf s]Gb|df k'n dxfzfvf yk ug]{ / lkmN8 n]endf l8lehg ;8s sfof{nox¿, x]eL OlSjkd]G6 l8lehgx¿ / oflGqs sfof{nox¿ yk ug'{kg]{ . o; ;DaGwdf lj:t[t ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f -O&M Survey_ u/L gofF ;fË7lgs ;+/rgf k|:tfljt u/] adf]lhd x'g'kg]{ .

;8s If]q ljsf;nfO{ b|'t ultdf / bLuf] k|ltkmn k|fKt x'g] u/L cufl8 a9fpg o;;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg gLltx¿nfO{ ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ ul/g' kg]{ . h; cGtu{t /fli6«o oftfoft gLlt, ;8s dd{t ;+ef/ gLlt, u'0f:t/ ;DaGwL gLlt, ;8s lgdf{0f÷dd{t ;+ef/sf gD{; tyf :6\of08{8x¿sf] klg k'g/fjnf]sg tyf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ . tL dWo] u'0f:t/ ;DaGwL gLlt / ;8s dd{t ;+ef/ gLlt k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ . ljefu leq jftfj/0fLo gLlt tflnd ;DaGwL gLlt cflb klg k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ . ;ª\u7g leq ljleGg kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ ljj/0f, clwsf/ / hjfkmb]lxtf sfo{ bIftfsf] d"NofÍg b08 / k'/:sf/ h:tf s'/fx¿sf] klg :ki6 Joj:yf u/L k"0f{¿kdf nfu" u/fpg' kg]{ .

;fj{hlgs lgdf{0fsf] If]qdf ;fj{hlgs v/Lb ;DaGwL P]g, lgodfjnL tyf lgb]{lzsfx¿ k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{, ;fj{hlgs v/Lb tyf of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg x'g] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;f] ;DaGwL kof{Kt tflndx¿ lbO{ Project Implementation Cader sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{ kg]{, ;8s lgdf{0f÷;+ef/df cfw'lgs ;Lk / k|ljlw nfu" ug{ cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; -Research & Development_ sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ug'{kg]{, ;8s If]qsf] ljsf;df lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg PPP Pjd\ BOOT Concept nfu" ug{ ;xof]uL jftfj/0f agfpg cfjZos gLlt lgod Pjd\ Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ;'wf/ ug' kg]{ .

142

oftfoft Joj:yf ljefu tyf cGtu{tsf sfof{nox¿sf] k|zf;lgs ;['wf/ ;DaGwL sfo{x¿

;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L ;jf/Lsf] clen]v tyf ;jf/L rfns cg'dlt kqsf] clen]v Jojl:yt ug]{ . cf=j= @)&!÷&@ leq ;jf/L rfns cg'dlt kq tyf ;jf/L btf{ k|df0fkq -ANo" a's_ :df6{ sf8{df hf/L ug]{ . ;jf/L hfFr k|0ffnL -Vehicle Fitness Test Center_ nfO{ j}1flgs agfpg rfn' cf=j= df sf7df8f}+df lgdf{0f ePsf] Vehicle Fitness Test Center ;~rfngdf NofO{ k|b"if0f tyf ;jf/Lsf] oflGqs cj:yf k/LIf0f u/L ;f] sf] cfwf/df af6f] Ohfht lbg] sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ul/g] . b]zsf ljleGg efudf slDtdf & j6f o:tf s]Gb|x¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ . sf7df8f}+ pkTosf leq xfn sfod /x]sf @^) eGbf a9L ¿6x¿nfO{ # txdf juL{s/0f u/L klxnf] txsf] ¿6df !! b]lv !* ld6/, bf];|f] txsf] ¿6df ( b]lv !) ld6/ nDafO{sf tyf t];|f] txsf] ¿6df cGo ;fgf ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;~rfng tyf ;jf/L Joj:yfkg u/L xfnsf] 6«flkms ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ . 6«flkms ;DaGwL hgr]tgf tyf Jofj;flos ;jf/L rfnsx¿nfO{ tflnd÷k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf u/L ;8s b'3{6gf Go"gLs/0f ug]{ . :yfoL 6«fon ;]G6/x¿sf] Joj:yf u/L ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkqsf] k|of]ufTds k/LIffnfO{ kf/bzL{ / Jofjxfl/s agfO{ ;jf/L rfnsx¿sf sf/0faf6 x'g] ;jf/L b'3{6gfnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ . !$ c~rndf o:tf s]Gb|x¿sf] Joj:yf ug{ hUuf Pjd\ ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ . oftfoft Joj:yf ljefusf] k'g;{+/rgf u/L gLlt lgdf{0f, ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L Jo:yfkg Pjd\ cg'udg Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

!!= dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfno

kl/ro

tTsfnLg lzIff tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfnodf /x]sf] ;dfh sNof0fsf] sfo{ef/;d]t ;DxfNg] u/L ldlt @)%@.^.^ df dlxnf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . @)%& ;fndf afnaflnsfsf] sfo{If]q;d]t yk u/L dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfnosf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ul/of] . o; dGqfnosf] d'Vo p2]Zo dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;du|df d"n k|jfxLs/0f, ;zlQms/0f / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] dfWodaf6 ;dtfd"ns ;DkGg ;d'bfo lgdf{0f ug]{ /x]sf] 5 .

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ o; dGqfnonfO{ !^ j6f sfd tf]lsPsf 5g\ . != dlxnf, afnaflnsf, ;dfhsNof0f;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg @= dlxnf, afnaflnsf, ;dfhsNof0f;DaGwL cWoog, cg';Gwfg, tyf ;j]{If0f #= dlxnf, afnaflnsf, ;dfhsNof0f;DaGwL /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo ;+3– ;+:yf;Fu ;Dks{ / ;dGjo $= cgfy afnaflnsf, c;xfo, dlxnf, j[4, j[4f, ckfË / czQmsf] ;+/If0f %= dlxnfsNof0f tyf ;Lk ljsf; ^= afnaflnsfsf] sNof0f &= h]i7 gful/ssf] ;'/Iff / sNof0f *= /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;dGjo tyf kl/rfng (= ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3–;+:yfåf/f sfof{Gjog ul/Psf dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f;DaGwL sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg !)= wd{k'q / wd{k'qL !!= n}+lus

143

lx+;f;DaGwL ljifo !@= /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u !#= ;dfhsNof0f kl/ifb\ !$= ;dfhsNof0f s]Gb|x¿ !%= j[4f>d !^= afndlGb/ .

ljBdfg P]g÷lgodx¿

dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu ljleGg P]gx¿sf] th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . h:t} M dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)^$, 3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)^@, n}lËs ;dfgtf sfod ug{ s]xL g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ jg]sf] P]g, @)^#, ;dfh sNof0f P]g, afnaflnsf ;DaGwL P]g, ckfË ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f P]g, @)#(, afn >d -lgif]w / lgoldt ug]{_ P]g, /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u P]g, @)^# h:tf P]gx¿ / ;DalGwt lgodfjnLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

gLltut Joj:yf

dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfnosf] /fli6«o gLltsf] ¿kdf afnaflnsf ;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt, @)^( th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfnosf] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfdf b'O{j6f dxfzfvfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . k|zf;g, ;+3 ;+:yf tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dxfzfvf / dlxnf ljsf;, afn clwsf/ Pj+ gLlt, of]hgf d"NofÍg dxfzfvf . o; dGqfno cGtu{t Pp6f dfq ljefu dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ljefu /x]sf] kfOG5 . s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt;d]t /x]sf] o; dGqfnosf] &% j6} lhNnfdf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{no Pj+ afn sNof0f ;ldlt 5g\ . $ j6f afn sNof0f u[x ;fy} Pp6f ;dfh sNof0f s]Gb| -j[4f>d_ ;d]t /x]sf] 5 .

;'wf/sf If]q

o; dGqfnosf] ;du| sfd sf/jfxLsf] ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL ;d]tsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ . ljBdfg dlxnf ;zlQms/0fsf If]qdf ;xof]u lnO{ cfPsf] ;fdflhs kl/rflnsf *$# / ;Lk ljsf; s]Gb|sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf ;DaGwdf gLltut txdf :ki6 gLlt lng] . s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldltnfO{ afnaflnsf;DaGwL gLltut ;Nnfx tyf lg0f{o ug]{ lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ 5'§} afnaflnsf ljefu :yfkgf ug]{ / lhNnf l:yt lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldltnfO{ afnaflnsf sfof{nodf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ . ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\ lj36g u/L ;dfh sNof0f ljefu v8f ug]{ . h]i7 gful/s :jf:Yo pkrf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ k|s[lt cg';f/ :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno / cGtu{t lgsfoaf6 ;~rfng ug]{ . /fHosf ;a} j[4x¿nfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s hLjg ljtfpg pko'Qm ljsNk;lxtsf j[4f>dx¿sf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ug]{ . o; dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} P]g lgodnfO{ ;do ;fk]If ¿kdf ;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{g ug]{ . afnaflnsf, h]i7 gful/s, ckfËtf Pj+ clt ;LdfGts[t ju{;Fu ;DalGwt 5'§f 5'§} gLlt agfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] . k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no cGtu{t xfn /x]sf] n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0f OsfO{nfO{ o; dGqfnodf ;dflxt ug]{ . o; dGqfnosf] gofF ejg lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ .

144

!@= o'jf tyf v]ns'b dGqfno

kl/ro

ldlt @)%@.^.^ df lzIff dGqfnoaf6 v]ns'b;DaGwL sfo{ef/ cnu u/L o'jf, v]ns'b tyf ;+:s[lt dGqfno u7g ul/of] . kl5 ;+:s[ltsf] sfo{lhDd]jf/L ko{6g dGqfno / o'jf tyf v]ns'bsf] sfo{ lzIff dGqfnonfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/of] . ldlt @)^%.%.!% df g]kfn ;/sf/n] k'gM o'jf tyf v]ns'b dGqfnosf] :yfkgf u¥of] . o; dGqfnosf] d'Vo p2]Zo o'jf / v]nIf]qsf] ;d'lrt ljsf; / pkof]usf] dfWodaf6 ;du| /fi6«sf] ljsf; ug'{ /x]sf] kfOG5 .

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ o; dGqfnonfO{ !! j6f sfd tf]lsPsf 5g\ . !=o'jf tyf v]ns'b;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th{'df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg @= o'jf kl/rfng tyf /fli6«o o'jf ljsf; #= o'jf tyf v]ns'b;DaGwL ljifosf] cWoog, cg';Gwfg, ;j]{If0f $= o'jfnosf] ;~rfng / o'jfno;DaGwL /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;Dks{ / ;dGjo %= o'jf hgzlQmsf] k|lzIf0f / tflnd ^= o'jf tyf v]ns'b;DaGwL /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw tyf k|ltlglwTj &= v]ns'b ;DaGwL /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfo{qmd *= o'jf hfu/0f tyf ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{qmd (= o'jf tyf v]ns'b;DaGwL ljifodf ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L ;+3–;+:yfx¿sf] kl/rfng tyf Ifdtf ljsf; !)= /fli6«o v]ns'b kl/ifb\ tyf v]ns'b;DaGwL cGo /fli6«o, If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf !!= g]kfn :sfp6 .

ljBdfg P]g÷lgodx¿

o'jf tyf v]ns'b dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu ljleGg P]gx¿sf] th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . h:t}M g]kfn :sfp6 P]g tyf v]ns'b ljsf; P]g, @)$*, v]ns'b kl/ifb P]g, @)@! ;d]tsf P]gx¿ tyf ;f] P]gx¿;Fu ;DalGwt s]xL lgodfjnLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

gLltut Joj:yf

o'jf tyf v]ns'b dGqfno cGtu{t /fli6«o o'jf gLlt, @)^^ / /fli6«o v]ns'b gLlt, @)^& gLltx¿ /x]sf] kfOG5 .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

ljBdfg ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf cg';f/ o'jf tyf v]ns'b dGqfnosf] b'O{j6f dxfzfvf 5g\ . o'jf tyf v]ns'b dxfzfvf / of]hgf tyf k|zf;g dxfzfvf . o; dGqfno cGtu{t s'g} ljefu g/x] klg v]ns''b kl/ifb\ P]g, @)@! cGtu{t /fli6«o v]ns'b kl/ifb u7g eO{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

;'wf/sf If]q

ljleGg dGqfno tyf lgsfoaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] o'jf;DaGwL sfo{qmdsf] ;dGjo ug]{ lhDd]jf/L o; dGqfnonfO{ lbg] . /fli6«o v]ns'b kl/ifb\ / o; cGtu{tsf ;ldltx¿df bnLos/0f gu/L Jofj;flos JolQm lgo'lQmsf] dfkb08 tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{, j}b]lzs

145

;xof]u nufot cfly{s ultljlw / ;~rfng k|lqmof kf/blz{tf x'g'kg]{, /fli6«o v]ns'b ;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ug]{ o'jf ;+3 ;+:yfx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt / lgoldt agfpg lglZrt lgsfodf btf{ / cg'udgsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] . o'jf kl/ifb\sf] u7gsf] nflu sfg'g th'{df ug]{ / ;f] kl/ifb\sf] k|zf;lgs k|d'v g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/L /xg] Joj:yf ug]{ . o'jfsf] pd]/ $) jif{af6 36fP/ #) jif{ sfod ug]{ . v]ns'b ljsf; P]g, @)$* nfO{ kl/dfh{g ug]{ . v]ns'b lgodfjnL / :sfp6 lgodfjnLnfO{ dlGqkl/ifb\\n] :jLs[lt u/L /fhkqdf k|sflzt ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ . ;du| dGqfnosf] ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L dGqfnosf] ;ª\u7g Pj+ hgzlQm Joj:yfkgdf ;d]t kl/dfh{g ug]{ . o'jf tyf v]ns'bsf] sfo{qmdnfO{ If]qLo :t/;Dd lj:tf/ ug{ ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ . /fli6«o v]ns'b kl/ifb\sf] ;ª\u7g / Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L b/aGbL / ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf olsg ug]{ .

!#= /Iff dGqfno

kl/ro

lj=;+= @))& ;fndf /Iff dGqfnosf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o; dGqfnosf] d'Vo p2]Zo b]zsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fli6«o cv08tfnfO{ cIf'0f /fVb} /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] k|j4{g ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ o; dGqfnonfO{ @! j6f sfo{ tf]lsPsf] 5 . != /fli6«o ;'/Iff;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg @= g]kfnL ;]gfsf] u7g, nf]stflGqsLs/0f, k'g;{+/rgf, kl/rfng, Joj:yfkg / lgoGq0f #= ;}lgs clws[t tyf hjfgsf] cg'zf;g / ;]jf zt{ $= ;}lgs tflnd %= ;]gfsf] ;'ljwf ^= ;}lgs xftxltof/ / ;fdu|Lsf] v/Lb / pTkfbg &= ;}lgs sf/jfxL / ;]gfsf] ultljlw *= ;}lgs lgdf{0fzfnf (= ;}lgs k|lti7fkg -OG:6n];g_ / ;~rf/ tyf oftfoft !)= ;}lgs e08f/ !!= ;}lgs Aof/]s tyf sfof{nosf] Joj:yf !@= ljsf; sfo{ / ljkb\ p4f/ sfo{df ;xof]u !#= /fli6«o ;]jf bnsf] ;ª\u7g, tflnd / k|zf;g !$= ;}lgs sNof0f !%= /fli6«o lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If tyf dxTjk"0f{ /fli6«o ;Dkbf, :df/ssf] ;'/Iff !^= g]kfnL ;}lgs jLdfg ;]jf !&= ;}lgs sNof0fsf/L of]hgf !*= /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ / ;'/Iff If]q ;'wf/ !(= l;nvfgf @)= ;}lgs u'Ktr/ ljefu @!= ;}lgs c:ktfn .

ljBdfg P]g÷lgodx¿

/Iff dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu ljleGg P]gx¿ h:t}M ;}lgs P]g nufotsf P]gx¿ tyf ;f] P]g;Fu ;DalGwt lgodfjnLx¿ ;d]t th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

gLltut Joj:yf

/Iff dGqfnosf] ;Gbe{df /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjog x'g'kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

146

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

/Iff dGqfnosf] cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{sf] nflu dGqfnodf rf/j6f dxfzfvfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ltgdf dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; tyf ;dGjo dxfzfvf, gLlt of]hgf, cg';Gwfg tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw dxfzfvf, dfgj clwsf/ k|j4{g, sfg'gL k/fdz{ tyf u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf tyf Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf k5{g\ . o; dGqfno cGtu{t s'g} ljefu g/x] klg g]kfnL ;]gf h+uL c8\8f o; cGtu{t /x]sf] lgsfo xf] . ;'wf/sf If]q

g]kfnsf] bL3{sfnLg /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt tyf /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt agfpg] . ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt cGo lgsfosf] cfw'lgsLs/0f / ;zlQms/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8 a9fpFbf /Iff dGqfno;Fu ;dGjo ug]{ . /fHosf] ;'/Iff lgsfox¿nfO{ gful/s lgoGq0fdf /xg] u/L sfo{of]hgf agfpg] . d'n'ssf] ;'/Iff lgsfox¿nfO{ gful/sk|lt pQ/bfoL Pj+ nf]stGqLs/0fsf] dfGotf;Ët agfpg] ;Gbe{df /Iff dGqfnosf] e"ldsf k|d'v /xg]df ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

!$= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno

kl/ro

lj=;+= @))* ;fndf jg dGqfnosf] gfddf :yfkgf ePsf] of] dGqfnosf] ljleGg ;dodf gfd kl/jt{g x'Fb} xfn jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnosf] gfddf gfdfs/0f ePsf] 5 . o; dGqfnosf] d'Vo p2]Zo jg If]qsf] bLuf] ljsf; ug]{, jg:klt, h8La'6L, e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f;d]tsf] dfWodaf6 ;du| /fi6«sf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ug'{ /x]sf] kfOG5 .

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ @! j6f sfo{ tf]lsPsf] 5 . != jg tyf e"–;+/If0f;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg @= /fli6«o jg If]q, ;/sf/L jg, ;/sf/åf/f Jojl:yt jg, wfld{s jg, ;fd'bflos jg, ;fem]bf/L jg, sa'lnotL jg, rSnf jg tyf lghL jg cflb #= ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L jg If]qsf] ;j]{If0f, gfk gS;f / ;Ldf lgwf{/0f $= jghËnsf] ;+/If0f, pkof]u, ;Dj4{g / Joj:yfkg %= jg k}bfjf/ -sf7 bfp/f, jGohGt', h8La'6L, u}/sfi7 kbfy{, jg If]qsf] kfgL, df6f], 9'Ëf lu§L, afn'jf cflb_ sf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg ^= jghGo pBf]u / sRrf kbfy{x¿sf] k|aGw &= jg;DaGwL cWoog, cg';Gwfg, k|rf/k|;f/, tflnd, Ifdtf clej[l4 cflb *= jg, jg:klt, jGohGt', h}ljs ljljwtf tyf k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f, ;b'kof]u / nfesf] afF8kmfF8 (= /fli6«o lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If, lzsf/ cf/If, ;+/If0f If]q, dWojtL{ If]q, l;d;f/ / r/g If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo !)= xfQL;f/ tyf lrl8ofvfgfsf] Joj:yfkg !!= e"–tyf hnfwf/ If]q, a[xt\ hnfwf/ Ifq tyf tfntn}ofsf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g, ljsf;, ;dGjo / Joj:yfkg !@= k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f / ;Gt'ng !#= jg:klt / h8La'6L;DaGwL gLlt tyf cWoog, cg';Gwfg, k|rf/k|;f/, ;j]{If0f, ;+sng, k|j4{g, k|zf]wg, pTkfbg, pkof]u tyf Joj;foLs/0f !$= jg:klt pBfg tyf h8La'6L pBf]u !%= jg:klt, jGohGt' / h}ljs ljljwtf ;Fu|xfno !^= jg,

147

jg:klt, jGohGt', h}ljs ljljwtf, jg If]q;Fu ;DalGwt hnjfo' kl/jt{g, hnfwf/ ;+/If0f / e"–;+/If0f;DaGwL k|bz{gL tyf k|rf/k|;f/ !&= jg, jg:klt, jGohGt', hnfwf/ ;+/If0f, h}ljs ljljwtf / e"–;+/If0f;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjog !*= jg, jg:klt, jGohGt', hnfwf/ ;+/If0f / e"–;+/If0f ;DaGwL ljifodf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3 ;+:yf;Fu ;dGjo / ;Dks{ !(= k|s[lt ;+/If0f @)= ;/sf/L, ;fj{hlgs / lghL If]qsf j[Iff/f]k0f, jg ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkg @!= g]kfn jg ;]jfsf] ;~rfng .

ljBdfg P]g÷lgodx¿

jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f P]g, ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu ljleGg P]gx¿sf] th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . jg P]g, /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g ;d]tsf P]gx¿ tyf ;f] P]gx¿;Fu ;DalGwt lgodfjnL, lgb]{lzsf / sfo{ljlwx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

gLltut Joj:yf

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #% cg';f/ jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfnosf gLltx¿ lgb]{lzt 5g\ . jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnosf] jg ljsf; u'¿of]hgf -lj=;+= @)$%–@)^&_ sf] Dofb ;lsPsf] ;Gbe{df gofF /0fgLlt Pjd\ bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] cfjZostf dxz'z ePsf]n] xfn jg If]q /fli6«o /0fgLlt th'{dfsf qmddf /x]sf] 5 .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

xfn} ePsf] ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f cg';f/ jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnodf cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{sf] nflu dGqfnodf kfFrj6f dxfzfvf / Pp6f s]Gb|Lo jg tflnd tyf k|rf/ k|;f/ s]Gb| 5g\ . dxfzfvfx¿df Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg dxfzfvf, of]hgf dxfzfvf, j}b]lzs ;xof]u ;dGjo dxfzfvf / jftfj/0f dxfzfvf /x]sf 5g\ . o; dGqfno cGtu{t jg ljefu, e"–tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f ljefu, /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefu, jg:klt ljefu, jg cg';Gwfg tyf ;j]{If0f ljefu u/L % j6f ljefux¿ /x]sf 5g\ . :jfoQ lgsfosf] ¿kdf l6Da/ skf]{/]zg, h8La'6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg s+=ln=, jg k}bfjf/ ljsf; ;ldltx¿ ;d]t /x]sf] o; dGqfnosf] kfFrj6} ljsf; If]qdf If]qLo jg lgb]{zgfnox¿ / tflnd s]Gb|x¿ /x]sf / &$ j6f lhNnfdf lhNnf jg sfof{nox¿ /x]sf 5g\ eg] :yfoL $% / c:yfoL !! u/L hDdf %^ lhNnf e"–;+/If0f sfof{nox¿;d]t /x]sf 5g\ . lhNnf jg sfof{no cGtu{t :yfgLo:t/df ;]S6/ jg sfof{no / Onfsf jg sfof{nox¿ ;d]t /x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefu cGtu{t :yfgLo:t/df !) lgs'~h, # cf/If, ! lzsf/ cf/If / ^ ;+/If0f If]q /x]sf 5g\ . jg:klt ljefu cGtu{t & lhNnfdf lhNnf jg:klt sfof{nox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o k|s[lt ;+/If0f sf]ifsf] ;Dks{ dGqfnosf] lhDd]jf/L ;d]t of] dGqfnodf /x]sf] 5 .

;'wf/sf If]q

g]kfnsf] s"n e"–efusf] $)Ü jg sfod /fVg];+j}wflgs Joj:yf x'g'sf ;fy} jg ;+/If0f tyf cltqmd0fsf] /f]syfddf /fli6«o k|lta4tf x'g'kg]{, jg k}bfjf/sf] cj}w

148

s6fgL tyf lgsf;L, jGohGt'sf] rf]/L lzsf/L h:tf u}/ sfg'gL sfo{sf] ;'/fsL lbg], kqmg ;xof]u ug]{ JolQm / kqmfp ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ hl/jfgf jfktsf] lglZrt /sd k|f]T;fxg :j¿k lbg] . jg ;]jfsf lhNnf:t/df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ kf]zfs pko'Qm gx'Fbf ;'wf/ ug]{ . sd{rf/Lsf] ;/sf/L sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf b'3{6gfdf k/L 3fOt] jf lj/fdL ePdf pkrf/df nfUg] ;Dk"0f{ /sd ;/sf/n] Joxf]g]{ . jg If]qsf] cWoog cg';Gwfg jg ;]jf leqsf ;a} ;d"xsf nflu plQs} cfjZos ljifo ePsf]n] jg ;]jf leqsf ;d"x ljefhgsf] cj:yf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L hg/n km/]i6«L, km/]i6 l/;r{, :jfon P08 af6/ s~h/e]zg / g]zgn kfs{ P08 jfON8 nfOkm h:tf ;d"xnfO{ PsLs/0f ug]{, jg ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] nflu 5'§} jg ;]jf lgodfjnL agfpg] . jgsf] k|efjsf/L ;+/If0f Pjd\ lgodgsf nflu lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] sfo{If]q lj:tf/ ug]{, u]d:sfp6, jg /Ifs h:tf sd{rf/Lsf] zf/Ll/s tGb'¿:tLsf] nflu ;d]t ljrf/ u/L ;]jf k|j]zsf] pd]/ @) jif{ / cjsfz pd]/ %) jif{ sfod ug]{ . ;fd'bflos jgsf] ;+/If0f / bLuf] pkof]udf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg P]g, lgoddf ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g ug]{ . CITES sf] sfg'g lgdf{0f xflQ;f/ Pjd\ lrl8ofvfgfsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg / jGohGt' ;DaGwL cg';GwfgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{, ;z:q jg /Ifs lgodfjnL adf]lhd :jLs[t lng] u/L ul/Psf] jftfj/0fLo ;]jf z'Nssf] plrt Joj:yfkg u/L ;z:q jg /Ifssf] kbk"lt{ ug]{ / xltof/sf] ;d'lrt Joj:yf ;d]t ug]{ . ;+j]bgzLn If]qsf] jg ;+/If0fsf] ;DaGwdf xfn u7g ePsf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgb]{zgfno / jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnosf] cGt/;DaGw x'g] u/L ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] . jg If]q cltqmd0f u/L j;f]jf; ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug{ To:tf cltqmldt If]qdf ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf cGo If]qaf6 k'¥ofOg] ;8s, jlQ, kfgL, 6]lnkmf]g h:tf ;'ljwf Pjd\ ef}lts lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿ tTsfn} aGb ug{ kxn ug]{, ljleGg lgsfox¿af6 k"jf{wf/ ljsf; Pjd\ lgdf{0fsf nflu jg If]qsf] hUuf dfu ug]{ k|j[lQ a9\b} uPsfn] To;/L jg If]qsf] hUuf dfu ubf{ j}slNks ljZn]if0f tyf bL3{sfnLg of]hgf cg'¿k eP gePsf] ;d]t ljrf/ u/L jg If]qsf] hUufsf] d"NofÍg u/L Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yfsf] gLlt lgwf{/0f ug]{ .

!%= jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno

kl/ro

lj=;+= @))* ;fndf :yfkgf ePsf] pBf]u tyf jfl0fHo dGqfnoaf6 @)#( ;fndf jfl0fHo 5'l§P/ cfk"lt{ dGqfnodf ¿kfGt/0f ePsf] lyof] . @)$@ ;fndf pBf]u dGqfno, jfl0fHo dGqfno tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno u/L tLgj6f 5'§f 5'§} dGqfnodf kl/0ft eof] . @)%& j}zfvdf pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf] ¿kdf kl/jt{g eof] . @)^% efb|df jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno Pj+ pBf]u dGqfno u/L b'O{ j6f dGqfno jgfOof] . To;kl5 jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf] gfdaf6 of] dGqfno /x]sf] 5 . o; dGqfnosf] d'Vo p2]Zo jfl0fHo If]qsf] ljsf; / k|j4{g Pj+ hgtfsf b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t'nufot ;du| cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ /x]sf] 5 .

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ o; dGqfnonfO{ @) j6f sfo{ tf]lsPsf 5g\ . != jfl0fHo, Jofkf/ tyf cfk"lt{;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg @= cfGtl/s tyf cGt/f{li6«o

149

Jofkf/ ljifos cWoog, cg';Gwfg tyf ;j]{If0f #= lgsf;L tyf k}7f/L;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd th{'df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg $= cTofjZos j:t'sf] cfk"lt{ tyf lgodg %= lgsf;L k|j4{g ^= ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs Jofkf/sf] ;+rfng &= jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg, ;ldlt, k|lti7fg, sDkgL cflbsf] ;~rfng *=jfl0fHo, Jofkf/ / kf/jxg;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf;Fusf] ;Dks{ (= ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7g nufot ax'kIfLo Jofkf/;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf;Fusf] ;Dks{, ;dGjo, jftf{, ;Demf}tf tyf k|lta4tfsf] sfof{Gjog / cg'udg !)= ;fkm\6f, ljd:6]snufotsf If]qLo Jofkf/ ;+emf}tf;Fu ;DalGwt ;+:yf;Fusf] ;Dks{, ;dGjo, jftf{, ;Demf}tf tyf k|lta4tfsf] sfof{Gjog / cg'udg !!= låkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo Jofkf/;DaGwL ;lGw ;+emf}tf !@= kf/jxg, uf]bfd tyf cGt/f{li6«o kl/jxg Joj:yf !#= j:t'sf] ax'ljlws -Multimode_ 9'jfgL !$= vfB tyf cGo pkef]Uo / cTofjZos j:t';DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg !%= k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] k}7f/L, k|zf]wg, e08f/0f, cfk"lt{ / lgodg !^= pkef]Qmfsf] xs, lxt / clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f !&= l;l08s]6 / sf6]{lnËsf] lgoGq0f !*= cfGtl/s ahf/ Joj:yfkg tyf k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g !(= cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ s"6gLltsf] ;~rfng / k|j4{g @)= Jofkf/ If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;'Vvf aGb/ufx, sG6]g/ k|]m6:6]zg, uf]bfd lgdf{0f k"jf{wf/sf] :yfkgf / Joj:yfkg .

ljBdfg P]g÷lgodx¿

jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg P]g, lgodx¿sf] th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . h;df pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, lgsf;L k}7f/L P]g, k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g tyf ahf/ ;+/If0f P]g, cfjZos ;]jf ;~rfng P]g, k|fOe]6 kmd{ /lhi6«]zg P]g tyf lgodfjnL, ;fem]bf/L P]g, dfn;fdfgsf] ax'ljlws 9'jfgL P]g, cfjZos lgoGq0f -clwsf/_ P]g, ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gh:tf P]g tyf ;DalGwt lgodfjnLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

gLltut Joj:yf

jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf] jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^% tyf cfk"lt{ gLlt, @)^( u/L @ j6f 5'§f 5'§} gLlt /x]sf] kfOG5 .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjgsf nflu tLgj6f dxfzfvfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ltgdf k|zf;g, ;+:yfg tyf cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf, of]hgf tyf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;xof]u dxfzfvf / lgof{t k|j4{g, Jofkf/ tyf kf/jxg dxfzfvf kb{5g\ . o; dGqfno cGtu{t jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg ljefu Pp6f dfq ljefu /x]sf] 5 . kfFrj6f If]qdf jfl0fHo sfof{nox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . @) j6f lhNnfdf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf /xL sfo{ ug]{ u/L ahf/ ;+/If0f clws[t tf]lsPsf] 5 .

;'wf/sf If]q

pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnonfO{ sfo{ k4ltsf] b[li6n] Pp6} agfpg] . dGqfnosf] ;+/rgfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{, jfl0fHo ;xrf/Lsf] Joj:yfsf] nflu b/aGbL l;h{gf ug]{ . o; dGqfnosf ;a} sfo{ k4ltsf] cfwf/df k'gM ;+/rgf ug]{ .

150

dGqfnox¿;Fu ;DalGwt P]gx¿ h:t}M pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, cfoft lgof{t P]g, lgsf;L k}7f/L P]g, PlG68lDkË tyf sfpG6/e]lnË P]g, k|fOe]6 kmd{ /lhi6«]zg P]g÷lgod, g]kfn OG6/df]8n k|flws/0f P]g, k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ tyf Uof; sf/f]af/ P]g h:tf P]g sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg, kl/dfh{g tyf lgdf{0f u/L ;do ;fk]If agfpg] . ahf/ cg'udgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg tTsfn sf/jfxL ug]{ clwsf/ ;lxtsf] b|"t Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ u/L sfg'gdf ;'wf/ ug]{ . jfl0fHo gLlt / cfk"lt{ gLltnfO{ ;do ;fk]If agfpg'sf ;fy} o;sf] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfo{Gjog ug]{ . cfGtl/s Jofkf/;DaGwL gLlt, /fli6«o pkef]Qmf gLlt, pkef]Qmf ;+:yfx¿sf] lgb]{lzsf th'{df u/L nfu" ug]{ . jfl0fHo k|zf;gsf] sfo{ ug]{ sfof{nox¿df O{–;]jf -ljB'tLo ;]jf_ ;~rfng ug]{, jfl0fHo k|zf;g ;DaGwL ;]jfu|fxLx¿n] web based kmd{ btf{, gjLs/0f, 7fpF;f/L, gfd;f/L h:tf sfo{ ug]{ u/L ;]jfdf ;/ntf / kf/blz{tf sfod ug]{, cfoft lgof{tsf] Ohfht kq hf/L ug]{ sfo{nfO{ O{–;]jfsf] ;~rfng ug]{, ahf/ cg'udgsf] sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg], ;fgfltgf pkef]Qmfsf] lxt lj¿4 sfo{ ug]{nfO{ ;hfo ug]{ clwsf/ lg/LIf0f clws[tnfO{ k|bfg ug'{kg]{, lhNnfx¿df cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg sfof{nosf] lj:tf/ ug]{ . WTO df g]kfnn] ;b:otf k|fKt u/]df avt ul/Psf] k|lta4tf cg'¿k P]g sfg'gsf] th'{df kl/dfh{g ug'{ kg]{ .

!^= lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno

kl/ro

ldlt @)%#.@.@ df lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnosf] u7g eof] . ldlt @)^!.!@.!* df @)%@ ;fndf u7g ePsf] hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnonfO{ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnodf ufleof] . @)^(.@.% df cfP/ lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnosf] u7g ePsf] kfOG5 . o; dGqfnosf] d'Vo p2]Zo lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] If]qdf b|"tt/ ljsf; ug]{, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gsf] If]qnfO{ k|ljlwd}qL agfO{ b]zsf] bLuf] ljsf; ug]{ /x]sf] kfOG5 .

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ o; dGqfnonfO{ @% j6f sfo{ tf]lsPsf 5g\ . != jftfj/0f, lj1fg / k|ljlw;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg @= jftfj/0f, lj1fg / k|ljlw;DaGwL cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg / ;j]{If0f #= jftfj/0f, lj1fg / k|ljlw;DaGwL /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf;Fu ;Dks{ / ;dGjo $= ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfåf/f sfof{Gjog ul/Psf jftfj/0f, lj1fg / k|ljlw;DaGwL sfo{qmdsf] d"NofÍg tyf ;dLIff %= jftfj/0f, lj1fg / k|ljlw;DaGwL hgzlQmsf] ljsf; / pkof]u ^= lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/sf sfo{qmdx¿ &= jftfj/0f, lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] If]qdf ePsf k|ultx¿sf] cGj]if0f / cg';Gwfg *= jftfj/0f, lj1fg / k|ljlw ;Da4 ljZjljBfnox¿;Fu ;Dks{ tyf ;dGjo (= lj1fg / k|ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdu|Lx¿sf] pTkfbg, cfk"lt{ / Joj:yfkg !)= cTofw'lgs k|ljlw ljifos tYofÍ ;+sng, k|zf]wg / ;j]{If0f !!= jftfj/0f, lj1fg / k|ljlwljifos låkIfLo / ax'kIfLo ;Demf}tf Pj+ ;dembf/Lkq !@= hn tyf df};d lj1fg ljifos cWoog, cg';Gwfg / eljiojf0fL !#= ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ !$= kf/df0fljs -Nuclear_

151

k|ljlwsf] pkof]u tyf k|j4{g / To;sf] cg'udg, lgoGq0f / lgodg !%= /f;folgs kbfy{sf] pkof]u tyf k|j4{g / To;sf] cg'udg, lgoGq0f / lgodg !^= h}ljs k|ljlwsf] cWoog, cg';Gwfg, k|j4{g ljsf;, pkof]u / lgodg !&= cGtl/If lj1fg;DaGwL cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg !*=hnjfo' kl/jt{g !(= k|b"if0f lgoGq0f, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / ;Gt'ng @)= ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf @!= g]kfn lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fg @@= lj1fg tyf k|ljlw kl/ifb\ @#= /fli6«o ljlw lj1fg k|of]uzfnf @$= Knfg]6f]l/od, j]wzfnf / lj1fg ;ª\u|xfno @%= j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb| .

ljBdfg P]g÷lgodx¿

lj1fg k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu ljleGg P]g lgodx¿sf] th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . h:t}M jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, ljB'tLo -On]S6«f]lgs_ sf/f]af/ P]g, g]kfn lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fg P]g tyf ;f] P]gx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg lgodfjnLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

gLltut Joj:yf

lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnosf] 5ftf gLltsf] ¿kdf /fli6«o gLlt g/x] klg ljleGg If]qut gLltx¿sf] th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] kfOG5 . h:t}M lj1fg tyf k|ljlw gLlt, @)^@, h}ljs k|ljlw gLlt, @)^#, u|fdL0f pmhf{ gLlt, @)^#, ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt, @)^&, hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt @)^&, ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt, @)^*, gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ cg'bfg gLlt, @)^( ;d]t .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

lj1fg k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnon] cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{sf] nflu dGqfnodf rf/j6f dxfzfvf /fv]sf] 5 . ltgdf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf, of]hgf d"NofÍg tyf k|zf;g dxfzfvf, hnjfo' kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf / lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|j4{g dxfzfvf kb{5g\ . o; dGqfno cGtu{t hn tyf df};d lj1fg ljefu, jftfj/0f ljefu, ;"rgf k|ljlw ljefu /x]sf / k|df0fLs/0f lgoGqssf] sfof{no ljefuLo lgsfosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . cGo k|lti7fg, cfof]u, s]Gb|, k|of]uzfnf tyf kl/ifb\x¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ .

;'wf/sf If]q

lj1fg k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] cj:yfn] d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf] :t/nfO{ dfkg ub{5 . lj1fg k|ljlwsf] ljsf;af6 dfq b]zsf] pTkfbgzLn Ifdtfsf] j[l4 ug{ / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ug{ ;Dej 5 . lj1fg / k|ljlw ljsf;sf cg;Gwfgd"ns sfo{df ul/g] nufgL tTsfn k|ltkmn lbg] geO{ nfdf] ;do kZrft k|efj b]vfpg] k|sf/sf] x'gfn] lghL / Jofj;flos If]q nufgL ug{ Tolt pT;'s gx'g' jf:tljstf xf] . To;}u/L jftfj/0f ;+/If0faf6 tTsfn} d'gfkmf jf cfly{s nfe k|fKt gx'g] tyf of] If]q ;fdflhs lxt, /fli6«o Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf d'n'sn] k"/f ug'{kg]{ k|lta4tf ;d]tsf cfwf/df ;/sf/sf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtfsf] dfu ub{5 . o;/L lj1fg k|ljlwsf] cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; dfkm{t bLuf] / km/flsnf] ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ tof/ ug{ / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f dfkm{t bLuf] ljsf;sf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{ /fHosf] nufgL cfjZos x'G5 . g]kfn w]/}

152

cGt/f{li6«o jftfj/0fLo / j}1flgs ljifosf dxf;lGwsf] kIf /fi6« ePsfn] To;sf bfloTjx¿ k"/f ug'{kg]{ cj:yf ePsf] / ljZjs} rf;f] / ;/sf/sf] ljifo /x]sf] k|b"if0f lgoGq0f, hnjfo' kl/jt{g, j}slNks pmhf{sf] k|j4{g, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/ / k|of]usf If]qdf /fHo k|efjsf/L e"ldsf cfjZos 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfleq ;"rgf k|ljlw ;d"x, lj1fg k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f ;d"x u7g ug]{ . o; dGqfnosf] ;du| ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L ;ª\u7g / sd{rf/L b/aGbLsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ . o; dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gx¿M ljB'tLo sf/f]af/ P]g, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, ljB'tLo sf/f]af/ lgodfjnL, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, jftfj/0f ;DaGwL dfkb08 ;d]tnfO{ ;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{g ug]{ . lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]zsf] nflu vf;u/L If]qut 1fg, lj1fg k|ljlw / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] bIftfnfO{ dxTj lbg] . dGqfnosf] k|zf;g / n]vfh:tf lgoldt sfo{x¿sf nflu :yfoL sd{rf/LnfO{ /fVg] Joj:yf ug]{ . lj1fg tyf k|ljlw gLlt / ;"rgf k|ljlw gLltnfO{ ;do ;fk]If agfpg] . jftfj/0f tyf lbuf] ljsf;, cGtl/If k|ljlw, gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ h:tf gLltx¿ agfpg] . xfn cGo dGqfno cGtu{t /x]sf g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefu, vfgL tyf e"–ue{ ljefu, s]Gb|Lo vfB cg';Gwfg ljefu, jg:klt ljefu, k]6«f]lnod cGj]if0f ljefu, e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f ljefunfO{ o; dGqfnosf] If]qflwsf/leq Nofpg] . afudtL ;Eotf PsLs[t ljsf; ;DaGwL pRr:t/Lo ;ldlt / ;jf/L k|b'if0f cg'udg ;ldltnfO{ klg o; dGqfnosf] sfo{If]qdf Nofpg] . ;+/rgfut k'gM ;+/rgf nfu" u/L lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)$* vf/]h ug]{ . lj1fg tyf k|ljlw gLlt / ;"rgf k|ljlw gLltdf ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ ug]{ . jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf lbuf] ljsf; gLlt, hf]lvdk"0f{ kbfy{ Joj:yfkg gLlt, cGtl/If k|ljlw gLlt, lj1fg k|ljlw tyf gj k|jt{g gLlt, cfO{ 6L P08 cfO{ 6L OgPjn ;le{;]h -IT & IT Enable Services_ gLlt, k|ltef knfog Go"gLs/0f tyf k|ltef k'gk|f{lKt gLlt ;d]tsf gLltx¿ th'{df ug]{, /fHosf] k'g/;+/rgf x'Fbf of] dGqfno s]Gb|sf] dftxtdf /xg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

!&= zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfno

kl/ro

@)^).@.@( df Joj:yf ePsf] zflGt jftf{ ;dGjo ;lrjfnonfO{ @)^!.$.@* df pRr:t/Lo zflGt ;ldltsf] ¿k lbOPsf]df ldlt @)^!.%.@( b]lv o;nfO{ pRr:t/Lo zflGt ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnosf] ¿kdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . ldlt @)^@.&.# b]lv ;f] ;lrjfnonfO{ zflGt ;lrjfnosf] ¿kdf gfdfs/0f ul/of] . zflGt k|lqmofsf ljljw kIfdf lqmofzLn /xFb} cfPsf] o; ;lrjfnonfO{ lj36g u/L ldlt @)^#.!@.!* df zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqfnosf] u7g ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o; dGqfnosf] d'Vo p2]Zo d'n'sdf lbuf] zflGt sfod u/L ;'Gb/, zfGt / gofF g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f sfo{df ;xof]u ug]{ /x]sf] 5 .

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ o; dGqfnonfO{ !* j6f sfo{ tf]lsPsf 5g\ . != zflGt :yfkgf, åGå Joj:yfkg tyf ljsf; / åGåaf6 Iflt

153

ePsf ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0fsf nflu tTsfnLg / bL3{sfnLg gLlt, /0fgLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg @= åGåkLl8t If]qsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf] gLlt, /0fgLlt tyf sfo{qmd #= lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf nufotsf cGo ;Demf}tf, ;xdlt / lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg $= lbuf] zflGt sfod ug{ cfjZos ;+:yfut, k|lqmofut tyf k|fljlws ljifo %= zflGt :yfkgf tyf åGå Joj:yfkg;DaGwL cWoog, ljZn]if0f tyf cg'ejsf] cfbfg–k|bfg ^= åGåaf6 kLl8t tyf lj:yflkt JolQmx¿sf] /fxt, cfly{s ;xfotf tyf k'gM:yfkg &= åGå–;+j]bgzLn k|0ffnLaf/] cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg *= zflGt :yfkgf tyf åGåsf] Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;"rgf, cWoog ;fdu|L / cWoog k|ltj]bgsf] clen]v s]Gb| tyf zflGt / åGå Joj:yfkgsf] k|fljlws ;|f]ts]Gb|;DaGwL (= zflGt k|lqmof / åGåsf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yfkg !)= åGåsf] sf/0faf6 Iflt ePsf ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0f tyf k'gM:yfkgfsf] of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog tyf If]qut lgsfo;Fusf] ;dGjo !!= zflGt sf]ifaf6 ;~rflnt of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng / cg'udg !@= dfcf]jfbL ;]gfsf n8fs'sf] lzlj/ Joj:yfkg / /]vb]v !#= zflGt :yfkgf tyf åGå Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3–;+:yfsf] ;Dks{ !$= ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u !%= a]kQf;DaGwL 5fgljg cfof]u !^= zflGt tyf k'gM:yfkgf;DaGwL k/fdz{ ;ldlt !&= zflGt k|lqmof;DaGwL pRr:t/Lo cg'udg ;ldlt !*= :yfgLo zflGt ;ldlt .

ljBdfg P]g÷lgodx¿

zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk ;DaGwL cWofb]z, @)^( hf/L ePsf] / zflGt sf]if -;~rfng_ lgodfjnL ;d]t th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 eg] cGo ljleGg lgb]{lzsf tyf sfo{ljlw sfof{Gjogdf b]lvG5 .

gLltut Joj:yf

zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqfnosf] cfGtl/s ¿kdf lj:yflkt JolQm;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt, @)^# /x]sf] kfOG5 .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqfnosf] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfdf ^ j6f dxfzfvfx¿ v8f ul/Psf] 5 . ltgdf åGå Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf, k|zf;g, of]hgf tyf j}b]lzs ;xof]u ;dGjo dxfzfvf, k"jf{wf/ k'glg{df{0f dxfzfvf, /fxt tyf k'g:{yfkg dxfzfvf, sfg'g tyf ;~rf/ dxfzfvf / zflGt ;+oGq ;dGjo dxfzfvf kb{5g\ . o; dGqfno cGtu{t s'g} ljefu g/x]sf] / /fxt tyf k'gM:yfkg OsfO{, zflGt sf]if ;lrjfno, åGåf]Q/ zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f kl/of]hgf, zflGt k|lqmof ;xof]u cfof]hgf u/L $ j6f c:yfoL cfof]hgf÷OsfO{ /x]sf] kfOG5g\ .

;'wf/sf If]q

k'glg{df{0f ;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ sfdsf] lg/Gt/tf lb+b} cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] sfo{nfO{ cem a9L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;Dkfbg ug{] . ljBdfg /fxt tyf k'g:yfkgf dxfzfvf / åGå Joj:yfkg dxfzfvfnfO{ PsLs[t u/L æ/fxt tyf åGå Joj:yfkg dxfzfvfÆ

154

sfod ug]{ . ljBdfg sfg'g tyf ;~rf/ dxfzfvfnfO{ cfof]u ;ldlt ;dGjo zfvfsf] ;d]t sfo{ lbg] . k|zf;g dxfzfvf cGtu{tsf] j}b]lzs ;xof]u ;dGjo zfvfnfO{ vf/]h ug]{ / of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd ;dGjo zfvf / cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg zfvfnfO{ PsLs[t ug]{ . ;du| sfd / sd{rf/Lsf] ljBdfg cj:yfsf] ;du| d"NofÍg u/L ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L sd{rf/L / sfdsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ . ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf ;a} If]qdf sfd ubf{ zflGt d}qL sfo{qmd dfkm{t ug]{ . zflGt lgdf{0fsf nflu ul/Psf jf ul/g] sfo{x¿ k|lqmofd'vL dfq xf]Og glthfd'vL agfpg] . s'g} Pp6f ;ª\u7g Pj+ s]Gb|Lo k|zf;gn] dfq zflGt lgdf{0f k"0f{ x'g ;Dej gePsf] x'Fbf o;sf] nflu ;fd"lxs k|of;sf] nflu o; dGqfnon] ;dGjo ug]{ . ;a} If]qn] ljsf; k|lqmofdf zflGt ;fdflhs ;b\efj k/:k/ ;xof]u k|j4{g ug]{ Pj+ To;nfO{ dha't agfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] . /fxt tyf k'g:{yfkgf ;DaGwL sfg'g agfO{ nfu" ug]{ .

!*= lzIff dGqfno

kl/ro

ljj|md ;+jt\ @))& df lzIff dGqfnosf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o; dGqfnosf] sfo{If]q ljleGg ;dodf kl/jt{g x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ljleGg ;dodf ;+:s[lt, ;dfh sNof0f, o'jf, v]ns'b h:tf sfo{ klg o; dGqfnosf] ;]jf If]qleq ;dfj]z ePsf lyP . xfn tL sfo{x¿ cnu–cnu dGqfnodf ;dfj]z ePsfn] o; dGqfnosf] d'Vo sfo{ If]q lzIff ;DaGwL gLlt th'{df, of]hgf lgdf{0f, cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg /x]sf] 5 . /fi6«sf] lzIff ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ gLlt lgwf{/0f, of]hgf lgdf{0f, sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug'{ tyf d'n'se/sf] lzIff If]qsf] of]hgf, Joj:yfkg / ;]jf k|bfg ug'{ o; dGqfnosf] d'Vo bfloTj xf] eg] lzIff If]qsf] lbuf] ljsf; u/L bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{] d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .

dGqfno cGtu{t s]Gb|Lo :t/sf lgsfox¿ sfo{j|mdx¿sf] sfof{Gjog / ltgLx¿sf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lhDd]jf/ 5g\ eg] If]qLo sfof{nox¿ ;dGjo / cg'udg ug]{ lgsfosf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . lhNnf lzIff sfof{nox¿ lhNnf leq lzIff ;DaGwL sfo{j|mdx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{ d'Vo lgsfosf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ o; dGqfnonfO{ !( cf]6f sfd tf]lsPsf] 5 . h; cGtu{t lzIff ;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ;fy} afnljsf; -lzz'_ lzIff, k|fylds, lgDgdfWolds, dfWolds, pRr dfWolds tyf pRr lzIff, b"/ lzIff, k|f}9 lzIff, cgf}krfl/s lzIff tyf ljz]if lzIff, hg;+Vof lzIff / kf}li6s cfxf/ sfo{qmd, k|fljlws, Jofj;flos, g}lts / zf/Ll/s lzIff, lzIfs tflnd / z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; gLltsf] th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog, lzIf0f ;+:yf h:t} u'¿s'n, cf>d, u'Daf, db/;f, v'nf k|ltof]lutfaf6 5gf]6 x'g]nfO{ 5fqj[lQ, ljb]z cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{ hfg] tyf ljb]zLnfO{ g]kfndf cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] :jLs[lt, k|fl1s cg';Gwfg, kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\ok':ts, lzIff ;DalGw ;j]{If0f, tYofÍ tyf cg';Gwfg, k':tsfno / jfrgfno, lzIff ljifos /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf;Fu ;Dks{ tyf ;dGjo,

155

lzIff ;DalGw låkIfLo / ax'kIfLo ;Demf}tf, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo z}lIfs, j}1flgs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;+3 -o'Gf]:sf]_, ljZjljBfnox¿ tyf cWoog ;+:yfg, ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u, hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb|, ;femf k|sfzg, g]kfn lzIff ;]jfsf] ;~rfng -cfls{of]nhL ;d"x afx]s_sf ljifox¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

ljBdfg P]g lgodx¿

lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ljifout tyf txut P]g, lgodx¿ th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . h:t} lzIff P]g, pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\ P]g, ljZjljBfno P]g nufotsf cGo P]gx¿ tyf ;f] P]g ;Fu ;DalGwt lgodfjnLx¿ lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ .

gLltut Joj:yf

z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt, ;j{;'ne / u'0f:t/Lo agfpg lgdf{0f ePsf ljifout / txut gLltx¿nfO{ PsLs[t u/L dGqfnosf] /fli6«o lzIff gLltsf] ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

lzIff dGqfnosf] cfkm\gf] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfdf rf/ cf]6f dxfzfvfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ltgdf k|zf;g dxfzfvf, pRr lzIff tyf z}lIfs Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf, of]hgf dxfzfvf, cg'udg, d"Nof+sg tyf lg/LIf0f dxfzfvf kb{5g\ . o; dGqfno cGtu{t lzIff ljefu / ljefu :t/Lo cGo lgsfox¿df z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb| -o; s]Gb| cGtu{t ljleGg tflnd s]Gb|x¿ /x]sf_, k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|, cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|, / ljBfno lzIfs lstfavfgf /x]sf 5g\ . kfFrcf]6} ljsf; If]qdf If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfno ;d]t /x]sf 5g\ eg] &% cf]6} lhNnfdf lhNnf lzIff sfof{nox¿ lqmoflzn /x]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L kl/ifb\sf ¿kdf k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\ / pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\;d]t /x]sf 5g\ .

To;}u/L cfof]usf ¿kdf ljZjljBfnox¿sf] ;~rfng tyf ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg ;|f]taf6 k|fKt cg'bfg ;d'lrt tj/af6 ljt/0f ug{, ljZjljBfnox¿sf] z}lIfs:t/ lgwf{/0f ug{, u'0f:t/o'St lzIff k|bfg ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbg / g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ gofF ljZjljBfno :yfkgfsf ;DaGwdf k/fdz{ lbg] p2]Zon] ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u u7g eO lqmoflzn /x]sf] 5 eg] ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t b/aGbL cg';f/ l/St lzIfs kbsf] lgo'lSt tyf To:tf] kbdf lgo'St lzIfssf] a9'jfsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug{ tyf lzIfs kbsf nflu pDd]bjf/ x'gsf nflu lng'kg{] cWofkg cg'dltkqsf] k/LIff ;~rfng / k|df0f kq k|bfg ug]{] sfo{sf nflu lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lqmofzLn /x]sf] 5 .

;'wf/sf If]qx¿

z}lIfs If]qnfO{ lgoldt, Jojl:yt, dof{lbt / u'0f:t/Lo t'Nofpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] pRr z}lIfs of]Uotf, bIftf, Ifdtf ePsf ljBfnosf lzIfs / ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofksx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ . o:tf lzIfs Pjd\ k|fWofksx¿sf] ;"rL -Roster_ tof/

156

u/L /fVg] / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf ljleGg If]qdf pxfFx¿sf] ;]jf lng] k/Dk/f a;fNg] . lzIfs / k|fWofksx¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtf tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{ . ljZjljBfno, ljBfno / SofDk;x¿sf] dfgj ;+zfwg, ef}lts Pjd\ Joj:yfksLo kIfx¿sf] ;'wf/ ug]{ . lzIff If]q;Fu ;DaGwL gLltut, ;+/rgfut / sfg'gL kIfx¿sf] ;'wf/ ug]{ . z}lIfs lgsfox¿df /fhgLltnfO{ k|j]z x'g glbO{ oL lgsfox¿nfO{ ljz'4 z}lIfs lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfosf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ . ;Eo, OdfGbf/, g}ltsjfg, kl/>dL gful/s tof/ ug{sf nflu g}lts lzIffdf hf]8 lbg] . d'n'sdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] u/L ;du| lzIff If]qdf ;'wf/ ug]{ .

u'0f:t/Lo z}lIfs pknlAw xfl;n ug{ x/]s z}lIfs ;qsf nflu ljBfno txdf g} nIf / pknlAw ls6fg u/L sfo{ of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ nufO{ ;f] sf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf nflu s]Gb|b]lv ljBfnotx;Dd ;do ;Ldf ;lxtsf] sfo{ of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ . ljBfno lzIffdf ;'wf/ Nofpg l;sfO ;do j[l4sf nflu z'qmjf/ klg rf/ ah];Dd ljBfnodf k7g kf7g tyf cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{ . ljBfno lzIffnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo agfpg k|To]s ljBfnosf] cf–cfkm\g} ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0f ;Fu;u} sIff sf]7f lzIf0f of]hgfnfO{ ;d]t k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{] . ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAwnfO{ lzIfssf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg;Fu cfa4 ug]{ . ljQLo ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ljBfnodf hfg] cg'bfgnfO{ Jojl:yt / kf/bzL{ agfO{ ;|f]tnfO{ glthfd'vL agfpg] . ;fj{hlgs vr{nfO{ ;dfhk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg ;fdflhs k/LIf0fdf cfwfl/t cg'udg k|0ffnL ckgfpg] . lzIff If]qdf k|fKt x'g] lgoldt ah]6 afx]ssf cGo ah]6x¿nfO{ kf/bzL{ ¿kdf vr{ ug{ To:tf nufgLnfO{ vr{ k|ltj]bgdf :ki6 v'nfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ . lgodfg';f/ cg'dlt glnO ;~rfngdf cfPsf ljBfnox¿nfO{ cljnDa lgodg ug]{ . ;DalGwt lzIfsaf6 ljBfnodf lgoldt ¿kdf k7g kf7g eP gePsf] cg'udg u/L clgoldt lzIfsx¿nfO{ lgodfg';f/ sf/jfxL ug]{ . x/]s z}lIfs ;qdf slDtdf b'O{ ;o aL; lbg k7g kf7g x'g] Joj:yf s8fOsf ;fy nfu" ug]{ .

lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfknfO{ cem al9 k|efjsf/L agfpg ;"rgf k|ljlw, ;~rf/ / OG6/g]6sf] clwstd pkof]u ug]{ . ljBfno txsf] kf7\ok':ts oyf;dod} ljBfyL{sf] xftdf k'¥ofpg kf7\ok':ts 5kfO tyf ljt/0fsf nflu hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb|sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ub}{ hfg] / k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/df lghL If]qnfO{ ;d]t ;xefuL u/fpg] . ljBfno zflGt If]q sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog u/L ljBfyL{sf] lgaf{w k7g kf7gsf] clwsf/nfO{ k|Tofe"t ug]{ . lzIfssf] jflif{s tnjL k|ltj]bg clgjfo{ ¿kdf kfl/t ug]{ k|fjwfgnfO{ cem al9 k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ . lzIfsx¿n] lzIfs lstfa vfgfdf ;Dklt ljj/0f a'emfpg' kg]{ k|fjwfgnfO{ cem al9 k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ . ljBfnosf] Joj:yfksLo ;'wf/df ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] ;qmLo ;xeflutf /xg] u/L lzIfs cleefjs ;+3nfO{ ;d]t cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgdf ;l/s u/fpg] . z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿ lgdf{0f ubf{ afnaflnsfx¿sf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/ clej[l4 x'g] sfo{qmdx¿df s]lGb|t /xL sfo{qmd lgdf{0f ug]{ . lzIff If]qdf b]lvPsf c;n cEof;nfO{ cg's/0f ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg] / To; If]qdf b]lvPsf lj;Fultx¿ lgoGq0f ug{ tb\cg'¿ksf] sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L z}lIfs hutnfO{ Jofj;flos / dof{lbt agfpg] . lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt P]g lgod kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{

157

cg's"n x'g] u/L sfof{Gjogdf gcfPsf / eljiodf klg sfof{Gjogdf cfpg] ;Defjgf gePsf k|fjwfgnfO{ x6fO{ gofF lzIff P]g th'{df ug]{ . lzIff dGqfnosf] sfo{ If]qdf cfPsf] lj:tf/ / ;]jfsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f cg';f/ dGqfnosf] k'g;+/rgf u/L dGqfnob]lv :yfgLo tx;Ddsf] ;fË7lgs ;+/rgf / ;f] cg's"n ef}lts ;fwg, ;|f]t / hgzlQm Joj:yfkg -sd{rf/L b/aGbL k'g/fjnf]sg_ ug]{ . To;}u/L Jofj;flos Pjd\ k|fljlws hgzlQm ljsf;sf nflu bL3{sfnLg Pjd\ cNksfnLg of]hgf th'{df ug]{, k|fljlws If]qsf pRr lzIff lbg] SofDk;x¿nfO{ ;DaGwg lbg] dfkb08sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{, 5fqj[lQsf] k/LIff ;~rfngnfO{{ ljZjfl;nf] ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ ljz]if ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug]{, of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t ljBfno lzIfs / ljZjljBfnosf lzIfs / lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfwf/e"t ;]jf ;'ljwfdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug]{, cË|]hL, ul0ft, lj1fg h:tf ljifodf bIf hgzlQm cfslif{t ug]{ u/L ljz]if pTk|]/0ffsf cfwf/x¿ tof/ ug]{, 5fqj[lQdf cWoog u/]sf hgzlQmsf] pkof]u ;DaGwL ljz]if gLltut Joj:yf ug]{ .

!(= >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno

kl/ro

lj=;+= @)@* ;fneGbf cufl8 pBf]u tyf jfl0fHo dGqfnoleq >d zfvf /x]sfdf @)@* ;fndf >d ljefu :yfkgf ul/of] . @)#* ;fndf >d tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] gfdaf6 dGqfno :yfkgf eof] . o; dGqfnoaf6 @)%@ ;fndf ;dfh sNof0f lemsL >d dGqfno dfq jgfOof] . @)%& ;fndf >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yfkg dGqfnosf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ePsf]df o;nfO{ ldlt @)^(.@.% df >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnosf] ¿k lbOPsf] kfOG5 . o; dGqfnosf] d'Vo p2]Zo b]zdf c;n cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw :yfkgf ub}{ pTkfbgd"ns / u'0f:t/Lo /f]huf/Lsf] ljsf; u/L j]/f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf cGTo ug]{ /x]sf] 5 .

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ o; dGqfnonfO{ !$ j6f sfo{ tf]lsPsf] 5 . != >d tyf /f]huf/;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, ;dGjo, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg @= >dzlQm, >dahf/;DaGwL cWoog, cg';Gwfg tYofÍ ;+sng tyf ljZn]if0f #= cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7g tyf >d ;DaGwL cGo /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o ;+3–;+:yf $= >lds / Joj:yfksaLrsf] ;DaGw %= /f]huf/ ;]jf tyf >lds cfk"lt{ ^= j}b]lzs /f]huf/ &= Jofj;flos tflndsf] ;~rfng, ;dGjo tyf k|j4{g *= dlxnf, ckfË tyf dhb"/sf] ;Lk / tflnd (= 6]«8 o"lgog !)= >ldsx¿sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff !!= ljb]zLx¿sf nflu >d :jLs[lt !@= >d k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkg !#= >ldsx¿nfO{ pknAw u/fOg] af]g; !$= /f]huf/L l;h{gf;DaGwL sfo{df ;dGjo .

ljBdfg P]g÷lgod

>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu ljleGg P]gx¿ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf 5g\ . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @)^$, af]g; P]g, @)$(, >d P]g,

158

@)$*, 6«]8 o'lgog P]g, @)$(, afn >d -lgoldt tyf lgif]w ug]{_ P]gnufot cGo P]gx¿ tyf ;f] P]gx¿;Fu ;DalGwt lgodx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

gLltut Joj:yf

>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnosf] /fli6«o gLltsf] ¿kdf >d tyf /f]huf/ gLlt, @)^@, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ gLlt, @)^* ;d]t th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnosf] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfnfO{ # j6f dxfzfvfdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . ltgdf k|zf;g, gLlt, of]hgf tyf cg'udg dxfzfvf, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ tyf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;DaGw dxfzfvf Pj+ /f]huf/ ;dGjo tyf >d ;DaGw dxfzfvf kb{5g\ . o; dGqfno cGtu{t j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu Pj+ >d ljefu u/L b'O{j6f ljefux¿, ljefu :t/sf] lgsfosf] ¿kdf Jofj;flos tyf ;Lk ljsf; tflnd s]Gb| /x]sf] 5 . :jfoQ lgsfosf] ¿kdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]if;d]t /x]sf] 5 . Jofj;flos tyf ;Lk ljsf; tflnd s]Gb| cGtu{t !% j6f lhNnfdf sfof{nox¿ /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo :t/df !) j6f >d sfof{nox¿ ;d]t /x]sf] kfOG5 .

;'wf/sf If]q

dGqfnosf] sfd / hgzlQmnfO{ ljrf/ u/L ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] sfof{no If]qLo:t/;Dd :yfkgf ug]{ / ljefunfO{ sfo{ ;~rfngdf eGbf cg'udgdf lqmofzLn u/fpg] u/L ;ª\u7gsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ . tTsfnsf ;DaGwdf kfFrxhf/ eGbf a9L g]kfnL sfdbf/ /x]sf ljb]z l:yt g]kfnL lgof]ux¿df >d OsfOsf] :yfkgf u/L >d ;xrf/L, sNof0f clws[t / cfjZostf cg';f/ :yfgLo sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . k//fi6«« dGqfno;Fu ;dGjo u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/df ;+nUg g]kfnL >ldsx¿nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/sf] ;]jf k'¥ofpg] . b"tfjf; :yfkgf x'g g;s]sf >d uGtJo d'n'sx¿df ;DalGwt d'ns x]g]{ b"tfjf; dftxt >d OsfO{ /fvL ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ . >d dGqfno / k//fi6«« dGqfnosf aLr sfddf bf]xf]/f]kg gx'g] u/L Psåf/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ bL3{sfnLg gLlt lng' kg]{ . :jb]zdf /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf ug{ dGqfnon] cu|0fL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf x'g] 7uLnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ >d ;xrf/LnfO{ a9L lqmofzLn agfpg] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] o'jfnfO{ ;Lko'Qm tflnd k|bfg u/]/ dfq k7fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ . j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ ;'/lIft / e/kbf]{ agfpg pko'Qm gLlt cjnDag u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ . ljb]zLnfO{ g]kfndf sfd ug]{ Pjd\ :jLs[lt lng] Joj:yfnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg] . afn >d lg/LIf0f / cg'udg lta| agfO{ afn >d lgjf/0f ug]{ . ;Lk ljsf; tflnd s]Gb|nfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L /f]huf/L >[hgf d"ns tflnd sfo{qmd >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnosf] 5ftfdf Nofpg] . ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

@)= ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno kl/ro

lj=;+= @)!^ ;fndf ko{6g ljsf; af]8{sf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . @)!* ;fndf lgdf{0f tyf oftfoft dGqfno cGtu{t ko{6g ljefusf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . @)#$ ;fndf

159

ko{6g dGqfnosf] u7g ul/of] . @)#( ;fndf lgdf{0f tyf oftfoft dGqfno cGtu{tsf] xjfO{ ljefunfO{ ;d]t ufeL ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno gfdfs/0f ul/of] . @)%& b]lv ;+:s[ltsf] sfo{;d]t o; dGqfnodf ;dfj]z u/L ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno gfdfs/0f ul/of] . @)^% ;fndf ;+:s[ltsf] If]q o; dGqfnoaf6 lemlsof] / k'gM @)^( h]i7 dlxgfb]lv ;+:s[ltsf] If]q ;d]t o;}df ufeL ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno u7g ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ko{6gnfO{ d'n'ssf] cfly{s cfwf/sf] ¿kdf ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{ ko{6g If]qsf] ljljwLs/0f / lj:tf/ ug]{, b]zdf ljBdfg d"t{ / cd"t{ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g ug]{ xjfO{ oftfoftnfO{ ;'/lIft, :t/Lo / e/kbf]{ agfpg cfjZos Joj:yf u/L d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg] /x]sf] kfOG5 .

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ @# j6f sfo{ tf]lsPsf 5g\ . != ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf xjfO{ oftfoftsf] ljsf; ;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg @= ko{6g tyf xjfO{ pBf]usf] k|j4{g / ;+/If0f #= 6«fen / 6«]lsª Ph]G;L $= ljZj ko{6g tyf gful/s p•og If]q;“u ;DalGwt tflndsf] gLlt lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg %= kj{tf/f]x0f / cGo ;fxl;s ko{6g lqmofsnfk ^= jLdfg:ynsf] lgdf{0f, dd{t, ;Def/ tyf Joj:yfkg &= xjfO{ oftfoft tyf kl/jxgsf] ;~rfng tyf Joj:yf *= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo cGt/f{li6«o gful/s p8\8og ;+3 tyf gful/s p•og;“u ;DalGwt cGo cGt/f{li6«o jf If]qLo ;+:yf;Fusf] ;Dks{, ;xof]u / ;dGjo (= ;+:s[lt k|j4{g tyf ;+/If0f !)= ;+:s[lt;Da4 cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿l;tsf] ;Dks{, ;xof]u / ;dGjo !!= ;+:s[lt ljifos cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tf, ;f+:s[lts cfbfg–k|bfg, cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg !@= k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf :df/s / k'/ftflTjs j:t'x¿sf] ;Fu|x, ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g, cGj]if0f pTvgg !#= lgsf;L ul/g] k'/ftflTjs j:t'sf] hfFr / cg'dlt !$= k|ltlnlk clwsf/ !%= ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf, w/f]x/ / P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf b/af/sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;+j4{g !^= ljleGg wd{, hft, hflt, ;Dk|bfo, efiff, eflifsfsf] ;flxTo, lnlk, snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; !&= ko{6g;Fu ;Da4 ;ª\3, ;ª\u7g, ;+:yfg / ;ldlt !*= g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg, g]kfn nlntsnf k|lti7fg tyf g]kfn ;ËLt tyf gf6\osnf k|lti7fg !(= kz'klt If]q ljsf; sf]if, n'lDjgL ljsf; sf]if, a[xQ/ hgsk'/If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\, ;+f:s[lts ;+:yfg / cGo ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, k'/ftflTjs, ;+:yf tyf ;ldlt @)= gf/fo0flx6L b/af/ ;ª\u|xfno tyf cGo ;ª\u|xfno / clen]vfno @!= xjfO{ oftfoft ;Da4 ;+:yfg, k|flws/0f tyf ;ª\u7g @@= g]kfn lzIff ;]jf cGtu{t cfls{of]nhL ;d"xsf] ;~rfng @#= g]kfn OlGhlgol/Ë ;]jf cGtu{tsf] l;len OlGhlgol/ª ;d"x cGtu{t Pc/kf]6{ pk;d"x;~rfng, P/f]gl6sn OlGhlgol/Ë ;d"x / l;len PleP;g ck/];g tyf OlGhlgol/Ë ;d"xsf] ;+rfng .

ljBdfg P]g÷lgod

;+:s[lt ko{6g / gful/s p8\8og dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu ljleGg P]gx¿sf] th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] kfOG5, . To:tf P]gx¿df

160

ko{6g P]g, g]kfn ko{6g af]8{ P]g, ;}lgs xjfO{ p8fg P]g, g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f P]g, jfo' ;]jf lgud P]g nufotsf P]gx¿ tyf ;f] P]gx¿;Fu ;DalGwt s]xL lgodfjnLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

gLltut Joj:yf

;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfnosf] sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ug{ If]qut gLltsf] ¿kdf ko{6g gLlt, @)^%, xjfO{ gLlt, @)^# / ;+:s[lt gLlt, @)^& nfu" ul/Psf] 5 .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfnon] cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{sf] nflu dGqfnodf ;ftj6f dxfzfvf /x]sf 5g\ . ltgdf dfgj ;|f]t Joj:yfkg / ko{6g k|j4{g dxfzfvf, ko{6g pBf]u dxfzfvf, of]hgf tyf cg'udg dxfzfvf, xjfO{ pBf]u dxfzfvf, p8\8og ;'/Iff dxfzfvf, ;+:s[lt dxfzfvf / sfg'g dxfzfvf kb{5g\ . o; dGqfno cGtu{t k'/ftTj ljefu Pp6fdfq ljefusf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . ljefu :t/sf] lgsfosf] ¿kdf k|ltlnlk /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{no /x]sf] 5 . ljleGg P]g / u7g cfb]zaf6 cGo lgsfox¿df kz'klt ljsf; sf]if, n'lDjgL ljsf; sf]if, a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q kl/ifb\, ;f+:s[lts ;+:yfg, # j6f k|1fk|lti7fgx¿, ko{6g / ;+:s[lt k|j4{g;DaGwL ljsf; ;ldltx¿ /fli6«o ;Fu|xfno, If]qLo ;Fu|xfnox¿, b/jf/ x]/rfx c8\8f, g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f, g]kfn ko{6g af]8{, g]kfn ko{6g tyf xf]6n Joj:yfkg k|lti7fg, g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudh:tf ;+:yfx¿ lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ . To:t} ljleGg If]qdf & j6f ko{6g sfof{nox¿ ;d]t /x]sf 5g\ .

;'wf/sf If]q

oftfoftsf ;a} dfWodx¿ / jfo' If]q;d]t ;d]6L PsLs[t oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfno u7g ug]{ . k|flws/0f, ;/sf/L sfof{no / ljsf; ;ldltsf sfddf bf]xf]/f]kg b]lvPsf] / /fHosf] :yfoL k|s[ltsf sfo{ ug{sf] nflu klg ljsf; ;ldlt u7g ug]{ k|rngsf] cGTo u/L o:tf sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/L lgsfonfO{ g} lbg] . o; dGqfno cGtu{tsf ;du| ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L ;ª\u7gsf] k'g;+{/rgf ug]{ . ko{6g / ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿ Jojl:yt ug{ 5'§} ko{6g ljefu / ;+:s[lt ljefusf] u7g ug'{kg]{ . ko{6gnfO{ /fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qsf] ¿kdf /fvL lghL If]qsf pBdLx¿nfO{ cfsif{0f ug{sf] nflu /fli6«o gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ . ko{6g k|j4{g, ahf/Ls/0f, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] nflu ko{6g ljsf;sf] 5'§} /0fgLlts of]hgf agfO{ nfu" ug]{ . gofF–gofF ko{6g uGtJo :ynsf] klxrfg / k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ . ;fxl;s ko{6g tyf v]ns'b ko{6g ;DaGwdf 5'§} lgodfjnL agfpg] . e/kbf]{ gofF cGt/f{li6«o jLdfg:ynsf] ljsf; ug]{ . xjfO{ oftfoft z'Nssf] lgwf{/0f / gful/s p8\8og k"jf{wf/sf If]qdf ePsf] nufgL lgoGq0f tyf ;xhLs/0fsf] nflu /fli6«o p8\8og af]8{ u7g ug]{ . xjfO{ b'3{6gfsf] 5fgljg / cg';Gwfgsf] nflu cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 adf]lhd :yfoL ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug]{ . ;a} ko{6sLo ultljlwx¿nfO{ sfg'gL bfo/fdf Nofpg ko{6g gLlt / ko{6g ;DaGwL sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{g ug]{ . kz'klt If]q ljsf; sf]if / n'lDagL ljsf; sf]ifnufotsf ljsf; ;ldlt / sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkgdf

161

;/sf/L kx'Fr sfod /fVg sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] ¿kdf dGqfnoaf6 sd{rf/L v6fpg] . o:tf :jfoQ k|s[ltsf ;+:yfnfO{ p2]Zod"ns ¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{ Jofj;flos 1fg, ;Lk, of]Uotf / bIftf ePsf JolQm rog ug]{ .

@!= ;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno

kl/ro

ljsf; lqmofsnfksf] z'¿jft Pj+ ;xhLs/0fsf] nflu @))* ;fndf tTsfnLg u[x Pj+ k~rfot dGqfno cGtu{t :yfkgf ePsf] :yfgLo ljsf; ljefunfO{ @)#& ;fndf dGqfnosf] ¿kdf :yfkgf u/L @)#* df k~rfot tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnodf ¿kfGt/0f ul/of] . @)$& kl5 :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] ¿kdf k'ggf{dfÍg ul/of] . @)^( ;fndf cfP/ ;+3Lo dfldnfsf] sfo{If]q;d]t yk u/L ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :yfgLo ljsf;sf] dfWodaf6 ;du| b]zsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ug]{ /x]sf] 5 .

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ o; dGqfnonfO{ @@ j6f sfo{ tf]lsPsf] 5 . != :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g, :yfgLo ljsf;, b'u{d If]q ljsf;, u|fdL0f ljsf; tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf;, :yfgLo:t/sf] ;8s, l;FrfO{, vfg]kfgL, 9n lgsf; tyf ;/;kmfO;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg @= ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / lgIf]k0f ;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg #= ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL / /fHo k'g;{+/rgf $= ;dfj]zL nf]stGq %= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g tyf :yfgLo ;'zf;g ^=cGt/;/sf/ ljQLo x:tfGt/0f tyf :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] ljQLo Joj:yfkg;DaGwL gLltut Joj:yf Pjd\ cg'udg / d"NofÍg &= ljsf; If]q, c~rn, lhNnf, ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt / gu/kflnsfsf] ;LdfÍg *= :yfgLo ljsf; sfo{qmd aLr ;dGjo (= :yfgLo lgsfox¿aLr ;dGjo / ;Dks{ !)= :yfgLo hgzlQm / hg;xof]u kl/rfng !!= :yfgLo ljsf; ;Da4 cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng tyf ;Dks{ !@= :yfgLo :t/sf xf6, ahf/, d]nf !#= hGd, d[To' tyf cGo JolQmut 36gfsf] btf{sf] k|zf;g !$= PsLs[t u|fdL0f ljsf; !%= :yfgLo k|ljlwsf] klxrfg tyf k|j4{g !^= :yfgLo txsf ;8s -s[lif ;8s ;d]t_ !&= uf]/]6f]÷3f]8]6f] af6f] / emf]n'Ë] k'n tyf :yfgLo k'n !*= hghflt, cflbjf;L, blnt, jfbL tyf d'l:nd ljsf; !(= :yfgLo ljsf; @)= h]i7 gful/s, Psn dlxnf nufotsf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf @!= u|fdL0f ljsf; tyf :yfgLo ljsf; ;DaGwL If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf @@= g]kfn OlGhlgol/ª ;]jf, l;len OlGhlgol/ª ;d"xsf] hg/n pk;d"xsf] ;~rfng .

ljBdfg P]g÷lgod

dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu ljleGg P]gx¿ h:t}M :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%%, gu/ ljsf; k|flws/0f P]g, @)$% Pjd\ ;Da4 lgodfjnLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

162

gLltut Joj:yf

;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] ;fj{hlgs–lghL ;fem]bf/L gLlt, @)^) tyf :yfgLo ljsf; k"jf{wf/ gLlt, @)^! th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{sf] nflu dGqfnodf % j6f dxfzfvfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ltgdf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dxfzfvf, gu/kflnsf Joj:yf dxfzfvf, of]hgf tyf j}b]lzs ;xof]u ;dGjo dxfzfvf, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :jfoQ zf;g Joj:yf dxfzfvf Pj+ k"jf{wf/ ljsf; dxfzfvf kb{5g\ . o; dGqfno cGtu{t :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ tyf s[lif ;8s ljefu Pp6f dfq ljefu /x]sf] 5 . &% j6} lhNnfdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no /x]sf 5g\ . u|fdL0f If]qdf ;]jf k|jfx ug{sf] nflu uf=lj=;=df ;lrj / gu/kflnsfx¿df sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] ¿kdf lghfdtL sd{rf/L /x]sf 5g\ . dGqfno cGtu{t s]xL ;ldlt / :jfoQ lgsfox¿ ;d]t /x]sf 5g\ . ;'wf/sf If]q

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% tyf lgodfjnL, @)%^ nfO{ ;+zf]wg u/L ;dofg's"n agfpg] . :yfgLo lgsfo cfly{s k|zf;g lgodfjnLnfO{ ;dofg's"n agfpg] . :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] k'g/;+/rgf ug]{ . :yfgLo lgsfosf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu :yfgLo ;]jf P]g hf/L u/L cfjZos sfg'gL Joj:yf ug]{ . /fhwfgLsf] ;'zf;g Pj+ PsLs[t ljsf;sf nflu sf7df8f}+ d]6«f] P]g agfO{ nfu" ug]{ . gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)$% cg';f/ ul7t gu/ ljsf; ;ldltx¿ vf/]h ug]{ . lhNnfl:yt lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nonfO{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] k|fljlws zfvfsf ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ / ljifout lgIf]k0f /0fgLlt cg';f/ l;+rfO{, vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO{, gbL lgoGq0f, ;8s, k'n, ejg lgdf{0f cflb :yfgLo k"jf{wf/sf] sfo{ lh=lj=;=df lgIf]k0f ug]{ . s0ff{nL c~rn / jl/k/Lsf dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+sdf k5fl8 k/]sf lhNnfnfO{ ;d]6L s0ff{nL tyf jl/kl/sf If]q ljsf; k|flws/0f u7g u/L To; If]qsf ;a} sfo{qmdnfO{ PsLs[t ug]{, ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf k|b]z tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;+/rgf / sfo{ lhDd]jf/Lsf] cWoog ug]{, ljQLo ;+3Lotfsf] cWoog / /fhZj clwsf/ lgwf{/0f ug]{, k|fljlws ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/; adf]lhd gofF gu/kflnsfx¿sf] 3f]if0ff / gu/kflnsfsf] juL{s/0f ug]{, :yfgLo lgsfox¿df glthfd"ns of]hgf cg'udg d"NofÍg k4lt :yflkt ug]{, Go"gtd zt{ / sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg k|0ffnLsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L glthfd"ns / :jd"NofÍgdf cfwfl/t k4ltnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{, ;a} :yfgLo lgsfosf] n]vfk/LIf0f dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{noaf6} x'g] Joj:yf ug]{, k|fljlws sfo{sf] gD;{ u'0f:t/ / dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/L nfu" ug]{, :yfgLo txdf -lhNnf, uf=lj=;= / g=kf=_ u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgsf] pko'Qm ;+:yfut k4lt :yflkt ug]{ . dGqfno / cGtu{tsf lgsfo / OsfO{ ;s];Dd 36fpg] . b'u{d If]q ljsf; ;ldlt cGtu{t ;~rflnt ;a} sfo{qmd lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf lgwf{/0f ug]{ .

163

dGqfnosf] ;du| ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf Pj+ hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ .

@@= ;xsf/L tyf u/LaL lgjf/0f dGqfno

kl/ro

s[lif dGqfnon] x]b}{ cfPsf] ;xsf/L;DaGwL sfo{ s[lif dGqfnoaf6 lemsL ldlt @)^(.@.% df ;xsf/L tyf u/LaL lgjf/0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o; dGqfnosf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;xsf/L / u/LaL lgjf/0fsf] If]qnfO{ /fli6«o dxTj / k|fyldstf lbO{ b]zdf /x]sf] u/LaL lgjf/0f u/L /fli6«o ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg' /x]sf] 5 .

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ o; dGqfnonfO{ !( j6f sfo{ tf]lsPsf] 5 . != ;xsf/L / u/LaL lgjf/0f;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg @= ;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:yfsf] ljsf;, ;'b[9Ls/0f / lgodg #= $= ;xsf/L / cfly{s ljsf; %= ;xsf/Lsf] k|j4{g / ;+/If0f ^= cGt/f{li6«o ;xsf/L ;ª\u7g;DaGwL ljifo &= cGt/f{li6«o:t/df ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] k|j4{g / ljsf; *= ;xsf/L jrt tyf C0f nufgL;DaGwL ljifo (= ;xsf/L / u/LaL lgjf/0f;Fu cfa4 ;+3 ;+:yfsf] cg'udg, /]vb]v / lgodg !)= ;xsf/L /sdsf] nufgL !!= ;xsf/L / u/LaL lgjf/0f;DaGwL ljleGg lgsfoaf6 ;~rflnt sfo{qmdsf] ;dGjo, cg'udg / d"NofÍg !@= ;xsf/L / u/LaL lgjf/0f;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/ dGqfno sfo{sf] ;dGjo !#= ;LdfGts[t, ljleGg ju{ / ;d'bfodf /x]sf u/Lasf] klxrfg !$= ;xsf/L / u/LaL lgjf/0fsf] If]qdf sfo{/t /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] k|j4{g, sfdsf] ;dGjo, cg'udg / d"NofÍg !%= ;xsf/L / u/LaL lgjf/0f;DaGwL cWoog, cg';Gwfg, ;j]{If0f !^= ;xsf/L;DaGwL Ifdtf clej[l4 !&= ;xsf/L / u/LaL lgjf/0f;DaGwL cfof]hgfsf] ;+efJotf cWoog, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg !&= ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo -u/LaL lgjf/0f;DaGwL_ !*= /fli6«o ;xsf/L ljsf; af]8{ !(=;xsf/L ;+3–;+:yf .

ljBdfg P]g÷lgod

;xsf/L tyf u/LaL lgjf/0f dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg P]gx¿ hf/L eO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] kfOG5 . To:tf P]gdf ;xsf/L P]g, /fli6«o ;xsf/L ljsf; af]8{ P]g nufotsf P]g tyf ;f] P]g;Fu ;DalGwt lgodfjnLx¿ kb{5g\ .

gLltut Joj:yf

;xsf/L tyf u/LaL lgjf/0f dGqfnosf] /fli6«o gLltsf] ¿kdf /fli6«o ;xsf/L gLlt, @)^( th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

;xsf/L tyf u/LaL lgjf/0f dGqfnodf @ j6f dxfzfvf /x]sf 5g\ . ltgdf of]hgf tyf u/LaL lgjf/0f dxfzfvf / ;xsf/L tyf Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf kb{5g\ . o; dGqfno cGtu{t Pp6f ;xsf/L ljefu /x]sf] 5 . ljefu :t/sf] sfof{nosf] ¿kdf

164

s]Gb|Lo ;xsf/L k|lzIf0f s]Gb| /x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o ;xsf/L ljsf; af]8{, klZrd pRr kxf8L u/LaL lgjf/0f cfof]hgf, ul/a 3/kl/jf/ klxrfg / kl/rokq ljt/0f tyf Joj:yfkg ;dGjo af]8{ /x]sf] 5 . o; dGqfno cGtu{t ;xsf/L k|lzIf0f tyf l8lehg sfof{no % j6f / l8lehg ;xsf/L sfof{no ## j6f /x]sf 5g\ . ;'wf/sf If]q

;xsf/Lsf d"No / l;4fGt adf]lhd ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;xsf/Lsf] k|s[lt ePsfn] cnUu} ;ª\u7gfTds ;+oGqsf] ljsf; u/L ;xsf/L ;+3;:yfx¿sf] k|j4{g ug]{ . ;xsf/L ljefusf] :t/f]Ggltsf nflu zfvf / b/aGbL yk ug]{ . s]Gb|Lo ;xsf/L k|lzIf0f s]Gb|nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] / % j6f ;xsf/L k|lzIf0f tyf l8lehg sfof{nox¿nfO{ If]qLo :t/sf] tflnd s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ . xfn ;+rfngdf /x]sf kfFrj6f ;xsf/L k|lzIf0f tyf l8lehg sfof{nox¿nfO{ If]qLo :t/sf tflnd s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf kl/0ft ug]{ . krxQ/j6} lhNnfdf lhNnf ;xsf/L sfof{nosf] :yfkgf ug]{ . u/LaL lgjf/0fsf] If]qdf ljleGg lgsfox¿af6 eP u/]sf sfo{x¿nfO{ ;dGjo ug]{ Pj+ u/LaL lgjf/0f;DaGwL ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f u/L nfu" ug]{ . u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]if P]g, @)^! nfO{ ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug]{ . ;xsf/L P]gnfO{ ;do ;fk]If ¿kdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;xsf/Ln] ug]{ art tyf C0fnfO{ Jojl:yt u/L x'g;Sg] cfly{s ck/fwnfO{ /f]Sg] . ;dfhsf ;LdfGts[t ju{ / hgtfnfO{ u/LaLsf] /]vfaf6 dfly p7fpg] sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] . ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] sfo{ k|s[lt cg';f/ art tyf C0fsf] dfq sf/f]jf/ ug]{ ;+:yfsf] nflu 5'§} P]gsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ . ;xsf/L ljQLo ck/fw lgoGq0fsf] nflu a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL sfg'gdf eP ;/xsf] sf/jfxL x'g ;Sg] u/L sfg'gsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] k|efjsf/L cg'udgsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]if / o'jf tyf ;fgf Joj;foL :j/f]huf/ sf]ifnfO{ o; dGqfno dftxt /fVg' kg]{ . o;sf nflu ljBdfg sfg'gdf cfjZos ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ . xfn /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u dftxt /x]sf] u/LaL lgjf/0f If]q x]g]{ zfvf÷dxfzfvf tyf ;f];Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmd, ah]6 hgzlQm o; dGqfnosf] ;+/rgfleq Nofpg' kg]{ . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u cGtu{t -NDBS_ nfO{ o; dGqfnosf] sfo{If]q÷;+/rgf÷TOR df /fVg' kg]{ . u/LaL lgjf/0f ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;~rfng tyf cg'udgsf nflu ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgfdf lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ . o;sf nflu dftxtsf ljefu tyf cfjZos sfof{no / sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg x'g'kg]{ .

u/La 3/ kl/jf/ klxrfg / kl/ro kq ljt/0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;lrjfnosf] :yfoL ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgf x'g'kg]{ . sfo{ lhDd]jf/L cg';f/sf] b/aGbL Joj:yfkg ug]{ / sfo{ ;~rfngdf ;lrjfnonfO{ :jfoQtf k|bfg ug]{ . u/Lasf] klxrfg u/L kl/rokq ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ /fli6«o kl/rokq Pjd\ dtbftf kl/rokq;Fu cfa4 u/L PsLs[t¿kdf tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{, kl/rokq k|fKt u/LaLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf] JolQmn] kfpg] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿ ;d]t ;fy;fy} cjnDag u/L nlIft ju{n] dfq nfe lng kfpg] u/L gLltut Joj:yf ug]{ / ;f] sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu k"j{tof/L ug]{ . ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿df klg ;/sf/L ;]jf k|bfg ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

165

@#= ;x/L ljsf; dGqfno

kl/ro

;x/L ljsf; dGqfnosf] :yfkgf @)^( ;fndf ePsf] xf] . o; dGqfnosf] d'Vo p2]Zo zx/Ls/0fsf] rfknfO{ Jojl:yt u/L ;x/nfO{ vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{sf] ;]jf k'¥ofpg ;'ljwf;DkGg ug{sf] nflu s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] ¿kdf /xL /fli6«o gLlt lgdf{0f ug'{ xf] .

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ o; dGqfnonfO{ #) j6f sfo{ tf]lsPsf] 5 . != ;x/L ljsf; / ;x/L k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfo{Gjog, cg'udg, lgodg / d"NofÍg @= gu/kflnsf tyf gu/f]Gd'v :yfgx¿sf] ef}lts of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog, ;dGjo, cg'udg / d"NofÍg #= ;/sf/L ejgsf] lgdf{0f, dd{t;Def/, /]vb]v / ;'/Iff $= ejg tyf cGo lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] k|ljlw, cg';gwfg tyf ljsf;;DaGwL ;+lxtf / dfkb08sf] tof/L tyf sfof{Gjog %= ;x/Ls/0f, ;x/L e"–pkof]u / ;x/L ljsf;;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog ^= a;f]jf; / a:tL ljsf; &= cJojl:yt a;f]af;sf] Joj:yfkg, ;x/L ljkGg ju{ tyf ;x/L cfjf;ljxLgsf] cfjf; Joj:yfkg *= vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO{ tyf 9n lgsf; (= s]Gb|Lo ;lrjfnosf] ejg Joj:yfkg !)= dlGqkl/ifb\\sf ;b:o, ;+j}wflgs cËsf k|d'v cflbsf] cfjf; Joj:yf !!= gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt / cfjf; tyf ;x/L ljsf;;DaGwL ;+:yfsf] /]vb]v !@= cfjf; lgdf{0f;DaGwL u}/;/sf/L If]qsf ;+:yfsf] k|j4{g tyf ljsf; !#= cfjf; tyf ;x/L ljsf;;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o jf If]qLo ;ª\3 ;+:yf;Fu ;Dks{ / ;xof]u !$= /0fgLlts ;8safx]ssf ;x/L ;8s !%= ljlzi6 ;x/L ;+/rgfsf] l8hfOg / lgdf{0f !^= sf7df8f}+ pkTosf ljsf; k|flws/0f !&= sf7df8f}+ pkTosf vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{ !*= sf7df8f}+ pkTosf vfg]kfgL lnld6]8 !(= sf7df8f}+ pkTosf vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog lgb]{zgfno @)= gu/ ljsf; sf]if @!= g]kfn vfg]kfgL ;+:yfg @@= kmf]x/d}nf tyf ;|f]t kl/rfng s]Gb| @#= gu/ ljsf; k|lzIf0f s]Gb| @$= d]nDrL vfg]kfgL ljsf; ;ldlt tyf d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf @%= l;+xb/af/ ljsf; ;ldlt @^= cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng s]Gb| ljsf; ;ldlt @&= clwsf/;DkGg afudtL ;Eotf PsLs[t ;ldlt @*= vfg]kfgL tyf dx;'n lgwf{/0f cfof]u @(= u|fdL0f cfjf; sDkgL lnld6]8 #)= g]kfn OlGhlgol/ª ;]jf, l;len OlGhlgol/ª ;d"xsf] ljlN8Ë P08 cfls{6]S6 / :oflg6/L pk;d"xsf] ;~rfng .

ljBdfg P]g÷lgod

;x/L ljsf; dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu ljleGg P]gx¿sf] th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . To:tf P]gdf sf7df8f}+ pkTosf ljsf; k|flws/0f P]g, vfg]kfgL dx;'n lgwf{/0f cfof]u P]g, gu/ ljsf; P]g, gu/ ljsf; sf]if P]g, g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë kl/ifb\ P]g, ejg P]g, kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkg P]g Pj+ ;Da4 lgodfjnLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

166

gLltut Joj:yf

;x/L ljsf; dGqfnon] cfkm\gf] !% jif]{ ;f]rkq -@)^(–*$_ tof/ u/]sf] 5 . 5'§} bL3{sfnLg /fli6«o gLlt th'{df ePsf] b]lvGg . ;x/L ljsf; gLlt / cfjf; gLlt /x] klg ;dfofg's"n kl/dfh{g u/L /fli6«o ;x/L ljsf; /0fgLlt th'{df ug]{ sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . vfg]kfgLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf] nflu ljleGg gLlt tyf lgb]{lzsf jg]sf 5g\ .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

;x/L ljsf; dGqfnodf kfFrj6f dxfzfvf /x]sf 5g\ . h;df k|zf;g dxfzfvf, of]hgf, cg'udg tyf ljb]zL ;xof]u dxfzfvf, vfg]kfgL ljt/0f tyf jftfj/0f dxfzfvf, ef}lts of]hgf tyf ;x/L ljsf; dxfzfvf, gu/kflnsf ;dGjo, 3/ tyf lgdf{0f dxfzfvf kb{5g\ . o; dGqfno cGtu{t ;x/L ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f ljefu / vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefu u/L b'O{j6f ljefu /x]sf 5g\ . o; dGqfno cGtu{t s]xL ;+:yfg, lnld6]8, k|flws/0f / cfof]hgf klg ;~rflnt 5g\ .

;'wf/sf If]q

g]kfndf ;x/Ls/0fsf] sf/0f tLa| a;fO{ ;/fO{ eO{ zx/L hg;+Vofsf] j[l4 b/ #=$Ü /x]sf] 5, ltgLx¿sf] Jojl:yt, :jR5, :t/Lo a;fO{sf] k|aGw ug'{ clt g} cfjZos 5 . o;}u/L :jR5tfsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ zx/L k"jf{wf/ ljsf; u/L zx/df a:g] hgtfnfO{ ;]jf ;/n / ;xh ¿kn] pknAw u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . zx/L hg;+Vof / a;fO{ ;/fO{ a9\bf] qmddf /x]sf]n] zx/ tyf ;x/f]Gd'v gu/x¿sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ of]hgfa4 9Ëaf6 ug'{kg]{, Jojl:yt j;f]jf;sf] k|jw{g ub}{ ;'/lIft tyf lskmfotL vfnsf cfjf;x¿ pknAw u/fpg], ;'/lIft lskmfolt / jftfj/0f cg's"n :jb]zL j:t'snf emNsg] vfnsf ejgx¿ lgdf{0f / ljsf; ug]{ h:tf zx/L ljsf; / ejg lgdf{0fsf] gLlt /fHon] lng'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

o; dGqfnosf] sfo{ k4ltnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L ;ª\u7gfTds :j¿k tyf hgzlQmdf kl/dfh{g ug]{ . vfg]kfgL tyf 9nlgsf; ljefunfO{ ljefhg u/L vfg]kfgL ljefu / ;/;kmfO{ tyf 9n lgsf; ljefu 5'§f 5'§} u7g ug]{ . sfof{nosf] sfo{af]emnfO{ ljrf/ u/L sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL a9fpg] . gf} j6f l8lehg sfof{no / rf/j6f ;a l8lehg sfof{nox¿ yk :yfkgf ug]{ . dGqfnodf Pp6f 5'§} gu/kflnsf tyf gu/f]Gd'v :yfgx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ u/L dxfzfvf agfpg] . /fli6«o uf}/j tyf dxTjsf cfof]hgfsf] sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg 5'§} ;ª\u7gfTds :j¿k lgwf{/0f ug]{ . g]kfndf a9\bf] ;x/Ls/0fsf] rfknfO{ Jojl:yt / ;'ljwfo'Qm agfpg gLlt, P]g, lgoddf ;do ;fk]If kl/dfh{g u/L PsLs[t ¿kdf gLlt lgod tyf P]gx¿ th'{df ug]{ . v]/ uO/x]sf] kfgLsf] pkof]usf] Joj:yf ug{ lgb]{lzsf agfpg] . vfg]kfgL P]g 5'§} agfpg] . ef}lts ljsf; of]hgf tyf 3/ hUuf Joj;fo ;DaGwL P]g th'{df ug]{ . ljsf; Joj:yfkg Pjd\ ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu P]g th'{df ug]{ .

167

@$= ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno

kl/ro

lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g hf/L ePklg To;sf] !@ jif{;Dd lghfdtL sd{rf/L k|zf;g cnu cnu lgsfoaf6 ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf]df lj=;+= @)@% ;fndf sd{rf/L k|zf;g, k|lzIf0f tyf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf sfdx¿ ug{ k|zf;g Joj:yf ljefusf] :yfkgf ul/of] . lj=;+= @)#& ;fndf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno :yfkgf eof] . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)%% åf/f lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ug{ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnonfO{ s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] ¿kdf tf]s]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g÷lgodsf] Joj:yfg';f/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf /fhkqflÍt sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm nufot lghfdtL ;]jf ;DaGwL ljifosf] sfg'gsf] th'{df / ;+zf]wg nufotsf sfo{x¿ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnoaf6 x'g] Joj:yf 5 . o;}u/L cGt/ dGqfno ;¿jf, sfh ;DaGwL Joj:yf tyf cGo lgsfoaf6 ePsf] ;¿jf k'g/fjnf]sgsf] sfo{ ;d]t oxL dGqfnoaf6 x'g] sfg'gL Joj:yf 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf hgzlQm ljsf;, lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;DaGwL sNof0fsf/L sfo{ Joj:yfkg k/LIf0f h:tf sfdx¿ ;d]t ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] If]qleq /x]sf] 5 . o;/L o; dGqfnosf] d'Vo p2]Zo s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L lgsfosf] ¿kdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+rfng / Joj:yfkg u/L b]zdf k|zf;lgs k4ltsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ub}{ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ a9L ;Ifd, bIf / Jofj;flos agfO{ ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg] /x]sf] 5 .

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ o; dGqfnonfO{ @@ j6f sfo{ tf]lsPsf] 5 . != lghfdtL sd{rf/L k|zf;g, Joj:yfkg tyf clen]v ;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg @= a9'jf ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno #= ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"x kl/jt{g $= lghfdtL ;]jfsf kbsf] nflu Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] lgwf{/0f %= k|zf;g ;'wf/ ^= k|zf;g ljifos cGt/f{li6«o ;+3–;+:yf &= g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tflnd ;DaGwL gLlt / ;j]{If0f *=g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f ;~rflnt ljleGg k|zf;lgs tflnd sfo{qmdsf] :t/Los/0f, ;dGjo / d"Nof+sg (= k|zf;g ;]jf;DaGwL b]zleq / aflx/sf tflnd, of]hgf / sfo{qmddf :jLs[lt !)= k|zf;g ljifos tflndsf] ;~rfng / lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ljleGg tflnd sfo{qmdsf] ;dGjo tyf d"Nof+sg !!= ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf kbx¿sf] tna tyf cGo ;'ljwf ljifos gLlt / l;4fGt tyf k/fdz{ !@= lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps dGqfno jf cGtu{taf6 csf]{ dGqfno jf cGtu{t ;¿jf !#= lghfdtL ;]jfdf /xg] kbsf] b/aGbL ;[hgf !$= lghfdtL ;]jf cGtu{tsf ljleGg ;]jfaLr ;dGjo !%= lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sNof0f !^= Joj:yfksLo k/LIf0f !&= lghfdtL lstfavfgf !*= g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg !(= sd{rf/L k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg @)= lghfdtL c:ktfn @!= sd{rf/L ;Da4 ;+3, ;+:yf @@= g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf, g]kfn cfly{s of]hgf tyf tYofÍ ;]jf / g]kfn ljljw ;]jfsf] ;~rfng .

168

ljBdfg P]g÷lgod

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgodfjnL, g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg P]g, lghfdtL sd{rf/L c:ktfn ljsf; ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z, sd{rf/L k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg ljsf; ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z ;d]tsf P]g lgodx¿ th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf 5g\ .

gLltut Joj:yf

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] sfo{If]q leqsf ljifox¿ ;Da4 tflnd gLlt, ;¿jf dfkb08, /x]sf] eP tfklg sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg;DaGwL a[xt /fli6«o gLlt th'{df x'g ;s]sf] kfOb}g .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf tLgj6f dxfzfvfx¿ 5g\ . ltgdf k|zf;g ;'wf/ dxfzfvf, of]hgf tyf hgzlQm ljsf; dxfzfvf, sd{rf/L k|zf;g dxfzfvf kb{5g\ . o; dGqfno cGtu{t ljefusf] ¿kdf lghfdtL lstfa vfgf /x]sf] 5 . dGqfno cGtu{t lghfdtL c:ktfn, g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg tyf sd{rf/L k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg u/L tLgj6f :jfoQ lgsfox¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

;'wf/sf If]q

sd{rf/L k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg lgb]{lzsfx¿nfO{ cGt/dGqfno 5nkmnåf/f PsLs[t ¿kdf th'{df ug]{, sd{rf/L pTk|]/0ff Go"g /x]sf] sf/0f o; dGqfnodf sd{rf/Lsf] k|lt:yfkg b/ -Turnover_ pRr /xL ;+:yfut :d/0f -Institutional Memory_ sdhf]/ ePsfn] To;f] x'g glbg] Joj:yf ug]{, cjsfz k|fKt sd{rf/Lsf ;DaGwdf :ki6 gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ . sd{rf/L ;Da4 ljifoj:t'df gLlt jf lg0f{o ubf{ ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu ;d]t ;dGjo u/L sd{rf/L ;"rgf k|0ffnL -PIS_ nfO{ cem a9L Jojl:yt ug]{ . o; dGqfnonfO{ s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L lgsfosf ¿kdf ;'b[9 ug]{ . Joj:yfkg k/LIf0fsf] jt{dfg Joj:yfnfO{ lgoldt, Jojl:yt / yk k|efjsf/L agfpg] . hgzlQm ljsf; ;DaGwL gLltnfO{ ;dfofg's"n kl/dfh{g ug]]{ . 6«]8 o'lgognfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fsf nflu gLltut lgb]{z ug]{ . tflnd gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ . lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ Gofof]lrt ¿kdf cj;/sf] ljt/0f ug]{ . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgd"ns sfo{ ug]{ . sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ff / dgf]jn clej[l4sf nflu sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ . k|zf;g Joj:yf / gLltaf/] cWoog, cg';Gwfg u/fO{ k|fKt ;'emfj tyf lg:sif{nfO{ dGqfnosf] jflif{s sfo{qmdsf] th'{dfsf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lng] Joj:yf ug]{ .

@%= l;FrfO{ dGqfno

kl/ro

lj=;+= @)^^ ;fndf hn>f]t dGqfnoaf6 l;+rfO{;DaGwL sfo{If]q 5'6\ofO{ l;+rfO{ dGqfnosf] u7g ePsf] xf] . o; dGqfnosf] d'Vo p2]Zo hn>f]tsf] clwstd pkof]u Pj+ Joj:yfkg u/L s[lif–If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nIo xfl;n ug]{ /x]sf] 5 .

169

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ o; dGqfnonfO{ !* j6f sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf] 5 . != l;FrfO{ If]qsf] ljsf;, ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg, lgoGq0f / pkof]u Pj+ ljsf;;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg @= l;FrfO{ / o;sf] pkof]u;DaGwL cWoog, cg';Gwfg, ;j]{If0f tyf sfof{Gjog #= l;FrfO{;DaGwL ax'd'vL of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f, ;~rfng, ;Def/ / k|j4{g $= af9L / gbL lgoGq0f %= l;FrfO{ ljsf;;DaGwL cWoog, cg';Gwfg . cfof]hgfsf] ;DefJotf cWoog, lgdf{0f ;~rfng, ;Def/ / ljsf; ^= l;FrfO{ ljsf;df lghL If]qsf] k|j4{g &= hn;|f]t;DaGwL cWoog, cg';Gwfg, ;j]{If0f tyf sfof{Gjog *=l;+rfO cfof]hgfx¿sf] lgdf{0f, ;+/If0f / l;+rfO ;'ljwfsf] ;d'lrt k|of]u -kmfd{ l;+rfO / ;fgf l;+rfO;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ ;d]t_ (= e"ldut hn;|f]t !)= l;FrfO{ / To;sf] pkof]u;DaGwdf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3 ;+:yf;Fu ;Dks{ !!= l;FrfO{ / To;sf] pkof]u;DaGwL låkIfLo jf ax'kIfLo jftf{, ;lGw ;Demf}tf !@= l;FrfO{;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo !#= kfgLkf]t !$= hnpTkGg k|sf]k Joj:yfkg tyf lgoGq0f !%= hn pTkGg k|sf]k;DaGwL ljifosf] cWoog, cg';Gwfg tyf sfof{Gjog !^= hn pTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg !&= hn pTkGg k|sf]k;DaGwL ljifodf cGt/f{li6«o k|ltlglwTj !*= g]kfn Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf cGtu{t l;len OlGhlgol/ª ;d"xsf] Ol/u]zg / xfO8«f]nhL pk;d"x, d]6]l/of]nhL ;d"x, Pu[ Ol/u]zg OlGhlgol/ª ;d"xsf] ;~rfng .

ljBdfg P]g÷lgod

l;+rfO{ dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu ljleGg P]gx¿ th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] kfOG5 . hn>f]t P]g, e"ldut hn>f]t ljsf; ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z ;d]tsf P]gx¿ / ;DalGwt lgodx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

gLltut Joj:yf

l;+rfO{ dGqfnosf] /fli6«o gLltsf] ¿kdf l;+rfO{ gLlt, @)&), /fli6«o hn of]hgfsf] ;fy} hn>f]t sfo{of]hgf;d]t th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

l;+rfO{ dGqfnosf] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfdf # j6f dxfzfvfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ltgdf k|zf;g dxfzfvf, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd dxfzfvf / gLlt tyf j}b]lzs ;dGjo dxfzfvf kb{5g\ . o; dGqfno cGtu{t l;+rfO{ ljefu / hn pTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f ljefu u/L b'O{ j6f ljefu /x]sf 5g\ . e"ldut hn>f]t ljsf; ;ldlt / ;'g;/L, df]/Ë l;+rfO{ ljsf; ;ldltaf6 dGqfnon] cfkm\gf] ;]jf ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . l;+rfO ljefu dftxtdf kfFrj6} ljsf; If]qdf If]qLo l;+rfO lgb]{zgfnox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . @^ j6f l;+rfO ljsf; l8lehg sfof{no, @) j6f l;+rfO{ ;j l8lehg sfof{no, # j6f oflGqs l8lehg, * j6f l;+rfO Joj:yfkg l8lehg tyf ljleGg cfof]hgfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . hn pTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f ljefu cGtu{t & j6f l8lehg sfof{nox¿, % j6f ;j l8lehg sfof{no, @ j6f cfof]hgf sfof{no / & j6f lkmN8

170

sfof{nox¿ ;d]t /x]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} e"ldut hn;|f]t ljsf; ;ldlt cGtu{t lkmN8 sfof{nosf] ¿kdf ( j6f zfvf sfof{nox¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

;'wf/sf If]q

pmhf{ / l;+rfO{ dGqfnonfO{ ufeL hn>f]tsf] of]hgf, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ug]{ Pp6f ;an ¿kdf sfd ug{ Pp6} hn>f]t dGqfno agfpg] . dGqfnosf] sfd / hgzlQmsf] ;du| ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ . /fHosf] hn;|f]tsf] pkof]usf] nflu bL3{sfnLg hn;|f]t gLlt agfpg] . k|:tfljt hn>f]t gLlt / l;+rfO gLltnfO{ :jLs[t u/L nfu" ug]{ . hn;|f]t P]g / lgodfjnLdf ;do ;fk]If ¿kdf ;'wf/ ug]{ . l;+rfO{ pknAw u/fpg kfgLsf] ax'pkof]u gLlt agfpg] . vfBfGgdf cfTdlge{/ x'g s[lif dGqfno;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L sfo{ ug]{ . OlGhlgol/ª ;]jf, xfO8«f]nf]hL pk;d"x / d]6«f]nf]hL ;d"xsf] ;]jf ;~rfng lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnoaf6 x'g'kg]{ .

@^= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno

kl/ro

lj=;+= @)@* ;fn cufl8 lgdf{0f, oftfoft tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnon] x]b}{ cfPsf] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]qsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/sf nflu @)@* ;fn >fj0f ! ut] ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] :yfkgf eof] . @)$( ;fnb]lv o;nfO{ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] ¿kdf gfdfs/0f ul/of] . o; dGqfnosf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] If]qdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gsf] cjnDag, ljsf; / k|j4{g u/L hgtfsf] ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ o; dGqfnonfO{ !( j6f sfo{ tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 . != ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ ;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg @= k|]; tyf ;"rgf / ;'/If0f d'b|0f #= x'nfs ;]jfsf] ;~rfng, ljsf; / k|j4{g $= s'l/o/ ;]jfsf] ;'kl/j]If0f, lgodg tyf lgoGq0f %= kqklqsfsf] ljsf; tyf k|sfzg ^= ;"rgf, k|rf/ tyf k|;f/ &= /]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehg k|;f/0f, 8fpg lnÍ tyf s]jn ;~rfng *=;"rgf ;~rf/ ;~hfndfkm{t PsLs[t ;]jf (=rnlrq ljsf; !)= b"/;~rf/ !!= ;"rgf / ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ !@= ;"rgf / ;~rf/ k|ljlw;DaGwL /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf;Fusf] ;Dks{ !#= lk|mSj]G;L ljt/0f, Joj:yfkg tyf cg'udg !$= g]kfn b"/ ;~rf/ k|flws/0f, g]kfn 6]lnsd, uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg, rnlrq ljsf; af]8{, /]l8of] k|;f/ ;]jf ljsf; ;ldlt, /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt tyf g]kfn 6]lnlehg !%= ;~rf/ ljifos cGt/f{li6«o ;+3–;+:yf;Fusf] ;Dks{ !^= k|]; sfplG;n !&= /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u !*= lj1fkg;DaGwL ljifo !(= g]kfn OlGhlgol/ª ;]jfsf] On]S6«f]lgs P08 6]lnsDo'lgs];g OlGhlgol/ª ;d"x ;~rfng .

171

ljBdfg P]g÷lgod

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu ljleGg P]gx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g, b"/ ;~rf/ P]g, /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt P]g, ;~rf/ ;+:yfg P]g, /fli6«o k|;f/0f P]g, >dlhjL kqsf/;DaGwL P]g / ;DalGwt lgodfjnLx¿ To:tf P]g÷lgod x'g\ .

gLltut Joj:yf

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] /fli6«o gLltsf] ¿kdf ;+rf/ gLlt, @)$( /x]sf] 5 . cGo gLltx¿df b"/ ;~rf/ gLlt, @)^), ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]qsf] bL3{sfnLg gLlt, @)%(, b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] /]l8of] lk|mSj]G;L -afF8kmfF8 tyf d"No_ ;DaGwL gLlt, @)^( ;d]tsf gLltx¿ th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] kfOG5 .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnon] cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{sf] nflu dGqfnodf # j6f dxfzfvf /fv]sf] 5 . ltgdf ;~rf/ dxfzfvf, k|zf;g dxfzfvf tyf lk|mSj]G;L Joj:yfkg tyf k|ljlw ljZn]if0f dxfzfvf kb{5g\ . o; dGqfno cGtu{t x'nfs ;]jf ljefu, ;"rgf ljefu, d'b|0f ljefu u/L tLg j6f ljefu /x]sf 5g\ . s]Gb|Lo ljefuLo :t/sf] lgsfosf] ¿kdf /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u;d]t /x]sf] 5 . ;"rgf ljefu cGtu{t kfFrj6f ;"rgf s]Gb|x¿ /x]sf] kfOG5 . x'nfs ;]jf ljefu dftxtdf kfFrj6} If]qdf If]qLo x'nfs lgb]{zgfno, &% j6} lhNnfdf lhNnf x'nfs sfof{nox¿, :yfgLo lgsfodf Onfsf x'nfs sfof{nox¿ dfkm{t ;]jf lj:tf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;'wf/sf If]q

k|;f/0f If]qsf] lgodgsf] nflu ljz]if1tf;lxtsf] k|;f/0f k|flws/0f h:tf lgofds lgsfosf] Joj:yf ug]{ . Ps} k|s[ltsf] sfdnfO{ Pp6} lgsfoaf6 dfq} ;Dkfbg x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ Pj+ PseGbf a9L lgsfo;Fu ;DalGwt sfdsf] ;dGjosf] nflu k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ . x'nfs ;]jf ljefunfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpgsf] nflu xfnsf] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g ug]{ / ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL sfdx¿ yk ug]{ . o;sf] nflu OG6/g]6 ;]jf, 6]nL;]G6/ jf ;d'bfo s]lGb|t, k]k/ kf;{n ;]jf, O–Sofkm] ;+rfngh:tf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ k|ToIf ;]jf k'Ug] sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L lbg] . uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgnfO{ lghL ;~rf/ dfWod;Fu k|ltikwf{ ug{ ;Sg] u/L k'g;+{/rgf u/L cfw'lgsLs/0f ug]{ . /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] k|;f/0fnfO{ l8lh6nfOH8 u/L b'a} ;+:yfnfO{ ufeL æklAns ;le{;]; a|f]8sfli6Ë skf]{/]zgÆ sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ jf /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] Pp6} ;~rfns ;ldlt agfO{ b'a}sf] 5'§} klxrfg /fvL ;~rfng ug]{ . d'b|0f ljefunfO{ ;/sf/L ;'/If0f d'b|0ffnosf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/L sfuhL gf]6 Pj+ /fi6«sf cGo ax'd"No sfuhftx¿sf] 5kfOsf] sfo{ lhDd]jf/L lbg] / lghL If]qaf6 ;+rflnt 5fkfvfgfx¿sf] lgofds lgsfosf ¿kdf :yflkt ug]{ . ;"rgf ljefunfO{ ;/sf/sf] ;"rgf a}+ssf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug]{ / ;a} ;"rgfx¿ k|jfx ug]{, laqmL ug]{, clen]vLs/0f ug]{ sfo{x¿ yk ug]{ . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfnonfO{ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw (ICT) ;DaGwL pRr lgsfosf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ .

172

@&= :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfno

kl/ro

lj=;= !(() df :yfkgf ePsf] :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu @))& ;fnkl5 :jf:Yo dGqfnosf] ¿kdf ¿kfGtl/t eof] . ldlt @)^@.$.!@ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ hg;+Vof;DaGwL ljifo;d]t o;} dGqfnosf] If]qleq ;dfj]z u/L :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnosf] ¿kdf ¿kfGtl/t ul/of] . o; dGqfnosf] d'Vo p2]Zo b]zdf u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jf pknAw u/fpg' tyf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf ;a} If]qdf gful/ssf] ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt u/L /fi6« lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' /x]sf] 5 .

sfo{ljefhg

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( cg';f/ o; dGqfnonfO{ @) j6f sfo{ tf]lsPsf 5g\ M– != :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof ;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg @= Pnf]Koflys, cfo'j]{lbs, xf]ldof]Koflys / o"gfgL h:tf lrlsT;f k|0ffnL;DaGwL k|ltsf/fTds, k|j4{gfTds, pkrf/fTds, k'gM:yfkg, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; #= ljZj:jf:Yo ;ª\u7g / :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf $= :jf:Yo tflnd %= :jf:Yo ;]jf;Da4 u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ ^= :jf:Yo ljifos cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;Dks{ &= gl;{Ë xf]d, lghL tyf ;fd'bflos c:ktfn *=:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof If]qsf] hgzlQm ljsf; / pkof]u (= hg:jf:Yo tyf ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo;]jfsf] lj:tf/, cg';Gwfg, of]hgf / ljsf; !)= cf}iflwsf] cg';Gwfg, pTkfbg, u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f, d"No lgoGq0f tyf laqmL ljt/0f / cf}iflw jf cf}iflw pTkfbgdf nfu" kbfy{x¿sf] cg'lrt k|of]u jf b'¿kof]u x'g glbO{ c;'/lIft tyf Go"g u'0f:t/sf cf}iflwsf] pTkfbg, laqmL ljt/0f, lgsf;L, k}7f/L, ;+ro, ;]jg / lgoGq0f !!= lrlsT;f tyf :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt kl/ifb\, k|lti7fg / cGo ;+:yfx¿ !@= hg;+Vof ljifosf] cWoog, cg';Gwfg, ;j]{If0f / tflnd !#= hg;+Vof ;Da4 /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf;Fusf] ;Dks{, ;dGjo !$= hg;+Vof ljifo;DaGwL k|sfzg Pj+ k|rf/–k|;f/ !%= ;+o'Qm/fi6« hg;ª\Vof sf]if / hg;ª\Vof;Da4 cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3–;+:yf !^= ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;:yfx¿åf/f sfof{Gjog ul/Psf hg;+Vof ljifos sfo{qmdx¿sf] d"Nof+sg / ;dLIff !&= hg;+Vof tyf a;fO;/fO gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmd th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg !*= kl/jf/ lgof]hg tyf dft[lzz' sNof0f of]hgf / hg;+Vof Joj:yfkg !(= k|hgg :jf:Yo / kf]if0f lzIff @)= g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] ;~rfng .

ljBdfg P]g÷lgod

:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg P]gx¿ 5g\ . h:t} M g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%#, g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;n P]g, @)@), cf}iflw P]g, @)#%, cfo'j]{b lrlsT;f kl/ifb\ P]g, @)$% g]kfn kmfd]{;L kl/ifb\ P]g, @)%& nufotsf P]gx¿ / tL P]gx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg lgodfjnLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

gLltut Joj:yf

:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnosf] /fli6«o gLltsf] ¿kdf /fli6«o :jf:Yo gLlt, @)$* / bf];|f] bL3{sfnLg :jf:Yo gLlt, @)%$–@)&$ th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf 5g\ .

173

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnosf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] nflu cfGtl/s ¿kdf ^ j6f dxfzfvfx¿ 5g\ . ltgdf dfgj ;+;fwg tyf ljQLo >f]t Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf, sd{rf/L k|zf;g dxfzfvf, -#_ gLlt, of]hgf tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u dxfzfvf, hg:jf:Yo k|zf;g cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg dxfzfvf, lrlsT;f ;]jf dxfzfvf / hg;+Vof dxfzfvf kb{5g\ . o; dGqfno cGtu{t :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu, cf}ifwL Joj:yf ljefu / cfo'j]{b ljefu u/L tLg j6f ljefu /x]sf 5g\ . cGo sfof{nox¿df /fli6«o :jf:Yo tflnd s]Gb|, /fli6«o :jf:Yo lzIff, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ s]Gb|, /fli6«o P8\; tyf of}g/f]u lgoGq0f s]Gb|, /fli6«o Ifo/f]u lgoGq0f s]Gb|, sL6hGo /f]u tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, /fli6«o hg:jf:Yo k|of]uzfnf, cf}iflw cg';Gwfgzfnf, /fli6«o cfo'a]{b tflnd tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, /fli6«o cfo'j]{b k|lti7fg / dfga cË k|Tof/f]k0f s]Gb| / s0ff{nL :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fg ;fy} g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;n, g]kfn :jf:Yo cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\ h:tf cGo lgsfox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . kfFrj6} ljsf; If]qdf If]qLo :jf:Yo lgb]{zgfno, ( j6f s]Gb|Lo :t/sf c:ktfnx¿, # j6f If]qLo c:ktfn, @ pkIf]qLo c:ktfn, !! j6f c~rn c:ktfn tyf ^! lhNnfdf lhNnf c:ktfn 5g\ eg] &% j6} lhNnfdf lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{nox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . @!$ :yfgdf cfo'j]{b cf}ifwfnox¿, k|To]s ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf :jf:Yo rf}sL÷pk:jf:Yo rf}sLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

;'wf/sf If]q

dGqfnosf] k'g/;+/rgf ub}{ dGqfno dftxtsf] ljefu ;fgf] agfpg], sltko dxfzfvf x6fpg] / If]qnfO{ cg'udg nufotsf sfo{df a9L clwsf/ lbg] . :jf:Yo sfof{no / c:ktfnnfO{ 5'§f 5'§} agfpg] . :yfgLo :t/sf :jf:Yo rf}sL :yfgLo lgsfodfkm{t ;~rfng ug]{ . c:ktfnsf xfnsf ljsf; ;ldltx¿ vf/]h u/L k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L, :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L / hg:jf:Yo clws[t;d]tsf] 5'§} ;ldlt agfpg] . b/aGbL ;+/rgfdf k'gM cWoog u/L clgjfo{ 8fS6/sf]] Joj:yf ug]{ . lghL :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿sf] lgodgsf] nflu sfg'g agfpg] . dGqfnosf] ;du| ¿kdf ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L ;dfg k|s[ltsf sfo{x¿ Pp6} dxfzfvfdf kg]{ u/L ;a} ljefu / dxfzfvfsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ . cf}ifwLx¿sf] laqmL ljt/0fsf] cg'udg ug{ If]qLo:t/df gofF sfof{nox¿ :yfkgf ug]{ . k|To]s lhNnf c:ktfnnfO{ sDtLdf %) a]8sf] agfpg] . c:ktfnx¿df cf}hf/÷pks/0fx¿sf] lgoldt cfk"lt{ / dd{t;Def/sf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ . lhNnf c:ktfnx¿sf] ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L lj/fdLsf] rfksf] cfwf/df :t/f]Ggltsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . bL3{sfnLg :jf:Yo gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;d;fdlos agfpg] . If]qLo c:ktfnx¿nfO{ lgMz'Ns cf}ifwL cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ug]{ . bL3{sfnLg :jf:Yo gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cfo'j]{b lrlsT;f;DaGwL gLlt / j}slNks lrlsT;f;d]tnfO{ ;d]6L PsLs[t gLlt th'{df ug]{ . /fli6«o :jf:Yo jLdf gLlt th'{df ug]{ . cf}iflw nufot :jf:Yo ;fdfu|Lsf] vl/b ubf{ Nofjaf6 u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f u/]/ slDtdf dfkb08 k"/f u/]sf -Wtto-FMP k|fKt_ sDkgLaf6 dfq vl/b ug'{kg]{, cf}ifwLx¿sf] Standard Specification agfO{ ;f] cg';f/ dfq vl/b x'g'kg]{ . :t/o'Qm k|of]uzfnfaf6 k/LIf0f u/fO{ u'0f:t/o'Qm cf}ifwLdfq ahf/df pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ug]{, vl/b k|lqmof

174

kf/bzL{ x'g'kg]{, cg'udgsf] sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg'kg]{, xfn If]qLo:t/df /x]sf d]l8sn :6f]/df cfw'lgs :t/o'Qm cf}ifwL e08f/0f sIfsf] lgdf{0f u/L cf}ifwL / cGo :jf:Yo ;fdfu|Lsf] e08f/0f / ;xh cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ug]{, b'u{d If]q nufot ljleGg 7fpFdf cfjZos cf}ifwLsf] sdL x'g glbg] k|aGw ug]{, lglZrt dfkb08 k|lts"nsf :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿ btf{ gug]{ / dfkb08 ljkl/tsf] cj:yfdf ltgnfO{ sf/jfxL ug]{, lgb]{lzsf agfO{ lghL kmfd]{;LnfO{ c:ktfn kl/;/ leq cf}ifwL k;n /fVg glbg] Joj:yf ug]{, :jf:Yo If]qdf ;xof]uL bft[ ;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L agfpg pgLx¿sf] sfo{qmd :jf:y ;]jf ljefuaf6 :jLs[t u/fO{ sfddf bf]xf]/f] gx'g] u/L lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{no;Fu ;dGjo u/L ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] 5fqj[lQdf cWoog ug{ uPsf lrlsT;s tyf :jf:ysdL{sf] ;]jfsf af/]df ;+emf}tf adf]lhd k"/f cjlw sfd ug{] u/fpg] Joj:yf ug]{, ;]jf gug]{nfO{ k|rlnt b/ /]6 cg';f/ Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] Joj:yf ug]{, :yfoL d]l8sn clws[tx¿sf] xsdf @ jif{ lxdfnL jf $ jif{ kxf8L jf % jif{ t/fO{sf] :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿df ¿h' xflh/ eO{ sfd u/] kZrft dfq ljz]if of]Uotf k|fKt ug{sf nflu 5fqj[lQdf hfg of]Uo pDd]b\jf/ x'g] Joj:yf ug]{, g]kfn ;/sf/sf :yfoL lrlsT;s tyf :jf:Yo sdL{x¿ cfkm"n] k|j]z u/]sf] tx eGbf Ps tx dflysf] cWoogsf] nflu dfq 5fqj[lQ jf c;fwf/0f ljbf jf cGo ;'ljwf kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ ;f] eGbf dfly cWoog cWofkg u/fO{ ljz]if bIftf ;]jf ;~rfng ug'{ug]{ cj:yfdf dfq ljz]if 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf ug]{, :jf:Yo ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm / a9'jfsf ;DaGwdf tx cg';f/ a9'jf x'g'kg]{ ! txdf Go"gtd # :6]k;Dd :t/j[l4sf] Joj:yf ug]{, csf]{ txdf kbf]Ggltsf] nflu ;f] txsf] cfjZos of]Uotf eP dfq a9'jf x'g kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{, cGo k|fljlws hgzlQm :qL/f]u, afn/f]u, Pg]:y]l;of, cyf]{k]l8s cflbdf l8Knf]df cWoog ug]{ Joj:yf u/L lhNnf txdf ljz]if1 :t/Lo ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{, cN6«f;fp08 ;]jf h:tf] ;'Ts]/L ;]jfsf lglDt cg'ejL :6fkm g;{ ;d]tnfO{ tflnd lbO{ k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gb|, :jf:Yo rf}sL ;d]taf6 ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ug]{, a9\bf] u'0f:t/Lo ;]jfsf] dfusf] ;Gbe{df bL3{sfnLg gLltnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} c=g=ld= Ps xhf/ hg;+Vof a/fa/ Ps hgfsf] Joj:yf u/L u'0f:tLo vf]k ;]jf, kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;]jf, :jf:y ;"rgf ;]jf nufotsf ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg], PsLs[t :jf:y ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] Joj:yf ug]{ . lghL If]qaf6 ;~rflnt :jf:Yo ;+:yf / :jf:Yo ;DaGwL z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf] ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg k|efjsf/L agfO{ ;]jf ljt/0fsf] lgodg / lgu/fgL ug]{ .

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u

kl/ro

d'n'ssf] ljsf; /fhgLlts ;f]r, lrGtg / bz{gdf lge{/ u5{ eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . xfn cfwf/df ;dsfnLg ljZj k"FhLjfbL cy{tGq, pbf/ cy{tGq, ;dfhjfbL cy{tGq / ldl>t cy{tGq h:tf ljleGg :j¿ksf cy{tGqsf] cEof; ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . /fHo lgodg / ;xhLs/0fsf] e"ldsfdf /x]/ cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿ lghL If]qdf /xg] cfly{s Joj:yf k"FlhjfbL pbf/ cy{ Joj:yf xf] eg] /fHo cfkm}n] pTkfbgdf ;l/s eO{ cfly{s nufgL, pTkfbg, lj:tf/ / ljt/0fsf] dfWodaf6 cy{tGq ;~rfng ug]{ k|lqmof ;fDojfbL Joj:yfdf

175

b]lvG5 . d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu ldl>t cy{Joj:yf klg cFufNg ;lsG5 . ljZjdf k|rngdf /x]sf oL ljleGg cy{tGqsf] p2]Zo ljsf; / dfgj ;Dj[l4 ePtfklg ljsf;sf] 9fFrf / z}nL eg] leGg leGg kfOG5 . ;g\ !(!& sf] ¿;sf] cS6'j/ qmflGt kl5 tTsfnLg ;f]leot ;+3n] nfu" u/]sf] of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfw'lgs d'n'sx¿n] cjnDag u/L cfly{s ;Dj[l4sf] ult lj:tf/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . of]hgfa4 ljsf; d'Vo u/]/ ;Lldt ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] clwstd\ pkof]u u/]/ cfly{s ljsf; s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] pkfosf] ¿kdf k|:t't ePsf] b]lvG5 . ljz]ifu/L bf];|f] ljZjo'4 kl5 Wj:t ePsf ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿sf] lgdf{0f / df}h'bf u/LaL / k5f}6]kgnfO{ cGTo u/L cfly{s ;d'Gglt k|fKt ug]{ p2]Zon] of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cjnDag u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljsf; of]hgf k|0ffnL -Development Planning System_ vf; u/]/ pklgj]zaf6 d'Qm ePsf d'n'sx¿, o'4af6 cfly{s tyf ef}lts ;+/rgf Wj:t ePsf /fi6«x¿n] gofF l;/faf6 ljsf; ug{sf nflu cfly{s of]hgf ug'{ cfjZos 7flgof] . dfgj sNof0fsf/L ;+3÷;ª\u7g tyf bft[ lgsfox¿sf] ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿sf nflu of]hgfa4 ljsf; Ps zt{sf] ¿kdf /xg uof] .

cfly{s cj:yfsf] n]vfhf]vf u/L pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿sf] nufgL, s'g s'g 7fFpdf lsg / s;/L ug]{, slt ug]{ / To;sf] ljt/0f s;/L ug]{ eGg] s'/f /fHon] lng] b["/b[li6 g} ljsf;sf] of]hgf ePsfn] g]kfnn] klg of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] gLlt cjnDag ug'{ cfjZos 7fGof] . oxL k[i7e"lddf lj=;+= @)!# ;fnb]lv ldl>t cy{tGqsf] hudf g]kfnn] of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] yfngL u¥of] . of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] :yfkgf ul/of] . lj=;+= @)!# ;fnb]lv cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kdf a9fpg] p2]Zon] cfly{s of]hgfsf] k|f/De / To;sf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0fsf lglDt /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] u7g ePsf]df ljleGg sfnv08df of]hgf cfof]unfO{ ljleGg gfdfs/0f ub}{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5 . of]hgf cfof]unfO{ ljz]if sfg'gL x}l;ot k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] @)!$ ;fndf of]hgf d08n P]g, @)!$ hf/L u/L of]hgf d08n u7g ul/of] . lj=;+= @)!& ;fndf /fli6«o of]hgf kl/ifb\ elgof] . @)!* ;fndf /fli6«o of]hgf kl/ifb\sf] ;lrjfnosf] klg sfd ug]{ u/L cfly{s sfo{ ljifos dGqfnosf] :yfkgf ul/Psf]df @)!( ;fndf /fli6«o of]hgf kl/ifb\ lj36g ul/of] . @)@) ;fndf /fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb\ lj36g u/L ;f]xL gfdn] gofF s]Gb|Lo ;ª\u7gsf] :j¿kdf of]hgf cfof]usf] :yfkgf ul/of] . @)@% ;fndf /fli6«o of]hgf kl/ifb\ lj36g u/L /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] :yfkgf eof] . o;/L gfds} ;DaGwdf ;d]t k6s–k6s km]/abn eO/x]sf] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] cem;Dd ljwflosf lgld{t P]gaf6 sfg'gL x}l;ot sfod ug{ g;Sbf cg]sf}+ ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿sf aLr /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u u'lh|g' k/]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . P]gaf6 clVtof/L / x}l;ot k|fKt ug{ g;ls/x]sf] of]hgf cfof]un] sfo{sfl/0fL lg0f{o / u7g cfb]zåf/f g} ;~rflnt x'g'kg]{ cj:yfdf ePklg o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ljsf;sf] of]hgf th'{df sfof{Gjogdf ;dGjo, ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cf+sng u/L ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg[' g} /x]sf] 5 .

sfo{ljefhg

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] u7g tyf sfo{;~rfng cfb]z, @)^& cg';f/ b]xfosf !* j6f sfo{ tf]lsPsf] 5 . != /fli6«o ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf / cj;/nfO{ cWoog u/L cNksfnLg, dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg /fli6«o of]hgfsf] th'{df, cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg ug]{ @= /fli6«o

176

of]hgfsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg ug{sf nflu pko'Qm ;+/rgf tyf ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f / ljsf; ug]{ #= /fi6«sf] ;du| cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu If]qut gLlt th'{df, cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug]{{ $= ;+ljwfg adf]lhd /fHosf] lgb{]zs l;4fGt tyf gLltsf] cwLgdf /xL ;fdflhs Gofosf] b[li6sf]0faf6 cfd gful/snfO{ /fi6«sf] ;du| ljsf; k|lqmof / To;sf] k|ltkmndf kx'Fr clej[l4 u/fpg] u/L of]hgf tyf gLlt th{'df ug{] %= cfly{s, ;dflhs ljsf;sf ;du| kIfsf] jf/]df tYofÍ ;+sng tyf k|zf]wg, cWoog, cg';Gwfg u/L jf u/fO{ ;+k|]if0f ug{] u/fpg] ^= cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] cfsng tyf kl/rfng ug]{ &= /fi6«sf] ;du| ljsf;sf] nflu cjnDag ug{'kg{] gLltsf] ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbg] *=d'n'ssf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf nflu If]qLo / :yfgLo ljsf;sf] gLlt / /0fgLlt th{'df ug{] (= u/LaL lgjf/0fsf] /0fgLlt th{'df u/L lglZrt cjlw leq d'n'saf6 lg/k]If u/LaL cGTo ug{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{] !)= ljleGg ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog / k|ltkmnsf] ;dLIff ug]{ !!= cfjlws of]hgfcg'¿k jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd, nIo tyf k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ug]{ !@= cy{ dGqfno;Fu ;dGjo u/L jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmdsf nflu ah]6 ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug]{ !#= If]qut dGqfno, ;lrjfno, ljefu tyf lgsfox¿n] tof/ u/]sf of]hgfsf] :jLs[ltsf] nflu ;xdlt lbg] / If]qut gLlt th'{df ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofO{ sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;'emfj tyf lgb]{zg lbg] !$= ljleGg lgsfoaf6 k]z ePsf] ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] k|:tfjsf] d"Nofª\sg u/L cfjZostf cg';f/ :jLs[t ug]{ !%= :jLs[t sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfo{fGjog ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] !^= k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf] tyf s'zn Joj:yfkgsf] cfjZos gLlt tyf of]hgf agfpg] !&= /fi6«sf] nflu cfjZos dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf] nflu bL3{sfnLg tyf cNksfnLg of]hgf th'{df u/L If]qut sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ jf u/fpg] !*=/fli6«o k|fyldstfk|fKt If]q tyf cfof]hgfsf] klxrfg u/L lgwf{/0f ug]{ .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] Ps ;lrjfno 5, h;df ^ j6f dxfzfvf /x]sf 5g\ . ltgdf cfly{s Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf, ;fdflhs ljsf; dxfzfvf, k"jf{wf/ ljsf; dxfzfvf, s[lif tyf u|fdL0f ljsf; dxfzfvf, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg dxfzfvf / dfgj ;+;fwg dxfzfvf 5g\ . o; ;lrjfnosf] cGtu{t s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu /x]sf] 5 .

;'wf/sf If]q

d'n'ssf ljleGg k|zf;lgs lgsfox¿dWo] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u ljsf; of]hgfsf] th'{df ug]{ tyf ljsf; gLltx¿ th'{dfdf ;Nnfx lbg] lgsfosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . d"ntM o;n] of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf nflu cNksfnLg, dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] th'{df ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] ljsf;sf If]qx¿, ;+efjgf / cfjZostfx¿sf] klxrfg ug]{, ltgLx¿sf] k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{ >f]t / ;fwgx¿sf] afF8kmfF8 ug]{, sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo u/L ljsf; of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug]{ s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] ¿kdf sfo{ ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljsf; ax'cfoflds kIf ePsfn] ;fdflhs hghLjg, lzIff, :jf:Yo, jftfj/0f, hLjg z}nLsf] If]qdf cfPsf gofF gofF dfu, cfjZostf tyf dfGotfx¿n] ljsf;sf] If]qnfO{ emg} km/flsnf] jgfpFb} nlu/x]sf] cj:yfdf Psftkm{ of]hgfa4 cfly{s ljsf; Tolts} cfjZos 5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ ljwflosL clwsf/ k|fKt k|efjsf/L /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u x'g' klg

177

h¿/L 5 . o;sf nflu ;|f]t, ;fwg, bIf hgzlQm / sfg'gL Joj:yf cfjZos x'G5 . of]hgfdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿df ljz]if1tf / ljlzi6 1fg cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf nflu of]hgf ;d"xnfO{ lqmofzLn u/fO{ bIf hgzlQmsf] ljsf; u/L ljz]if1 PsfO{sf] ¿kdf of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfnosf] ;anLs/0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . ablnFbf] kl/l:yltdf b]xfosf cfwf/ sf/0faf6 klg k|efjsf/L /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u aGg' cfjZos b]lvG5 M–

!= /fli6«o ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf / cj;/nfO{ cWoog u/L cNksfnLg, dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg /fli6«o of]hgfx¿sf] th'{df, cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug{,

@= ;dfj]zL Pjd\ ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf nflu /fi6«sf] Ifdtf cg'¿ksf] of]hgf th'{df ug{,

#= nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf ljleGg /fhgLlts ljrf/x¿sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g ;Sg] cj:yf ePsfn] ;a} ljrf/x¿nfO{ ;d]6\g ;Sg] ;femf cjwf/0ffsf] ¿kdf ljsf; gLltsf] th'{df ug{,

$= /fi6«sf] ;|f]t ;fwgcg'¿k ljifout dGqfnon] ug]{ ljsf; sfo{qmd tyf cfly{s kl/rfngdf ;du| nIf / k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f u/L ljsf;sf] dfu{lrq k|bfg ug{,

%= d'n's ;+3Lo Joj:yfdf ¿kfGt/0f x'Fbf d'n'ssf] ;du| ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf] nflu k|fb]lzs ljsf; sfo{qmd / of]hgf sfof{nox¿sf] ;dGjo ug]{ s]Gb|Lo of]hgf lgsfosf] ¿kdf sfo{ ug{ tyf k|fb]lzs of]hgf cfof]unfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{ .

^= /fli6«o Pjd\ If]qLo ;'/Iffsf] If]qdf cfOkg]{ ;Defjgfx¿ ;d]t cf+sng u/L Joj:yfkgsf nflu plrt ;fwg >f]t ;lxtsf of]hgf th'{df ug{,

&= k|fs[lts k|sf]k tyf dxfdf/L / cfsl:ds åGå h:tf tTsfn b]vfkg{ ;Sg] cj:yfsf] Joj:yfkg ub}{ cGt/sfnLg of]hgf th'{df ug{,

*= ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ Pjd\ d'n'ssf] /fli6«o tYofÍsf] Joj:yfkg ug{,

(= ljsf; of]hgf;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg If]qsf lj1 tyf k|a'4 JolQmx¿sf] af}l4s Ifdtfsf] pkof]uåf/f ;du| /fli6«o ;d[l4 xfl;n ug]{ lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{,

!)= /fi6«sf] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/L, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] nufgLnfO{ cfd;~rf/ dfWodsf] ;d]t ;xof]udf /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfdf PsLs[t ug{,

!!= b]zsf] ljBdfg cfly{s l:yltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;/sf/;dIf ;'wf/sf gLltx¿ l;kmfl/; ug{, ljsf; ;DaGwL ljleGg kIfx¿sf] cWoog / cg';Gwfg u/L nufgLsf ck]lIft k|ltkmn k|If]k0f ug{, ;/sf/sf nIo / p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ cfjZos gLltx¿ agfpg .

d'n'ssf] ljsf;df /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] e"ldsf pNn]vgLo x'Fbf x'Fb} klg /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, ;/sf/sf] l56f] l56f] kl/jt{g, of]hgf cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lsf] rogdf Jofj;flos bIftf eGbf klg /fhgLlts cf:yfsf sf/0fn] ug]{ k|j[lQ, u}/ gLltut / ;fdfGo k|zf;sLo k|lqmofsf sf/0f of]hgf cfof]usf] e"ldsf ck]lIft ¿kdf k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] b]lvGg . o; cj:yfdf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]unfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg b]xfosf] ;'wf/ cfjZos 5 M–

178

!= d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf;sf] gLlt lgdf{0f, ah]6 th'{df nufotsf ljleGg sfo{df /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] e"ldsf /xg] s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs cfof]usf] ¿kdf dfGotf k|bfg ug{ .

@= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u xfn;Dd sfo{sf/L lg0f{osf cfwf/df dfq ;~rfng x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] b]lvFbf d'n'ssf] ;jf{lË0f ljsf; of]hgf th'{df, cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug]{ s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] ¿kdf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4sf nflu alnof] sfg'gL cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u ;DaGwL P]g g} hf/L ug]{ . ca u7g x'g] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;+/rgf b]xfo adf]lhd x'g] pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

-s_ k|wfgdGqL – cWoIf

-v_ g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\\_ af6 lgo'Qm Ps hgf – pkfWoIf

-u_ g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\\_ af6 lgo'Qm slDtdf Ps hgf

dlxnf;lxt ljifout lj1x¿af6 a9Ldf rf/ hgf – ;b:o

-3_ d'Vo ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ – ;b:o

-ª_ cy{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ –;b:o

-r_ ;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u – ;b:o–;lrj

@=! /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] pkfWoIf / ;b:ox¿sf] lgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] l;kmfl/; ;ldlt u7g ug]{ M

-s_ cy{dGqL – ;+of]hs

-v_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k"j{

pkfWoIf dWo] Ps hgf – ;b:o

-u_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] /fi6« a}+ssf k"j{ ueg{/ dWo] Pshgf – ;b:o

-3_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;b:o–;lrjn] l;kmfl/; ;ldltsf]

;lrj eO{ sfd ug]{ .

@=@ l;kmfl/; ;ldltn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/L To;sf] cfwf/df l;kmfl/; ug'{kg]{ M

-s_ z}lIfs of]Uotf

-v_ sfo{ cg'ej / ljlzi6tf

-u_ ;DalGwt If]qdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg Pjd\ pNn]Vo sfo{, cflb .

@=# /fli6«o of]hgf cof]usf] pkfWoIf / ;b:osf] of]Uotf b]xfo adf]lhd tf]lsg' kg]{ –

s= cy{zf:q, cfly{s÷ljsf;, of]hgf jf ljsf; lgdf{0f ;DaGwL cGo ljifodf slDtdf :gftsf]Q/ tx k"/f u/]sf] / ;/sf/L, lghL,

179

;fd'bflos jf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdf slDtdf kGw| jif{sf] sfo{ cg'ej xfl;n u/]sf] .

v= pko'{Qm @=$ adf]lhd pkfWoIf / ;b:osf] lgo'lQm ubf{ d'n'ssf] ef}uf]lnstf tyf ;dfj]lztf h:tf l;4fGtnfO{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ .

#= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ P]gåf/f g} :ki6 ug]{ / o;/L sfd st{Jo tf]Sbf kbflwsf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/L, cy{ dGqfno / cGo dGqfno aLrsf] cGt/;DaGw, of]hgf th'{dfsf] ljlw / k|lqmof, cg'udg / d"NofÍgsf k|lqmof / cfwf/x¿ h:tf s'/fx¿ :ki6 ug]{ .

$= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfnonfO{ e2f ;ª\u7g gagfO{ ;lrjfno ;fgf] / sfo{d"ns agfpg], ;lrjfnodf sd ;+Vofdf sd{rf/L /xg] Joj:yf u/L ljifout lj1x¿sf] ;d"x -Panel_ agfO{ k/fdz{ / ;xof]u lng] Joj:yf ug]{ .

%= cfly{s of]hgf tyf tYofÍ ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] ¿kdf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]unfO{ :yflkt ug]{ .

^= d'n's ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g x'g] ;Gbe{df k|fb]lzs of]hgf cfof]u;Fusf] ;DaGwnfO{ sfg'g / ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgfdf ;dfj]z u/L :yfgLo lgsfo;Fusf] sfo{ut Pstf :ki6 ug]{ .

dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no

kl/ro

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljQLo k|zf;gsf ljljw kIfx¿ h:t} ah]6 sfo{fGjog tyf lgoGq0f, sf]if Joj:yfkg, g]kfn ;/sf/n] lnPsf C0f / nufgLsf] Joj:yfkg, n]vf k|0ffnLdf kl/dfh{g tyf ;'wf/, cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f / n]vf ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] k|zf;g ;DaGwL sfo{x¿ ug{] lgsfo dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfo{fno xf] .“hDdf ghf]8\g' sRrf g5f]8\g'” eGg] s'df/Lrf]ssf] k/Dk/faf6 :yflkt ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] kl/j]zdf @))& ;fnsf] P]ltxfl;s kl/jt{g kZrft\ s]G›Lo n]vf / cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf] ;d]t sfd ug{] u/L lj=;+= @))* ;fndf cy{ dGqfno cGtu{t dxfn]vfkfn sfo{fnosf] :yfkgf ul/of] . To; ;do pQm sfo{fnosf] k|d'vdf ;x;lrj:t/sf kbflwsf/L /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . To;kl5 lj=;+= @)#@ ;fndf sf]if k|zf;g, ah]6 sfo{fGjog, n]vf k|0ffnL tyf cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f Joj:yfnfO{ ;'b[9 u/L cfly{s k|zf;gnfO{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg tTsfnLg dxfn]vfkfn sfo{fnonfO{ dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfo{fnodf :t/f]Gglt u/L o; sfo{fnosf] k|d'vdf /fhkqflÍt ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] dxfn]vf lgoGqs /xg] Joj:yf ul/of] . lj=;+= @)#$ ;fndf sfo{ ljlzi6tf ;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf cGtu{t 5'§} n]vf ;d"x /xg] Joj:yf ul/of] . lj=;+= @)#* ;fndf ;/sf/L cfoJoo ;~rfng -sfo{ljlw_ lgodfjnL nfu" ePkl5 cf=j= )#*÷#( leq &% lhNnfdf sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfo{fno :yfkgf u/L o; sfo{fnosf] ;ª\u7g lj:tf/ ul/g'sf ;fy} cfly{s k|zf;gnfO{ ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g u/L o; ;]jfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{] ;'¿jft ul/of] . sf}zL tf]iffvfgf sfo{fno / s'df/L rf]s tyf s]G›Lo txl;n sfo{fno klg o; sfo{fno cGtu{t /x]sf 5g\ . o;/L ;Ifd cfly{s k|zf;gaf6 g} lgoldttf, ldtJolotf / sfo{bIftfsf] dfkg x'g] ePsf]n] oxL p2]Zo k"/f ug{ lj=;+= @))* df dxfn]vfkfn

180

sfo{fnosf] ¿kdf :yflkt sfo{fno g} lj=;+= @)#@ df dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfo{fnosf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ePsf] b]lvG5 .

dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{non] ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkg ;an, ;Ifd / kf/bzL{ agfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg'¿k agfpg ;Sg] u/L dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfo{fnonfO{ ljlzi6 lgsfosf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ul/g] b[li6sf]0f /x]sf] / ;fj{hlgs ;|f]tsf] bIftfk"0f{ Joj:yfkg / pkof]u ug{sf nflu ;fj{hlgs ljQLo sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkg, n]vfÍg, k|ltj]bg / cg'udg k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ u/L cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg'¿k jgfOg] nIo lnPsf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L ;l~rt sf]if jf ;/sf/L 9's'6Lsf] ;~rfng ug{], ;l~rt sf]ifsf] n]vf cBfjlws /fVg], /fi6«sf] s]G›Lo jflif{s cfo Joosf] n]vf tof/ ug{], cfly{s k|zf;g ;DaGwL gLlt lgodsf] th{'df ug{] / cfly{s lgoGq0f ug{] h:tf p2]Zo /fv]sf] b]lvG5 .

sfo{If]q / lhDd]jf/L

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;l~rt sf]ifsf] n]vf /fVg] / /fVg nufpg], ;/sf/L sfo{fnox¿sf] nflu :jLs[t ah]6 adf]lhdsf] /sd lgsf;f lbg] / lbg nufpg], ;/sf/L sfo{fnox¿sf] nflu a}+s vftf ;~rfng ug{ :jLs[lt lbg], g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfo Joosf] s]G›Lo lx;fj tof/ ug{], g]kfn ;/sf/sf] C0f tyf nufgLsf] lx;fj /fVg], j}b]lzs C0f / cg'bfg ;DaGwL ;f]weg{fsf] lx;fa /fVg], g]kfn ;/sf/sf] n]vf k|0ffnL th{'df u/L sfo{fGjog u/fpg], cfly{s k|zf;g ;DaGwdf ;/sf/L sfo{fnosf] lg/LIf0f u/L cfjZos lgb{]zg lbg], cfly{s k|zf;g ;DaGwL ljjfbx¿df /fo lbg], cfly{s ;"rgf ;Fu|x Pj+ k|jfx xg{], g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]lslbPsf] cGo sfd ug{] u/L of] lgsfonfO{ sfo{If]q / lhDd]jf/L lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ljefhg lgodfjnL cg';f/ cy{ dGqfnon] ug{'kg{] sfo{x¿dWo] ;/sf/L sf]ifsf] k|zf;g Pj+ n]vf lgoGq0f ug{] tyf k|rlnt P]g sfg'gn] o; sfo{fnoaf6 ;Dkfbg ug{'kg{] egL tf]lsPsf] sfo{x¿ ;d]t ug'{kg]{ sfg'gåf/f sfd st{Jo tf]lsPsf] 5 .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{nosf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg $ j6f dxfzfvfx¿ k|zf;g dxfzfvf, sf]if k|zf;g dxfzfvf, ah]6 sfof{Gjog dxfzfvf / cg\'udg, d"Nof+sg / ljZn]if0f dxfzfvf dfkm{t x'g] u/]sf] 5 . oL dxfzfvf cGt{ut ljleGg !$ j6f zfvfx¿ /x]sf 5g . &% j6} lhNnfdf sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{nox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . lgj[Qe/0f Joj:yfkg sfof{no / s'df/Lrf]s tyf s]Gb|Lo tx;Ln sfof{noaf6 ;d]t sfo{ ;Dkfbg eO{/x]sf] 5 .

;\'wf/sf If]qx¿

dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sf]if Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|d'v lhDd]jf/ lgsfo /xL cfPsf] 5 . sf]if Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug]{ qmddf ah]6 sfof{Gjog ug]{, vr{ Joj:yfkg ug]{, cfGtl/s n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s]Gb|Lo cfo—Joosf] n]vf /fVg] / ;du| ;l~rt sf]ifsf] lx;fa /fVg] h:tf sfo{x¿ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . oL ;du| sfo{;Dkfbgsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu gLltut Pj+ sfg'gL Joj:yfdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/x¿ / sd{rf/Lsf b/aGbL, dxfn]vf lg/LIf0f sfof{no / dftxtsf lgsfox¿df ug\'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf Joj:yfx¿ cjnDag ug'{ h¿/L b]lvPsf] 5 .

181

� ablnbf] sfo{af]em / lhDd]jf/L cg\'¿k dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no / dftxtsf sfof{nox¿df cf] P08 Pd ;j]{ u/L b/aGbL lgwf{/0f ug]{,

� Treasury Single Account (TSA) nfu" eP kl5 d=n]=lg=sf= / dftxtsf sf]=n]=lg=sf=x¿sf] sfo{ IT Based x'g uPsf]n] df}h\'bf hgzlQmaf6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg x\'g sl7g x'Fb} uPsf] n] TSA cg's"nsf] hgzlQm (TSA Cadres) sf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{ / ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] tflnd÷k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

� ljs]Gb|Ls[t lgj[Qe/0f Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{ sf]=n]=lg=sf=df 5'§} b/aGbL yk x'g'kg]{,

� o; sfof{no dftxtsf] lgj[Qe/0f Joj:yfkg sfof{nosf] sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ cflb xfn ;Dd s'g} P]g lgodn] lgb]{lzt gu/]sf]n] ;f] ;DaGwL Joj:yf P]g lgoddf ;d]6\g' kg]{, of]ubfgd"ns lgj[Qe/0f Joj:yf nfu" ug'{ kg]{, lgj[Qe/0f Joj:yfkg sfof{noaf6 ;Dkfbg x'Fb} cfPsf] k"hf cfhf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{ ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\\\\8og dGqfno dfkm{t ;Dkfbg x'g] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, TSA af6 k|fKt Real Time Data nfO{ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf pkof]u ug]{ gLlt lng'kg]{,

� eljiodf Accrual Accounting tkm{ hfg'kg]{ cj:yfdf lghfdtL ;]jfdf Chartered

Accountant sf] k|j]z u/fpg CA Degree nfO{ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] z}lIfs of]Uotfdf ;dfj]z ug]{ gLlt lng],

� sf]if Joj:yfkg / cfly{s k|zf;g ;DaGwL sfo{ k|fljlws k|s[ltsf] ePsf]n] n]vf ;d"xdf gLltut txsf] k|j]z ;'lglZrt u/fpg o; cl3 sfod ePsf] n]vf ;d"xdf /f=k=k|yd >]0fL /xg] Joj:yfnfO{ k'gM:yflkt ug]{,

� cfGtl/s n]vf k/LIf0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf] nflu sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqsaf6 ;Dkfbg x'Fb} cfPsf] xfnsf] cfGtl/s n]vf k/LIf0f sfo{nfO{ ljefuLo ;+/rgf v8f ug]{ jf 5'§} pk ;d"x u7g u/L ;Dkfbg ug]{ Joj:yf ug{],

� sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{nox¿nfO{ cfkm\\gf] Core Business eGbf klg Non Core

Business sf] yk lhDd]jf/L lbFb} hfg yflnPsf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf :ki6 Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, � ljBdfg ;/sf/L sf/f]af/sf] k|ltj]bg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;\"rgf k|ljlw d}qL / cGt/f{li6«o

:t/sf] agfpgsf] nflu g]kfn ;fj{hlgs If]q n]vfdfg (Nepal Public Sector Accounting

Standards/NPSAS) ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df nfu" ug'{kg]{, � ;fj{hlgs vr{nfO{ Psn vftfsf]if k|0ffnLdf cfa4 ug{ sf]if Joj:yfkg /

n]vfÍg÷k|ltj]bgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{kg]{, � ;/sf/L n]vfÍg k|lqmofnfO{ ;\"rgf d}qL agfpg sDKo'6/df cfwfl/t ;/sf/L n]vf

k|0ffnL (Computerized Government Accounting System/CGAS) ;a} lgsfox¿df nfu" ug'{kg]{,

� sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{nox¿af6 TSA dfkm{t lgsf;f x'g] k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg pRr Ifdtfo'Qm Server sf] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ .

182

/fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|

kl/ro

d'n'sdf x'g] e|i6frf/ / clgoldttf lgoGq0f u/L ;'zf;g sfod ug{ nf]stflGqs /fHodf ljz]if sfg'g, ;+/rgf, gLlt tyf sfo{ut Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . g]kfndf lj=;= @)!) ;fndf jg]sf] d'n'sL P]gdf …xflsdsf] gfpFdf s/fpg]sf] dxnÆ cGtu{t xflsd jf sd{rf/Ln] 3'; vfof] eGg] ljifodf ph'/Lx¿ btf{ ug]{, ckLn ;'Gg], nut lemsfpg] / khgL hfx]/ ug{] sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/of] . lj=;= @))& ;fnsf] kl/jt{g kZrft\ e|i6frf/ / cg'lrt sfo{sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @))( cg';f/ lj=;= @)!) ;fndf e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f ljefusf] :yfkgf / e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& adf]lhd ljz]if k|x/L ljefusf] :yfkgf ul/of] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( sf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wg, @)#@ n] clVtof/ b'¿kof]u lgjf/0f cfof]usf] Joj:yf u¥of] . @)$^ ;fnsf] kl/jt{g kl5 hf/L ePsf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] :yfkgf u¥of] . oxL Joj:yfnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] ;d]t lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5 .

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu lg/f]wfTds / k|j4{gfTds sfo{ ug{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( adf]lhd /fli6«o ;t{stf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf #* df /fli6«o ;t{stf s]Gb|sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf b]xfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 M–

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] dGqfno, ljefu, sfof{no jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g'kg]{ sfo{x¿ lgoldt ¿kdf eP gePsf] ljifodf ;"rgf ;Íng ug]{, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] dGqfno, ljefu, sfof{no jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfaf6 lgoldt ¿kdf x'g'kg]{ sfo{ ePsf] gkfOPdf To:tf lgsfonfO{ ;f] ljifodf ;ts{ ug]{, ;fj{hlgs kbwf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd lbPsf] ;DklQ ljj/0f / cfosf] cg'udg ug]{, e|i6frf/ x'g ;Sg] :yfg jf sfddf lgoldt lgu/fgL /fVg], 58\s] hfFr / cGj]if0f ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg], e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwdf ckgfpg' kg]{ gLlt, /0fgLlt / tT;DaGwL sfg'gdf s'g} ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvPdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos ;'emfj lbg], g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqfno, ljefu, sfof{no jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfdf ph'/L k]l6sf /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg], e|i6frf/ /f]syfd ug]{ p2]Zon] cfjZostfg';f/ ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ ;'emfj jf lgb]{zg lbg], e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL s;"/df cg';Gwfg ug]{ lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Laf6 e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL cfjZos ljj/0f jf ;"rgf k|fKt u/L cBfjlws u/fO{ /fVg], e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL k|fKt s'g} hfgsf/L ;DalGwt lgsfodf n]vL k7fpg], e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwdf cfOkg]{ cGo sfd ug]{ jf u/fpg], g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] cGo sfo{ ug]{, u/fpg] .

e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( adf]lhd u7g ePsf] /fli6«o ;t{stf s]Gb|n] P]gåf/f tf]lsPsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] sfof{Gjogsf lglDt /fli6«o ;t{stf s]Gb| -sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^%Ù /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| -sfo{ Joj:yfkg_ lgb]{lzsf, @)^*Ù k|fljlws k/LIfssf] cfrf/;+lxtf, @)^&Ù e|i6frf/ lj¿4sf] /0fgLlt tyf sfo{ of]hgf, @)^% cGtu{tsf] lgsfout sfo{of]hgf @)^&Ù e|i6frf/ lj¿4sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;lGw, @))# sfo{Gjog;DaGwL /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^( ;d]tsf] cfwf/df sfo{ ;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . /fli6«o ;t{stf s]Gb| g]kfn ;/sf/ cGtu{tsf] lgsfo ePsfn] g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;do ;dodf lbg] lgb]{zgsf] cfwf/df ;d]t o;n] sfo{ ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .

183

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf / hgzlQm

/fli6«o ;t{stf s]Gb| k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no cGtu{t g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] clws[t k|d'v /xg] s]Gb|Lo txsf] lgsfo xf] . o; s]Gb| cGtu{t tLgj6f dxfzfvfx¿ k|zf;g tyf cg'udg dxfzfvf, k|fljlws k/LIf0f dxfzfvf / k|x/L Joj:yfkg tyf cg'udg dxfzfvf /x]sf] 5g\ . o; s]Gb|df %% hgf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL /x]sf] 5 .

;'wf/sf If]q

k|wfgdGqLsf] k|ToIf /]vb]v / lgoGq0fdf /xL e|i6frf/ hGo sfo{sf] lgu/fgL / lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{df /x]sf] ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ Pp6} 9fFrfleq ;dfj]z ug{ g;lsPsf], ;DklQ cg'udg ug]{ ;DaGwdf P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/nfO{ lgodn] ;+s'rg u/]sf], s]Gb|nfO{ tf]lsPsf] sfo{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;Dkfbg ug{ kof{Kt sfg'gL clwsf/ gePsf], bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj /x]sf], e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu cfjZos ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbg ;Sg] ælj1x¿sf] s]Gb|Æ sf] ¿kdf ;ts{tf s]Gb| ljsl;t x'g g;s]sf], ;|f]t ;fwgsf] sdL /x]sf], clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u / ;ts{tf s]Gb|aLr ;dGjo / tfnd]nsf] cefj h:tf ljleGg ;d:of /x]sf 5g\ . ;ts{tf s]Gb|nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] kof{Kt sfg'gL Joj:yf, bIf hgzlQm, lj1x¿sf] kl/k"lt{, sfo{af]em cg'¿k hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg, e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f ug]{ lgsfox¿ aLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjo h:tf ljifodf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{, d'n'sdf e|i6frf/nfO{ lgoGq0f / lg¿T;flxt ub}{ ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy :yflkt o; s]Gb|nfO{ cfw'lgs k|ljlwd}qL k|0ffnLdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L ljBdfg ;ª\u7g, ;+/rgf / b/aGbLdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .

cGo lgsfox¿

cfjZostf / cf}lrTosf cfwf/df dfq ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ;+/rgf l;h{gf ug'{ kg]{df cNksfnLg ¿kdf ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfo{sf nflu ;d]t cgfjZos ¿kdf bL3{sfnLg k|efj kg]{ vfnsf ;+/rgfx¿ lgdf{0f x'Fbf k|zf;g e2f, af]lemnf], vlr{nf] / cg'Tkfbs ;d]t /xg] sf/0f ljgf cWoog cg';Gwfg nx8 jf dgf]ut cfwf/df ;+/rgfx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug]{ . pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf ;+:s[lt dGqfno cGtu{t Pp6f dxfzfvf jf ljefusf] ¿kdf Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg] sfo{nfO{ 5'§} g]kfn 6«i6sf] sfof{no agfOg', lglZrt lgsfo cGtu{t vl/b cg'udg PsfO{ /fVg ;lsg]df 5'§} lgsfosf] ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no :yfkgf ul/g' h:tf l:yltn] o:tf ;+/rgfsf] cf}lrTo bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf k'li6 ug{ sl7gfO{ x'g] x'gfn] o:tf lgsfo Pj+ ;+/rgfx¿sf] cfjZostf / cf}lrTosf cfwf/df k'g/fjnf]sg x'g' kg]{ .

184

kl/R5]b – *

dGqfnosf] ;ª\Vof, ;·7g / sfo{If]qsf] k'g/fjnf]sg

k[i7e"ld ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/, sfo{k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/, Jojxf/ut ;'wf/ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;'wf/sf cfwf/e"t cfofdx¿ x'g\ . cyf{t k|zf;g ;'wf/sf cleoGtfx¿ ls t ;ª\u7gsf] ;+/rgf kl/jt{gdf hf]8 lbO{/x]sf x'G5g, of t pgLx¿ ;ª\u7gsf] sfo{k|0ffnLdf kl/dfh{g rflx/x]sf x'G5g, ls t sd{rf/Lsf] Jojxf/df kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostf b]lv/x]sf x'G5g\ . ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] hf]8 plNnlvt tLg} kIfx¿df Ps} ;fy klg x'g ;Sb5, lsgsL k|zf;g ;'wf/sf plNnlvt cfofdx¿ Ps cfk;df ;DaGwLt /x]sf 5g\ . Ps cfofddf ul/Psf] ;'wf/ / kl/jt{gn] csf]{ kIfnfO{ k|efj kfb{5 . ;ª\u7gsf] ;+/rgfdf ul/Psf] ;'wf/n] ;ª\u7gsf] sfo{k|0ffnL / sd{rf/Lsf] sfdsf/jfxL Pj+ pgLx¿sf] Jojxf/df c;/ kfb{5 . ;ª\u7gsf] sfo{k|0ffnLdf ul/Psf] ;'wf/n] ;ª\u7gsf] ;+/rgfsf] ;fGble{stf :yflkt ub{5 / o; cGtu{t sfd ug]{x¿sf] Jojxf/nfO{ dfu{lgb]{zg ub{5 . s'g} klg txsf] k|zf;g ;+oGqdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] Jojxf/n] ;ª\u7gsf] ;+/rgf / sfo{ k|0ffnLdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/nfO{ ;+s]t ub{5 .

;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] b]vfpg ;lsg] kl/jt{g jf:tjdf o;sf] ;+/rgfut ;'wf/df g} /xG5 . ;+/rgfut ;'wf/df ;/sf/sf] s]Gb|Lo, If]qLo, c~rn, lhNnf / :yfgLo:t/sf ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf / To;;Fu ;DaGwLt sfg'gL Pj+ tL lgsfox¿sf] u7g, k'gu{7g, ldnfg Pj+ ;~rfng ;DaGwL gLltx¿sf] ;'wf/ tyf kl/dfh{g ;d]t kb{5 . o; k|of]hgsf] nflu s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo:t/;DDf ljleGg txdf /x]sf ;/sf/L ;ª\u7gx¿sf] ;+Vofsf] t'ngfTds cWoog ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/df s]Gb|df s] s:tf / s] slt ;+Vofdf ;/sf/L ;ª\u7gx¿ /xg' kb{5 eGGf] ljifo ;bf 5nkmnsf] ljifo eO/xG5 . o; ljifosf] 5nkmn / lg0f{o ubf{

185

;/sf/sf] sfo{If]q slt Aofks 5 eGg] ljifo klg Tolts} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . s'g} klg b]zsf] ;/sf/n] s] s:tf ljifox¿ cfkm}n] ug]{, s] s:Tff If]q jf ljifox¿df lghL If]qnfO{ sfd ug{ lbg], s'gs'g sfdx¿ ;/sf/L / lghL If]qsf] ;fEfm]bf/Ldf ug]{, s] s:tf ljifox¿df u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+nUgtf vf]Hg] eGg] ljifon] dxTj /fVb5 . ;/sf/L ;ª\u7gsf] ;+/rgf tof/ Pj+ o; ;DaGwL gLltut / sfg'gL Joj:yf ubf{ plNnlvt ljifox¿nfO{ k|d'v cfwf/ agfpg' kb{5 . o;}u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ;ª\u7g :f+/rgfdf ul/g] ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ ;/sf/L ;ª\u7gx¿sf] ljBdfg cj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf] cfwf/df ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

;ª\u7gx¿sf] ;+VofTds ljj/0f lghfdtL tkm{sf ;/sf/L ;ª\u7gx¿sf] lj=;+= @)$*, @)%% / @)&) ;fnsf] ;+VofTds ljj/0f b]xfo cg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .

Tfflnsf g+= !

;ª\u7gsf ;+VofTds ljj/0f

;ª\u7g @)$* @)%% @)&)

s]Gb|Lo !!( !&& @^&

If]qLo !)* !)# !%(

c~rn ^$ &* @&

lhNnf @)#! !(*# !^$(

:yfgLo u|fDfL0f:t/ &!)* !!)*@ ^^*&

:fa} txsf] s"n ;+Vof ($#) !#$@# *&*(

:f|f]tM k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldlt -;ª\u7g ;+/rgf / b/aGbL_ k|ltj]bg, @)%& / lghfdtL lstfa vfgfaf6 k|fKt tYofÍ, @)&)

Tfflnsf g+= ! df plNnlvt lghfdtL tkm{sf ;/sf/L ;ª\u7gx¿sf] ;+VofTds ljj/0f cWoog ubf{ ;a} txsf] s"n ;ª\u7g ;+Vofdf @)$* / @)%% sf] t'ngfdf @)&) ;fn;DDfdf sld cfO{ *&*( sfod x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ s]Gb|Lo txdf @)&) sf] ;ª\u7g ljj/0f x]bf{ s]Gb|Lo ;ª\u7gx¿ @)$* / @)%% sf] t'ngfdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . o; lsl;dsf] j[l4n] kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;/sf/sf s]Gb|Lo ;ª\u7gx¿sf] lj:tf/ eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt j[l4n] /fHosf] cfly{s :f|f]t nufot cGo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] s]Gb|df g} a9\bf] k|of]usf] ;+s]t ub{5 . hgtfnfO{ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ ;]jf k|jfxsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 s]Gb|df ;/sf/L ;ª\u7gx¿sf] lj:tf/ x'g' /fd|f] xf]Og . s]Gb|Lo ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfdf x'g] j[l4, yk36, km]/abn Pj+ ;dfof]hg cfly{s, ;fË7lgs, k|zf;lgs Pj+ /fhgLlts ¿kdf klg al9 dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . lsgsL s]Gb|df ul/g] ;ª\u7gfTds j[l4, km]/abn / yk36n] cGo txdf c;/ kfb{5 . s]Gb|Lo ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfdf klg dGqfnosf] yk36 Pj+ sfo{If]q kl/jt{g a9\tf dxTjk"0f{ x'g] ePsf]n] dGqfnosf] u7g, km]/abn / ;+Vof lgwf{/0fdf s]lGb|t /x]/ of] kl/R5]b tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .

186

s]Gb|Lo ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf Gf]kfndf ;/sf/sf] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfsf] ;'wf/sf] k|of; ubf{ ;/sf/sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf, o;sf] ;+Vof / s]Gb|Lo ;ª\u7gsf] lgwf{/0f / o;df x'g] yk36 Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . s]Gb|Lo ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfdf /fHosf tLg cËx¿ sfo{sfl/0fL -dlGqkl/ifb\\_, Joj:yflksf -;+;b_, Gofokflnsf -;jf]{Rr cbfnt_, /fi6«kltsf] sfof{no, pk/fi6«kltsf] sfof{no, ;+j}wflgs cfof]ux¿, ;lrjfno, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, dGqfnox¿, ljefux¿, ljefu:t/sf lgsfox¿, k|lti7fg, P]g, sfg'g / cfb]zaf6 u7g x'g] cfof]u, af]8{, sf]if, kl/ifb\, ;ldlt nufot s]Gb|df /xg] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfx¿ kb{5g . @)$* ;fndf s]Gb|Lo ;ª\u7gx¿sf] ;+Vof !!( /x]sf]df @)%% ;fn ;Dddf of] ;+Vof j[l4 eO{ !&& k'u]sf] / @)&) ;fn c;f/ d;fGt;DDf cfOk'Ubf s]Gb|Lo ;ª\u7gx¿sf] :f+Vof j[l4 x'guO{ @^& sfod /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

! DfGqfnosf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0fsf] k'g/fjnf]sg

s]lGb|o ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfsf] k|d'v cfwf/ dGqfnosf] u7g / o;sf] sfo{If]q x'g] ePsf]n] dGqfnosf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f / o; k|s[ofdf ;'wf/sf] 5nkmn ubf{ o;sf] P]ltxfl;s kIf k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo / k|hftGqsf] jxfnL kl5 @))& ;fndf ( j6f s]Gb|Lo ljefux¿ -u[x, cy{, :jfoQ zf;g, k//fi6«, lzIff, /Iff, :jf:Yo, pBf]u / jg_ sfod ul/Psf lyP . tTsfnLg ;dodf plNnlvt ljefux¿sf] k|d'vsf] ¿kdf ;lrj /xg] ePsf]n] ;lrjfno klg elgGYof] / log} ljefu jf ;lrjfnoaf6 ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ul/GYof] . lj=;+= @))* ;fndf dft[sfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] k|wfgdGqLTjdf ul7t ;/sf/df u[x Joj:yf / k//fi6«, k'ln; h]n / a|f]8sf:6, /Iff, cy{, :yfgLo :jfoQ / :jf:Yo, pBf]u jfl0fHo, lzIff, oftfoft / h+un, ljsf; / klAns jS;{, s[lif e'\"ld Joj:yf / vfB, Kffln{ofd]06, / sfg'g dGqfno sfod ul/Psf] lyof] .

@)!% ;fndf sfo{ ljefhg lgodfjnLåf/f sfod ePsf DfGqfnox¿ M lj=;+= @)!% ;fndf tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL agfO{ !) j6f dGqfnox¿ -u[x, k//fi6«, /Iff, cy{, pBf]u tyf jfl0fHo, lgdf{0f tyf ;~rf/, lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g, vfB s[lif gx/ tyf jg, sfg'g tyf ;+;bLo k|aGw_ u7g u/]sf] lyof] .

@)!% sf] cfd lgjf{rgkl5 u7g ePsf] ;/sf/sf dGqfnox¿ M lj=;+= @)!% ;fnsf] cfd lgjf{rg kZrft k|wfgdGqL ljZj]Zj/ k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[Tjdf u7g ePsf] ;/sf/df !# dGqfnox¿ -cy{ cfos/ / of]hgf ljsf;, :jf:Yo, vfB s[lif tyf jg, lgdf{0f ;~rf/ tyf gx/, dfnkf]t -e"ld;"wf/_, k//fi6«, u[x, sfg'g, /Iff, :jfoQ zf;g, pBf]u jfl0fHo, lzIff, ;+;bLo k|aGw_ /x]sf lyP .

@)!& b]lv @)$& ;DDf lgb{nLo k~rfotL zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;dodf dGqfnosf] ;+Vof j[l4 ePsf] kfOG5 . @)@% ;fndf dGqfnosf] ;+Vof !^ k'u]sf] lyof] . @)#! ;fndf dGqfnosf] ;+Vof !& sfod ul/of] . @)## ;fndf of] ;+Vof !^ g} sfod ul/of] . @)#^ ;fndf dGqfnosf] ;+Vof k'g !& k'¥ofO{of] / @)#& ;fndf dGqfnosf ;+Vof !* sfod ul/of] . @)#* ;fndf dGqfnosf] ;Vof j[l4 ul/ @) sfod ul/of] .

187

@)$! ;fndf dGqfnosf] ;+Vof @! Kf'¥ofO{of] / @)$& ;fn;DDf dGqfnosf] ;+Vof @! g} sfod /x]sf] lyof] .

@)$* ;fnsf] k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]un] l;kmfl/; u/]sf dGqfnox¿ M Kf|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)$* n] tTsfnLg ;dodf sfod /x]sf @! dGqfnox¿ -dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno afx]s_ sf] ;+VofnfO{ 36fP/ !* dGqfno sfod ug]{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] . k|:tfljt dGqfnox¿ cy{, pBf]u jfl0fHo, s[lif, sfg'g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf, u[x, hn>f]t, lgdf{0f tyf oftfoft, k//fi6«, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\og, /Iff, jg tyf e";+/If0f, lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt, ;fdfGo k|zf;g, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/, :yfgLo :jzf;g tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;, :jf:Yo, >d, e"ld;'wf/ tyf e"ld Joj:yf dGqfno /x]sf lyP .

@)%@ ;fndf yk ePsf DfGqfnox¿ M @)$* ;fnsf] k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]un] dGqfnosf] ;+Vof !* sfod ug]{ l;kmfl/z u/]sf eP klg @)%@ ;fndf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL z]/ axfb'/ b]pjf ;/sf/sf] ;dodf tTsfn sfod /x]sf @! dGqfnodf % -dlxnf tyf ;dfh sNof0f, o'jf v]ns'b tyf ;+:s[lt, hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f, ;+;bLo Joj:yf, / lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno_yk u/L dGqfnosf] ;+Vof @^ k'¥ofOsf] lyof]] . dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;lxt of] ;+Vof @& lyof] . @^ dGqfnox¿df /Iff, >d, pBf]u, ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/, cfjf; tyf ef}lts of]hgf, u[x, lzIff, hn>f]t, ko{6g tyf gful/s p88og, cy{, k//fi6«, lgdf{0f tyf oftfoft, :jf:Yo, s[lif, sfg'g tyf Gofo, :yfgLo ljsf;, cfk"lt{, e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, dlxnf tyf ;dfh sNof0f, o'jf v]ns'b tyf ;+:s[lt, ;fdfGo k|zf;g, hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f, ;+;bLo Joj:yf, jfl0fHo, jg tyf e";+/If0f /x]sf lyP . o; ;dodf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;+Vof $* /x]sf] lyof] .

Hf]=6L= sG;N6\ofG6 Kf|ltj]bg, @)%& n] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] dGqfnosf] ;+VofM Gf]kfn ;/sf/sf] cg'/f]wdf PlzofnL ljsf; Af}+ssf] Kf|fljlws ;xof]udf l;+ufk'/sf] h]g]6 6] sG;N6\ofG6n] g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/sf] nflu @)%& :ffndf tof/ u/]sf] sfo{of]hgfdf ;/sf/sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g u/L tTsfnLg ;dodf sfod /x]sf] dlGqkl/ifb\\ ;lrjfno afx]s @^ dGqfnosf] ;+VofnfO{ 36fP/ !& sfod ug'{kg]{ k|:tfj u/]sf] lyof] . k|:tfljt dGqfnox¿df :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g, k//fi6«, /Iff, jg, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof, s[lif tyf e"ld ;'wf/, lzIff o"jf tyf v]ns'b, ko{6g tyf ;+:s[lt, oftfoft tyf gful/s p8og / ;~rf/,k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, jfl0fHo pBf]u tyf cfk"lt{, hn>f]t tyf pmhf{, >d tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;, u[x, sfg'g tyf Gofo / cy{ dGqfno /x]sf lyP . h]=l6= sG;N6ofG6sf] ;'wf/ sfo{of]hgfdf l;kmfl/; ul/P cg';f/ dGqfnosf] ;+Vof !& sfod x'g ;s]g .

@)%& ;fndf sfod ul/Psf] dGqfnosf] ;+Vof M @)%& j}zfv ^ ut]sf] lg0f{on] tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/n] To; ;dodf sfod /x]sf dlGqkl/ifb\\ ;lrjfno afx]ssf @^ dGqfnosf] ;+Vof w}/} dx;'; u/L of] ;+VofnfO{ 36fP/ @! sfod u/]sf] lyof] . cyf{t dlGqkl/ifb\\ ;lrjfno ;lxt dGqfnosf] ;+Vof @@ sfod ul/Psf] lyof] .

188

@)^% ;fndf sfod /x]sf DfGqfnox¿ M lj=;+= @)^$ r}t @* df ;DkGGf ;+ljwfg :fefsf] lgjf{rg kZrft @)^% ;fndf k|wfgdGqL k'iksdn bfxfn-k|r08_ sf] g]t[Tjdf u7g ePsf] ;/sf/df k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no afx]s @$ dGqfno/x]sf lyP . dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f, e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf, u[x, cy{, k//fi6«, /Iff, ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f, hn;|f]t, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L, pBf]u, sfg'g Gofo tyf ;+ljwfg;ef Joj:yf, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{, o'jf tyf v]ns'b, ;fdfGo k|zf;g, ko{6g tyf gful/s p88og, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof, lzIff, jg tyf e";+/If0f, zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f, ;+:s[lt tyf /fHo k'g;{+/rgf, :yfgLo ljsf;, >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf, jftfj/0f lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno .

@)^^ ;fndf dGqfnosf] ;+Vof M lj=;+= @)^^ ;fndf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL dfwjs'df/ g]kfnsf] g]t[Tjdf u7g ePsf] ;/sf/df dGqfnosf] ;+Vof k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no afx]s @% /x]sf] lyof] . tTsfnLg ;dodf sfod /x]sf] hn:f|f]t dGqfnonfO{ pmhf{ dGqfno / l;+rfOdGqfnodf ljefhg u/L dGqfnosf] ;+Vof j[l4 ul/]]Psf] lyof] . o; dlGqkl/ifb\\df dGqLx¿sf] ;+Vof $$ /x]sf] lyof] .

@)^( df sfod ul/Psf dGqfnox¿ M lj=;+= @)^( ;fndf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{sf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] ;/sf/n] @)^(.@.% df tt\sfnLg ;dodf sfod /x]sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^$ vf/]h / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] -sfo{ljefhg_ lgodfjnL, @)^( hf/L u/L k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;lxt dGqfnosf] ;+Vof @& sfod u/]sf] lyof] . o; cg';f/ @)&) c;f/:fDd sfod /x]sf @& dGqfnox¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g . k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, /Iff, ;xsf/L tyf ul/AfL lgjf/0f, u[x, k//fi6«, sfg'g Gofo ;+ljwfg;ef tyf :f+;bLo dfldnf, >d tyf /f]huf/, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f, e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf, ;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf;, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof, ;fdfGo k|zf;g, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/, lzIff, cy{, pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft, ;x/L ljsf;, s[lif ljsf;, jg tyf e";+/If0f, o'jf tyf v]ns'b, zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f, ;+:s[lt ko{6g tyf gful/s p88og, pmhf{, lj1fg k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f, / l;+rfO dGqfno . o; dlGqkl/ifb\df dGqLx?sf] ;+Vof $* /x]sf] lyof] .

dGqfno / ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfsf] ;+Vofsf ;DaGwdf ;ldltdf Kf|fKt ;'emfj o; Kf|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldltdf k|fKt ePsf ;'emfjx¿df @& dGqfnosf ;+Vof 36fP/ !! b]lv !* ;Dd sfod ug'{ kg]{ ;'emfjx¿ k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . ljutsf k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u / ;ldltx¿n] dGqfnosf] ;+Vof / ;/sf/L ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfsf] cfsf/ lglZrt ug'{ kg]{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] eP klg ;/sf/L ;+/rgf lj:tf/ eO/x]sf] k|lt ;'emfjx¿df ;ldltsf] Wofgfsif{0f ul/Psf] 5 . dGqfnosf] ;+Vof ;Fu} ljleGGf cfof]u, af]8{, sf]if, s]Gb|, k|lti7fg, ;ldlt nufotsf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf lj:tf/ ePsf] ljifo klg uDeL/ rf;f]sf] ¿kdf pNn]v eO{ cfPsf] 5 . ;ldltdf k|fKt ;'efjx¿df ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfsf] lj:tf/ Pj+ sfo{If]qsf] s6f}tL ePsf ;+/rgfsf] k'gd"{NofÍg u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ x/]s ;+/rgfsf] ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ug'{kg]{ ljifonfO{ Kf|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ ljifo pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . sfg'gL ¿kdf g} dGqfnosf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ Pj+ o;sf nflu lglZrt ljlw / k|lqmof th'{df ug'{kg]{ / /fhgLlts ;Gt'ng Pj+ ;dLs/0fsf sf/0f dGqfnosf] ;+Vof Pj+

189

sfo{If]q lgwf{/0f / k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf lj:tf/ ul/g' x'+b}g eGg] ;'emfjx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf nflu ;+;bn] agfPsf] P]gåf/f ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ljefhg Jojl:yt ul/g' kb{5 eGg] ;'emfj klg /x]sf] 5 .

dGqfno Pj+ dGqLx¿sf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0fsf ;DaGwdf gful/s ;dfh / cfd hgdfg;df klg k|z:t l6sfl6KKf0fLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/n] dGqfno / dGqLx¿sf] ;+Vof /fhgLlts clei6 k"/f ug{ dfq j[l4 ug]{ u/]sf] cf/f]k nflu/x]sf] 5 . dGqfnosf] lglZrt ;+Vof ;+ljwfgdf g} pNn]v ul/g' kg]{ / dGqLx¿sf] ;+Vof ;+;bsf] s"n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] !) k|ltzt dfq sfod ul/g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf klg /x]sf] 5 . hgpQ/bfoL ;/sf/n] gful/s ;dfh / cfd hg;d'bfoaf6 p7]sf o; lsl;dsf l6sfl6KKf0fL / /fo ;'emfjx¿nfO{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgf tof/ ubf{ lng'kg]{ cfwf/x¿ ;/sf/n] s'g} klg txdf, cyf{t s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo txdf gofF ;ª\u7g ;[hgf ubf{, eO/x]sf] ;ª\u7g k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{, Ps lsl;dsf] ;ª\u7g :j¿kdf /x]sf] s'g} ;ª\u7gnfO{ csf]{ ;ª\u7gdf kl/jt{g jf ldnfg ubf{ ;ª\u7gsf] p2]Zo, sfo{If]q, sfo{af]em, sfo{k|s[lt, sfo{ k|0ffnL, lgoGq0f tyf cg'udgsf] ;Ldf Pj+ Ifdtf / k|fljlws kIfnfO{ Wofg lbg' kb{5 . To;}u/L /fhgLlts, cfly{s, k|zf;lgs kIf, /fli6«o gLlt, ljBdfg sfg'gL Joj:yf / sfo{If]q cg';f/ cGt/f{li6«o jftfj/0fsf] klg ljZn]if0f ul/g' kb{5 . o;}u/L gofF ;ª\u7gsf] u7g, k'gu{7g, eO/x]sf] ;ª\u7g jf o;sf] sfo{If]q cGo ;ª\u7gdf ;dfof]hg ubf{ kb;f]kg, lg0f{o ug]{ tx, ;dGjo, ;+rf/ k|0ffnL, sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf; nufotsf kIfx¿df ;d]t Wofg lbOg' kb{5 .

! dGqfnosf] u7g, k'gu{7g, sfo{If]q kl/jt{g / vf/]hL ;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f $# df /x]sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ;~rfng ;DaGwL Joj:yf, dGqfnosf] u7g, k'gu{7g, sfoIf]q, kl/jt{g / vf/]hLsf] ljifo cGt{ut kb{5 . o; wf/fdf b]xfosf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 M

-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;~rfng ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgf, /fhgLlts ;xdtL / ;xsfo{sf] :f+:s[lt cg'¿k ul/g]5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{;~Rffngsf] gLlTfut cfwf/ cfk;L ;xdtLaf6 tof/ ul/Psf] Go"gtd ;femf sfo{qmd x'g]5 .

-v_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t lgodfjnL adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ljefhg / sfo{ ;Dkfbg x'g]5 .

-u_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg tyf sfo{;Dkfbg lgodfjnLsf] kfngf eof] jf ePg eGg] k|Zg s'g} cbfntdf p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g .

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $# sf] pkwf/f -@_ sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ;/sf/n] dGqfnosf] ;+Vof yk36 / sfo{If]q kl/jt{g ug]{ ub{5 . ;/sf/sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfdf ;a}eGbf a9\tf km]/jbn Pj+ yk36 eO/x]sf] ;+/rgf dGqfno g} /x+b} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df dGqfnosf] ;+Vof slt sfod ubf{ plrt x'G5 / s] cfwf/df dGqfno yk36 ug'{kb5{ eGg] j:t'lgi7 cfwf/x¿ tof/ ul/Psf] 5}g . of] ljifo k"0f{ ¿kdf /fhgLlts lg0f{osf] ljifo eO{ cfPsf] 5 . ljZjJofkLs/0f / jftfj/0fdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] lautdf dGqfnosf] cfjZostf g/x]sf] If]qdf cfh

190

cfjZostf /x]sf] x'g ;S5 . To:t} lxhf] ;/sf/n] dfq ug]{ u/]sf] sfd cfh lghL If]q / u}x|;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx¿sf] pkl:yltsf] sf/0f ;/sf/n] lgodg ubf{ dfq x'g] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df dGqfnox¿ yk ubf{ jf Pp6f dGqfno csf]{ dGqfnodf ;dfof]hg ubf{ jf Ps dGqfnosf] sfo{If]q csf]{ s'g} dGqfnodf kl/jt{g ubf{ s'g} ulx/f] cWoog ljZn]if0f ePsf] kf+Ob}g . DfGqfnosf] ;+Vof /fhgLlts sf/0fn] a9fpg' k/]df, /fhgLlts ;lDfs/0fsf] sf/0f dGqLsf] kb lbg'kg]{ u/L dGqfno yk ug]{, dGqfno ljefhg ug]{ Pj+ sfo{If]q kl/jt{g ug]{ ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . xfd|f] /fhgLlts cEof;n] oxL g} b]vfpF5 .

@ lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf;DaGwL lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] Joj:yf

s'g} gof+ ;/sf/L sfof{no :yfkgf ug{ ;+/rgf tof/ ubf{ / gofF b/aGbL ;[hgf ubf{ jf tTsfn sfod /x]sf] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf / b/aGbLdf k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ jf x]/km]/ ubf{ ;DaGwLt dGqfnon] sfo{qmd, sfo{af]em, sfo{k|s[lt tyf b/aGbL yk ug'{ kg]{ sf/0f, cf}lrTo / pknAw dfgj >f]t ;d]tsf cfwf/df ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L cy{ dGqfnosf] ;xdlt lnO{ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf k7fpg' kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o;/L cy{ dGqfnosf] ;xdlt;lxtsf] ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0fsf] k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] d"NofÍg u/L :jLs[ltsf] nflu dlGqkl/ifb\\df k|:tfj k]z ug]{ / dlGqkl/ifb\\af6 :jLs[t ePdf dfq To:tf] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf / b/aGbL sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;lsG5 . t/ Jojxf/df o; k|lqmofsf] k"0f{ kl/kfng x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g .

;ª\u7g ;+/rgf tof/ ubf{ lng' kg]{ gLltx¿ ;/sf/n] s]Gb| b]lv :yfgLo:t/Lo ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf tof/ ubf{ b]xfo cg';f/sf] gLlt cjnDag ug'{kb{5 M

!= s]Gb|Lo ;ª\u7g

lghfdtL lstfavfgfaf6 k|fKt @)&) sf] clen]v cg';f/ s]Gb|Lo:t/sf] ;ª\u7gsf] ;+Vof @^& /x]sf] 5 / of] ;+Vof @)%% df sfod /x]sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ª\u7g ;+Vof !&& eGbf () n] al9 b]lvG5 . s]Gb|Lo ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfdf ePsf] o; lsl;dsf] j[l4 ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / ;ª\3Lotf b'a} b[li6sf]0fn] d]n vfg] ljifo xf]O{g . To;}n] ;/sf/n] s]Gb|df ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf ;[hgf gug]{ / ePsfnfO{ klg k'glj{rf/ ul/ 36fpg] gLlt lng' kb{5 . ;/sf/n] s]Gb| b]lv :yfgLo :t/sf] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf tof/ ubf{ b]xfo cg';f/sf] gLlt cjnDag ug'{ kb{5 .

!=! dGqfno

s]Gb|Lo ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfdf km]/abn eO{/xg] ;+/rgf dGqfnox¿sf] ;+Vof xf] . xfn k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;lxt @& dGqfnox¿ /x]sf 5g . dGqfnosf] of] :f+Vof g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df w]/} ePsf] / ;+Vof sd x'g' kb5{ eGGf] dfu lj1, hgdfg; / gful/s ;dfhaf6 eO/x]sf] 5 . o;}n] ;/sf/n] dGqfnosf] ;+Vof 36fpg' kb{5 / o;sf nflu tflnsf g+= @ df pNn]v eP cg';f/ Kf|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no;lxt !* dGqfnox¿ dfq

191

sfod ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . cyf{t k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no afx]s dGqfnosf] ;+Vof !& sfod ug]{ gLlt lng' kb{5 .

!=@ ljefu / ljefu:t/sf lgsfo

s]Gb|Lo ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfdf ljefu / ljefu:t/sf lgsfox¿ klg kb{5g . ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] @)^( df tof/ u/]sf] g]kfnsf] s]lGb|o ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfdf ljleGg dGqfno cGtu{t /x]sf ljefu / ljefu:t/sf lgsfox¿sf] ;+Vof &% /x]sf] 5 . dGqfnosf] ;+Vofdf x'g] yk36n] ljefu / o;:t/sf ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfdf klg km]/abn / yk36 x'g] ub{5 . To;}n] ;/sf/n] dGqfnosf] ;+Vof 36fpg] gLlt ;Fu} ljefu / ljefu:t/sf lgsfox¿sf] ;+Vof klg ;dfof]hg ub}{ 36fP/ hfg] gLlt lng' kb{5 .

!=#= If]qLo ;ª\u7g

lghfdtL lstfj vfgfsf] @)&) sf] tYof+s cg';f/ ;/sf/sf If]qLo ;ª\u7gsf] ;+Vof !%( /x]sf] 5 . of] ;+Vof @)%% ;fndf sfod /x]sf] !)# sf] ;+Vof eGbf %^ n] al9 5 . If]qLo ;ª\u7gsf] a9f]Q/L klg ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / ;ª\3Lotfsf] cjwf/0ff cg's"n gx'g] ePsf]n] ;/sf/n] xfn sfod /x]sf If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{no nufotsf If]qLo ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf lj:yflkt ug]{ gLlt lng' kb5{ .

!=$ c~rn:t/Lo ;7g

lghfdtL lstfavfgfsf] @)&) sf] tYof+sdf clxn] klg @& c~rn:t/Lo ;ª\u7gx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . of] ;+Vof @)%% df sfod /x]sf] &* sf] t'ngfdf lgs} sld xf] . Tffklg ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / ;ª\3Lotfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 w]/} txsf] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf pko'Qm gx'g] ePsf]n] ;/sf/n] c~rn:t/Lo ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf klg k"0f{ ¿kdf lj:yflkt ug'{ kb{5 . ut ;+ljwfg ;ef, /fHo k'g;+{/rgf ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf ;ª\3Lotfdf c~rn:t/sf] ;+/rgf /x]sf] 5}g . To;}n] klg c~rn:t/Lo ;ª\u7gsf] sfdx¿ ;f]em} :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ lgIf]k0f ug'{ kb{5 .

!=% :yfgLo ;ª\u7g

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g @)%% cg';f/ lhNnf, gu/ / ufFp ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ :yfgLo lgsfodf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . oL lgsfo cGt/ut /x]sf ;ª\u7gx¿ :yfgLo ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfdf kb{5g\ . lghfdtL lstfavfgfaf6 k|fKt @)&) sf] tYof+s cg';f/ xfn lHfNnf:t/sf !^$( / :yfgLo Pj+ u|fdL0f:t/sf cyf{t gu/ / ufFpdf /x]sf ^^*& ;d]t ul/ :yfgLo:t/sf ;ª\u7gx¿sf] s"n ;+Vof *##^ /x]sf] 5 . :f+3Lotf ;+/rgf cGtu{t w]/} eGbf w]/} clwsf/x¿ :yfgLo lgsfodf /xg] ePsf]n] ;/sf/sf] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf :yfgLo txdf km/flsnf] x'g] / hgtfn] glhsaf6 ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ cj;/ /xG5 . /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf ;ldltn] :yflgo txdf gu/ / ufpF:t/nfO{ dfq ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . cyf{t k|:tfljt ;ª\3Lotf ;+/rgfdf lHfNnf:t/sf] ;+/rgf /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5}g . tTsfnLg ;+ljwfg;efsf] /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf tyf /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;ldltn] s]Gb|, k|b]z, / :yfgLotx -gu/ / ufpF_ sf]

192

;+/rgf dfq /xg] ul/ u/]sf] k|:tfjnfO{ klg ;/sf/n] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf ;DaGwL gLlt tof/ ubf{ cfwf/ lng' kb{5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf ;DaGwdf txut ;+/rgf, clwsf/, sd{rf/L k|zf;g nufotsf cfwf/e"t ljifox¿ ;+ljwfgåf/f g} lglZrt x'g'kb{5 .

Kf|:tfljt DfGqfnox¿ dGqfnosf] u7g, vf/]hL Pj+ k'gu{7gsf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"'ld, o;sf nflu x+'b} cfPsf] /fhgLlts cEof;, dGqfnosf] ;+Vof ;DaGwdf ljut k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]ux¿n] lbPsf ;'emfj, k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldltdf ljleGg lj1, ;/sf/L lgsfo / u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿af6 k|fKt ;'emfj, gful/s ;dfh Pj+ cfd hgdfg;af6 JoQm /fo Pj+ efjgf / jt{dfg ;dodf ;/sf/n] a9\tf Wofg lbg'kg]{ ljifo / If]qx¿ ;d]tnfO{ cWoog ljZn]if0f ubf{ b]xfosf] tflnsf g+= @ cg';f/sf DfGqfno sfod ug{ pko'Qm b]lvPsfn] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . ;'emfjdf xfn sfod /x]sf] Kf|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;lxt @& dGqfnosf] ;+VofnfO{ 36fP/ !* sfod ug]{ u/L k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 .

Tfflnsf g+= @

k|:tfljt dGqfnox¿

xfn sfod /x]sf DfGqfno

Kf|:tfljt DfGqfno l6Kk0fL

!= k|wfgdGqL tyf DflGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no

!= k|wfgdGqL tyf DflGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no

zflGt tyf k'glg{df0f dGqfnosf] zflGt :yfkgf / åGå Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{ a9L /fhgLlts k|s[ltsf] ePsf]n] k|wfgdGqL sfof{non] ug]{ / åGåsfndf Wj:t ePsf k"jf{wf/x¿ ;DalGwt dGqfno / lgsfox¿n] ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] . xfn sfod /x]sf] zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfno vf/]h ug]{ . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( df k|wfgdGqL sfof{nosf] sfoIf]qdf plNnlvt ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfof{no, g]kfn 6«i6sf] sfof{no, u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]if, gofF g]kfn lgdf{0f sf]if ToxfFaf6 x6fO{ qmdzM cy{ dGqfno, ;+:s[lt dGqfno, s[lif dGqfno / lgdf{0f dGqfno cGtu{t /fVg] . k|wfgdGqL sfof{nonfO{ cg'udg, ;'kl/j]If0f, lg/LIf0f, lgoGq0f, ;dGjo ug]{ e"ldsf lbOg' kg]{ . dGqfnon] ug]{ vfnsf lhDd]jf/L k|wfgdGqL sfof{nodf /fVg' pko'Qm gx'g] . k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{non] k|efjsf/L¿kdf cg'udg / ;dGjosf] sfd ug]{ .

@= cy{ dGqfno @= cy{ dGqfno oyfjt\

#= pBf]u DfGqfno #= pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ DfGqfno

pBf]u dGqfno / jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf] cfwf/e"t sfo{x¿ Ps} k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] / ljutdf klg oL b'a} dGqfnox¿ Pp6} dGqfnodf /x]sf]n] 5'6\ofpg' cf}lrTo"'0f{ b]lvGg . o; If]qdf lghL If]q ;+nUg x'g] ePsf]n] Pp6} dGqfno sfod u/L lgodgsf/L e"ldsf

193

k|efjsf/L agfpg] . $= pmhf{ dGqfno $=hn>f]t tyf pmhf{

DfGqfno pmhf{ dGqfno / l;+rfO{ dGqfnonfO{ Pp6} dGqfno sfod u/L o;sf] gfd hn>f]t tyf pmhf{ dGqfno sfod ug{' g} pko'Qm x'g] . o; eGbf cufl8 klg Pp6} hn>f]t dGqfno /x]sf] lyof] . b]zsf] hn>f]tsf] ax'cfolds pkof]u Pp6} dGqfnoaf6 ug]{ gLlt lnOg' kg]{ .

%= sfg'g, Gofo, :f+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno

%= sfg'g tyf Gofo dGqfno

;+ljwfg;ef / ;+;bLo dfldnf ;DaGwL ljifo sfo{If]qdf /fvL gfdaf6 oL zAb x6fpg] . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cfb]z ;d]tsf cfwf/df sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{no of] dGqfnosf] sfo{If]q leq Nofpg] .

^= s[lif ljsf; dGqfno

^= s[lif, Ef"ld Joj:yfkg tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno

s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno / ;xsf/L tyf u/LaL lgjf/0f DfGqfnonfO{ PsLs/0f u/L s[lif, e"ld Joj:yfkg, tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno sfod ul/g' kg]{ . e"ldsf] oyf]lrt Joj:yfkgnfO{ s[lif ljsf;;Fu cfa4 ug{ ;lsG5 . ul/jL lgjf/0f /fli6«o nIo ePsf]n] ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd cGtu{t o; ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L ;DalGwt If]qut dGqfnoaf6 u/LaL lgjf/0f nIopGd'v sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;dGjodf ubf{ pko'Qm x'G5 . o;}u/L u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]if klg /x]sf]n] o; ;DaGwL 5'6\6} dGqfno /xg' cfjZos gb]lvg] .

&= u[x DfGqfno &= u[x DfGqfno oyfjt\, t/ sfo{ ljefhg lgodfjnLdf plNnlvt tLy{:yfg / tLy{ofqL Pjd\ wfdL{s ljifo, ;fj{hlgs pT;j ;DaGwL ljifo u[x dGqfnoaf6 x6fO{ :f+:s[lt tyf ko{6g dGqfno cGtu{t /fVg' plrt x'g] .

*= k//fi6« DfGqfno *=k//fi6« DfGqfno oyfjt

(=Ef"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno

Vff/]h ug]{ o; dGqfnosf] sfo{If]q s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnodf ;dfof]hg ug]{ e"ldsf] oyf]lrt Joj:yfkg / pkof]uaf6 b]zsf] s[lif ljsf; / ;xsfl/tf Pp6} dGqfnoaf6 ug]{ .

!)= ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfno

(= ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfno

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfno /fVg] / xfn 5'6} sfod /x]sf] zx/L ljsf; dGqfnosf] sfd o; dGqfnodf g} ldnfg ul/g' kg]{ . lsgsL zx/L ljsf; ;DaGwL ljifo o; cufl8 klg ef}lts of]hgf dGqfno cGtu{t /x]sf] lyof] . csf]{ tkm{ zx/L ljsf;sf] sfo{ gu/kflnsfx¿n] a9L :jfoQ ¿kdf klg ub}{ cfPsf]n] zx/L ljsf; ;DaGwL 5'§} dGqfno u7g ul/g' cf}lrTok"0f{ gb]lvg] .

!!= Dflxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f DfGqfno

!)= Dflxnf, afnjflnsf, cNk;+Vos tyf ;dfhsNof0f DfGqfno

Dflxnfx¿sf] ;du| cj:yfsf] ;'wf/ / afnaflnsfsf] pTyfg Pj+ ljsf;sf nflu /fHon] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ bfloTj / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3n] dlxnf ;zlQms/0f / afnaflnsf Pjd\ cNk;+Vossf] lxtsf] nflu lbPsf] k|fyldstf ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ o; dGqfnonfO{ sfod} /fVg'

194

pko'Qm xg] . !@= o'jf tyf v]ns"b DfGqfno

Vff/]h ug]{

o'jf tyf v]ns"b ;DaGwL sfo{If]qnfO{ k'gu{l7t o'jf, /f]huf/ tyf >d DfGqfnodf ;dfof]hg ug{ pko'Qm x'g] .

!#= /Iff DfGqfno !!= /Iff dGqfno oyfjt\

!$= jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfno

!@= jg, e";+/If0f tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno

jftfj/0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnosf] sfo{If]q cGtu{tsf] jftfj/0f ;DjlGw sfo{If]q k'gu{l7t jg, e";+/If0f tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno cGtu{t /fVg] .

!%= jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno

Vff/]h ug]{ pBf]u dGqfnodf ;dfof]hg ug]{ .

!^= Jfftfj/0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno

Vff/]h ug]{ Jfftfj/0f ;DaGwL sfd jg, e";+/If0f tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno / lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ;DaGwL sfd lzIff dGqfno cGtu{t /fVg] .

!&= zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfno

Vff/]h ug]{ zflGt / åGå Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt sfd k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{non] ug]{ / k'glg{df{0fsf] sfd klg k|wfgdGqL sfof{nosf] ;dGjodf ;DalGwt lgsfox¿ dfkm{t ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] Joj:yf u/L 5'§} dGqfno sfod /fVg' gkg]{ .

!*= lzIff dGqfno !#= lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ;DaGwL ljifo lzIff / cWoog cg';Gwfg tyf k|of]u;Fu ;DalGwt ePsfn] o;nfO{ lzIff dGqfnodf ;dfof]hg ug{ pko'Qm x'g] . cfjZostf cg';f/ ljifo cg';f/sf ljefux¿ sfod ug]{ .

!(= >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno

!$= o'jf, /f]huf/ tyf >d DfGqfno

>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnonfO{ k'gu{7g u/L o'jf, /f]huf/ tyf >d DfGqfno sfod ug]{ . o'jf, /f]huf/ / >d Ps cfk;df a9L ;DalGwt 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df o'jfsf] ljifo /f]huf/L;Fu ;DalGwt eP/ p7\g] u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] o'jf, /f]huf/ tyf tyf >d ;DaGwL ljifox¿df Ps} dGqfnoaf6 ;dGjofTds ¿kdf gLlt lgdf{0f / sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ pko'Qm x'G5 . o:tf] v]ns"b ;DaGwL ljifo klg o; dGqfno cGtu{t /fVbf pko'Qm x'G5 . v]ns"b kl/ifb :jfoQ ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf sfo{/t ePsf]n] v]ns"b ;DaGwL ljifosf] nflu cnu dGqfno cfjZos gkg]{ . o; k'gu{l7t dGqfnon] gLltut ljifodf ;dGjo ubf{ k'Ug] .

@)= ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og DfGqfno

!%= ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og DfGqfno

tLy{:yfg, tLy{ofqL / wfld{s ljifo u[x dGqfnosf] sfo{If]qaf6 o; dGqfnosf] sfo{If]q leq kfg]{ .

@!= ;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :YffgLo ljsf; dGqfno

!^= ;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :YffgLo ljsf; dGqfno

oyfjt\ ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf tof/ gx'Fbf;Dd :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] sfd /lx/xG5 . To;kl5 ;ª\3Lo dfldnfdfq /xg] u/L Joj:yf ug]{ .

@@= ;xsf/L tyf u/LaL lgjf/0f dGqfno

Vff/]h ug]{ ;xsf/L ;DaGwL sfo{If]q s[lif dGqfnodf ;dfof]hg ug]{ / u/LaL lgjf/0fsf] sfd /fli6«o nIosf] ¿kdf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]ifsf] ;dGjodf

195

;DalGwt ;a} dGqfnosf] sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ug]{ . @#= ;x/L ljsf; DfGqfno

Vff/]h ug]{ zx/L ljsf; dGqfnosf] sfd ef}lts k"jf{wf/ dGqfno cGtu{t g} /fVg pko'Qm x'g] . o; dGqfnodf g} ;x/L ljsf;sf] Kf|fljlws ljz]if1tf /x]sf] 5 . 5'6} dGqfno sfod ul/g' bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf cfjZos gkg]{ .

@$= ;fdfGo Kf|zf;g DfGqfno

Vff/]h ug]{ s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L lgsfosf] ¿kdf lghfdtL ;]jf ;~rfng / Kf|zf;g ;'wf/sf] ljifo k|wfgdGqL sfof{non] x]g]{, ;¿jf ;DaGwL gLltut Joj:yf, cGt/ dGqfno ;dGjo / sfof{Gjogsf nflu d'Vo ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf ;ldlt u7g ug]{, hgzlQm ljsf;, sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxL ;DaGWfL sfdsf] ;dGjo nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ug]{ .

@%= l;+rfO{ dGqfno

vf/]h ug]{ l;+rfO{ dGqfnosf] sfd k'gM k|:tfljt hn>f]t tyf pmhf{ dGqfnodf ;dfof]hg ug]{ .

@^= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno

!&= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno

oyfjt\

@&= :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno

!*=:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno

oyfjt\

;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL / dGqfnosf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] rf}yf] ;+;f]wgn] -@)^%.@.!^_ g]kfnnfO{ ;ª\3Lo /fHodf kl/0ft ug]{ 3f]if0ff ul/;s]sf] / ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ sfo{ klxnf] ;+ljwfg ;efn] gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{ ;s]g / ;+ljwfg ;efsf] bf|];|f] lgjf{rgåf/f ;+ljwfg agfpg] cleofgdf d'n's nfu]sf] 5 . ljut ;+ljwfg ;ef -@)^%–@)^(_n] ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{ g;s] klg o; cGtu{tsf] /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf / /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;ldltn] ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf s] s:tf] clwsf/ ;+3 cyf{t s]Gb||df /xg] / s] s:tf] clwsf/ k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/df /xg' kb{5 eGg] ljifosf] ;"rL tof/ u/]sf] 5 . ;ª\3Lotf ;DaGwL cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf, ljut ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ljifout ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg / cfufdL ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 lgwf{l/t x'g] ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfsf] :j¿knfO{ cfFsng ubf{ s]Gb|df dGqfnosf] ;+Vof sd x'g' kb{5 .

;ª\3Lotfdf ;+3 cyf{t s]Gb|sf] clwsf/ ;"rL ;ª\3Lotfdf w]/} sfd / clwsf/x¿ s]Gb|df /xg' x'+b}g eGg] ;j{dfGo dfGotfg} xf] . o;} dfGotfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} ut ;+ljwfg ;ef /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf b]xfosf ljifox¿ ;+3 cyf{t s]Gb| ;/sf/n] x]g]{ ul/ ;"rL tof/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

!= /Iff / ;]gf, @=s]Gb|Lo k|x/Ljn, #=s]Gb|Lo Af}+s, ljlQo gLlt, df}lb|s gLlTf, ljb]zL cg'bfg, ;xof]u / C0f, $=s]Gb||Lo b'/;+rf/,/]l8of] lk|mSjG;Lsf] afF8kmfF8,6]lnlehg / x'nfs, %=eG;f/, cGtz'Ns, d"No clej[l4 s/, :f+:yfut cfos/, /fxbfgL, le;f, x'nfs, ko{6g b:t'/, ;]jf z'Ns b:t'/, ^= k|fs[lts >f]taf6 k|fKt /f]oN6L, &=s]Gb|Lo lghfdtL ;]jf Joj:yfkg, *=s]Gb|Lo tYof+s, (= s]Gb|Lo:t/sf 7'nf ljB't, l;+rfO{ / cGo cfof]hgf tyf kl/of]hgfx¿, !)=s]Gb|Lo

196

ljZjljBfno, s]Gb|Lo k':tsfno, !!=s]Gb|Lo :jf:Yo gLlTf, !@= ;ª\3Lo Joj:yflksf / ;ª\3Lo sfo{kflnsf ;DaGwL dfldnf, !#= cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/, ljlgdo, AfGb/ufx, Sjf/]G6fog, !$= cGt/f{li6«o tyf cGt/fHo xjfO{ p88\og, !%=ljb]z tyf s"6gLlts dfdnf / ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3 ;DaGwL, !^=cGt/fli6«o ;lGw, ;'kb{uL / cGt/fli6«o ;Ldf Joj:yfkg, !&= /fli6«o /]n tyf /fli6«o nf]sdfu{ Joj:yfkg, !*= /fli6«o u'Ktr/ tyf cg';Gwfg, !(= ;jf]{Rj cbfnt . ;+j}wflgs cbfnt, @)= gful/stf, /fxbfgL, le;f, cWofudg ;DaGwL sfg'g, @!= cf0fljs pmhf{ / cGtl/If ;DaGwL, @@= lgjf{rg cfof]u, /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u,nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u, ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL cfof]u, blnt cfof]u,/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, cfbLjf;L hghflt cfof]u, dw]zL cfof]u, clt cNk;+Vos, l;dfGts[t / lk5l8Psf] If]q pTyfg cfof]u / d'l:nd cfof]u, @#=o'4 / k|lt/Iff, @$= xftxltof/, v/vhgf sf/vfgf tyf pTkfbg ;DaGwL, @%= gfk tf}n, @^= vfgL pTvgg\, @&= jLdf gLlt, @*= kmf}Hbf/L sfGf"gsf] lgdf{0f, @(= af}l4s ;Dklt -k]6]G6, l8hfog, k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;d]t_, #)=;+3, k|b]z, :yfgLo tx tyf :jfoQ If]qsf] clwsf/sf] ;"rLdf jf ;femf ;"rLdf pNn]v gePsf] s'g} ljifodf tyf ;+ljwfg tyf ;+ljwfg cGt{utsf sfGf"gdf gtf]lsPsf] ljifo .

plNnlvt clwsf/x¿ afx]ssf ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ / ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfdx¿ k|b]z ;/sf/ / :yflgo lgsfox¿df lgIf]k0f x'g] ePsf]n] s]Gb|df ;fgf] cfsf/sf] dlGqkl/ifb\ agfpg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no ;lxt b]xfosf !@ dGqfnox¿ dfq /xg] Joj:yf ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . cyf{t ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/df k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no afx]s ljifout dGqfnosf] ;+Vof !! dfq sfod ug]{ .

;ª\3Lo ;/sf/df /xg] k|:tfljt dGqfnox¿ d'n's ;ª\3fTds ;+/rgfdf hfFbfsf] cj:yfdf lglZrt p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu d'n's e/ zf;g ug]{ s]Gb|Lo txsf] sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/, e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/Ldf w]/} k|efj kg]{ ePsf]n] To; cj:yfdf ;fgf] t/ k|efjsf/L s]Gb|Lo ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . ;f]xL cfwf/df ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf /xg] k|:tfljt dGqfnox¿ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g ;Sg]5g\ M–

qm=;+= DfGqfno sfo{If]q != k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]

sfo{fno dGqfnox¿sf] sfdsf] ;dGjo / cg'udg, ;du| zf;g Joj:yf ;'wf/sf] ljifo,

@= /Iff DfGqfno :f]gf, /fli6«o ;'/Iff, o'4 / k|lt/Iff, 7"nf xltof/ ;DaGwL ljifo,

#= cy{ dGqfno cy{tGq, s/, /fh:j, ljQLo Pj+ df}lb|s gLlt / j}b]lzs ;xof]u,

$= sfg'g tyf Gofo dGqfno /fli6«o Joj:yflksf, ;a} lsl;dsf /fli6«o sfGf"g, cbfnt, ;+j}wflgs cfof]u ;DaGwL ljifo, cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;+emf}tf

%= k//fi6« dGqfno Jf}b]lzs ;DaGw, s"6gLlts lgof]u, /fxbfgL, le;f, ^= :fª\3Lo dfldnf dGqfno ;ª\3Lo dfldnf, ljjfb ;dfwfg, ;dGjo / ;femf ;"rLsf

ljifo, &= u[x dGqfno cfGtl/s ;'/Iff, cWofudg s]Gb|Lo k|x/L, /fli6«o u'Ktr/

Pj+ cg';Gwfg, *= dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; dGqfno lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/, ;fdflhs Gofo / ljsf;, s]Gb|Lo

lghfdtL ;]jf Joj:yfkg,

197

(= ko{6g, pBf]u tyf jfl0fHo dGqfno

ko{6g ljsf;, /fli6«o pBf]u / jfl0fHo cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/, af}l4s ;DklQ, gfktf}n,

!)= hn>f]t tyf s[lif dGqfno s]Gb|Lo hnpmhf{ ljsf;, l;rfO{, /fli6«o s[lif ljsf; gLlt / vfB ;'/Iff,

!!= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno ;"rgf, 5fkfvfgf, /]l8of] lk|mSj]G;L, s]Gb|Lo b"/;~rf/,s]Gb|Lo x'nfs,

!@= /fli6«o k"jf{wf/ ljsf; dGqfno s]Gb|Lo ;8s, /]ndfUf{ ljsf;, lj1fg k|ljlw, vfgL pTvgg\, ef}lts ljsf;, cf0fljs pmhf{ .

;'emfjx¿ dGqfnosf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f / cGo ;/sf/L ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf l;h{gf ubf{ b]xfosf ljifox¿k|lt Wofg lbOg' kb{5 .

!= :f/sf/n] dGqfnosf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f / cGo ;/sf/L ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf ;[hgf ubf{ ;j{k|yd ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]q lgwf{/0f ug'{ kb{5 . ljZjJofkLs/0f / lghLs/0fsf] cjwf/0fn] /fHon] ug]{ sfo{If]qdf NofPsf] ;+s'rgnfO{ ljrf/ ug'{ kb{5 . cyf{t lxhf] ;/sf/ cfkm}n] ub}{ cfPsf sfdsf If]qx¿ h:tf] pTkfbg / ljt/0f ;DaGwL sfdx¿ cfh lghL If]qn] ;/sf/sf] eGbf ldtJooL / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ug{;Sg] cj:yf 5 . o; lsl;dsf If]qx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ;/sf/n] lgodgsf/L e"ldsf k|efjsf/L agfpg ;s]dfq k'Ug] ePsf] 5 . oxf+ ;DdsL ;/sf/n] g} lhDDff lng'kg]{ lzIff / :jf:Yo h:tf cfwf/e"t If]qdf t lgHfL If]qsf] ;+nUgtf lagf /fHon] dfq ;]jf lbg g;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf]5 . lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtf /fli6«o oyfy{tf / cfjZostf xf] . o;}n] ;/sf/n] cfKfm\gf] sfo{If]qnfO{ ;f+3'/f] kfb}{ a9\tf lgodgsf/L agfP/ hfg] gLlt lng' kb{5 . o;af6 ;/sf/L ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfsf] lj:tf/df sdL cfpg]5 .

@= DfGqfnosf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f sfg'gåf/f Jojl:yt ul/g' kb{5 . o;} u/L ;/sf/sf] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf klg ;+;bLo 5nkmnsf] ljifo agfpg' kb5{ . /fHosf k|d'v tLg cËx¿ aLrsf] zlQm k[ysLs/0f, lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ngsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ klg sfo{sf/0fL dflysf] lgoGq0f Joj:yflksfn] ug]{ x'gfn] dGqfnosf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0fsf] ljifodf ;+;bn] cfKfm\gf] ;lqmotf b]vfpg' kb{5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $# -@_ sf] ;DaGwdf cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg g;lsg] eP klg ;+;bdf o;sf] 5nkmn / ;+;bLo lgoGq0fdf o;n] /f]s nufPsf] 5}g . sfo{kflnsf dfly ;+;bLo lgu/fgL /fVg] clwsf/ klg ;+;bsf] x'g] ePsf]n] ;/sf/L ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfx¿sf] lj:tf/ / ;+s'rgdf klg ;+;bn] cfKfm\gf] lgu/fgL sfod /fVg' kb5{ .

#= ;/sf/n] :jfoQ ;+:yf lgdf{0f ug]{ gfddf 5'6\6} P]g jf u7g cfb]zåf/f cfof]u, k|lti7fg, kl/ifb, af]8{ Pj+ ;ldlt nufotsf s]Gb|Lo ;+/rgf lj:tf/ ug]{ gLlt lng' x+'b}g . kl5NNff] ;dodf o; lsl;dsf ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfsf] j[l4 x'g] qmd a9\bf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 Ps} lsl;dsf] sfd ug{ ;/sf/L ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf / :jfoQ elgPsf ;+:yfx¿sf] pkl:yltn] sfo{;Dkfbgdf bf]x/f]kg / ;]jf k|jfxdf cGof}n l;h{gf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . :jfoQ elgPsf ;+:yfx¿df klg lghfdtL sd{rf/L g} /xg] Joj:yfn] :jfoQ ;+:yf agfpg'sf] cf}lrTotf l;4 ub}{g .

198

$= hgpQ/bfoL ;/sf/n] lj1, gful/s ;dfh / hgdfg;df dGqfnosf] ;+Vof k6s–k6s yk36 Pj+ km]/abn eO/xg] x'g'x'b}g eGg] l6Kk0fLnfO{ Wofg lbg} kb{5 . hgrfxgf clxn]sf] dGqfnosf] ;+Vof 36fP/ sd ug'{ kg]{ / ;/sf/sf] cGo s]Gb|Lo ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf klg lj:tf/ ul/g' x'b}g eGg] /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] o; lsl;dsf l6sfl6Kk0fL / hg ck]IffnfO{ Wofg lbO{ dGqfnosf] ;+Vof yk36 ubf{ / cGo ;/sf/L ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf km]/abn ubf{ x]Ssf /fVg} kb{5 . nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / cleoGtfx¿ hgrfxgfaf6 dfu{lgb]{lzt x'g' kb{5 . /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / ;/sf/n] s'g} klg lg0f{o ub{f pko'Qmtfsf] ts{ -Logic of Appropriateness) / To;af6 x'g] kl/0ffdsf] ts{;+ut -Logic of Consequences) ljZn]if0f ug'{ kb{5 .

%= ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f gu/L DfGqfnosf] ;+Vof j[l4 ug]{ sfd plrt xf]Og . o:f lsl;dsf] ;j]{If0f lagf dGqfnosf] ;+Vof j[l4 / sfo{If]q kl/jt{g ul/g' x'Fb}g . lsgsL of] Ps b'O{ dGqfno j[l4 x'g] / Ps b'O{ hgf /fhgLlts JolQmnfO{ dGqL kb lbg] dfq ljifo xf]Og o;n] d'n'ssf] l;Ëf] k|0ffnL / Joj:yfkgdf b"/ufdL c;/ k'¥ofpFb5 . o;af6 l;h{gf x'g] ;fË7lgs ;+/rgf Pj+ k|zf;lgs kbx¿sf] a9f]Q/L, If]qflwsf/sf] ljefhg, ;dGjo / lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf klg oyf]lrt Wofg k'¥ofpg} kb{5 . o;sf/0f /fhgLlts ;dLs/0fsf gfddf k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ c;/ ug]{ sfd ug'{ pko'Qm x'Fb}g .

199

kl/R5]b – (

;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ;'b[9Ls/0f

k[i7e"ld cfw'lgs nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf ;/sf/nfO{ :j]R5frf/L x'g glbgsf nflu ;+ljwfgn] kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xL, pQ/bfoL / ;Lldt ;/sf/ h:tf ;+ljwfgjfbsf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] x'G5 . o;}qmddf ;/sf/sf cËx¿sf] sfd sf/jfxL zlQm k[ysLs/0f, lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ngsf] l;4fGt cg'¿k ;~rfng ug{, ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/jfxL k"0f{ ¿kdf lgikIf, kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ agfpg, d'n'sdf dfgj clwsf/ / df}lns xssf] k"0f{ ¿kdf ;+/If0f ug{ / cGttf]uTjf ljlwsf] zf;g sfod u/L Gofok"0f{ ;dfhsf] :yfkgf ug]{ h:tf p2]Zon] /fHosf k/Dk/fut tLgj6f cËx¿ -Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Gofokflnsf_ sf cltl/Qm ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/jfxLdf lgu/fgL u/L gful/s clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fåf/f ;/sf/sf] sfdsf/jfxL ;+ljwfg;Ddt agfpg] p2]Zon] cGo :jtGq ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿sf] ;d]t Joj:yf ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Gofokflnsfsf cltl/Qm cGo s] s:tf lgsfox¿nfO{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf /fVg' k5{ eGg] s'g} lglZrt dfkb08 ljZjsf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] cWoogaf6 b]lvGg . t/ klg nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf ;/sf/nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg ;/sf/n] zlQmsf] b'¿kof]u gu/L dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gåf/f ljlwsf] zf;gnfO{ ultzLn agfpg ljleGg ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] Joj:yf ug]{ k|rng cfw'lgs ;+j}wflgs /fHox¿df b]lvPsf] 5 .

ljleGg lgsfox¿nfO{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf Joj:yf ug'{sf] k|d'v p2]Zo ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/jfxL sfg'gL zf;gsf] dfGotf cg';f/ ;~rfng ug{ u/fpg / ;/sf/ :j]R5frf/L x'g glbg] Joj:yfsf] >[hgf ug{ xf] . nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf d"ntM ;/sf/sf] sfd

200

sf/jfxLsf] :jR5tf, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / k|efjsfl/tf h:tf Joj:yfsf nflu ljleGg ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿sf] Joj:yf cfjZos dflgG5 . s] s'g lsl;dsf lgsfox¿nfO{ ;+j}wflgs agfpg' cfjZos 5 eGg] s'/f ;dfhsf] kl/j]z, nf]stGqsf] ljsf;, /fhgLlts ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltsf] :t/ h:tf cj:yf / l:yltaf6 lgwf{/0f ul/g] ljifo xf] . cd]l/sf h:tf sltko d'n'sdf ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf ;DaGwdf s'g} vf; Joj:yf b]lvGg . t/ klg cfw'lgs nf]stflGqs d'n'sx¿n] lgdf{0f u/]sf ;+ljwfgdf ;fj{hlgs kbdf a;]sf JolQmx¿n] ug]{ clVtof/sf] b'¿kof]unfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ æcDa'8\;DofgÆ h:tf lgsfo, Joj:yflksfn] ljlgof]hg u/]sf] /sd sfg'g ;Ddt lsl;dn] vr{ eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf k/LIf0f ug{ dxfn]vf k/LIfs, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf lgikIf ¿kdf ;Ifd / of]Uo JolQmx¿ kl/k"lt{sf nflu l;kmfl/; ug{ nf]s;]jf cfof]u, :jtGq / lgikIf lgjf{rg ug{ lgjf{rg cfof]u, dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug{ dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u, cNk;+Vossf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gsf lglDt cNk;+Vos tyf n}lËs cfof]u h:tf lgsfox¿nfO{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0f aflx/ /xL :jtGq¿kdf ;/sf/dfly lgu/fgL ug{ ;Sg] p2]Zon] :jtGq lgsfosf] ¿kdf o:tf lgsfox¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgdf ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ b]lv g} :jtGq ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] cfjZostfaf]w ul/Psf] / To; kl5sf ljleGg ;+ljwfgx¿n] ljleGg lsl;dsf lgsfox¿nfO{ ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . xfd|f] h:tf] d'n'sdf ;'zf;gsf lglDt :jtGq, ;jn / k|efjsf/L ;+j}wflgs lgsfo Psftkm{ cfjZos 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] ck]Iff adf]lhd ;+j}wflgs lgsfon] ;zQm ¿kdf cfkm\gf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . ;'zf;g sfod ug{ geO{ gx'g] vf; lgsfox¿nfO{ dfq ;+j}wflgs agfOPdf ;+j}wflgs dof{bf a9\g ;Sg] x'G5 . ljz]if sfg'g agfP/ ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5 eg] To:tf lgsfonfO{ klg ;+ljwfgdf g} /fVg vf]lhof] eg] ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfnfO{ To:tf lgsfox¿n] ;+s'rg agfOlbg] sf/0f ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf x'G5 . o; s'/fnfO{ ;d]t dgg\ u/L ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] :yfkgf, To:tf] lgsfon] :jtGq¿kdf sfd ug{ ;Sg] k"jf{wf/sf] ;'lglZrttf, cfjZos ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yf h:tf s'/f x'g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . h'g k|of]hgsf] lglDt ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] :yfkgf ul/g] xf], To:tf] lgsfon] cfkm\gf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L ¿kdf lgjf{x ug{ sfo{ut / ;ª\u7gfTds :jfoQtfsf] ;+j}wflgs ;'lglZrttf cfjZos x'G5 .

clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLsf kbdf /x]sf JolQmx¿af6 ;+ljwfg tyf sfg'gn] k|bfg u/]sf] clVtof/sf] b'¿kof]u u/L e|i6frf/ tyf cg'lrt sfo{x¿ ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf ePsf]n] To;sf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0f ug{ clVtof/sf] b'¿kof]u 5fgljg u/L sf/jfxL ug{sf nflu :jtGq ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] :yfkgf ug]{ k|rng /xL cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] k|s[ltsf] :jtGq ;+:yf :yfkgf ug]{ k|rngsf] z'¿jft :sG8]leog d'n'sx¿af6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ !*)( df :jL8]gdf, ;g\ !(!( df lkmgNof08df, ;g\ !(%$ df 8]gdfs{df / ;g\ !(^@ df gj]{df æcDa'8\;DofgÆ -Ombudsman) gfds ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ePsf] b]lvG5 . o:t} k|s[ltsf] lgsfosf] ¿kdf !(^& df a]nfotn] ækfln{ofd]G6«L sldZg/Æsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ef/tLo sltko /fHox¿df ænf]skfnÆ sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L o:tf k|s[ltsf]

201

lgsfonfO{ k|fKt clwsf/ x]bf{ sltko d'n'sn] clVtof/sf] b'¿kof]usf ;DaGwdf 5fgljg u/L ;/sf/ ;dIf /fo ;'emfj k|:t't ug]{ ;Ddsf] clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] sltko d'n'sdf clVtof/ b'¿kof]usf ;DaGwdf 5fgljg u/L cleof]hg tyf sf/jfxL ;d]t ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( sf] bf]>f] ;+zf]wg, @)#@ adf]lhd @)#$.*.! b]lv clVtof/ b'¿kof]u lgjf/0f cfof]u gfds ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] :yfkgf u/L cg';Gwfg txlssft ug]{ tyf d'2fsf] sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug]{ u/L b'a} lsl;dsf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . Pp6} lgsfonfO{ cleof]hg / lg0f{o ug]{ b'a} clwsf/ k|bfg ug'{ Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGt k|lts"n ePsf]n] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] cg'lrt sfo{ jf e|i6frf/ u/L clVtof/sf] b'¿kof]u u/]sf] ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg / txlssft u/L sfg'g adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/;lxt clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] klg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& ;/xs} Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{ k"j{jlt{ Joj:yfdf ;+j}wflgs kbflwsf/LnfO{ dxfcleof]u kZrft sf/jfxL ug{;Sg] h:tf s]xL ljifo yk u/L cg';Gwfgsf] bfo/f s]xL xb;Dd km/flsnf] kf/]sf] b]lvG5 .

clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf] nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf sfo{x¿ x'g' kg]{ b]lvG5 M

� cfof]usf] clwsf/If]q cGtu{t sltko ;fj{hlgs If]q gk/]sf] tyf lghL If]qaf6 x'g] e|i6frf/ g;d]l6Psf] x'Fbf To;nfO{ ;d]t sfg'gL bfo/fdf kfg]{ u/L ljBdfg sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;sf ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o Pj+ ax'/fli6«o sf/f]af/df x'g] e|i6frf/sf] s;"/bf/ / e|i6frf/sf] /sdnfO{ hkmt ug{ ;'k'b{uL, kf/:kl/s sfg'gL ;xfotf h:tf sfg'gx¿sf] If]q lj:tf/ u/L To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog cfjZos 5 .

� cfof]udf nfdf] ;do;Dd kbflwsf/L ljxLg ePdf cfof]usf] sfd sf/jfxL k|efljt x'g'sf ;fy} clVtof/sf] b'¿kof]u ug]{ k|j[lQ a9\g uO{ ;'zf;gsf] l:ylt vnalng] x'Fbf cfof]usf] kbflwsf/L l/Qm x'g' cufj} l/Qm x'g] ldltb]lv nfu" x'g] u/L kbflwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQm ug]{ Joj:yfsf] ;+j}wflgs ;'lglZrttf cfjZos 5 .

� cfof]usf] sfdsf] k|s[lt x]bf{ cg';Gwfg txlssftsf] nflu ljleGg If]qsf] ljz]if1sf] ;]jf cfjZos kg]{ b]lvG5 . cfof]un] aflx/sf ljz]if1af6 ;]jf ln+b} cfPsf] x'Fbf cfof]ud} o:tf ljz]if1sf] b/aGbL >[hgf u/L kbk"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . olb tTsfn b/aGbL >[hgf ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf ePdf ;xh ¿kdf s/f/df ;]jf lng ;Sg] Joj:yf x'g' kb{5 .

� cfof]udf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] 5'6\6} ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x gePsf]n] cfof]udf sfo{/t lghfdtL ;]jf tyf cGo ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿ cGo lgsfodf ;¿jf eP/ hfg] sf/0fn] ubf{ bIf sd{rf/Lsf] cefj x'g], cfof]usf] sfd sf/jfxL ;d]t k|efljt x'g] tyf sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]jn pRr agfpg] sfo{df ;d]t afwf k'Ug] eGg] /x]sf] 5 . t;y{ cfof]udf sfo{/t cg';Gwfg txlssftdf ;+nUg x'g] sd{rf/L tyf ljz]if1x¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L ljz]if Joj:yfåf/f lghx¿sf] j[lQ ljsf; x'g] s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . cfof]udf sfo{/t hgzlQmnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{sf] nflu tyf Ifdtf ljsf; ug{sf]

202

nflu kof{Kt dfqfdf :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL tflnd, cWoog, cjnf]sg, uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/ nufotsf cj;/x¿ pknAw u/fpg'sf ;fy} cfof]usf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu kof{Kt ;|f]t, ;fwg / hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� cfof]usf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf cltl/Qm kfFr ljsf; If]qdf xfn} :yfkgf ePsf cfof]usf If]qLo sfof{nox¿nfO{ cfof]usf] sfo{ k|s[lt ;'xfFpbf] ¿kdf kof{Kt dfqfdf hUuf, ejg, ;jf/L ;fwg, ;~rf/ pks/0f nufotsf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] Joj:Yff ul/g' kg]{ / cGo If]qdf ;d]t cfof]usf] sfof{no lj:tf/ ub}{ nfg' kg]{ x'G5 .

� ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|efj Pjd\ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ce"tk"j{ ljsf;;Fu} e|i6frf/ / clgoldttfsf :j¿kx¿ klg kl/jt{g ePsf / o:tf k|s[ltsf ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg sfo{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ljz]if1x¿ tof/ ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .

� clVtof/ b'¿kof]u lgoGq0fsf] sfo{ cfof]u PSn}sf] kxnaf6 dfq ;Dej gx'g] ePsf]n] clVtof/ b'¿kof]u lgoGq0f ;DaGwL k|j4{gfTds tyf cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL sfo{df ;a} lgsfon] cfof]usf] ;xof]uL ¿kdf sfo{ ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .

dxfn]vf k/LIfs nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf d'n'ssf] cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] kf/blz{tfsf] nflu n]vf k/LIf0f u/fpg] p2]Zon] :jtGq lgsfosf] ¿kdf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] Joj:yf ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] kl/rfngnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg n]vf k/LIf0f cfjZos x'G5 . /fHosf]ifsf] clwstd ;b'kof]u ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq cfly{s ;'zf;g sfod x'g;S5 . lgoldttf, ldtJolotf, sfo{bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf / cf}lrTotfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 pknAw cfly{s >f]t ;fwgsf] kl/rfng ;xL ¿kdf ePsf] 5 5}|g egL ;/sf/sf] n]vf hfFr u/L ;/sf/L cfly{s lqmofsnfknfO{ pQ/bfoL / ljlw;Ddt agfpg ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] Joj:yf ug]{ cfw'lgs dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . o; dfGotf cg';f/ dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] ;fj{hlgs sf]if / ;DklQsf] k/LIf0f u/L k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ ub{5 . ljleGg d'n'sdf n]vf k/LIf0f, n]vf cbfnt, af]8{, n]vf k/LIf0f lgoGq0f af]8{, n]vf k/LIf0f Jo"/f], dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{no h:tf gfdaf6 o; lsl;dsf lgsfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ci6«]lnof, Sofg8f, ef/t, a]nfot nufotsf d'n'sdf n]vf k/LIf0f ;DaGwL sfo{sfnflu dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /f0ff sfndf s'df/L rf]ssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ n] æk|wfg hfFrsLÆsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))&, g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!%, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!(, g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] Joj:yf u/L o;nfO{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf /fv]sf] lyof] . o;}u/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] klg k"j{jlt{ ;+ljwfg h:t} dxfn]vf k/LIfs ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf /fv]sf] 5 .

d'n'ssf] ;du| cfo–Joosf] oyfy{ cj:yf, ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] plrt / k|efjsf/L pkof]u, :j:Yo hjfkmb]xL ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] ljsf;sf nflu lgikIf, :jtGq / k]zfut ljj]s k|of]u u/L n]vf k/LIf0faf6 b]lvPsf] Joxf]/f Pjd\ ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfj;lxtsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L tT;DaGwL ;"rgf hg;dIf k|jfx u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] xf] .

203

;fj{hlgs ljQLo pQ/bfloTj, hjfkmb]lxtf, ljQLo cg'zf;g / kf/blz{tfsf nflu ;du| /fHosf] lqmofsnfksf] d"NofÍg ug{ :jLs[t dfkb08, If]qLo Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o k]zfut ;+3 ;ª\u7gsf] ;xsfo{ / cGt/f{li6«o c;n cEof;sf] cjnDagaf6 k|fKt n]vfk/LIf0f glthfdf ;du| d'n's, ljsf; ;fem]bf/nufotsf nlIft ju{n] rf;f] /fVg] ePsf]n] u'0f:t/Lo, ljZj;gLo / k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx x'g'kb{5 . o;sf nflu dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{no ;jf]{Rr n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yfx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\u7gsf] Ps ;b:osf] gftfn] ;f] ;ª\u7gsf] ælndf / d]lS;sf] 3f]if0ffkqÆn] ;jf]{Rr n]vfk/LIf0f lgsfosf] dfGotfcg';f/sf] ;+j}wflgs Pjd\ sfg'gL ;+/rgf x'g'kg]{, dxfn]vf k/LIfs k|d'v / ;b:osf] lgo'lQm, ;]jf zt{ Pjd\ cjsfzsf zt{x¿ plrt x'g'kg]{, n]vfk/LIf0f ;Dkfbgdf lj:t[t sfof{b]z / k"0f{ :jljj]sLotf x'g'kg]{, ;"rgfdf cj/f]w;lxt kx'Fr x'g'kg]{, ;'emfj sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg ug{ ;Ifd / :jtGq Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, dfgjLo / ljQLo ;|f]t ;fwg / k|zf;lgs Joj:yfkgdf :jtGqtf x'g'kg]{ eGg] l;4fGt /x]sf]n] To;sf] kfngf g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;d]t nfu" x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ^^ cf}+ dxf;efaf6 ;jf]{Rr n]vfk/LIf0f lgsfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/]kl5 dfq ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf sfo{bIftf, hjfkmb]lxtf, k|efjsfl/tf / kf/blz{tfsf] k|j4{g x'G5 eGg] ;ÍNk k|:tfj kfl/t u/L n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;j{JofkL¿kdf :jLs[t u/]sf] ;jf]{Rr n]vfk/LIf0f lgsfosf] :jtGqtf;DaGwL lndf / d]lS;sf] 3f]if0ffkqnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . pQm ;ÍNk k|:tfjn] ;jf]{Rr n]vfk/LIf0f lgsfox¿ n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg] lgsfoaf6 jfXo bjfj / k|efjaf6 d'Qm ePdf dfq tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L p2]Zod"ns / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ug{ ;lsg] / oL lgsfox¿sf] e"ldsf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf sfo{bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / kf/blz{tf k|j4{gdf dxTjk"0f{ x'g] ePsfn] /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;sf nIo nufot ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;n ug{ d2t k'Ug ;lsg] eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvFbf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] e"ldsfnfO{ :jtGq / ;jn agfpg cfjZos 5 .

;jf]{Rr n]vfk/LIf0f lgsfox¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\u7gaf6 k|ltkflbt ePsf] :jtGqtf ;DaGwL d]lS;sf] 3f]if0ffkq, @))& / ;jf]{Rr n]vfk/LIf0f lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ;DaGwL, @)!! sf] /fi6«;+3Lo ;ÍNk k|:tfjaf6 d'n'ssf] n]vfk/LIf0f lgsfox¿nfO{ ;|f]t / ;fwg ;DkGg agfpg' h¿/L 5 .

o;}u/L n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ k]zfut ljj]saf6 ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] cGt/f{li6«o hutdf ;jf]{Rr n]vfk/LIf0f lgsfox¿n] cjnDag u/]sf] c;n cEof; tyf ;jf]{Rr n]vfk/LIf0f lgsfon] k|ltkfbg u/]sf n]vfk/LIf0fsf l;4fGt tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efaf6 k|ltkflbt :jtGqtfnfO{ ;fdGh:o x'g] u/L n]vfk/LIf0f ug{, n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jfnfO{ ljlzi6Ls/0fdf cfwfl/t x'g] u/L ljz]if1 ;]jf agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . :jtGq / lgikIf n]vfk/LIf0fsf dfWodaf6 cfly{s k|zf;gdf hjfkmb]lxtf, kf/blz{tf k|j4{g u/L ;'zf;gdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg dxfn]vf k/LIfs sfof{nosf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L agfpg / n]vfk/LIf0fsf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug'{ cfjZos 5 . cfly{s kf/blz{tf, vr{sf] p2]Zod"nstf, u}/ah]6/L vr{sf] lgoGq0f, ;fj{hlgs C0f Joj:yfkg, /fh:j r'xfj6af6 lgoGq0f h:tf kIfdf ljz]if hf]8 lbO{ lgikIftf / :jtGqtfk"j{s k/LIf0f u/L j:t'k/s n]vfk/LIf0f glthf k|flKtdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jfsf] 5'§} klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;d;fdlos ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L ljz]if sfg'g cfjZos 5 .

cfw'lgs d'n'sx¿n] n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ lgsfox¿nfO{ :jtGqk"j{s sfd ug{ ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] Joj:yfsf] lglDt ælndf 3f]if0ffkqÆ / æd]lS;sf] 3f]if0ffkqÆ kfl/t u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf]

204

k[i7e"lddf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf] nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf] sfo{x¿ ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 M

� dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] e"ldsfnfO{ :jtGq, ;Ifd, ;an / k|efjsf/L agfpg ælndf 3f]if0ffkqÆ / æd]lS;sf] 3f]if0ffkqÆ sf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df sfof{Tds / ;ª\u7gfTds :jtGqtfsf] ;+j}wflgs ;'lglZrttf ul/g['kg]{ .

� dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] kb nfdf] ;do;Dd l/Qm x'g glbgsf] nflu dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] kbfjlw ;dfKt x'g' eGbf slDtdf Ps dlxgf cufj} kbk"lt{ ug]{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'kg]{ .

� a9\bf] sfo{af]emsf] cg'kftdf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{nox¿sf] Ifdtf / ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgf a9fpFb} nuL If]qLo txdf o;sf] sfof{nosf] :yfkgf ug]{ .

� dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{nosf] sfo{af]emsf] cg'kftdf >f]t ;fwg / hgzlQmsf] Joj:Yff sd b]lvFbf ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;e]{ u/fO{ cfjZos sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL yk ug'{kg]{ / kof{Kt ;|f]t ;fwg ;d]t pknAw u/fpg] .

� dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{nodf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ Ifdtf ljsf; tyf j[lQ ljsf;sf] kof{Kt cj;/ pknAw u/fO{ n]vf k/LIf0f ;]jfnfO{ cfsif{s agfpg'kg]{ .

� cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]zdf cfPsf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] gjLgtd\ dfGotfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ df}h'bf n]vfk/LIf0f P]g, @)$* df ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ .

nf]s ;]jf cfof]u /fHosf] gLlt lgod nfu" ug]{ :yfoL ;+oGq sd{rf/L k|zf;g xf] . /fHosf] sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;Ifd JolQmsf] xftaf6 ;~rfng xf];\ eGg] clek|fon] :jtGq lgsfoaf6 of]Uotfsf cfwf/df l;kmfl/; ug{ nf]s;]jf cfof]u h:tf lgsfosf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ug]{ k|rng /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L ;/sf/L ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg /xg] lghfdtL tyf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6 ug]{, lghx¿sf] ;]jfsf zt{ ;DaGwL gLltut ljifodf k/fdz{ lbg] nufotsf p2]Zon] nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf u7g ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . lghfdtL tyf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lsf] k|zf;g ;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f, lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6, kbk"lt{, egf{, ljefuLo sf/jfxL, a9'jf h:tf ;]jfsf zt{ ;DaGwL s'/fdf ;/sf/nfO{ k/fdz{ lbg], lgo'lQmsf] nflu sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6 ug]{, a9'jf tyf ljefuLo sf/jfxL ;DaGwL sfo{df ;+nUg /xg] / ;/sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;~rfng ;DaGwL sfd sf/jfxL ;+ljwfg / sfg'g adf]lhd eP gePsf] k/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{ u/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] Psftkm{ ;/sf/nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 eg] csf]{tkm{ lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ :jtGq, lgikIf, Ifdtfo'Qm / ljZj;gLo agfpg] sfo{df ;xof]u ub{5 . ef/t, kfls:tfg, a+unfb]z, >Ln+sf h:tf d'n'sdf nf]s;]jf cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yfkgf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] :jfoQtf / If]qflwsf/ eg] d'n's cg';f/ leGg leGg /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ n] sd{rf/L egf{sf] nflu æb/vf:t kl/ifbÆ u7g ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] / tt\kZrft hf/L ePsf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))&, g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!%, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( / g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n]] nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yfkgf

205

u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] klg k"j{jlt{ ;+ljwfg cg'¿k g} nf]s;]jf cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf] nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf sfo{x¿ ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 M

� /fHosf]ifaf6 Jooef/ Joxf]l/g] ;fj{hlgs lgsfo h:t}M ;'/Iff lgsfo, ljBfno, :yfgLo lgsfo, ;+:yfg, ljsf; ;ldlt cflbsf] l/Qm kbk"lt{ ug{sf] nflu pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug]{ ;DaGwdf tL lgsfox¿df 5'§} :jtGq ;]jf cfof]usf] :yfkgf geP;Dd tL lgsfox¿df ;d]t nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] clwsf/If]q lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ .

� lgo'lQmsf] nflu 5gf}6 ePsf /fhkq cg+lst sd{rf/Ln] ;]jf k|j]z tflnd lnP kZrft ;f] tflnddf xfl;n u/]sf] cÍ ;d]tsf] cfwf/df cfof]un] lgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmf/Lz ug]{ / o:tf] ;]jf k|j]z tflnd cfof]usf] sfof{no dfk{mt ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:Yff x'g'kg]{ .

� cfof]un] lbPsf ljleGg k|s[ltsf k/fdz{ sfof{Gjog x'g'kg]{, sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg] ePdf To;sf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ljz]if Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

� ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] ;Gbe{df nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] s;"/sf] dfqfsf] cg'kftdf k|:tfj u/]sf] ;hfo sfg'g;Ddt /x] g/x]sf] ljrf/ u/L ldn]sf] gb]lvPsf]df k'glj{rf/ ug{ lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ .

� cfof]usf] sfd sf/jfxLdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ a9fO{ v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{df efu lng rfxg] pDd]bjf/n] hlxn] ;'s} OG6/g]6 dfk{mt Online kmd{ eg{ / nfUg] b:t'/ a'emfpg ;Sg] / pQm kbsf] lj1fkg x'Fbf ;f] cfj]bg :jtM ;dfj]z x'g] Joj:Yff ldnfOg' kg]{ .

� cfof]usf] sfo{af]emsf] t'ngfdf xfnsf] b/aGbL ;+/rgf, ef}lts k"jf{wf/, ah]6 nufotsf >f]t ;fwg ckof{Kt b]lvbf cfof]unfO{ sfo{af]emsf] cg'kftdf kof{Kt hgzlQm, ;'ljwf tyf >f]t ;fwg pknAw u/fOg' kg]{ .

lgjf{rg cfof]u nf]stGqdf ;Qfsf] j}wtf lgjf{rgaf6 k|fKt x'g] x'Fbf lgjf{rg :jR5, lgikIf / ljZj;gLo x''g'kb{5 . nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLdf lgjf{rgnfO{ :jR5, :jtGq / lgikIf ¿kdf ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu :jtGq lgsfosf] ¿kdf lgjf{rg cfof]usf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cfjZos dflgG5 . lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ hlt dfqfdf ;'b[9 ug{ ;Sof] Tolt dfqfdf cfof]u :jtGq / ;Ifd eO{ lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ :jR5, :jtGq / lgikIf agfpg d2t k'Ub5 . sltko d'n'sdf lgjf{rg ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{] lgsfonfO{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf dfGotf lbPsf] b]lvb}g . s]xL d'n'sx¿df o;nfO{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))&, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!(, g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& df lgjf{rg cfof]u ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% n] lgjf{rgsf] kl/sNkgf u/] tfklg ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf lgjf{rg cfof]usf] Joj:yf gu/L wf/f @@ n] /fhfsf] :jljj]sdf lgo'Qm lgjf{rg cfof]un] lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf Joj:yf u/L ;+ljwfg;ef, hgdt

206

;+u|x tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgsf] ;+rfng, /]vb]v, lgb]{zg / lgoGq0f Pj+ dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug]{ ;d]tsf] lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] 5 . lgjf{rg cfof]usf] k|To]s lhNnfdf lgjf{rg clwsf/Lsf] sfof{no ;d]t :yfkgf eO;s]sf] b]lvG5 .

lgjf{rg cfof]usf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf] nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf] sfo{x¿ ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 M–

� Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] ;d]t lgjf{rg x'g] ldlt ;+ljwfgd} lglZrt ug'{kg]{ / ;f] ldlt eGbf cufj} lgjf{rg ug'{kg]{ kl/l:ylt cfPdf lgjf{rg cfof]un] lgjf{rgsf] ldlt 3f]if0ff ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

� lgjf{rg cfof]usf] lhNnf l:yt sfof{nox¿sf] Ifdtf / ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgf a9fpFb} nlu lgjf{rg ;DaGwL sfo{df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ a9fpg] tyf ljB'tLo dtbfg k|0ffnL nfu" u/L lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nodf sfo{/t jl/i7 clws[tnfO{ lgjf{rg clws[tdf lgo'Qm ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

� lgjf{rg lzIff tyf ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] If]qLo ;+/rgf :yfkgf ug]{ tyf lgjf{rg ;DaGwL cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] ljsf; ug]{ .

� lgjf{rg cfof]udf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] ;d"x ;d]t x'g'kg]{ .

� lgjf{rg cfof]udf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ Ifdtf ljsf; tyf j[lQ ljsf;sf] kof{Kt cj;/ pknAw u/fO{ lgjf{rg cfof]usf] ;]jfnfO{ cfsif{s agfpg'kg]{ .

� lgjf{rg ;DaGwL sfg'gnfO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf th"{df ug'{kg]{ .

� cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] kf7\oqmddf lgjf{rg ;DaGwL ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]l6g'kg]{ .

� dtbftf gfdfjnL tyf dtbftf kl/ro kqnfO{ gful/stfsf] k|df0f kq tyf gful/ssf] nflu k|bfg ul/g] /fli6«o kl/rokq;Fu cfa4 ug'{kg]{ .

/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug'{ cfw'lgs nf]stflGqs /fHosf] k|fylds bfloTj xf] . lnlvt ;+ljwfgsf] th'{df ug'{sf] d'Vo p2]Zo g} ;/sf/sf] zlQmnfO{ ;Lldt u/L gful/s clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{ xf] . cfw'lgs ljZj dfgj clwsf/jfbaf6 ;~rfng x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotfsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx¿n] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] dfgj clwsf/sf cGt/j:t'nfO{ d'nssf] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gn] cfTd;ft u/L To;sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gsf lglDt cg'udg ;d]t ug]{ sfo{sf lglDt dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u h:tf lgsfosf] u7g ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] kxndf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ljifodf 5nkmn ug{ ;g\ !((# df cfof]hgf ul/Psf] ;Dd]ngaf6 kfl/t leogf 3f]if0ff kqn] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu /fli6«o :t/df dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] :yfkgf ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u¥of] . o:t}u/L ;g\ !((# df k]l/;df cfof]lht j}7sn] dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL lgsfox¿sf] :jtGqtf / :jfoQtf ;DaGwdf kfl/t u/]sf] dfkb08n] dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u ;+ljwfg jf ljwflosL P]gåf/f u7g x'g' kg]{, o:tf lgsfox¿

207

;+/rgfTds, sfo{ut, k|zf;lgs / cfly{s ¿kdf :jfoQ x'g'kg]{, /fHon] kof{Kt >f]t, ;fwg / hgzlQm pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ l;4fGtx¿ kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] .

o;} cg'¿k g]kfndf lj=;+= @)%# ;fndf hf/L ePsf] /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)%# n] /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] u7g ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/L @)%& ;fndf /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u u7g eof] . o; P]gn] dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3gsf] ;DaGwdf 5fgljg u/L Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] lg0f{o ug]{ jf sf/jfxLsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u¥of] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf Joj:yf u/L o;sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] If]q a9fO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3gsf 36gfsf ;DaGwdf 5fgljg u/L sf/jfxLsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{, d'2f bfo/ ug]{, l;kmfl/; ug]{, dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg'gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{, gLltut ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos l;kmfl/z ug]{ nufotsf clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf] nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf sfo{x¿ ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 M

� /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]udf nfdf] ;do;Dd kbflwsf/L ljxLg x'g] cj:yf cfpg glbgsf] nflu cfof]usf] kbflwsf/Lsf] kbfjlw ;dfKt x'g' eGbf slDtdf Ps dlxgf cufj} kbk"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{ .

� /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] ;ª\u7gfTds :j¿kdf ;'wf/ u/L o;sf] zfvf sfof{nox¿df klg :yfoL b/aGbLsf sd{rf/L /xg] Joj:Yff ldnfpg'sf ;fy} cfof]usf] sfo{ ;+rfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ kof{Kt >f]t / ;fwg pknAw u/fOg' kg]{ .

� cfof]usf] sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbLnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd l/Qm /xg glbO{ :yfoL ¿kdf kbk"lt{ ul/g' kg]{ .

� cfof]udf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] 5'6\6} ;d"x x'g' kg]{ .

� cfof]usf] l;kmfl/; / ;'emfjnfO{ ;/sf/ / ;DalGwt lgsfon] sfof{Gjog ug{ b[9 x'g'kg]{ .

� cfof]udf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ Ifdtf ljsf; tyf j[lQ ljsf;sf] kof{Kt cj;/ pknAw u/fO{ cfof]usf] ;]jfnfO{ cfsif{s agfpg' kg]{ .

� cfof]usf] sfdsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ 5fgljg tyf cg';Gwfgsf] nflu lj1 k|fljlws sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfjZostf kg]{ x'Fbf ;f] cg'¿ksf b/aGbL >[hgf ug'{ kg]{, cfof]un] dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gsf 36gfsf cltl/Qm ;/sf/sf gLlt / sfg'gx¿ klg dfgj clwsf/ d}qL eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ gLltut ljifodf k/fdz{ lbg'kg]{ x'Fbf ;f] cg'¿k cfof]udf cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{ ;Sg] bIf hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ .

� uDeL/ dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gsf 36gfdf cg';Gwfg u/L ;Ifd cbfntdf cfof]u cfkm}n] d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;Sg] u/L cfof]unfO{ yk clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'kg]{ .

208

� cfof]un] g]kfn ;/sf/sf cGo lgsfox¿df sfo{/t lj1 hgzlQmnfO{ sfhdf NofO{ sfddf v6fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ .

dxfGofoflwjQmf dxfGofoflwjQmf ;/sf/nfO{ sfg'gL ljifodf /fo k/fdz{ k|bfg ug]{, ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 d'2f bfo/ tyf k|lt/Iff ug]{ tyf kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fdf g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ u/L ;/sf/sf] sfg'gL hjfkmb]lxtf jxg ug{df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] ;/sf/sf] d'Vo sfg'gL kbflwsf/L xf] .

ci6«]lnof, Sofgf8f, a]nfot, ef/t, cd]l/sf nufotsf clwsf+z d'n'sx¿df dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] Joj:yf b]lvG5 . sltko d'n'sx¿df dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ sfg'g dGqLsf] ;d]t sfo{ ug]{ lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eg] sltko d'n'sdf ;/sf/sf] k|d'v sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/ / d'Vo cleof]hg stf{sf] dfq lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . sltko d'n'sdf cleof]hg sfo{sf] nflu k|f]l;So"6/ hg/nsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfw'lgs ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sdf /fHosf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ k|d'vsf] d'Vo sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/sf] ¿kdf dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ /fv]sf] kfOG5 . a]nfotdf !@ cf}+ ztflAbaf6 o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yfsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . a]nfotdf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] ;b:o h:t} /fhgLlts kbsf] ¿kdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kbnfO{ lng] ul/G5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ n] k|wfg sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfn cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& df dxfGofoflwjQmf ;DaGwL s'g} Joj:yf lyPg . lj=;+= @))* ;fn kf}if * ut] sfo{sfl/0fL cfb]zaf6 ;/sf/sf] sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/sf] ¿kdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ¿kdf lgo'lQm ul/Psf] lyof] . k|wfg Gofofno P]g, @))* df ePsf] k|yd ;+zf]wgn] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] ;]jfsf zt{x¿, sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ ;DaGwdf ljz]if Joj:yf u¥of] . k|wfg Gofofno P]g, @))* nfO{ vf/]h u/L ;jf]{Rr cbfnt P]g, @)!# hf/L eP kZrft u[x dGqfnoaf6 @)!# ;fn >fj0f ! ut]sf] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L ;/sf/nfO{ ;/f]sf/ kg]{ d'2f dfldnfdf cfjZostfg';f/ ued]{06 P8ef]s]6n] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt nufot g]kfnsf] h'g;'s} c8\8f cbfntdf xflh/ eO{ ax; k}/jL ug]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/of] .

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% df dxfGofoflwjQmf ;DaGwL s'g} Joj:yf ul/Pg . tt\kZrft hf/L ePsf] ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)!& n] ;/sf/L jlsn ;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yf u¥of] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( n] dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf /fVg k'Uof] . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df k|wfgdGqLsf] OR5f adf]lhd /xg] u/L dxfGofoflwjQmf ;DaGwL Joj:yf u¥of] . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] ;/sf/jfbL x'g] d'2f rNg] jf grNg] clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ k|bfg u¥of] .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] xs lxt jf ;/f]sf/ lglxt /x]sf] d'2fdf ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug]{, d'2f dfldnfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k|lt/Iff ug]{, d'2f dfldnfsf /f]xdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] u/]sf] sfg'gsf] JofVof jf k|ltkfbg u/]sf] sfg'gL l;4fGtsf] sfof{Gjog eP jf gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ u/fpg] / lx/f;tdf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{

209

;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ u/] gu/]sf] ;DaGwdf cg'udg ug]{ clwsf/ tyf lhDd]jf/L k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf] nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf sfo{x¿ ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 M � ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL k|Zgdf /fi6«fWoIf, ;/sf/ / Joj:yflksf ;d]tnfO{ /fo ;Nnfx

k|bfg ug{ / uDeL/ k|s[ltsf ;+j}wflgs Pjd\ sfg'gL k|Zgdf /fHosf] tkm{af6 k|lt/Iff ug'{kg]{ lhDd]jf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ x'g] x'Fbf sfg'gsf] ljlzi6 1fg / Jofj;flos bIftf ePsf s'g}klg /fhgLlts bnsf] ;b:o gePsf] JolQmnfO{ lgo'lQm ug]{ ;+ljwfgdf ljz]if of]Uotf tf]sL ;f]xL cfwf/df lgo'lQm x'g] Joj:yf ug]{,

� ;+ljwfg / ljBdfg sfg'gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] sfo{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;Daf]wg ug{ dxfGofolwjQmfsf] sfof{no tyf dftxtsf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nox¿df ;dofg's"n sfo{af]emsf] cfwf/df ljlzi6Ls[t b/aGbLsf] >[hgf x'g'kg]{, vf;u/L cfly{s tyf ljQLo ck/fwx¿, ;Dklt z'4Ls/0f ;DaGwL ck/fwx¿, ;+ul7t ck/fw, ljB'tLo ck/fw, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;DaGwL ck/fw h:tf ljz]if ck/fwsf lglDt cg';Gwfg txlssftsf ljz]if Joj:yf ul//x]sf] ;Gbe{df To; If]qdf ljzi6Ls[t 1fg ePsf ;/sf/L jlsnsf] ljz]if b/aGbLsf] >[hgf x'g ;s]df sfdsf/jfxLdf ljlzi6Ls/0f x'g ;Sg] ePsfn] To;tkm{ ;dod} Wofg hfg' h¿/L ePsf] / ;/sf/L jlsnsf] ;]jfnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] ;'ljwf;lxtsf] Joj:yfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug]]{,

� sfg'g tyf Gofo dGqfno / dxfGofoflwjQmf sfof{non] ;dfgfGt/¿kdf sfg'gL /fo lbg] kl/kf6Ln] sfddf bf]xf]/f]kg b]lvPsfn] ;+ljwfg;Ddt agfpg bf]xf]/f] Joj:yfsf] cGTo u/L dxfGofoflwjQmfn] sfg'gL /fo ;Nnfx lbg] u/L k|rlnt sfg'gdf cfjZos ;'wf/ u/L ;f]xL cg'¿k sfof{Gjog x'g'kg]{,

� ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] JofVof ;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] hl6n k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] dxTjk"0f{ d'2fx¿df bIf sfg'g Joj;foLx¿af6 k|lt/Iff u/fpg s/f/df lng ;Sg] clwsf/ sfg'gåf/f dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ x'g'kg]{,

� ;/sf/L jsLnsf] kb lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kb eP klg of] k]zfut Pjd\ Jofj;flos kb ePsf]n] ;f] kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Jofj;flos ljsf;sf nflu ljz]if k|aGw ug'{ kg]{ . pTk|]/0ffsf pkfox¿ cjnDag u/L k|ltefzfnL hgzlQm cfslif{t u/L ;+:yfut Ifdtf ;an agfpg' kg]{ .

� ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf ;fy} kof{Kt ;|f]tM ;fwg pknAw u/fO{ ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ug'{ kg]{,

� ck/fwsf k|j[lQdf cfPsf] leGgtf Pjd\ ;+ul7t ck/fwsf dfqfdf j[l4 x'Fb} cfPsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L ljZjkl/j]zdf ljsf; ePsf kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;g Pjd\ ;+j}wflgs dfGotfx¿sf ;DaGwdf 1fg, ;Lk / bIftf clej[l4 u/L ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Sg] agfpg ;/sf/L jsLnx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu /fli6«o Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf tflnd, uf]i7L, cWoog, cjnf]sg e|d0f h:tf lqmofsnfkdf clwstd ¿kdf ;xefuL agfO{ Jofj;flos ¿kdf ;an / ;Ifd agfpg' kg]{,

� ;/sf/jfbL d'2f lkmtf{ lng] k|lqmofdf dxfGofoflwjQmf sfof{nosf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ u/L :ki6 cfwf/ lgwf{/0f ul/g' kg]{,

210

� dxfGogoflwjQmfsf] ;fdfGo k|zf;lgs sfd sf/afxLsf] lhDd]jf/L gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ lbO{ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gsf] gLltut Joj:yfdf s]lGb|t x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ ,

� dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg tyf ck/fw cg';Gwfg cleof]hg / k|lt/Iffsf] sfo{nfO{ kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg ljBdfg kmf}hbf/L P]g sfg'g gLltdf cfjZostfg';f/ ;'wf/ ug{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] cWoIftfdf g]kfn k|x/Lsf k|x/L dxflg/LIfs, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno sfg'g ;+sfo kmf}hbf/L sfg'g ljefusf k|d'v, g]kfn jf/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf cWoIf tyf g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] ljlzi6 sfg'g lj1 ;d]t /xg] u/L ljz]if ;ldlt u7g ug]{ / To; ;ldltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg'sf ;fy} dxfGofoflwjQmf sfof{noaf6 k|:t't jflif{s k|ltj]bgn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf s'/fx¿ nfu" ug]{ u/fpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

pk;+xf/ nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf ;/sf/nfO{ pQ/bfoL / lhDd]jf/ agfpg tyf ;+ljwfgsf] ;jf]{Rrtf / ljlwsf] zf;g;Ddt x'g] lsl;dn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ nufpg kx/]bf/Lsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ljleGg lsl;dsf :jtGq ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/sf] :ki6 Joj:yfsf ;fy :jtGq lsl;dn] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'k5{ . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df dxfGofoflwjQmf jfx]ssf cGo ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] lgo'lQm, kbd'lQm / ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwdf ljz]if Joj:yf u/L To:tf lgsfox¿sf] :jtGqtf, lgikIftf / ljZj;gLotfsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'k5{ . sfg'gåf/f g} Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsg] lgsfox¿nfO{ klg ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf Joj:yf ug{ k'luof] eg] ;/sf/sf] sfdsf] ;+s'rg / sfddf a9L afwf c8\rg cfpg ;S5 . o; l:yltnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L ;'zf;gsf lglDt geOgx'g] lgsfonfO{ dfq ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] :t/df /flvg' ;fGble{s x'G5 . ;+j}wflgs lgsfonfO{ k|efjsf/L / glthfd'vL agfpg b]xfosf] ;'wf/ cfjZos 5 M–

� ;+j}wflgs lgsfonfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd kbflwsf/L ljxLg x'g glbgsf nflu To:tf] kbflwsf/L cjsfz x'g' eGbf Ps dlxgf cufj} lgo'Qm ug]{ o:tf] lgo'lQm ubf{ ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag ug]{ ;+j}wflgs ;'lglZrttf x'g'kg]{ .

� ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf sd{rf/Lsf] 5'6\6} ;]jf agfO{ ljz]if1tf cfjZos kg]{ k|s[ltsf] d'Vo sfo{ ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] lgldQ ;d"x u7g ug'{kg]{, ;+j}wflgs lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] kbk"lt{ 5'6\6} lj1fkgsf] dfWodaf6 ul/g' kg]{ .

� ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] sfo{qmdsf cfwf/df ah]6 agfpg lj1 ;lxtsf] ljz]if ;ldlt agfO{ To;sf] l;kmfl/;df cy{ dGqfnoaf6 ah]6 Joj:yf u/L Joj:yflksf–;+;b\n] :jLs[t ug]{ Joj:yf ug'kg]{ . o;/L ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd to ubf{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿sf] sfo{af]emsf] cg'kftdf kof{Kt >f]t, ;fwg / hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

� ;+j}wflgs lgsfon] lbPsf] k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt ;'emfjsf] sfof{Gjogsf] k|ult ljj/0f ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ;do–;dodf ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{, lgb]{zg sfof{Gjog gug]{ kbflwsf/LnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfosf] Joj:yf x'g] s'/fsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{ .

� ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] sfd st{Jo clwsf/ ;DaGwL P]gdf d"ne"t s'/fnfO{ dfq ;d]6L sfo{ljlwut s'/fx¿ nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;DalGwt ;+j}wflgs lgsfon] 5'§} lgod agfO{ nfu" ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

211

kl/R5]b – !)

lghfdtL ;]jf / ;'wf/

k[i7e"ld /fHodf ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] k|a4{g ub}{ pknAw ;|f]t ;fwgsf] clwstd\ kl/rfng / Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfO{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s ljsf; ug]{ /fHosf] bfloTj k"/f ug{sf] nflu cfjZos gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ cleef/f /fhgLlt1x¿df /x]sf] 5 . /fhgLlt1x¿nfO{ gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ;xof]u u/L To:tf gLltx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] lhDdf kfPsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] sd{rf/LtGqsf] dfWodaf6 pQm sfo{x¿ ;Dkfbg ub{5 .

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL k|zf;g ;~rfngsf] Oltxf; x]bf{ lj=;+= @)!# ;fn eGbf cufl8 lghfdtL ;]jf ;+:yfut x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . d"ntM khgL k|yfaf6 ljsf; ePsf]] g]kfnsf] sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ @))( ;fndf ul7t a'r sld;gsf] k|ltj]bgn] k|z:t cfwf/ / dfu{bz{g u/]sf] lyof] . t/ ;f] sld;gsf] k|ltj]bgn] b]zleq}af6 lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ w]/} hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvb}g . tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{sf] cWoIftfdf ul7t k|zf;g k'gu{7g of]hgf cfof]u, @)!# n] lbPsf ;'emfjx¿ w]/}h;f] tTsfn} sfof{Gjogdf NofOP . of] cfof]usf] ;'emfj adf]lhd lghfdtL ;]jf ;~rfngsf nflu P]g, lgod / sfo{ljlw lgdf{0f ul/of] . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!#, lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)!#, ;lrjfno sfo{ljlw, @)!# h:tf sfg'gL Joj:yf eO{ lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ k|f/De ul/of] . kbk"lt{sf nflu nf]s;]jf cfof]unfO{ lqmofzLn u/fOof] . k|zf;sLo Joj:yfkgsf nflu k|zf;sLo sfo{ljlw -lgoldt_ ug]{ P]g, @)!#, k|fb]lzs ljsf; of]hgf -sfof{lGjt_ ug]{ P]g, @)!#, e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& nufotsf ljleGg sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿ ul/P . d'n'snfO{ lhNnf, c~rn / kl5 ljsf;If]qsf cfwf/df juL{s/0f u/L k|zf;sLo clwsf/x¿ k|bfg

212

ul/of] . k|zf;g / ljsf;nfO{ sd{rf/L k|zf;gaf6 ;fy;fy} ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . o:tf] k[i7e"ld / kl/j]zaf6 ljsf; ePsf] g]kfnsf] lghfdtL k|zf;g ;+:yfut ¿kdf ;~rfng x'g yfn]sf] klg sl/a ^ bzs eO;s]sf] 5 . oltv]/ k|zf;g ;~rfngsf nflu ;+/rgf / sfo{ljlwsf] nflu bh{gf} sfg'gx¿ hf/L ePsf 5g\ . lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] ;~rfngsf nflu lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(, lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) /x]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo k|zf;g ;DaGwL P]g, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL P]gn] klg sd{rf/Lsf] e"ldsf, lhDd]jf/L kl/eflift u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;'zf;g -;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg_ P]g,@)^$, ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$,:jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)^# nufotsf sfg'gL k|aGwx¿n] lghfdtL k|zf;g ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#sf] wf/f !%# n] g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'n'ssf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf / cfjZos cGo ;]jfx¿ u7g ug{ ;Sg] / To:tf ;]jfx¿sf] u7g, ;~rfng / ;]jfsf zt{x¿ P]gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/Padf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf u/L ;+j}wflgs dfGotf ;d]t k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

d'n'ssf] ;du| k|zf;g ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgsf] d"ne"t lhDd]jf/L /x]sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] e"ldsf k|zf;sLo sfo{sf ;fy;fy} ljsf;fTds sfo{df klg 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ljt/0fdf klg 5 . t/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfo{ ;~rfngsf] k4ltk|lt k|z:t c;Gtf]ifx¿ k|s6 ePsf] cj:yf 5 . of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t / :yfoL k|s[ltsf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwfx¿ sfg'gåf/f ;'/lIft ul/Psf] lghfdtL ;]jf k|ltsf] hgljZjf; / hgcf:yf h'g¿kdf x'g' kg]{ xf] Tof] ¿kdf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k|lqmofd'vL, pQ/bfloTj jxg gug]{, sfd kG5fpg], a9L ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] bfjL ug]{, ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ a]jf:tf ug]{, zf;sLo t'h's b]vfpg], glthfdf Wofg glbg], clwsf/ s]Gb|Ls/0f ug{ ¿rfpg], uf]Kotfdf /dfpg] h:tf cf/f]k lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ nfUb} cfPsf] 5 . To:tf cf/f]kx¿ v08g u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cfkm"nfO{ ;+ljwfg / sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug{ lqmofzLn /xL hgcf:yf / ljZjf; cfh{g ug{' lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] r'gf}tL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf d"ntM g]t[Tj kl/jt{g;Fu} gLlt kl/jt{g x'g], sfo{af]emsf] cfwf/df ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{ eGbf klg /fhgLlts :jfy{sf cfwf/df ul/g] ;+/rgf lgdf{0fsf] cf}lrTotf / ;fGble{stfnfO{ ;dly{t x'g] lsl;daf6 To;sf] k|efjsfl/tf gb]lvg], k|lqmofd'vL k|zf;g, lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg] k|j[lQ / lkmtnf] sfof{Gjog h:tf ;d:ofx¿ b]lvG5 .

;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, d"NofÍg Pjd\ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] d]¿b08sf] ¿kdf /xL sd{rf/LtGqsf u'0f / ljz]iftf cg';f/ d'n'sL k|zf;gnfO{ lqmofzLn u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf] 5 . of] ;]jfnfO{ lgikIf, ;Ifd, Jofj;flos, pQ/bfoL / hjfkmb]xL agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . o;/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cleGg cËsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf hgzlQm / ltgsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] cj:yfsf] af/]df oyfy{ lrq0f ug]{ Pjd\ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ;'wf/sf If]qx¿sf af/]df ljZn]if0f ug]{ p2]Zon] o; kl/R5]bdf ;+If]kdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;leq lghfdtL ;]jfdf hgzlQmsf] ljj/0f, ;+/rgf, sfo{;~rfng ljlw / k|lqmof, Jofj;flostf, ;¿jf, a9'jf, j[lQljsf; ;d]tsf ljifox¿df ;+If]kdf lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfsf]] ;+/rgf / hgzlQm ljj/0f g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s]Gb|df k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no ;d]t dGqfnox¿ @&, ;+j}wflgs sfof{nox? – ^, ljefu – ^), If]qLo :t/sf sfof{nox? – !$(, c~rn

213

sfof{nox? – #)^, lhNnf:t/Lo sfof{nox? – !,^@@, Onfsf:t/Lo – %,#!&, 5g\ . To;}u/L g]kfn k|x/L / /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefu cGtu{t @@#) lgsfox¿, ljsf; ;ldlt cGtu{tsf :jfoQ ;+:yfx¿ !#^ tyf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ – #^ 5g\ . ;+/rgfut cj:yfnfO{ b]xfosf] tflnsfaf6 b]vfpg ;lsG5 .

s= ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljBdfg ;+/rgf

-;|f]t M /fHo k'g/;+/rgf cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)^&_

lghfdtL ;]jfleq /x]sf ljleGg ;]jf, ;d"x / pk;d"x cGtu{tsf k|fljlws tyf k|zf;lgs kbx¿df :yfoL, c:yfoL Pj+ s/f/ ;]jfaf6 sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kbk"lt{ x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf kbx¿df :yfoL lgo'lQm nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/; adf]lhd x'g] u/]sf] 5 eg] s]xL k|fljlws Pj+ k|zf;lgs kbx¿ c:yfoL ¿kdf lgo'Qm u/L sfd u/fOPsf] 5 . sfof{no ;xof]uL, ;jf/L rfns, dfnL, sfof{no ;'/Iff cflb sfdsf nflu s/f/ ;]jfaf6 sd{rf/Lx¿ lnO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ul/g] ul/Psf] 5 .

s]Gb|Lo :t/

If]qLo :t/

c~rn÷pk–If]q :t/

lhNnf :t/

:yfgLo :t/

/fi6«kltsf] sfof{no– !, pk–/fi6«kltsf] sfof{no – ! dGqfno -k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t_ –@& ;+j}wflgs sfof{nox¿ – ^ ljefu – ^) k|lti7fg, ljsf; ;ldlt – !#^

If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{no– % If]qLo lgb]{zgfno÷sfof{no – !$(

c~rn sfof{nox¿ -l8lehg sfof{no ;d]t_ – #)^ cGo sfof{nox¿ – ^)$

lhNnfl:yt ljifout sfof{nox¿ – !^@@

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt

gu/kflnsf %*

uf=lj=;= #(!%

j8fx¿ j8fx¿

g]kfn ;/sf/

Onfsf:t/Lo sfof{nox¿ – %#!& Onfsf :t/

214

v= tx / lnËsf cfwf/df lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ljj/0f

tx k'¿if k|ltzt dlxnf k|ltzt hDdf k|ltzt txut k|ltzt

/fhkqflÍt !%,(*# *(=)Ü !,(&! !!=)Ü !&,(%$ !))Ü @@=$Ü

/fhkq cglÍt #@,^*& &*=*Ü *,&&$ @!=@Ü $!,$^! !))Ü %!=*Ü

>]0fL ljxLg !(,!&% (@=&Ü !,%!* &=#Ü @),^(# !))Ü @%=*Ü

hDdf ^&,*$% *$=&Ü !@,@^# !%=#Ü *),!)* !))Ü !))Ü

-;|f]tM ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, @)&)_

-gf]6 M k|:t't k|ltj]bgdf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;+VofTds cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg ;|f]taf6 km/s km/s ljj/0f k|fKt x'g cfPsf]n] ;f]xL cg'?k ;Da4 ;|f]t v'nfO{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . _

plNnlvt hgzlQmx¿ s]Gb|Lob]lv :yfgLo tx;Dd lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ . @& j6f dGqfno, ^ j6f ;+j}wflgs sfof{nox¿, !$( j6f If]qLo sfof{nox¿, #)^ j6f c~rn tyf l8lehg sfof{nox¿, !^@@ lhNnf:t/Lo sfof{nox¿, %#!& Onfsf sfof{nox¿df lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ sfo{/t 5g\ . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf s]Gb|Ls[t k|s[ltsf] 5 . %)Ü sd{rf/Lx¿ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf sfo{/t 5g\ . clws[t:t/sf $#Ü sd{rf/Lx¿ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf sfo{/t 5g\ . dflysf] tflnsfaf6 klg lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;xfos / >]0fLljxLg sd{rf/Lsf] afx'Notf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . sl/a &* k|ltzt sd{rf/Lx¿ of] ;d"xdf kb{5g\ .

15983

32687

19175

67845

1971

8774

1518

12263

17954

41461

20693

80108

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

/f=k= /f=k=cg+= >]0fLljxLg hDdf

k'?if

Ü

dlxnf

Ü

hDdf

Ü

hDdf k|ltzt

215

b/aGbLsf] 36\bf] cj:yf

lj=;+= @)$* ;fn;Dd g]kfndf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf]] ;+Vof qmdzM a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . lj=;+= @))& ;fndf @*,)$& lghfdtL sd{rf/L /x]sf]df lj=;= @)$* ;fndf cfOk'Ubf sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof !,)@,&$$ k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . To;kl5 qmdzM sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;+Vof 36\b} uP/ @)&) c;f/ d;fGtdf sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof *),))) sf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf] 5 . oBlk lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @$3= cg';f/ a9'jf ePsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;dfof]hgsf] sfo{ ;dfKt eO{ kb:yfkg ul/;s]kl5 dfq} oyfy{ b/aGbL ljj/0f v'Ng ;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

ljutsf t'ngfdf ;/sf/L ;+/rgfx¿ lj:tf/ eO/x]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfdf kl/jt{g ePklg lhDd]jf/L a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . dflysf] tflnsfaf6 ;/sf/L ;+/rgfx¿ a9\bf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ePklg b/aGbL eg] 36\bf] ¿kdf b]lvPsf] cj:yf 5 . o;n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efljt t'NofPsf] 5 .

u= If]qut cfwf/df sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;+VofTds l:ylt

!#!##, !^=$)Ü

#&*!%, $&=@#Ü

!@%%&, !%=^*Ü

(*&@, !@=##Ü

^^*%, *=#%Ü

k"jf{~rn dWodf~rn klZrdf~rn

dWoklZrdf~rn ;'b"/klZrdf~rn

216

3= ;]jfsf cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] ;+VofTds l:ylt

-;|f]tM lghfdtL lstfavfgf_

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ug'{ kg]{ ;'wf/ != cgfjZos ;+/rgf v8f gug]{

lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{af]emsf] cfwf/df eGbf lglxt :jfy{sf sf/0f ljleGg ;+/rgfx¿ v8f ug]{ k|j[lQ b]lvFbf cgfjZos ;+/rgf / lgsfox¿ vf/]h ug]{, s'g}klg lgsfo jf ;ª\u7g lgdf{0f ug'{k"j{ To;sf] cfjZostf, cf}lrTotf, ;fGble{stfsf cfwf/df k|efjsfl/tf x'g ;Sg] k"jf{j:yf lgdf{0f u/]/ dfq ;+/rgf :yfkgf ug]{ .

@= j:t'lgi7 / j}1flgs cfwf/df kb / b/aGbL l;h{gf ug]{

sfo{af]emsf] cfwf/df kb / b/aGbL l;h{gf ug]{ eGbf lglxt JolQmut :jfy{j; sltko kb / b/aGbL l;h{gf u/]sf] b]Vbf To:tf] c:jR5 Jojxf/n] ;]jfdf uDeL/ c;/ k'¥ofpg] sf/0f To:tf] k|j[lQsf] cGTo u/L j:t'lgi7 j}1flgs cfwf/df dfq gofF kb / b/aGbL l;h{gf ug]{ .

#= hgzlQm of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{

sd{rf/Lsf] kbk"lt{ k"j{sf] cj:yfb]lv cjsfz kl5;Ddsf] cj:yfnfO{ cf+sng u/L hgzlQm of]hgfsf] th'{df ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . xfd|f] k|zf;gdf hgzlQm of]hgf aGg ;s]sf]

#&)$$, $&Ü

!^$!*, @!Ü

$*@(, ^Ü

&(^!, !)Ü

!^$$,@Ü #@&, )% #^(, )Ü

$(@%, ^Ü

#)@*, $Ü

@(&#, $Ü@!), )Ü

%@, )Ü

@@!, )Ü

;fdfGo k|zf;g

s[lif

n]vf k/LIf0f

cy{, of]hgf tyf tYof+s

lzIff

OlGhlgol/Ë

jglj1fg

:jf:Yo

sfg'g

;+;b

;+j}}wflgs

k//fi6«

ljljw

217

b]lv+b}g . ljZjljBfnosf] pTkfbg / b]zsf] cfjZostf d]n vfPsf] cj:yf 5}g . Psflt/ /fHosf] 7"nf] nufgLaf6 z}lIfs a]/f]huf/x¿ pTkfbg eO{/x]sf 5g\ . csf{lt/ cfjZos kg]{ bIf / ljz]if1 hgzlQmsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . pTkfbg ePsf hgzlQmnfO{ b]zleq} cj;/ lbO{ ;]jf lng ;lsPsf] 5}g . /fHon] 7"nf] nufgL u/L pTkfbg u/]sf bIf hgzlQm knfog eO{/x]sf 5g\ . of]Uo / cAan hgzlQm lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yf 5 . of] ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] hgzlQm of]hgf agfO{ nfu" ug{] .

$= pQ/flwsf/ of]hgf nfu" ug]{

lghfdtL k|zf;gdf ;+:yfut ;+emgf -Institutional Memory_ sfod /fVg Pjd\ sfo{ ;~rfngdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg pQ/flwsf/ of]hgf cjnDag ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o;n] lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ :ki6 agfpFb5 . g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf; u/fpFb5 . gLltut lg/Gt/tf sfod /fVg ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 . k|zf;gdf pQ/flwsf/ of]hgfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cjnDag ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . To;}n] JolQm lkR5] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf leGgtf b]lvPsf] 5 . gLltut cl:y/tfsf] cj:yfsf nflu of] kIf lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] 5 . pRr txsf g]t[TjbfoL clwsf/Lx¿sf] lhDd]jf/Ldf klg l:y/tf /x]sf] 5}g . pgLx¿sf] rog klg ljjfbf:kb x'g] u/]sf] 5 . cg'dfgof]Uo k|zf;lgs Joj:yfkgsf nflu pQ/flwsf/ of]hgfsf] th'{df / ;f] sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug'{ kg]{ .

%= ;lrj a9'jf k4ltdf ;'wf/ Pjd\ ;¿jf ubf{ ljz]if ;+oGq dfkm{t ug]{

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLdf sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df a9'jf ubf{ a9'jf ;ldltn] cfjZos ;+Vofsf] t]Aa/ ;+Vof l;kmfl/; ug]{ / dlGqkl/ifb\\n] ;f] ;"rLaf6 5gf}6 u/L ljlzi6 >]0fLdf a9'jf ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . of] Joj:yfn] lghfdtL k|zf;gdf /fhgLlts cfa4tf / cfu|xsf] cj:yf leq\ofPsf] l6Kk0fL lj1x¿n] k|s6 ul//x]sf] cj:yf 5 . s'g} j:t'ut cfwf/ / sf/0f a]u/ ;"rLsf] cl3Nnf] qmdsf JolQm 5f]l8Psf] / kl5Nnf] qmdaf6 l6lkPsf] cj:yf klg b]lvPsf] 5 . o;n] lghfdtL ;]jfsf pRr txsf clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ /fhgLlt k/:t agfpg ;Sg] tkm{ ;r]ttf sfod ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . To;}n] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] sfo{ Ifdtfsf] d"NofÍgåf/f ul/g] a9'jfsf nflu a9'jf ;ldltn] a9Ldf l/Qm kbsf] kRrL; k|ltzt;Dd yk pDd]b\jf/ l;kmfl/; ug]{ u/L lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgoddf ;+zf]wg ug'{ kg]{ .

To;}u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljlzi6 >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;¿jfsf] s'g} j:t'ut dfkb08 sfod x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . dGqLsf] :j]R5f jf /f]h]/ ;lrj agfpg] OR5f u/]af6 ;¿jf u/fpg] cj:yf b]lvG5 . of] cj:yfn] ;lrjx¿ cfkm\gf] sfo{If]qdf /fhgLlts g]t[Tj;Fu c8fg lng] / k4ltdf sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ cj:yfdf /xg g;ls/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . t;y{ /fhkqflÍt ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ;¿jfsf nflu k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqL / g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj ;b:o /x]sf] ;ldlt agfO{ ;f] ;ldltn] ;¿jf ug]{ / s'g} klg dGqfnosf] ;lrjnfO{ sDtLdf Ps jif{ gk'uL ;¿jf gug]{ Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ .

218

^= ;¿jf kf/bzL{ / j:t'lgi7 agfpg]

;¿jfnfO{ cg'dfgof]Uo / ;doa4 u/fpg' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . of] sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{ gLltut ¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{ tl/sf klg xf] . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgodsf] ;+zf]wgdf of] ljifox¿nfO{ lgoldt ug{ k6sk6s k|of; ul/Psf 5g\ . t/ o;sf] k|of]u kIfdf ljleGg hl6ntfx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ . ;¿jf cg'dfgof]Uo x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . P]g lgodn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf cfwf/x¿sf] kfngf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . b'u{d If]qdf sd{rf/Lx¿ tf]lsPsf] ;do;Dd g/xg] ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 . b'u{d / lk5l8Psf lhNnfdf ;]jf gu/L a9'jf x'g g;Sg] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsPdf b'u{d If]qdf sd{rf/L ;¿jf eO{ hfg] cj:yf /xG5 . To:t} b'u{d If]qdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf ;'ljwfnfO{ cfsif{s agfO{ ;f] If]qdf ;¿jf eO{ hfg pTk|]l/t ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . b'u{d If]qdf tf]s]sf] cjlw k"/f ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;¿jfdf k|fyldstf lbg] / pgLx¿nfO{ ;Dej eP;Dd pgLx¿n] /f]h]sf] If]qdf ;¿jf ug{ ;s]df ;sf/fTds glthf cfpg ;S5 . s]Gb|Lo:t/af6 lhNnf:t/ / lhNnf:t/af6 s]Gb|Lo:t/df ;¿jf ug]{ cEof; Jojxf/df :yflkt ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ rqmLo k4ltdf ;~rfng ug'{ kb{5 . ;¿jfdf jfXo kIfsf] ;+nUgtf / k|efjnfO{ Go"gLs/0f u/L o;nfO{ k4ltut agfpg' kb{5 . ;/sf/L lgsfox¿nfO{ cfsif{s / cgfsif{s eg]/ 5'6\ofpg] k|j[lQnfO{ s'g}klg ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/g' x'Fb}g . ;+:yfut¿kdf ;¿jfnfO{ b08 / k'/:sf/sf] ¿kdf a'em\g] ljBdfg cEof;df kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostf 5 . ;+ej eP;Dd Pp6} kbdf Pp6} sfof{nodf bf]xf]¥ofP/ ;¿jf gug]{ / ;¿jfnfO{ cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg] u/L ;DalGwt sfdsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ . Joj:yfkg k/LIf0fsf] qmddf ;¿jfsf] ;d]t ;xL k|of]u eP gePsf] tkm{ ljrf/ ul/g' kg]{ .

&= kbf]Ggltsf] :ki6 dfkb08 to ug]{

kbf]Ggltsf] ljifo g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;a}eGbf a9L c:yL/ ljifo ePsf] 5 . x/]s k6s ul/g] ;]jf zt{;DaGwL sfg'gsf] ;+zf]wgdf kbf]Ggltsf] Joj:yfdf km]/abn ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;n] kbf]GgltnfO{ cg'dfgof]Uo x'g lbPsf] 5}g . h]i7tf, of]Uotf, cg'ej, tflnd / ef}uf]lns If]qsf c+sx¿ af/Daf/ kl/jt{g eO/x]sf b]lvG5g\ . lglZrt ;d"xsf] :jfy{ k"lt{sf nflu a9'jfsf zt{x¿df kl/jt{g x'g] u/]sf] cf/f]k klg nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf j[lQ dfu{ :ki6 ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu :jljj]ssf] dfqf 36fOg' kb{5 . j:t'ut cfwf/df kbf]Gglt x'g] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . tf]lsPsf] sfo{If]qdf v6]/ sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Ln] a9'jf k|fKt ug]{ Joj:yf pko'Qm x'G5 . gsf/fTds ;"rLdf k/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s h]i7tfdf cfwfl/t a9'jf k4lt -Jofr k|df];g_ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . o;n] kbf]Gglt k|lqmofnfO{ j:t'ut / cg'dfgof]Uo ;d]t agfpFb5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kb ;f]kfg sfod /fVg ;d]t ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 . of] k|lqmofaf6 ;d]t a9'jf x'g g;s]sf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lglZrt ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]kl5 ;]jf cjlw yk u/L Ps tx kbf]Gglt u/L cjsfz lbg] gLlt cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 . a9'jfsf] gLltdf :yfloTjsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . cg'dfgof]Uo j[lQ ljsf; of]hgfsf] th'{df ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . xfd|f] k|zf;lgs cEof;df Ps k6s ;]jf k|j]z u/]kl5 s'g} klg txdf txut cfwf/df of]Uotf -Nofst_ k/LIf0f ug]{ Joj:yf gx'Fbf Ifdtf ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . lglZrt

219

;]jf cjlw k"/f u/] kl5 txut Ifdtf /x] g/x]sf] d"NofÍg ug{ k/LIf0f ug{ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ kg]{ . To;}u/L a9'jf ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnonfO{ nf]s;]jf cfof]udf /fvL cfof]usf] ;lrjnfO{ ;b:o ;lrj agfpg' pko'Qm x'g] .

*= sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg j:t'ut / j}1flgs agfpg]

sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg cf}krfl/s k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] 5 . sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ ;ª\u7gsf] gLlt, p2]Zo, pknlAw / glthf;Fu cfa4 u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . o;sf dfkb08df klg af/Daf/ km]/abn ePsf] b]lvG5 . sfo{ ljj/0f / sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cfa4tf /x]sf] b]lvFb}g . d"NofÍgsf] k|lqmof / cEof; j:t'ut x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . a9'jfnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ sf=;=d"=sf] cÍ 36a9 ug]{ cf/f]k nflu/x]sf] kfOG5 . q}dfl;s ¿kdf sf=;=d"= eg{' kg]{ Joj:yf Jojxf/df k|of]udf cfPsf] 5}g . ;ª\u7gsf] pTkfbsTj / ;]jf k|jfxsf] cj:yf C0ffTds x'g] t/ sfo{;Dkfbgdf k"0ff{Í k|fKt ug]{ cj:yf clxn]sf] oyfy{ xf] . of] ljifonfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lnO{ sfg'gL Pjd\ Jofjxfl/s kIfdf ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . d"NofÍgsf cfwf/, cÍ lbg] tl/sf / d"NofÍgstf{df ;d]t k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g' kb{5 . sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf s'g} ;/f]sf/ g} gePsf] clwsf/LnfO{ d"NofÍg ug{ lbg' x'Fb}g . txut cfwf/df d"NofÍgsf cfwf/x¿ lgwf{/0f u/L ljBdfg cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"NofÍgsf nflu ;]jfu|fxL ;Gt'li6 ;j]{If0fnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg ;lsG5 . d"NofÍgsf nflu :ki6 ;"rs / dfkb08 tof/ u/L sfo{ ljj/0f;Fu o;nfO{ cfa4 ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . jif{el/sf] s"n xflh/LnfO{ ;d]t o;df cfa4 ug'{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

(= cWoog ÷cjnf]sgnfO{ kf/bzL{ / j:t'lgi7 agfpg]

ljb]z cWoog Pjd\ cjnf]sgsf nflu ul/g] dgf]gog j:t'ut /x]sf] 5}g . ;]jf zt{;DaGwL sfg'gn] lglZrt u/]sf] cfwf/x¿sf] klg kfngf ul/Psf] b]lvFb}g . ;a} ;]jf ;d"x / txdf cj;/sf] ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f x'g ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . o;n] lje]b / c;dfgtfsf] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 . cWoog ljbfsf] dfkb08df Ps¿ktf sfod ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf nflu 5fqj[lQ ljt/0fnfO{ Gofof]lrt agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . of] ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu lglZrt dfkb08sf] lgdf{0f / ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . 5fqj[lQsf] pkof]u u/]sf] sd{rf/Ln] ;DalGwt sfo{If]qdf lglZrt ;do ;]jf ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kg]{ x'G5 . Pp6} sd{rf/Ln] k6s k6s cj;/ kfpg] k4ltnfO{ s7f]/tfk"j{s lgoGq0f ul/g' kb{5 . cWoog ljbfsf nflu :ki6 cfwf/ / k|lqmof lgwf{/0f ul/g' kb{5 . Pp6} JolQmn] k6s k6s cWoog ljbf kfpg] k|yfsf] cGTo ul/g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . cWoog ljbfdf uPsf JolQmsf] :jtM ljz]if kb l;h{gf x'g] / ;f] kbdf csf]{ sd{rf/L k7fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf x'g' pko'Qm b]lvG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod ^!-@_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zsf] Joj:yfsf] ;d]t k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

!)= bIf hgzlQmsf] cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ug]{

sd{rf/LtGq of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 / o;sf nflu ;Ifdx¿ dWo]af6 bIf rog ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf bIf hgzlQm cem} cfslif{t ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yf 5 .

220

k|ltefsf] knfog eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . nf]s ;]jfsf] k|lt:kwf{df h'g¿kdf ;+VofTds j[l4 ePsf] 5, u'0ffTds j[l4 Tof] ¿kdf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t k|zf;goGq lgdf{0fsfnflu Ifdtfjfg JolQmx¿sf] k|j]z ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . /fHon] lzIff If]qdf 7"nf] nufgL u/]sf] 5 . 5fqj[lQdf k|fljlws lzIffdf pRr cWoog ug]{ cj;/df j[l4 eO{/x]sf] ePklg To:tf] hgzlQm pTkfbg eP\kl5 ;]jfdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsPsf] cj:yf 5}g . of] ljifonfO{ k|fyldstfk"j{s ;+af]wg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . ljZjsf pTs[i6 ljZjljBfnoaf6 pRr lzIff xfl;n u/]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t ug{ ;Sg] u/L gLltut Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . b]z leqs} ljZjljBfnosf pTs[i6 ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t ug]{ u/L kbk"lt{ k|lqmofdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . ;]jf, zt{, ;'ljwf, ;'/Iff / cfTd;Ddfg h:tf ljifodf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L lghfdtL ;]jfk|ltsf] cfsif{0f a9fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

!!= cfr/0fut lgodx¿ ;]jf lgj[Qkl5 klg nfu" ug]{ ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{

/fi6«;]jsx¿ ;/sf/sf k|ltlglw x'g\ . ;]jf ljt/0fdf a;]sf sd{rf/Lsf] Jojxf/af6 ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf b]lvG5 . To;}n] /fi6«;]jsx¿ g}ltsjfg, lhDd]jf/ / OdfGbf/ x'g' kb{5 . oltv]/ sd{rf/L g}ltstfdf w]/} sf]0faf6 k|Zg p7]sf] cj:yf 5 . sd{rf/Lx¿sf] dgf]an pRr 5}g . ;bfrf/ ;+:s[ltsf] qmdzM cefj b]lvFb}5 . e|i6frf/sf] ;"rsfÍdf sdhf]/ cj:yf b]lvFb}5 . lghfdtL k|zf;gk|ltsf] ljZjf; / e/f];fdf qmdzM x|f; cfO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . lhDd]jf/L lng] eGbf kG5fpg] k|j[lQ w]/} 5 . cfr/0fsf lgodx¿ ag]sf 5g\ t/ ltgsf] Jofjxfl/s kIf sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . k|zf;g gfkmf gf]S;fgsf] lx;fadf rn]sf] h:tf] cj:yf 5 . pQ/bfloTj kG5fpg] k|j[lQnfO{ cGTo u/L ;fj{hlgs cfr/0f / cg'zf;gsf lgodx¿sf] Jofjxfl/s k|of]u cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . To;}u/L cfkm\gf] :jfy{ /x]sf] ljifodf -Conflict of interest_ gLlt lgdf{0f Pjd\ lg0f{o ug{ gkfOg] u/L cfr/0fsf lgodx¿df k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . cfr/0fsf lgodx¿ ;]jf lgj[Q ePkl5 klg cfslif{t x'g] u/L Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

!@= ;dfj]zLs/0f ;]jf k|j]z txdf dfq s]lGb|t ug]{

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sfnfO{ ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . /f]huf/L ;d]tdf lglZrt ;dosf nflu cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf u/L hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ pTyfg ug]{ gLlt cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] d"NonfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf c+lusf/ ug{sf nflu cf/If0f / ;sf/fTds lje]bsf ljleGg pkfox¿ cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 . ljutsf] t'ngfdf lghfdtL k|zf;g ;dfj]zL x'g yfn]sf] 5 . of] ;sf/fTds kIf xf] . o;n] lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo, ju{ / If]qsf] hgtfsf] /fHok|lt ckgTj a9\b} uPsf] 5 . t/ o;n] of]Uotf k|0ffNfLdf kf/]sf] k|efj / nlIft ju{;Dd o;sf] kx'Fr :yflkt x'g ;s] g;s]sf] ljifodf eg] w]/} g} l6sf l6Kk0fL eO{/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . sltko cj:yfdf o;sf] b'¿kof]u ;d]t ePsf] tyf ;dfj]zLs/0fn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf kf/]sf k|efj / c;/sf] j:t'ut d"NofÍg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . cf/If0fnfO{ lglZrt ;do ;Ldfdf ;Lldt /fvL -Sun Set Policy)

221

;zlQms/0fsf pkfox¿ cjnDag ul/g' kb{5 . cfly{s, ;fdflhs ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf ju{sf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf kx'Fr sfod x'g] u/L of] gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ul/g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ ;]jf k|j]z txdf s]lGb|t ul/g' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .

!#= tna ;'ljwf ;dofg's"n j[l4 ug]{

a9\bf] ahf/ d"No / lghL If]qn] pknAw u/fPsf] kfl/>lds ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ pknAw u/fOPsf] tna eQf / ;]jf ;'ljwf lgjf{xd'vL dfq /x]sf] 5 . ;fdfGo ¿kdf hLjg wfGg / kl/jf/ kfng kf]if0f ug{sf nflu ljBdfg tna eQf lgZro g} ckof{Kt /x]sf] 5 . tna eQfsf] lglZrt ;dofjlwleq k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] ;d]t sfof{Gjog ;xh ¿kdf x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . ljleGg ;dodf ePsf tna ;'ljwf k'g/fjnf]sg cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx¿n] cf}+NofPsf ;'emfjx¿ sfof{Gjogdf cfpg ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . of] ;ldltn] cGtl/d k|ltj]bgdf of] ljifonfO{ tTsfn ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof] . o;jif{ -@)&)÷)&!_sf] ah]6df sd{rf/Lsf] tna eQfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] ePklg of] tTsfnLg pkfodfq /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ pQ/bfoL / dof{lbt agfpgsf nflu lglZrt dfkb08sf cfwf/df tna eQf / ;'ljwf / df}lb|s tyf u}x| df}lb|s k|f]T;fxgsf Joj:yfx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . eQfx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L o;nfO{ lgsfosf] cfwf/df xf]Og sfdsf cfwf/df lbg] Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ x'G5 . x/]s jif{ Ps lbgsf] tna a/fa/ u|]8 j[l4 ug]{ Joj:yf ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 . o:tf] u|]8 j[l4sf] ;'ljwf d'Vo ;lrjn] b'O{ u|]8;Dd / ;lrjn] rf/ u|]8;Dd kfpg] u/L Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . tNnf] kb / dflyNnf] kbsf] tnasf] cg'kft !M% sfod ug]{ cGo b]zsf] cEof;nfO{ cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 .

!$= cjsfz kl5sf] of]hgf lgwf{/0f u/L nfu" ug]{

lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 ;]jf lgj[Q x'g] hgzlQmx¿sf nflu cjsfz kl5 lqmofzLntfsf nflu s'g} of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿ aGg ;s]sf] cj:yf b]lvb}g . nfdf] ;do ;/sf/L lhDd]jf/Ldf /x]sf sd{rf/Lx¿n] cjsfzkl5 klg dxTjk"0f{ ;fdflhs tyf ljsf;fTds sfddf of]ubfg lbg ;S5g\ . dxTjk"0f{ 1fg, ;Lk, bIftf Pjd\ cg'ej ePsf pRr txsf clwsf/Lx¿ ;]jf lgj[Q kl5 klg dfu{bz{s e"ldsfdf ;/sf/sf] ;Nnfxsf/sf] e"ldsfdf /xg ;S5g\ . ;/sf/sf k|ltlglwsf] ¿kdf ;fdflhs ;r]tgfsf sfo{qmddf lqmofzLntf b]vfpg ;S5g\ . o:tf ;Defjgfx¿nfO{ b[li6ut u/L cjsfz x'g'k"j{ g} cjsfz kl5sf] hLjgsf] lqmofzLntfsf nflu cfjZos ;Lk / 1fgsf] ljt/0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . To;}u/L cjsfzk|fKt sd{rf/Lsf] k]G;g a}+s vftfdf hDdf ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf NofOg' kb{5 .

!%= k|ljlwd}qL k|zf;gsf] ljsf; ug]{

lghfdtL k|zf;gdf ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg;Fu cfa4 ug{ ;s]df ;]jf ljt/0f l56f], 5l/tf], kf/bzL{ / cg'dfgof]Uo x'g ;S5 . xfn;Dd k|ljlwnfO{ ;]jf ljt/0fsf If]qdf Jofks ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ljB'tLo zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg]{ u/L k|ljlwd}qL k|zf;g :yfkgf ug{ k|of; ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

222

!^= cg'udg / d"NofÍgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg]

lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg o;sf sfd sf/jfxLsf] lgoldt cg'udg / d"NofÍg cfjZos x'G5 . sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ ;DkfbgnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf cg'udg Pjd\ d"NofÍg ul/Psf] b]lv+b}g . of] kIf cToGt sdhf]/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lg/LIf0f, ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg / d"NofÍgn] ;'wf/sf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5g\ . sfo{ ljj/0f, sfo{ k|lqmof, ;Dkfbg u/]sf] lhDd]jf/L o;n] kf/]sf] k|efj, lbPsf] glthf / pTkfbsTjsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L cg'udg d"NofÍgsf ;"rsx¿ tof/ ul/g' kb{5 . o;nfO{ cf}krfl/s k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf dfq glnO{ ;'wf/tkm{sf] clgjfo{ k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf lng' kb{5 .

!&= b08 / k'/:sf/sf] ;d'lrt k|of]u ug]{

/fd|f] sfd ug]{nfO{ k'/:s[t ug]{ / v/fa sfd ug]{nfO{ bl08t ug]{ ljifo ;ª\u7gnfO{ hLjg / ultzLn agfpg] dfGotf x'g\ . b08 / k'/:sf/sf] j:t'lgi7 k|of]u x'g ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . k'/:sf/nfO{ ;Lldt t'NofOPsf] 5 . k|foM of] s]Gb|df dfq ;Lldt 5 . o;sf cfwf/x¿ j:t'ut klg x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . rog ug]{ clwsf/Lsf] ljj]s k'/:sf/ k|flKtsf] k|efjzfnL dfkb08 ePsf] 5 . k'/:sf/ kfpg]sf] JolQmTj, of]ubfg, cfr/0f, cg'zf;g, g}ltstf / ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf k|fKt u/]sf] VofltnfO{ ;d]t dfkb08df ;d]l6g' kg]{ cj:yf b]lvG5 . To:t} b08 lbg] clwsf/sf] k|of]u klg j:t'ut x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . sfg'gsf] pNn3+g jf s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ b08 lbOg] u/]sf] b]lv+b}g . b08 / k'/:sf/ b'a} ljlw ;/n / ;xh 5}gg\ . o;df k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

!*= lg0f{o k|lqmof 5f]6f] / kf/bzL{ agfpg]

lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] lg0f{o k|lqmof k/Dk/fut 9fFrfsf] 5 . cf}krfl/s k|s[ltsf] 5 . lg0f{osf txx¿ w]/} 5g\ . clwsf/ s]Gb|Ls[t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k|Tofof]hgsf] cEof; sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . cgfjZos ¿kdf ;fgf ltgf ljifodf klg l6Kk0fL p7fpg] k|rng 5 . ;xfosaf6 l6Kk0fL p7fpg] k|rng /lx/x]sf] 5 . lg0f{odf cg';Gwfgd"ns tYox¿ vf]lhb}g . lgb]{lzt ¿kdf l6Kk0fL p7fpg' kg]{ k|j[lQsf] clxn];Dd ljBdfgtfdf o;sf] p2]Zo / k|of]hgn] ;fy{s glthf lbg ;s]sf] 5}g . lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . s'g} klg lg0f{ok"j{ To;n] kfg]{ k|efjsf] cf+sng ul/b}g . oyfl:yltsf] lg/Gt/tf 5 . lg0f{o k|lqmof kf/bzL{ klg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . lg0f{osf] clen]v k4lt Jojl:yt 5}g . pQ/flwsf/ of]hgfsf] cefjn] lg0f{odf clwsf/LlkR5] ljljwtf b]lvPsf] 5 . ;+:yfut ;Demgfsf] cefjn] Psfk;df lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ lg0f{o x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;xeflutf, pQ/bfloTj, kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf sfg'gL ljifodfq ePsf 5g\ . lognfO{ Jojxf/df ¿kfGt/0f ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . l6Kk0fL k|lqmofnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . lg0f{osf] clen]v k4ltnfO{ Jojl:yt u/L ;+:yfut ;+emgf sfod u/fpg' kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .

!(= pQ/bfloTj jxg ug{ sfo{ ljj/0f agfO{ To;sf] cfwf/df d"NofÍg ug]{

sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;DkfbgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ pQ/bfloTj jxg u/fpg sfo{ ljj/0f pko'Qm ljlw xf]] . o;n] lhDd]jf/L ls6fg ub{5 . d"NofÍg ug{ ;xh x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgodn] sfo{ ljj/0fsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ c+lusf/ u/]sf] ePklg o;sf]

223

Jofjxfl/s kIf Psbd sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . o;n] lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfloTj kG5fpg] k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] 5 . w]/} h;f] lgsfodf sfo{ ljj/0f agfOPsf] kfOb}g . sfo{ljj/0f ag]sf sfof{non] klg k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf] cj:yf 5}g . o;nfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg;Fu cfa4 ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . sfo{ ljj/0fnfO{ j:t'ut agfO{ ;a} txsf hgzlQmnfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf sfo{ ljj/0f pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ / ;f]xL sfo{ ljj/0f Pjd\ sfo{k|ultsf cfwf/df sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ug'{kg]{ kl/kf6L cjnDag ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 .

@)= /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] ;DaGw ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug]{

/fHosf] gLlt lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ /fhgLlts g]t[Tj sf] xf] . lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf] lhDd]jf/L k|zf;gsf] xf] . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ gLlt lgwf{/0fsf ;xof]uL x'g\ . pgLx¿;Fu ljz]if1tf x'G5 . Jofj;flostf x'G5 . ;+:yfut ;+emgf x'G5 / sfg'gL Pjd\ k|lqmofut ljifodf hfgsf/L x'G5 . k|zf;gn] /fhgLlt g]t[TjnfO{ k4ltut b[li6n] sfd ug{ ;xof]u ug'{ kb{5 . oL Ps csf{sf k|ltikwL{ xf]Ogg\, kl/k"/s x'g\ . To;}n] /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] cfkm\gf] :jfy{ k"/f u/fpg k|zf;gnfO{ bafj lbg[' x'Fb}g / k|zf;gn] klg k4lt ldr]/ sfd ug{ /fhgLlts g]t[TjnfO{ k|]l/t ug'{ x'Fb}g . of] dfGotfnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd ;'zf;g -;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg_ P]g, @)^$ n] ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 . t/ ;f] cg';f/sf] cEof; x'g;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . k|zf;gn] /fhgLlts g]t[TjnfO{ c6]/ ug]{ k|zf;gdf /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] x:tIf]k ug]{ cj:yf 5 . k|zf;gdf /fhgLltn] k|j]z kfPsf]n] /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] ;DaGw x'g'kg]{ eGbf leGg /x]sf] 5 . oL b'a} zlQmx¿ cf–cfkm\gf ;Ldfdf /xg' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] k|i6 ;Ldf/]vf 5'l§g' h¿/L ePsf] 5 .

@!= ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg]

;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ljt/0f ;/sf/sf] k|d'v sfd xf] . lghfdtL sd{rf/L dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f ul/G5 . ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ljt/0f ul/Psf ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . hgtfsf ck]Iff / cfjZostfx¿ qmdzM a9\bf] cj:yfdf 5g\ . t/ clwsf+z ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ljt/0fk|lt hgtfsf] d"NofÍg ;sf/fTds /x]sf] kfOb}g . b'u{d lk5l8Psf] If]qdf emg ;]jf ljt/0fsf] cj:yf cToGt sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . ;]jf ljt/0f ug]{ gLlt / k|lqmof cfkm}df ;/n, ;xh / kl/0ffd'vL 5}gg\ . ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ljt/0f eO/x]sf] 5, t/ nlIft ju{n] k|ltkmn kfpg ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . ;]jf ljt/0fdf pQ/bfloTjsf] ;d]t cefj /x]sf] 5 . kf/blz{tfsf] cefj 5 . cg'udg d"NofÍgsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . b08 / k':sf/nfO{ ;]jf ljt/0fdf cfa4 u/fpg ;lsPsf] b]lvFb}g . cem}klg ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlw;Fu cfa4 ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;+:s[ltdf ;'wf/ cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . cfd gful/sn] ;/sf/af6 kfpg'kg]{ ;]jf ;'ljwf ;/n, ;xh, kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfoL ¿kdf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{tkm{ ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ s]lGb|t x'g'kb{5 . pkTosfdf @%Ü / pkTosf aflx/ sfo{:yndf ;]jfk|jfx ug{ &%Ü sd{rf/L v6fpg] lsl;dsf] gLlt / Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .

224

@@= sfo{ ;~rfng lbUbz{g tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{

x/]s sfof{non] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfdnfO{ pQ/bfoL, kf/bzL{, cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg Pjd\ Ps¿ktfk"j{s sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;DalGwt s]Gb|Lo lgsfon] sfo{ ;~rfng lbUbz{g -Standard Operation Procedure (SOP)_ tof/ u/L nfu" ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

@#= ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf e|i6frf/sf] ;"rfÍdf g]kfnsf] 5lj /fd|f] aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . tYof+sLo cj:yf x]bf{ e|i6frf/ ;+:yfut ePsf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . lgoGq0fsf k|of;x¿ k|efjsf/L b]lvPsf 5}gg\ . o;n] /fHosf]ifsf] / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx g/fd|f];Fu k|efljt ePsf] 5 . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu :yflkt lgsfox¿ s]Gb|Ls[t 5g\ . tL lgsfox¿df kof{Kt ;|f]t ;fwg / hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . sltko cj:yfdf /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] g} e|i6frf/LnfO{ ;+/If0f u/]sf] cf/f]k klg nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs kl/j]zn] cem}klg e|i6frf/nfO{ ck/fwsf] ¿kdf lng ;s]sf] 5}g . e|i6frf/ lj¿4sf] k|of;df cfd gful/ssf] ;xsfo{ cfjZos 5 . /fhgLlts Pjd\ k|zf;lgs g]t[Tjn] e|i6frf/ lj¿4sf] k|lta4tf k|s6 gu/];Dd ;+j}wflgs Pjd\ sfg'gL Joj:yfn] dfq of] lgoGq0fsf] bfo/fdf cfpg ;Sg] b]lvb}g . e|i6frf/ lj¿4sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3Lo dxf;lGwsf] kIf eO;s]sf] eP klg ;f] dxf;lGwsf] cg's"n x'g] u/L sfg'gL Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ x'g;s]sf] 5}g . sfg'gdf kl/dfh{g ;lxt lgoGq0f lgsfox¿nfO{ ;|f]t, ;fwg / hgzlQm kof{Kt pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

@$= ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{

kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ ;/sf/n] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf nflu ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . To:tf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿df /x]sf] 5 . j[4 eQf, Psn dlxnf eQf Pjd\ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ubf{ kf/blz{tf sfod x'g g;s]sf] l6Kk0fL ljleGg If]qaf6 k|s6 eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf sfd sf/jfxLdf clgoldttf / e|i6frf/ x'g] u/]sf] / /fHosf]ifsf] b'¿kof]u ePsf] cf/f]k klg nflu/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx¿sf] clen]v cBfjlws x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . o;sf] ljt/0f k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljt/0f k|lqmof cg'dfgof]Uo klg 5}g . kl5Nnf] ;dodf :yfkgf ul/Psf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]ifnfO{ ;~rfng ug]{ P]g xfn;Dd aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . k|fyldstfk"j{s of] ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ s]lGb|t ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

@%= cjsfzsf] pd]/df Ps¿ktf sfod ug]{

;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf hgzlQmsf] ;]jfsf zt{ / pd]/df Ps¿ktf sfod x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . ljz]ifu/L pd]/sf] xbdf w]/} ljljwtf /x]sf] 5 . ;]gf / k|x/Lsf] t txut cfwf/df ;d]t pd]/sf] xbsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfleq} :jf:Yo ;]jf, Joj:yflksf–;+;b / c¿;]jfdf pd]/df leGgtf 5 . ljBfno lzIfs / ljZjljBfnosf lzIfssf] pd]/sf] xbdf Ps¿ktf /x]sf] 5}g . ;+ljwfgdf

225

GofofwLzx¿sf nflu klg leGg leGg pd]/sf] xb /flvPsf] kfOG5 . sd;]sd lghfdtL ;]jfleq pd]/sf] xbdf Ps¿ktf sfod x'g' cfjZos /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cf}ift cfo'df cfPsf] ;'wf/ / cg'ejL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf lng] b[li6sf]0faf6 pd]/sf] ;Ldf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{tkm{ 5nkmn ug]{ ;do cfPsf] 5 . l5d]sL d'n'sn] cjnDag u/]sf] cEof;nfO{ t'ngfTds cWoog u/L of] ljifodf :ki6 / 8]lunf] b[li6sf]0f /fVg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . pd]/sf] xbdf af/Daf/ kl/jt{g eO/xg' pko'Qm x'Fb}g . To;}n] k|of]usf] ¿kdf geO{ bL3{sfnLg b[li6sf]0fsf] ¿kdf of] ljifodf gLltut Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfnL hgtfsf] cf}ift cfo'df cfPsf] ;'wf/, lgj[Qe/0fdf kg]{ ef/, ;fwf/0f vr{sf] s6f}tL Pjd\ plNnlvt cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] pd]/sf] xb ^) jif{ sfod ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

@^= ;]jf s/f/sf] Joj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{

lghfdtL k|zf;gdf ;]jf s/f/sf] cEof; ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . cfjZos ¿kdf sd{rf/L b/aGbL lj:tf/ ePdf o;n] ;/sf/nfO{ bL3{sfnLg ef/ kg{ hfg] ljifonfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lnO{ ;]jf s/f/sf] cjwf/0ff c+lusf/ ul/Psf] xf] . ;]jf s/f/sf nflu cfly{s k|zf;g P]g lgodn] u/]sf] dfu{lgb]{z / cEof;df d]n 5}g . JolQm;Fu s/f/ u/L ;]jf lng] k|j[lQ Jofks 5 . ;]jf s/f/af6 ;]jf lng' kg]{df sd{rf/L egf{ ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . clxn] cfP/ ;]jf s/f/sf sd{rf/Lx¿n] :yfoL x'g'k5{ egL cfGbf]ng ug{ yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . s'g} klg cjwf/0ffsf] unt cEof; ul/Pdf To;n] Nofpg] kl/0ffd ;sf/fTds x'g ;Sb}g . :jLs[t b/aGbLsf] lghfdtL kbdf ;d]t ;]jf s/f/ u/L sd{rf/L egf{ ug]{ k|aGw klg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . of] ljifodf cjwf/0ffut¿kdf :ki6 x'g' kg]{ / o;sf] cEof;df k'g/fjnf]sg ug['{kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

@&= 6«]8 o'lgogsf] Joj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{

lghfdtL ;]jfdf 6«]8 o'lgogsf] cEof;n] kf/]sf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds k|efjsf] d"NofÍg ug'{kg]{ ;do cfPsf] 5 . cGo b]zn] cjnDag u/]sf cEof; ;d]tnfO{ cWoog u/L 6«]8 o'lgogsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgsf] ljBdfg cj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

@*= cfr/0f / cg'zf;gsf] Joj:yfnfO{ s7f]/tfk"j{s nfu" ug]{

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu cfr/0f / cg'zf;gsf ljleGg k|aGwx¿ ul/Psf] 5 . ;]jf zt{;DaGwL sfg'gsf cltl/Qm ;'zf;g -;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg_ P]g, @)^$ cGtu{t klg sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0f ;DaGwL 5'§} lgod ag]sf] cj:yf 5 . t/ cg'zf;g / cfr/0fsf] k|of]u / kl/kfngfsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . sd{rf/Lx¿sf] g}lts w/ftn v:sFbf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] dflgG5 . g}lts d"No dfGotfdf x|f; cfPsf] 5 . kb;f]kfg tyf txut >[ª\vnf elTsPsf] cj:yf 5 . cg'zf;gsf] cj:yf emg sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . k|zf;gdf /fhgLlts ultljlwsf] k|efjn] ;d]t g}lts d"No dfGotfdf ljrng cfPsf] b]lvG5 . v'n]cfd /fhgLlts bnsf] ;dy{g / lj/f]wdf sd{rf/Lx¿ lqmofzLn 5g\ . /fhgLlts ;+/If0f s} cf8df Go"gtd k|zf;lgs lhDd]jf/L klg kfngf gu/L hflu/ vfO/x]sf] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;+Vof klg pNn]Vo /x]sf]

226

5 . sltko cj:yfdf gLltut txdf g} x:tIf]ksf] cj:yf klg b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf] cGTo x'g'k5{ . cg'zf;g / cfr/0fsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g'k5{ .

@(= 58\s] k|j]zsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{

sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf gj/Qm ;~rf/ u/L ultzLn agfpg 58\s] k|j]zsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . lghfdtL ;]jf aflx/sf of]Uo / cg'ejL hgzlQm ;]jfleq cfslif{t ug{ ;lsof];\ eGg] p2]Zon] o:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . of] Joj:yfsf] k|of]usf kIf ljkIfdf k|z:t l6sfl6Kk0fL / dt dtfGt/x¿ k|s6 eO/x]sf 5g\ . kIfdf eGbf ljkIfdf ul/Psf l6Kk0fLx¿ a9L ;zQm ¿kdf k|:t't ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;n] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ultzLntf Nofpg' eGbf txut >[+vnf elTsPsf], cg'zf;g sfod ug{ c;lhnf] ePsf], cg'ejL / sfdk|lt ;dlk{t hgzlQmsf] pk]Iff ul/Psf] h:tf cfnf]rgf eO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . xfn;Dd o;n] kf/]sf] k|efj w]/} ;sf/fTds x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . s'g} klg gofF yfngLn] kf/]sf] k|efj / c;/ ljZn]if0f u/L To;sf] cf}lrTosf cfwf/df gLltut k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . h'g p2]Zo /fv]/ ;f] Joj:yf ul/of] Tof] p2]Zo k"/f x'g ;s]g . o;n] sltko cj:yfdf t ljs[lt h:tf] klg b]vfPsf] 5 . To;}n] v'nf k|ltikwf{sf] Joj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cfGtl/s / cGt/;]jf k|ltikwf{df hf]8 lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

#)= k]G;g sf]if ;DaGwL gofF gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{

lghfdtL ;d]tsf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lgj[Qe/0fdf /fHosf]ifaf6 lgSs} 7"nf] nufgL eO/x]sf] 5 . jif]{gL o:tf] /sd a9\b} uO/x]sf] k]G;gsf] ef/ a9]sf] cj:yf 5 . ljutdf k]G;g sf]ifsf nflu ul/Psf] k|of; ;kmn ¿kdf sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf] cg'ej klg /x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] h:tf] d'n'ssf] a9\bf] ¿kdf /x]sf] k]G;gsf] cÍ wfGg ;xh 5}g . of] ;Gbe{nfO{ ;dodf ;Daf]wg ug{ g;lsPdf To;n] cy{tGqdf g} g/fd|f] k|efj kfg{ ;S5 . of] ljifodf bL3{sfnLg ;f]r /fvL k]G;g;DaGwL gofF /0fgLlt cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu cGo d'n'sn] u/]sf] cEof;nfO{ ;d]t cWoog u/L k]G;g Joj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g' kb{5 .

#!= ljbfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{

kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs ljbfsf] ;ª\Vof pNn]Vo¿kdf a9fPsf] b]lvG5 . o;n] ;/sf/L ;]jfk|jfx k|efljt ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;l~rt /xg] 3/ ljbfsf] ;Ldf klg k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . To:t} !*) lbg eGbf a9L 3/ ljbf ;l~rt gx'g] Joj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L !%) lbg eGbf a9L 3/ ljbf ;l~rt ePdf ;l~rt ljbfsf] /sd ;f]xL jif{sf] clGtddf e'QmfgL lbg] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

#@= ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL sfg'gsf] kl/dfh{g / ;'wf/ ug]{

JolQmk/s jf ;Qfk/s ¿kdf lglxt :jfy{k"lt{ ug]{ lx;fan] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, lgoddf ;+zf]wg ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ cGTo ug]{ clek|fon] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( hf/L ul/Psf] ePklg of] P]gsf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;dodf klg nx8d} tby{jfbL gLltx¿ Nofpg] k|j[lQ b]vf kl//x]sf 5g\ . To;df klg u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf kZrft slxn] Pp6} dGqfnodf b'O6f ;lrj /fVg], ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx / ;]jf ;~rfngdf bL3{sfnLg

227

c;/ kg]{ u/L P]g lgodx¿ ;+zf]wg ug]{, lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf @$ 3 ! h:tf] :jtM a9'jfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / s]xL ;do kl5 To:tf Joj:yf x6fpg] h:tf 36gfn] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotf lj¿4sf sfd sf/jfxLx¿ eO/x]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Jofj;flostf / cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfdf c;/ kg]{ u/L s'g} cWoog g} gu/L jf To;n] kfg]{ k|efjsf] cf+sng gu/L ;]jf ;~rfng ;DaGwL sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg ug]{ kl/kf6LnfO{ lg¿T;flxt ul/g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . s'g} JolQm jf ;d"xsf] :jfy{ k"lt{ ug]{ lx;fan] ;]jf zt{;DaGwL sfg'gx¿ ;+zf]wg ul/g' x'Fb}g . ;+zf]wgn] kfg{ ;Sg] k|efjnfO{ cf+sng u/L bL3{sfnLg b[li6sf]0f /fv]/ sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] ;+zf]wg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

##= lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'wf/sf cGo ljifox¿

lghfdtL k|zf;g;Fu ;fGble{s cGo ljifox¿ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgodsf Joj:yfsf] kl/kfngfdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿ / ltgn] sfo{;Dkfbgdf kf/]sf] k|efj ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L cGo ;fGble{s ljifox¿df ;ldltn] 5nkmn u/]sf] 5 . h;nfO{ b]xfosf a'Fbfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M–

� lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . /fhkq cglÍt k|yd >]0fLaf6 cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf dfkm{t /fhkqflÍt t[tLo >]0fLdf hfg ;Sg] Joj:yf k'gM :yflkt ug'{ kg]{ dfunfO{ ;d]t ;Daf]wg ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf 5 . /fhkqflÍt kbx¿df v'nf Pjd\ cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cGt/;]jf k|ltof]lutfåf/f kbk"lt{ ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] ;'emfjx¿ k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . ljutdf ePsf cEof;sf] d"NofÍg ubf{ kbk"lt{sf nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf] k|ltzt sfod ug'{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 M

l;=g+= kb v'nf cf=k|= -cGt/;]jf_

h]i7tf / sfo{Ifdtf

!= /fhkq cglÍt låtLo !)) – –

@= /fhkq cglÍt k|yd &) – #)

#= /fhkqflÍt t[tLo &) !) @)

$= /fhkqflÍt låtLo !) @) &)

%= /fhkqflÍt k|yd – @) *)

^= ljlzi6 >]0fL – – -@)±*)_ !))

:ki6Ls/0fM cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffdf Go"gtd of]Uotf k'u]sf ;a} ;]jf ;d"xsf sd{rf/Ln] k|ltikwf{ ug{ kfpg] 5g\ . nf]s;]jf cfof]un] PsLs[t k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{ cEof; ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfnfO{ ;]jf ;d"xdf ;Lldt gu/L k|ltikwf{ / cj;/sf] bfo/f km/flsnf] kfg'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] xf] .

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� lghfdtL ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL ljifodf sfg'g lgdf{0f Pjd\ ;+zf]wg ubf{ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ afWofTds ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . t/ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{nfO{ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf dfq lng] ul/G5 . nf]s;]jf cfof]u cfkm}n] klg cg';Gwfgd"ns ¿kdf k/fdz{ lbg] u/]sf] geO{ tTsfn /x]sf kbflwsf/Lsf] b[li6sf]0f dfq k7fpg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 eg] To:tf] k/fdz{nfO{ /Lt k'¥ofpg] k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf cg';f/ sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ cg';Gwfgsf cfwf/df ;'wf/ ug'{ kb{5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgod cg';f/ sfof{nox¿ ;~rfng eP gePsf] ljifo ;d]tsf] Joj:yfkg k/LIf0f ug]{ clwsf/ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnonfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . t/ ;f] dGqfnoaf6 k|efjsf/L ¿kdf Joj:yfkg k/LIf0f x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . ;|f]t, ;fwg, hgzlQmsf] cefj Pjd\ Joj:yfkg k/LIf0fsf] pkfb]otfk|ltsf] pbfl;gtfn] of] e"ldsf cf}krfl/stfdf ;Lldt ag]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgodsf Joj:yfsf] pNn+3g lg/Gt/ eO/x]sf] 5 . t/ Tof] lgu/fgLsf] bfo/fdf cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . Joj:yfkg k/LIf0fnfO{ cf}krfl/stfdf ;Lldt g/fvL k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;~rfng ug'{ kb{5 . of] clwsf/nfO{ lglZrt tx;Dd lgwf{l/t k|lqmof k"/f u/L Joj:yfkg k/LIf0f ug]{ u/L clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ n]vf k/LIf0f h:t} clgjfo{ ul/g' kb{5 . s'g} clgoldttf ePsf]df Joj:yfkg k/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bgdf To:tf] clgoldttf pNn]v gug]{ k/LIfsnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfOg' kb{5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lgo'lQm, kb:yfkg, ;¿jf, kbf]Gglt, sfjf{xL ;d]tsf ljifodf ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l/6 lgj]bgx¿ kg]{ qmd a9\g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . l/6af6 pkrf/ k|fKt ug]{ k|lqmof ;/n klg 5}g . o;n] Gofokflnsfsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;do lng] u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] ;a} k|sf/sf ;]jf zt{;DaGwL sfg'g cg';f/sf u'gf;f] tyf ph'/L ;'Gg] lgsfosf] ¿kdf 5'§} P]gåf/f k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] sfo{If]q k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ k|zf;lgs sfd sf/jfxL pk/sf] u'gf;f] Pjd\ ljjfb lsgf/f ug]{ lgsfosf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgoddf /x]sf] ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmof hl6n / k|lqmofd'vL ePsf]n] sf/jfxL ;xh x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ;]jfsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu ul/Psf Joj:yfx¿ OdfGbf/Ldf ga:g], cg'zf;g kfngf gug]{ Pjd\ lhDd]jf/Lsf] b'¿kof]u ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu /Iff sjr x'g' x'Fb}g . ;]jf k|jfx / lg0f{o k|lqmof Pjd\ sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ pQ/bfoL Pjd\ hjfkmb]xL agfpgsf nflu ljBdfg ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL sfg'gdf /x]sf] ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmofnfO{ ;/n / j:t'ut agfpg] u/L k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] ljleGg k|s[ltsf s;"/df ljleGg vfnsf ;hfo ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ s;"/sf] dfqf, uDeL/tf / uxgtfsf cfwf/df ;hfo lbg] u/]sf] kfOb}g . sltko cj:yfdf s;"/af6 hf]ufpg ;fgf] ;hfo ug]{ u/]sf] klg kfOPsf] 5 . ljefuLo ;hfo Pjd\ s;"/sf] dfqf ;dfg'kflts x'g' cfjZos 5 . sf/jfxL k|lqmofnfO{ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf dfq lng] xf] eg] o;n] cg'zf;g sfod /fVg s7Lg x'G5 . To;}n] ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL P]gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kl/lw leq /xL

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s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ ;hfo ug{sf nflu sfof{no k|d'v / ljefuLo k|d'vnfO{ k|lzlIft ul/g' kb{5 . ;fy} k/fdz{ lbg] ;dodf nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;d]t of] ljifonfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To;}u/L nfdf] ;do;Dd ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmof cufl8 ga9fpg] lhDd]jf/ clwsf/LnfO{ ;d]t cg'zf;gsf] sf/jfxL ug'{kg]{ u/L sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{ x'G5 . s;"/ / ;hfosf] dfqf ldnfpg P]gsf] bkmf ^), ^)s / ^! df ;+zf]wg cfjZos 5 . o; ;Gbe{df k|zf;sLo cbfntaf6 sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg ug{ lgb]{zg ;d]t hf/L eO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;}u/L lghfdtL ;]jfdf sd{rf/LnfO{ g}lts ktg x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cbfntaf6 ;hfo kfPsf] eGg] Joj:yfsf] ;§f g}lts ktg b]lvg] jf Ps jif{ eGbf a9L kmf}hbf/L s;"/df cbfntaf6 ;hfo kfPsf] eGg] Joj:yf ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g] b]lvG5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jfsf] /fhkqflÍt kbdf ul/g] a9'jf ;ldltdf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf ;b:ox¿ x'g] / ;f] ;ldltn] u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ nf]s;]jf cfof]udf ph'/L nfUg] Joj:yf 5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ a9'jf ;ldltdf a;]sf ;b:ox¿;d]t a9'jf ph'/Lsf] 5fgljg Pjd\ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] t/ pkl:yltdf b:tvt gug]{ kl/kf6L ljsf; ePsf] 5 . of] k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt xf] / cf}krfl/s, cgf}krfl/s h] elgPklg h;sf] lg0f{o pk/ ;'g'jfO{ x'G5, tL clwsf/Lx¿ pkl:yt x'g' gx'g] tkm{ nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgodn] s'g} klg sd{rf/LnfO{ tLg dlxgf eGbf a9L cjlw sfhdf v6fpg g;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . t/ ;f] Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g ;ls/x]sf] b]lvFb}g, sltko cj:yfdf o;sf] Jofjxfl/stf klg g/x]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . of] Joj:yfsf] k|of]u, k|efjsfl/tf / cf}lrTosf] cfwf/df k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jfsf s}ofF} kbx¿ nfdf] ;do;Dd kbk"lt{ x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . jif{e/L l/Qm x'g] kbx¿sf] cg'dfg u/L dfu ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf eP klg o;sf] cem} k|efjsfl/tf b]lvg ;s]sf] 5}g . j}slNks pDd]b\jf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg] u/L kbk"lt{ k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsPdf ;dodf kbk"lt{ x'g ;S5 .

� b'u{d tyf lk5l8Psf] If]qdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ ga:g], cg]sg axfgfdf sf7df8f}+ Pjd\ ;'uddf a:g ¿rfpg] ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 . b'u{d If]qdf bhf{ k'u]sf] sfof{no k|d'v klg gk7fOg], lnog kbx¿ ;fl/lbg], ljbfdf a;]sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] b/aGbL /flvlbg], b'u{ddf b/aGbL /fvL cGoq sfhdf /fvL lbg] h:tf k|j[lQn] of] If]qdf slxNo} klg b/aGbL cg'¿ksf] sd{rf/L sfo{/t /x]sf] kfOb}g . csf]{tkm{ gofF Pjd\ l;sf¿ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ b'u{d k7fpg] csf]{ ;d:ofn] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] u'0f:t/df km/s kf/]sf] 5 . To;}n] b'u{d If]qsf] sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgdf :ki6 gLltut Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . yk ;'ljwf, k'/:sf/, cj;/df k|fyldstf h:tf pTk|]/0ffsf pkfo cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 . b'u{d If]qdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;GtltnfO{ cWoogsf ljz]if cj;/ lbg' pko'Qm x'G5 .

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� sd{rf/Lsf ;GtltnfO{ lbOg] 5fqj[lQsf] cfwf/sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf cWoog u/]sf ljz]if u/L b'u{d / lk5l8Psf If]q Pjd\ u|fdL0f If]qdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf ;Gtltn] k|fyldstf kfpg] u/L 5fqj[lQsf] dfkb08 k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� lgj]bg k/]sf] lglZrt ;dofjlw leq ljbf :jLs[t c:jLs[tsf] 6'+uf] gnfu]df :jtM :jLs[t ePsf] dflgg] jt{dfg sfg'gL Joj:yfn] lghfdtL k|zf;gdf gsf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . lgj]bsn] ljbfsf] lgj]bg btf{ ug]{ jf cGoqaf6 k7fO{ lbg], t/ sfof{non] btf{ u/L nfdf] ;do;Dd lg0f{o gu/L :jtM :jLs[t ePsf] dflgg] cEof;n] Ps lsl;dsf] cg'zf;gxLgtf ;d]t leq\ofPsf] 5 . ljbfsf] lgj]bg clu|d ¿kdf k]z u/L ;dod} lgsf;f lnP/ dfq cfkm\gf] sfof{nosf] lhDd]jf/L 5f]8\g' kg]{ e"ldsf sd{rf/Ln] ;d]t lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . To:t} ljbfsf] lgj]bg k/]kl5 ;dodf g} To:tf] lgj]bgdf 6'+uf] nufpg' kg]{ bfloTj ;DalGwt clwsf/Lsf] ;d]t x'G5 . ljbf :jLs[t gu/fO{ () lbg eGbf a9L cg'kl:yt ePdf ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf / ^) lbgleq ljbf :jLs[t c:jLs[tsf] 6'+uf] gnfu]df ljbf :jLs[t ePsf] dflgg] Joj:yf Psfk;df gldn]sf] b]lvG5 . o; ;DaGwdf k|zf;sLo cbfntaf6 pQm Joj:yf ldnfg ug{ lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z;d]t hf/L eO;s]sf] 5 . of] Joj:yfnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ljbf dfu ug]{ t/ :jLs[t gu/fO{ cg'kl:yt x'g] sd{rf/L / :jLs[t gu/L ^) lbg s6fpg] clwsf/L b'a}nfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg' kg]{ x'G5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jfdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @$ 3=! sf] Joj:yf u/L lglZrt ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/L Go"gtd cfwf/ k"/f ePsf sd{rf/L :jtM kbf]Gglt x'g] Joj:yf ul/of] . o;n] lghfdtL k|zf;gdf uDeL/ k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . ;dfof]hgsf nflu b/aGbL l;h{gf ug'{kg]{ afWofTds cj:yf b]lvof] . s'g} lglZrt sfdsf nflu l;h{gf ug'{kg]{ b/aGbL sd{rf/Lsf] ;dfof]hgsf nflu l;h{gf ul/of] . d['n's ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdf /x]sf] ;dodf lghfdtL ;]jfdf uDeL/ c;/ kg]{ vfnsf] gLltsf] ¿kdf of] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . of] Joj:yf km]l/ cGTo ul/Psfn] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ o;n] lje]b u/]sf] l6Kk0fL klg /x]sf] 5 . o;n] txut >[ª\vnf / kb ;f]kfg sfod ug{ ;d]t c;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . Pp6f sfof{nodf Pp6} txsf sd{rf/Lx¿ /fVbf sfof{no ;~rfngdf ;d]t ;d:of b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . o:tf] bL3{sfnLg k|efj kfg]{ gLlt cjnDag ug'{ eGbf klxn] o;sf] k|efjsf] cf+sng u/]sf] b]lvPg . lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] j[lQ ljsf;sf nflu :ki6 / cg'dfgof]Uo j[lQ dfu{ tof/ ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf ;a}sf] :jLsf/f]lQm g} /xG5 . t/ To:tf] gLlt ;ª\u7gsf] pTkfbsTj / ;]jf ljt/0fdf ;sf/fTds k|ltkmn lbg] x'g' kb{5 . cfufdL lbgdf o:tf bL3{sfnLg c;/ k|efj kfg]{ gLltut Joj:yf ubf{ kof{Kt cWoog Pjd\ ljZn]if0f u/]/ dfq ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

� ;dodf kbk"lt{ k|lqmof cufl8 a9fP ga9fPsf] ljifodf lg/LIf0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] xf] . t/ cfof]usf] of] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L b]lvGg . To;}n] w]/} kbx¿ nfdf] ;do;Dd l/Qm x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . kb n'sfpg] k|j[lQnfO{ /f]Sg ;lsPsf] 5}g . tNnf] txsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ kmf/fd eg{ k7fpg] of] lg/LIf0fsf]

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s'g} pkfb]otf b]lvPsf] 5}g . lhDd]jf/ txaf6 k|efjsf/L ¿kdf lg/LIf0f u/L kbk"lt{ k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg] tkm{ nf]s;]jf cfof]un] lqmofzLntf b]vfpg' kg]{ x'G5 .

� gl;xtnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfosf] bfo/fleq /flvPsf]n] uDeL/ s;"/df ;d]t gl;xt lbg] jf ;r]t u/fpg] k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] 5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ ;fdfGo cg'zf;g pNn+3g u/]sf] ljifodf ;'kl/j]Ifsn] ;r]t u/fpg ;Sg] 5'§} k|aGw u/L ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] bfo/faf6 x6fpg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

� sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kL/, dsf{ Pjd\ u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{sf nflu s]Gb|Lo tx, dGqfno tx Pjd\ If]qLo Pjd\ lhNnf txdf u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{ ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] ePklg lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLdf ul/Psf] ;f] Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . o;/L u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{sf sfg'gL ;+oGqx¿ lqmofzLn x'g g;Sbf c¿ ljsNksf] k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] tkm{ ;r]ttf ckgfO{ tL sfg'gL ;+oGqx¿nfO{ lqmofzLn u/fOg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿n] kfpg] pkrf/ vr{sf nflu km/s–km/s dfkb08 k|of]udf /x]sf] 5 . o;df Ps¿ktf sfod x'g] u/L ;f] Joj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L sd{rf/Lsf cfl>t kl/jf/nfO{ s'g} s8f /f]u nfu]df jf la/fdL k/]df yk cfly{s ;xfotf / pkrf/ vr{ kfpg] u/L ;f] Joj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;sfnflu lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod ($, (%, (^, (&, (* ;d]tdf ;+zf]wg ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .

� df}lb|s d"Nosf cfwf/df cfjlws ¿kdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] jLdf /sd j[l4 ul/g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� k]G;g k|fKt lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' ePdf ;ft jif{;Dd dfq k"/f k]G;g kfO{ To;kl5 cfwf dfq kfpg] Joj:yfnfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, PSnf]kg Pjd\ hLjg lgjf{x ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L k"/} k]G;g kfpg] Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� tna j[l4 x'Fbf k]G;gdf x'g] j[l4nfO{ ;d]t ;dfg'kflts ¿kdf j[l4 x'g] agfOg' kb{5 . ;dfg bhf{sf ;dfg ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]sf sd{rf/Lsf] k]G;gdf leGgtf sfod /xg' x'Fb}g . clxn]sf] Joj:yfn] o;df km/s–km/s cÍb]lvPsf] 5 . of] Joj:yfdf tTsfn ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

� &) jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf k]G;gk|fKt sd{rf/Lsf] k]G;gdf !) k|ltzt yk ul/g' pko'Qm x'G5 . k]G;gdf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]if s§L ug]{ Joj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g' kb{5 . k]G;g cfkm}df ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd s} Pp6f ¿k ePsf]n] To;df sf]ifs§L ug'{ pko'Qm b]lvFb}g .

� lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod !!^ df ul/Psf] k'/:sf/sf] /fzL cfjlws ¿kdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L df}lb|s d"Nosf] cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ul/g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod !@* sf] pklgod #-v_ sf] æ/fhkqf+lÍt låtLo / t[tLo >]0fLsf sd{rf/Ln] lbg] /fhLgfdf ;DalGwt ;]jf

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;d"x ;~rfng ug]{ dGqfnosf ;lrjn] :jLs[t ug]{ Joj:yfsf] Jofjxfl/stfsf] ljZn]if0f u/L ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf @*s= / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLsf] lgod !!^u= n] u/]sf] Joj:yf adf]lhd sfo{ ;Dkfbg k|f]T;fxg sf]ifnfO{ lqmofzLn u/fO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf ;lqmo hgzlQmnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% -!_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf /x]sf] /f=k=k|yd >]0fLsf] ljefuLo k|d'vsf] kbdf kb:yfkg ubf{ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] ;xdltdf ug]{ eGg] Joj:yf Jofjxfl/s gePsf] Pjd\ ;f] Joj:yf cEof;df ;d]t gcfPsf] x'Fbf pQm Joj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod !*-@_ sf] Joj:yf Jofjxfl/s Joj:yf ;d]t gePsf] Pjd\ cEof;df ;d]t gcfPsf]n] pQm Joj:yfnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� ljBdfg P]g lgodn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;¿jf ug]{ ;dfofjlw z}lIfs ;q;Fu d]n vfPsf] cj:yf 5}g . tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlw k"/f ePkl5 h'g;'s} ;dodf ;¿jf ug{ ;lsg] nrstf cfjZos b]lvG5 . ;fdfGo k|zf;lgs Joj:yfsf ljifodf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] ;xdlt dfu ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yfn] gLltut sfd ug'{kg]{ dGqfno dl;gf sfdsf] rfkdf k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . t;y{ plNnlvt Joj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] cg';"rL–!^ df pNn]v ePsf ef}uf]lns If]qsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;, oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf, ef}uf]lns cj:yf, ;fdflhs agf]6 / /xg ;xg, df};dsf] Joj:yf, b}lgs pkof]Uo j:t'sf] d"No ;d]tsf cfwf/df ef}uf]lns If]qsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o; qmddf ;b/d'sfd / cGo If]qnfO{ Pp6} af:s]6df gxfnL lglZrt dfkb08 ljsf; u/L b'u{d If]qsf] lgwf{/0f Pjd\ ef}uf]lns If]qsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @( sf] sfo{bIftf ;Ldf kf/ ug]{ Joj:yf Jofjxfl/s gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf ;f] Joj:yf k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g' kb{5 .

� lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] pQ/bfloTj lgjf{x ubf{ ;DalGwt sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kl/lw, k|lqmof k"/f ug]{ / p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{ u/L lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ Pjd\ ljt/0f u/]sf] ;]jf jf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf ;Gbe{df ;]jfu|fxLk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'kg]{ u/L cg'zf;gsf] Joj:yfdf yk ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� ;]jfu|fxL ;d]tsf] ;+nUgtfdf gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglw ;lxtsf] d"\NofÍg ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;]jf ljt/0f ug]{ sfof{nonfO{ pTs[i6 sfof{no 3f]if0ff u/L k'/is[t ul/g] Joj:yf k|f/De ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

� x/]s sfof{non] cfkm"n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfdsf] dfl;s tyf jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{kg]{, jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf sfof{non] xfl;n u/]sf pknlAw, nfut, k|efj,

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;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ ;d]t pNn]v u/L ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/L o;nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� ljleGg lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿n] sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnLsf gfddf lglZrt k|ltzt;Dd yk ;'ljwf lng] cEof; a9\b} uPsf] 5 . o;/L lbOg] ;'ljwfsf] dfkb08 cf}krfl/s k|s[ltsf] dfq 5 . o;n] pTkfbsTj / ;]jf ljt/0fdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] cf+sng ul/Psf] b]lvFb}g . lg0f{o txdf a9L zlQm Pjd\ e"ldsf /xg] sfof{no Pjd\ lgsfox¿n] o:tf] ;'ljwf lng] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o:tf] ;'ljwfdf Ps¿ktf sfod x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf klg b]lvb}g . of] Joj:yfnfO{ tby{ ¿kdf cEof; gu/L j:t'ut dfkb08sf cfwf/df sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] glthf;Fu cfa4 u/L dfq k|of]u ul/g] Joj:yf x'g' cToGt cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . sd{rf/Lsf] dfu w]/} ePsf, cfsif{s elgPsf, ;fj{hlgs ljZj;gLotf sd ePsf sfof{nodf OG;]lG6e xf]Og lgu/fgL a9fpg' kg]{ cfjZostf ;d]t /x]sf] 5 .

� ;xof]uL ;]jf -Utility Service_ If]qsf hgzlQmx¿ h:t} ;jf/L rfns, sfof{no ;xof]uL, dfnL, kl/r/, :jLk/, sfof{no ;'/IffsdL{ h:tf kbx¿df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] b/aGbL s6f}tL u/L ;]jf s/f/ -Outsourcing_ af6 ug]{ k|aGw ug{ ;s]df k|fKt x'g] ;]jf k|efjsf/L x'g] / /fHonfO{ bL3{sfnLg ef/ ;d]t sd kg]{ cj:yf /xG5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf ^s df !) jif{df k|To]s lgsfosf] sfdsf] k|s[lt, sfo{af]em, pTkfbsTj Pjd\ k|efjsfl/tf ;d]tsf] d"NofÍg u/L ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf Pjd\ b/aGbLsf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f -cf] P08 Pd_ ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf yk ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� k|zf;g ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;fdfGo ;Lk ljsf; ug{ Pjd\ Pp6} lgsfodf /flv/fVg' Tolt pko'Qm gx'g] x'Fbf Pp6f kbdf Pp6f dGqfno cGtu{t % jif{ eGbf a9L ;do a:g gkfpg] Joj:yf u/L rqmLo k|0ffnLdf ;a}nfO{ ;a}If]qsf] cg'ej xfl;n u/fpg] u/L ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf ;dfj]z ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf & -!$_ sf] dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf sd{rf/L kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf]n] of] Joj:yf x6fpg pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]gs]f bkmf !# -!_ df /x]sf] sfod d'sfod ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cw{Goflos lgsfo Pjd\ b}lgs ;]jf ljt/0f ug'{ kg]{ sfof{nodf sfod d'sfod lbgsf nflu nrstf ckgfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf !*-&_ sf] /fhkq cglÍt sd{rf/L nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 kb:yfkg ePsf] If]q jf c~rnaf6 !) jif{;Dd ;¿jf gx'g] Joj:yfsf] Jofjxfl/s kIf ;d]tsf] d"NofÍg u/L k|efjsf/L agfpg kb:yfkg ePsf] lhNnfdf Go"gtd cjlw -@ jif{_ ¿h' xflh/ geO{ ;f]xL c~rn leq ;d]t ;¿jf gul/g] Joj:yf :ki6 pNn]v ul/g' kg]{, o;f] ug{ ;lsPdf b'u{d lhNnfdf

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sd{rf/L ga:g], lgo'lQm kfpg;fy ;f] c~rnsf] ;'ud lhNnfdf ;¿jf dfu ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf ##-@_ sf] ;]jf cjlw #) jif{ k'u]sf sd{rf/Lsf] Dofb yk eO{ axfn /x]sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] pd]/sf] xb;DaGwL Joj:yf sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf]n] x6fpg' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf ## df /x]sf] cjsfz ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L %) jif{ k"/f ePsf], @% jif{ ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]sf] / ;f]xL kbdf !% jif{ ;]jf u/]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ cfsif{s ;'ljwf k|bfg u/L ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lbg] u/L yk Joj:yf ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLsf] lgod !!&v= sf] sd{rf/L ;DaGw ;ldltnfO{ lqmofzLn agfO{ ;'wf/ k|lqmofdf ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLsf] lgod $! df /x]sf] ;¿jf ePsf sd{rf/Ln] k|ltj]bg a'emfpg' kg]{ Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfo{Gjogsf nflu o;nfO{ sfo{ ljj/0f / sfo{ ;Dkfbg;Fu cfa4 ug]{ u/L ;"rs tof/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jfdf kb l/Qm ePdf nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 c:yfoL ;"rLsf sd{rf/Lx¿ dfu u/L tTsfn kbk"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf cEof; ul/Psf] kfOb}g . sltko ;]jfdf lghfdtL kbdf g} s/f/df sd{rf/L egf{ u/L kbk"lt{ u/]sf] / nf]s;]jfdf dfu ;d]t gk7fPsf] cj:yf ;d]t /x]sf] ;Gbe{df k|efjsf/L ¿kdf Joj:yfkg k/LIf0f u/L s/f/df /flvPsf lghfdtL kb :yfoL k|lqmofåf/f kbk"lt{ ug'{ kg]{ tkm{ cleofgsf] ¿kdf sfd ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] sf]6fdf ;xefuL x'g] pDd]b\jf/sf] pd]/sf] xb dlxnf ;/x jif{ sfod ug]{ . To;/L ;]jf k|j]z u/]sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] clgjfo{ cjsfz x'Fbf ;]jf cjlw @) jif{ gk'u]sf] ePklg lgj[Qe/0f kfpg] Joj:yf ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

� cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 / cEof; ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;'Ts]/L ljbfsf] cjlw () lbg agfpg] / lghfdtL ;lxt ;a} ;fj{hlgs ;]jf -;]gf, k|x/L, lzIfs, :jfoQ ;+:yf ;d]tdf_ df ;'Ts]/L ljbfdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .

� s'g} klg ljb]zL d'n'sdf :yfoL j;f]af; ug]{ cg'dlt -Permanent Residence_ k|fKt u/]sf JolQm lghfdtL ;]jf nufot ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf nflu cof]Uo x'g] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . ljutdf Ps k6s cWofb]zåf/f lghfdtL ;]jfdf P]gdf ;+zf]wg ubf{ of] Joj:yf /flvPsf] eP klg ;f] Joj:yfn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg ;s]sf] kfOPg . d'n'ssf /fi6«;]jssf] cfkm\gf] d'n'sk|ltsf] cf:yf, ;dk{0f Pjd jkmfbf/L x'g' ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . ;/sf/L ;]jfnfO{ j[lQ Pjd\ cj;/sf] ¿kdf dfq lnO{ df}sf kgf{;fy cGoq :yfoL a;f]af; ug{ hfg] k|j[lQn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ alnof] Pjd\ pQ/bfoL agfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpb}g . To;}n] of] ljifonfO{ /fHon] sfg'gåf/f lgodg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf :ki6 ¿kdf of] ljifonfO{ ;d]6\g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

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� ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf;Fusf] cfa4tfnfO{ lgodg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] of]hgf, vr{ Pjd\ Joj:yfkgdf ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿ :jb]z tyf ljb]zsf sfo{qmdx¿df ;xeflutf hgfpg] lqmofsnfkn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;sf/fTds ;Gb]z lbg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/nfO{ s'g} Jooef/ gkg]{ eGb} pRr clwsf/Lx¿n] g} o:tf] cj;/sf] pkof]u u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . Psflt/ o;n] lg0f{o txsf clwsf/Lx¿ sfo{If]qdf pknAw gx'g] cj:yfn] sfo{;Dkfbg / lg0f{o k|lqmof k|efljt x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ d'n's lhDd]jf/ clwsf/Lx¿ s'g b]z jf ;ª\u7gsf] s'g txsf] JolQm;Fu s] ljifodf 5nkmn ug{ uPsf] xf] eGg] clen]v /x]sf] klg kfOb}g . sltko cj:yfdf k|f]6f]snsf] ljrf/ u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvb}g . of] ljifonfO{ lgodg ug{ :ki6 cfwf/ / dfkb08 tof/ ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� j}b]lzs ;xof]u lg/Gt/ ¿kdf k|fKt eO/x]sf] ePklg To;af6 ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n x'g g;s]sf] tkm{ ;+j]bgzLn x'g' h¿/L 5 . j}b]lzs ;xof]usf nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf k|fyldstfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . ljb]zL ;xfotfdf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ljb]z e|d0f / k/fdz{ ;]jfdf ul/g] vr{n] ;sf/fTds glthf lbg g;s]sf] l:yltdf /fi6« lxt / cfd gful/ssf] ;'ljwfdf s]lGb|t sfo{qmdx¿df dfq j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� ;]jf lgj[Q sd{rf/Lx¿ ljz]if u/L pRr clwsf/Lx¿n] lgj[Q x'g] lalQs} cfkm\g} ljutsf] sfo{If]q jf ljifoaf6 lhDd]jf/L;Fu hf]l8Psf] ljifodf k/fdz{bftfsf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ k|j[lQ kl5Nnf] ;dodf emg a9\bf] ¿kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . of] ljifonfO{ ;]jf lgj[Q sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0fdf ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L lgoldt ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . ;]jf lgj[Q ePsf] sd{rf/Ln] cfkm"n] kl5Nnf] % jif{sf] cjlwdf sfd u/]sf lgsfox¿;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf lgj[Q ePsf] % jif{;Dd k/fdz{bftfsf] ¿kdf sfd ug{ gkfpg] u/L cfr/0fdf ;d]6\g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;lrj / ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf a9'jf x'g] JolQmn] clws[t:t/sf] kbdf b]xfosf ljifodf cg'ej ;d]t xfl;n u/]sf] x'g' kg]{ u/L bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf nfu" ug{ cfwf/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

s= sDtLdf @ jif{ …sÚ jf …vÚ ju{sf] ef}uflns If]qdf ¿h' xflh/ eO{ sfd u/]sf] jf sDtLdf % jif{ …uÚ jf …3Ú ju{df ¿h' xflh/ eO{ sfd u/]sf] .

v= sDtLdf @ jif{ sd{rf/L k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt sfd u/]sf] . u= sDtLdf @ jif{ ljQLo k|zf;g÷cfly{s k|zf;g ;DaGwL sfd u/]sf] . 3= sDtLdf @ jif{ of]hgf k|zf;g;DaGwL sfd u/]sf] . ª= plNnlvt cg'ej ;lxt s'zn g]t[Tj Ifdtf, :jR5 5lj, Jofj;flos

bIftf, ;dGjo ;Lk h:tf ljz]if u'0fx¿ x'g'kg]{ . -ef}uf]lns If]qdf b/aGbL gx'g] ;]jf ;d"xnfO{ s= sf] Joj:yf cfslif{t gx'g]_ .

� ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿n] ug]{ ;'wf/;DaGwL cWoog cg';Gwfgn] k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/df ck]lIft / cfzftLt pknAw xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . Pp6} ljifodf ljleGg lgsfon] cWoog u/]sf] cj:yf klg b]lvPsf] 5 . cWoognfO{ ;'wf/;Fu cfa4 ug{ ;lsPsf] b]lvFb}g . t;y{ ;/sf/L Pjd\ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf /xL sfd

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u/]sf lj1 Pjd\ cg'ejL hgzlQmsf] kl/rfng ug{sf nflu Ps cWoog cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf u/L cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL lj1x¿nfO{ ;f] sf] lhDdf lbg] / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ljleGg ljifodf cfjZos cWoog cg';Gwfg ug'{ k/]df ;DalGwt dGqfno / ljefun] ;f]xL ;+oGqdf k7fpg] / k|fKt ePsf cg';Gwfgsf If]qx¿df lj1x¿af6 k4ltut ¿kdf cWoog cg';Gwfg u/fO{ sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfodf k7fpg] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� Pp6} txsf ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿n] kfpg] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf ;]jf, ;d"x / sfof{nout cfwf/df ljleGgtf x'g'x'Gg . ;]jf ;'ljwfdf Ps¿ktf sfod g/xFbf ;/sf/L lgsfonfO{ pRr kb:y sd{rf/Lx¿ klg cfsif{s / cgfsif{ssf] ¿kdf ljeflht ePsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . To;}n] ;/sf/L clws[tx¿sf] txut cfwf/df ;]jf ;'ljwf lgwf{/0f ul/g' kb{5 . o;df sfo{ sIfsf] cj:yf, ;lrjfno, ;jf/L ;fwg, OGwg, cfjf; / k|zf;lgs vr{ ;d]tsf ljifodf Ps¿ktf sfod x'g] u/L gLltut Joj:yf ug{' cfjZos 5 .

� ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df, ;f] sf] sfof{Gjog Pjd\ cg'udg / d"NofÍgsf x/]s r/0fdf ;d:ofx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ . ag]sf gLltx¿sf] cfjlws ¿kdf k'g/fjnf]sg ;d]t x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . To;}n] ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cWofjlws ug{ Pjd\ ;Gbe{ cg';f/ gLltut Joj:yfdf kl/dfh{g ;d]t ug{sf nflu k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no cGtu{t /xg] u/L gLlt k'g/fjnf]sg s]Gb| -Policy Research Institute_ sf] :yfkgf eO;s]sf] b]lvFbf ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] Joj:yfkg Pjd\ ;'wf/ / k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lhDdf To;}nfO{ lbO{ ;f] ;+/rgfnfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ :yfgdf larf}lnofsf] laulauL a9\bf] 5 . ;]jf k|bfos / ;]jfu|fxLsf] aLrdf /xg] u/]sf o:tf larf}lnofx¿n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ dx+uf] / b'lift agfPsf 5g\ . o;n] clgoldttf / e|i6frf/nfO{ dnhn u/]sf] 5 . ;]jfu|fxL / ;]jf k|bfossf aLrsf] ;DaGw / ;~rf/ k|efljt ePsf] 5 . sltko :yfgdf sfof{nosf] clen]v klg ;+/lIft / ;'/lIft x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;]jf ljt/0f ug]{ lgsfodf ;]jfu|fxL ;xfotf 8]:ssf] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{, k|lqmof ;/nLs/0f ug'{ kg]{, Psåf/af6 ;]jf k|bfg ug'{ kg]{, kfnf] k4lt clgjfo{ ug{' kg]{, ;]jfu|fxL ;Gt'li6 ;j]{If0f u/L ;f] cfwf/df sd{rf/L / sfof{nosf] d"NofÍg ug'{ kg]{, sfof{non] xfl;n u/]sf] pknlAwsf cfwf/df sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg x'g' kg]{ h:tf ljifonfO{ ;'wf/sf] ;Gbe{df c+lusf/ ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� cfkm\gf] sfo{If]qsf ;DaGwdf k|:t't k|ltj]bgdf lbOPsf ;'emfjx¿ sfof{Gjogsf nflu x/]s dGqfno Pjd\ s]Gb|Lo lgsfon] 5 dlxgf leq ;'wf/ PsfO{ agfO{ ;f] PsfO{ dfkm{t ;'emfj sfof{Gjogsf nflu sfof{Gjog of]hgf agfO{ ;'emfjx¿ sfof{Gjog ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;}u/L ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf, hgzlQmsf] cj:yf, j[lQ ljsf;sf cj;/ / ;ª\u7gfTds lhDd]jf/L ;d]tsf cfwf/df sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ljBdfg lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf ;]jf ;d"xsf] ;d]t k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

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� lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ Jojl:yt 9Ën] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu ul/Psf sltko sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿ sfof{Gjogdf cfpg g;s]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( df ul/Psf b]xfosf Joj:yfx¿ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf o;n] ;'wf/sf] lbzfdf dfu{lgb]{z ug]{5 M–

• bkmf %s df æg]kfn ;/sf/n] :jLs[t u/]sf] ;ª\u7gsf] sfo{ ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df ;DalGwt ;lrj, ljefuLo k|d'v tyf sfof{no k|d'vn] k|To]s lghfdtL kbsf] sfo{ ljj/0f agfO{ nfu" ug'{ kg]{5 . To:tf] sfo{ ljj/0fdf To:tf] kbsf] sfd, st{Jo, pQ/bfloTj, clwsf/ / of]Uotf ;d]t :ki6 ¿kdf lsl6Psf] x'g' kg]{5Æ eGg] ePsf] Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g'kg]{ .

• bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -&_ sf] :ki6Ls/0f -@_ df æo; pkbkmfsf] v08 -s_, -v_, -u_ / -3_ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ædlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw];L / blntÆ eGgfn] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf dlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw];L / blntnfO{ ;Demg' k5{Æ egL :ki6 ¿kdf v'nfOPsf] ePklg cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kn] k5fl8 k/]sf] 5'6\ofpg] dfkb08 jf cfwf/ to gePsf]n] nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 ;dfj]zL tkm{sf] nflu kbx¿ 5'6\ofpFbf ;f] adf]lhd cfly{s / ;fdflhs ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf dlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw];L / blntnfO{ 5'6\ofpg' g;s]sf], To;/L g5'6\ofpFbf nlIft ju{nfO{ kmfObf k'Ug g;sL cGo ju{n] g} ;f] sf] kmfObf lnPsf] b]lvG5 .

• bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -*_ df æ===bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -&_sf] v08 -ª_ adf]lhd ckfËsf] nflu lgwf{l/t k|ltztsf] kb s'g} vf; k|s[ltsf] sfdsf] nflu tf]lsP adf]lhdsf ckfËx¿ aLr dfq k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] u/L k|ltikwf{Tds k/LIffåf/f k"lt{ ul/g]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf ePklg ckfËsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] kbsf] sfdsf] k|s[lt g5'6\ofO{ k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvFbf pQm Joj:yfsf] ;xL ¿kdf sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf] / To;sf] cGo JolQmx¿n] cjfl~5t kmfObf lnPsf] cj:yf b]lvFbf P]gdf ePsf] Joj:yfnfO{ P]gsf] dd{ cg'¿k sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kg]{ .

• bkmf &u= df æof] P]g k|f/De ePkl5 s;}n] klg lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] nflu s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ Hofnfbf/L jf s/f/df lgo'lQm ug{ kfOg] 5}gÆ eGg] Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kg]{ .

• bkmf !$ df æklxnf] k6s lgo'lQm eO{ cfkm\gf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg' cl3 k|To]s lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] zky u|x0f ug'{ kg]{5Æ eGg] ePsf] Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpgsf nflu cf}krfl/s ¿kdf zky u|x0f u/fpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

• bkmf !% df ælghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ kb:yfkg ubf{ lghsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf, tflnd / cg'ejsf] cfwf/df ul/g]5Æ eGg] ePsf] Joj:yfnfO{ kb:yfkgsf] ;dodf ljz]if Wofg lbO{ ;f]xL cfwf/df kb:yfkgf ug]{ .

238

• bkmf !* sf] pkbkmf -&_ df æ===of] bkmf k|f/De ePkl5 lgo'lQm x'g] /fhkq cglÍt lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 h'g c~rn cGtu{t l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] xf], ;f]xL c~rn leqsf sfof{nox¿ afx]s !) jif{;Dd cGoq ;¿jf ul/g] 5}gÆ eGg] P]gsf] Joj:yf cg'¿k sfof{Gjog ug{'kg]{ .

• bkmf @$s= sf] pkbkmf -$_ df æ/fhkqflÍt lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg cw{jflif{s / jflif{s ¿kdf=== ul/g]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf ePklg ;a} lgsfox¿n] ;f] Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjog u/]sf] gkfOPsf]n] ;f] Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g'kg]{ .

• bkmf @& sf] pkbkmf -!s_ df tna eQf k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ePsf] / P]= -!v_ df æ;f] ;ldltn] k|To]s jif{ pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rLsf] cfwf/df dx+uL lgwf{/0f u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug]{ 5 . k|To]s # jif{df /fh:j j[l4 b/, s"n b/aGbL ;+Vof / ljut # jif{df d"No ;"rLsf] cfwf/df k|bfg ul/Psf] dx+uL eQf ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ tna eQf tyf cGo ;'ljwf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ 5Æ eGg] ePsf] Joj:yf / P]= pkbkmf -@_df ;f] æ===;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df k|To]s jif{ j[l4 x'g] pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rLsf] &%Ü ;Dd /sd k|To]s jif{ eQfsf] ¿kdf lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] 5 . To;/L k|bfg ul/Psf] eQf /sd ;'¿ tna :s]nsf] @%Ü jf ;f] eGbf a9L x'g uPsf] jif{df @%Ü /sd tnadfgdf ;dfof]hg u/L afFsL /sd eQfsf] ¿kdf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] 5Æ eGg] ePsf] Joj:yfsf] Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf sfof{Gjog x'g'kg]{ .

• bkmf @*s= df æg]kfn ;/sf/n] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg, sfo{ kl/0ffd / k|fKt glthfsf] cfwf/df lghnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ Ps sfo{ ;Dkfbg k|f]T;fxg sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf ePklg ;f] cg';f/sf] sfo{;Dkfbg k|f]T;fxg sf]if :yfkgf u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kg]{ .

• bkmf @( df æs'g} lghfdtL sd{rf/L sfo{bIftf ;Ldf kf/ ug{sf] lgldQ of]Uo 5 egL /fhkqflÍt sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf ;DalGwt dGqfnosf] ;lrj / /fhkqcglÍt sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf clVtof/jfnfn] lnlvt ¿kdf ghgfP;Dd s'g} lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] sfo{bIftf ;Ldf kf/ u/]sf] dflgg] 5}gÆ eGg] Joj:yf ePklg of] Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kg]{ .

• bkmf #(v= sf] pkbkmf -!_ df æg]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]s]sf] ldlt eGbf kl5 lgo'lQm x'g] lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ pkbfg tyf lgj[Qe/0f lbg] k|of]hgsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] 5'§} pkbfg tyf lgj[Qe/0f sf]if v8f ug]{5 / To:tf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] dfl;s tnaaf6 bz k|ltztsf b/n] /sd s§L u/L ;f] /sddf g]kfn ;/sf/n] dfl;s tnasf] bz k|ltzt a/fa/sf] /sd yk u/L x'g cfpg] /sd ;f] sf]ifdf hDdf ul/lbg]5Æ eGg] ePsf] Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpgsf] nflu pkbfg / lgj[lQe/0fsf] nflu ljz]if sf]if v8f ug'{kg]{ .

239

• bkmf &@s=df ænf]s;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{If]qleqsf ljifox¿ afx]s ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfox¿df sfo{/t lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] k|rlnt sfg'g tyf cGo k|zf;sLo lgod / sfo{ljlwx¿ kfng u/] gu/]sf] ;DaGwdf ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg / d"NofÍg u/L lgb]{zg lbg / To;/L ;'kl/j]If0f ubf{ s'g} lghfdtL sd{rf/L pk/ ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug'{kg]{ b]lvPdf ;f] ;d]t l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg]5 / ;f] sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf k]z ug]{5Æ eGg] ePsf] Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g'kg]{ .

• bkmf &#v= df ælghfdtL ;]jfsf jxfnjfnf sd{rf/L, cjsfzk|fKt JolQm / lghsf] kl/jf/sf] ;b:osf] sNof0fsf] nflu tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] sNof0fsf/L sf]if :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] 5Æ eGg] ePsf] Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjog x'g''kg]{ .

plNnlvt ;'emfjx¿ sfof{Gjogsf nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf sfo{ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 M–

s= hgzlQm ljsf; of]hgf th'{df – ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] ljz]if1 ;ldlt tof/ u/L sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ – -# dlxgf leq_

v= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgodsf] k'g/fjnf]sg – ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf] ;d]t ;xeflutfdf ug]{ – -^ dlxgf leq_

u= sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf cfwf/x¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg – ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf] ;d]t ;xeflutfdf ug]{– -^ dlxgf leq_

3= cWoog ljbf Pjd\ ljb]z dgf]gogsf] dfkb08 Pjd\ sfo{ljlw lgdf{0f – ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] ug]{ – -# dlxgf leq_

ª= lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|efj d"NofÍg – ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] cg';Gwfgd"ns cWoog u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ – -^ dlxgf leq_

5= cjsfzk|fKt sd{rf/Lsf] cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f – ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] tof/ u/L ;fj{hlgs ug]{ – -# dlxgf leq_

h= sfo{ ljj/0f nfu" ug]{ – ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] lgb]{zgdf ;DalGwt s]Gb|Lo lgsfon] tof/ u/L cfufdL cfly{s jif{b]lv ;a} lgsfodf clgjfo{¿kdf nfu" ug]{ .

em= ;]jf ljt/0fdf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u – lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnosf] ;xof]udf ;DalGwt s]Gb|Lo lgsfon] cfkm\gf] / dftxtsf] ;]jf ljt/0fnfO{ ljB'tLo dfWod;Fu cfa4 ug]{ – ! jif{ leq ug]{ .

`= sfo{ ;~rfng lbUbz{g lgdf{0f – k|To]s s]Gb|Lo lgsfon] ^ dlxgfleq cfkm" / dftxtsf] sfo{ ;~rfngsf nflu lbUbz{g -SOP_ tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{ .

6= k]G;g sf]ifsf] Joj:yf – cy{ dGqfnon] cGo b]zn] u/]sf] cEof; ;d]tsf cfwf/df k]G;g sf]if ;~rfng ;DaGwL cfwf/x¿ tof/ u/L sfg'gsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug{] – ! jif{ leq ug]{ .

240

7= ;fj{hlgs ljbfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg – u[x dGqfnon] ;fj{hlgs ljbfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cfufdL jif{b]lv ljbf ;DaGwL gofF Joj:yf ug]{ .

8= Joj:yfkg k/LIf0f – ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] ;|f]t, ;fwg / hgzlQmsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cleofgsf] ¿kdf Joj:yfkg k/LIf0f ug]{ – ^ dlxgf leq sfo{qmd tof/ u/L k/LIf0f k|f/De ug]{ . x/]s jif{ 5'§} jflif{s k|ltj]bg lgsfNg] .

241

kl/R5]b– !!

;fj{hlgs ;:+yfgsf] cj:yf / ;'wf/ k[i7e"ld cfwf/e"t j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbg/v/Lb u/L ;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ ;j{;'ne / ;'kyd"Nodf laqmL ljt/0f ug]{, ljsf;sf] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{, j:t'/;]jf pTkfbg tyf laqmLdf Jofj;flos l;4fGt cjnDag u/L tL sfo{df bIftf Pj+ k|efjsfl/tf a9fO{ gfkmf;d]t cfh{g u/L ;+:yfg ;+rfngdf cfly{s¿kn] cfTdlge{/ /xg] / cfly{s j[l4 u/L ;fdflhs Gofo k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ :yfkgf ul/g] ul/G5 . g]kfndf lghLIf]qsf] cfjZos dfqfdf pBdzLntf ljsf; geO;s]sf], k|fljlws 1fg, Jofj;flos/k"FhL nufgL ug]{ Ifdtf / 7"nf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df cg'ej ;d]t gePsf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/n] b]z ljsf; x]t" cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug}{ kg]{ tYonfO{ dgg u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, pBf]u, Jofkf/, ljQ, pTkfbgd"ns If]qdf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg :yfkgf ul/P .

ljqmd ;Djt\ @)!! ;fndf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf¿kdf g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8sf] :yfkgf kZrft\ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] cf}krfl/s z'¿jft eO{ lj=;+= @)$( ;Dddf k'Ubf d'n'sdf ^@ j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ cl:tTjdf /x]sf lyP . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgaf6 x'g] pTkfbg, ljt/0f / ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ Jofj;flos l;4fGt d'tfljs ;+rflnt x'g ;s"g\ egL ;f]xL cg';f/sf] gLltut Joj:yf, nufgLdf nrstf / ;+rfngdf oyf]lrt ;+/If0f lb+bf lb+b} klg tL ;+:yfgx¿n] gt /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{ ;s], gt hgtfsf b}lgs cfjZostfsf cfwf/e"t j:t' tyf ;]jf ;j{;'ne¿kdf cfk"lt{ u/fpg g} ;s] . ;/sf/n] nfdf] ;do;Dd ;+/If0f lb+bf klg Jofj;flos sfo{s'zntf / pBdzLntf xfl;n ug{ ;s]gg\, a¿ ;/sf/L ;+/If0fjfbL gLlt / cg'bfgs} e/df ;+rflnt x'Fbf x'Fb} klg 7"nf] gf]S;fgLdf ;+rfng x'Fb} uP / ;/sf/nfO{ 7"nf]

242

af]em af]sfpg k'u] . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ljQLo Ifdtf, ;]jf k|jfx Ifdtf / Jofj;flos Pj+ pBdzLn Ifdtfdf cfPsf] x|f; tyf ;/sf/n] cjnDag u/]sf] v'nfahf/d'vL cy{Joj:yfsf] gLltsf sf/0f ;+:yfgx¿df ;/sf/sf] nufgL 36fO{ ;+:yfgx¿ lghLIf]qnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ lghLs/0f gLlt lnO{ #) j6f ;+:yfgx¿ lghLs/0f ;d]t u¥of] .

g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] e"ldsf ;}4flGts¿kdf ck]Iff ul/P adf]lhdsf] glthf xfl;n x'g] xf] eg] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgn] /fli6«o ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u / of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Sg] cj:yf /xG5 . cy{tGqsf] ljsf;df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] e"ldsfsf If]qx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\M

� a}+lsª\u tyf ljQLo If]qsf] ljsf;, � cf}Bf]lusLs/0fdf of]ubfg, � ;|f]t kl/rfngdf ;xof]u, � cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug{df of]ubfg, � /f]huf/Ldf j[l4, � ufx{:y pTkfbgdf j[l4, � ljQLo tyf df}lb|s l:yltdf ;'wf/, � pBdzLntf ljsf;df d2t, � j}b]lzs Jofkf/df ;xhLs/0f, � /fli6«o lxt k|j4{gdf ;xof]u, � k/Dk/fut snf, ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gdf of]ubfg, � cGt/f{li6«o xjfO ;Dks{ / ko{6g k|j4{g, � ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df of]ubfg, � hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g kfpg] xssf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g, � ;fdflhs, cfly{s ljsf;df of]ubfg, � oftfoft If]qsf] ljsf; / b'u{d If]qdf xjfO oftfoft ;]jfsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/, � cTofjZos j:t'sf] ljt/0f / ahf/df x'g ;Sg] s[lqd cefj sf6]{lnª, l;l08s]6 /

sfnf]ahf/LnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;xof]u / � k"jf{wf/ If]qsf] ljsf; cflb .

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] jt{dfg l:ylt ljZn]if0f cf}Bf]lus If]q, Jofkfl/s If]q, ;]jf If]q, ;fdflhs If]q, hgkof]uL If]q / ljQLo If]q u/L s"n ^ j6f ju{df #& j6f ;+:yfgx¿ lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ :jfldTjdf ;+rflnt tL #& j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] s"n ;+rfng cfo cfly{s jif{ @)^*.^( df ¿=! va{ *% ca{ &( s/f]8 @* nfv k'u]sf] 5 . k"0f{:jfldTjdf ;+rflnt #& ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdWo] cfly{s jif{ )^*.^( df !% j6f ;+:yfg dfq v'b gfkmfdf ;+rflnt /x]sf 5g\ . k|To]s jif{ gf]S;fgLdf hfg] ;+:yfgsf] ;+Vof a9\bf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^*.^( df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] v'b gfkmf ¿=^ ca{ %* s/f]8 *# nfv /x]sf]df cfly{s jif{ @)^*.^( df k'Ubf v'b gf]S;fgL ¿=# va{ $( s/f]8 %( nfv /xg uO{ cfly{s jif{ @)^&.^* sf] t'ngfdf ¿=!) ca{ * s/f]8 %@ nfv v'b gf]S;fgL j[l4 x'g k'u]sf] 5 .

243

cfly{s jif{ @)^*.^( ;Dd #& j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s"n z]o/ nufgL ¿=! va{ @ ca{ $! s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 eg] s"n C0f nufgL ¿=! va{ ! ca{ @# s/f]8 k'u] klg ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgaf6 g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt k|ltkmn cToGt} Go"g /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^( df hDdf ¿=^ ca{ @^ s/f]8 @# nfv nfef+z k|fKt ePsf] 5 h'g s"n nufgLsf] ^=!! k|ltzt dfq x'g k'u]sf] 5 .

cfly{s jif{ @)^(.&) ;Dddf #& j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿df hDdf #!,&%% hgf sd{rf/Lx¿ lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ . sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg 6«]8 o'lgogx¿sf] bjfjsf sf/0f cjsfz bfloTjsf] ef/ k|To]s jif{ pNn]Vo dfqfdf al9/x]sf] 5 . kof{Kt ;|f]t Joj:yfkg ljgf g} sd{rf/Lsf] pkbfg, cf}ifwL pkrf/, jLdf, ljbf jfktsf] ;'ljwf /sddf j[l4 ug]{ k|j[lQsf] sf/0f o;sf] bfloTjsf] ef/ ¿=@! ca{ @) s/f]8 @! nfv k'u]sf] 5 .

s"n #& j6f ;+:yfgx¿ dWo] cfly{s jif{ @)^*.^( ;Dd hDdf & j6f ;+:yfgn] dfq clGtd cf=j= ;Dd n]vfk/LIf0f u/fPsf 5g\ . n]vfk/LIf0f g} gu/fpg] ;d:of Psflt/ 5 eg] csf]{lt/ a]¿h'sf] dfqfdf a9f]Q/L eO/x]sf] 5 . s"n a]¿h'dWo] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] a]¿h'sf] lx:;f;d]t jif]{gL a9\b} uO/x]sf] l:ylt 5 .

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿df k|lt:kwL{ tyf Jofj;flos Ifdtf clej[l4 ub}{ ;dGjofTds 9Ëaf6 sfo{ ;+rfng ug]{ p2]Zon] g]kfn ;/sf/n] æ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{ u7g tyf sfo{;~rfng cfb]z, @)^*Æ hf/L u/L af]8{sf] u7g u/] klg af]8{n] ck]Iffs[t ¿kdf sfo{;+rfng ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . ;+:yfgx¿df k|d'v sfo{sf/L 5gf}6 ug]{b]lv ;+rfng /0fgLlt th'{df ug]{, cg'udg d"Nof+sg u/L ;/sf/nfO{ k|ltj]bg lbg] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L ePklg pQm af]8{ sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] 5gf}6 k|lqmofd} cNdlnPsf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] e"ldsf ck]lIft ¿kdf Joj:yfkg/;Ldf+sg ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0f ;fdflhs jf Jofj;flos s'g p2]Zodf s]lGb|t /xg'kg]{ eGg] cGof}ntf sfod} /x]sf] 5 . ;+:yfgx¿ gt ;fdflhs gt Jofj;flos x'g ;s]sf 5g\ . ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L / Jofj;flos rl/qsf] bf];fFwdf 5g\ . o:tf ;d:ofnfO{ cfjlws of]hgf / jflif{s sfo{qmdx¿n] ;d]t dfu{bz{g ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ uGtJo ljlxgtfsf]] cj:yfdf k'Ug nflu;s]sf 5g\ .

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿af6 x'g] sd{rf/L Pj+ kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm, ;¿jf j9'jf, ;fj{hlgs v/Lb tyf Jofj;flos dfldnfdf sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogx¿sf] k|ToIf x:tIf]k x'g] kl/kf6Ln] ;+:yfgx¿sf] Jofj;flos / Joj:yfksLo Ifdtfdf x|f; cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;+lrt gf]S;fgL / v'b ;DklQ;d]t gsf/fTds eO{ d'l:snn] rln/x]sf ;+:yfgx¿ 6«]8 o'lgogsf] bjfj / k|efjdf kgf{n] cw{d'lR5{t cj:yfdf ¿kfGtl/t eP . ljleGg jxfgfdf cfly{s bfloTjdfq yk ug]{ ljifo ;+:yfut ;+:s[lts} ¿kdf k|fo;M x/]s ;+:yfgdf lj:tfl/t eO/x]sf] tYon] ;+:yfgx¿sf] a]lylt / bogLo l:yltsf] lrq0f ub{5 .

lghLs/0f ePsf clwsf+z ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ ls t aGb eO;s]sf 5g\ ls t ljjfbsf] e'Fd/Ldf ¿dlNn/x]sf 5g\ . Psflt/ lghLs/0fsf] k|of;af6 ck]lIft glthf xfl;n x'g;s]sf] 5}g csf{lt/ To;n] hgdfg;df lghLs/0fsf] ljifok|lt g} gsf/fTds wf/0ff agfpg an k'¥ofPsf]] 5 . ;+:yfg lghLs/0fkZrft lghL If]qnfO{ ;f] lghLs[t ;+:yfg ;+rfngdf cfslif{t ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . lghLs/0f ePsf ;+:yfgsf ;+rfnssf] e"ldsf / lgotdf klg

244

k|z:t} k|Zg pl7/x]sf 5g\ . lghLs/0f eO;s]sf ;+:yfgx¿df ;d]t ;/sf/n] jif]{gL 7"nf] /sd nufgL ug'{kg]{ kl/l:ylt l;h{gf eO/x]sf] 5 .

;+rfngdf /x]sf #& j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ ljleGg % k|sf/sf P]gåf/f ;+rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . sDkgL P]g cg';f/ @#, ;+:yfg P]g cg';f/ @ j6f, ;DalGwt ;+:yfg ;DaGwL P]g cg';f/ & j6f, ;+rf/ ;+:yfg P]g cg';f/ @ j6f / j}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g cg';f/ # j6f ;+:yfgx¿ ;+rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . km/s–km/s P]gåf/f :yflkt / ;+rflnt ePsf] sf/0f Pp6} k|s[ltsf] j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbg / ljt/0f ug]{ ;+:yfgx¿df klg kbflwsf/L÷sd{rf/L lgo'lQm, ;+rflnt sfo{k|0ffnL÷sfo{ljlw / ;]jf;'ljwfsf ljifodf ;d]t Ps¿ktf sfod x'g;s]sf] 5}g .

clwsf+z ;+:yfgx¿n] ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgfsfnsf] p2]Zocg'¿k ;+:yfsf] b[li6sf]0f, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt th'{df ug{;s]sf 5}gg\ . ;+:yfgsf] nIo, sfo{, kl/0ffd / k|df0fLs/0fsf] dfWodx¿nfO{ kl/eflift u/]/ sfof{Gjog of]hgf th'{df u/L nfu' ug{ klg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ;+rfng of]hgf dfq xf]Og cNksfnLg dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg ;'wf/ of]hgf klg clwsf+z ;+:yfgx¿;Fu 5}g . gu0odfqfdf th'{df ePsf of]hgfx¿sf] sfof{Gjog kIf klg cToGt} sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . hgzlQm Joj:yfkg, k"FhLsf] kl/rfng, df+u / cfk"lt{sf] cg'dfg, d"No lgwf{/0f, ahf/ Joj:yfkg, vl/b Joj:yfkg, ljjfb Joj:yfkg / 6«]8 o'lgog Joj:yfkg nufotsf ;+:yfgx¿sf] hLjg;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /x]sf kIfx¿sf] Joj:yfksLo kIf klg cToGt} sdhf]/ / bogLo /x]sf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf tyf Jofj;flos clej[l4 u/L ;+:yfgx¿nfO{ Jofj;flos l;4fGtcg'¿k ;+rfng u/L ck]lIft nIo k|fKt ug{ ;Ifd u/fpg] p2]Zon] ;do ;dodf ljleGg ;ldlt, cWoog sfo{bn / cfof]ux¿ ag]/ k|ltj]bg k]z u/]sf eP klg tL k|ltj]bgx¿ s]jn k]z ug]{ sfo{;Ddsf] cf}krfl/stfdf dfq ;Lldt ePsf] cg'e"t x'G5 . o;}sf] kl5Nnf] ;+:s/0f :j¿k ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{ -u7g tyf sfo{ ;~rfng_ cfb]z, @)^* hf/L e} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{ u7g eP klg o;n] klg k'/fg} ;+:sf/ / sfo{;+:s[ltnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg]afx]s yk pNn]Vo sfd ug{;s]sf] cg'e"t ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿df ljBdfg ;d:ofx¿ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] cfly{s l:ylt / ljQLo sfo{s'zntfdf x|f; cfPsf] 5 . ;+:yfgsf] df}lns ;+/rgf / sfo{k4ltdf Jofj;flos ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'g] cfwf/e"t tTjx¿sf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . Jofj;flos :jfoQtfsf] cefj 5 . ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] ;Ifd pkof]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] sdhf]/L / cb"/blz{tfn] gLltut Joj:yfdf cl:y/tf / c:ki6tf /x]sf] 5 . Go"g:t/Lo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg / clgolGqt k|zf;lgs vr{n] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ qmdz ;+s6fkGg cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ . k|ltikwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] cefj 5 . sfo{/t sd{rf/Ldf pTk|]/0ffsf] cefj 5 . k/Dk/fut k|ljlwsf] cjnDagn] pTkfbgdf u'0ffTds tyf kl/df0ffTds ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . Jofj;flos/0f Go"gtf 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf ;/sf/sf] 7"nf] nufgL cg'Tkfbs x'g uO{ Go"gtd k|ltkmn ;d]t k|fKt x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 .

245

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ ljqmd ;Djt\ @)@) sf] bzsdf b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf ;+jfxssf ¿kdf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ @)$) sf] bzs;Dd k'Ubf af]emsf] ¿kdf b]vf kg{ yfn] . lj=;+=@)$@ ;fnaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿df ;/sf/n] ul//x]sf] nufgLdf k'glj{rf/ ul/g'kg]{ ;d]tsf] ax; z'¿ x'g yfNof] . cGt/fli6«{o d'b|f sf]ifn] ;+:yfut ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] z'¿jft ubf{ t ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgnfO{ x]g]{ /fHosf] b[li6sf]0fd} cfd"n kl/jt{g x'g k'Uof] . kmn:j¿k g]kfn lrp/L £o" pBf]u lghL If]qnfO{ x:tfGt/0f g} ul/of] . lj=;+=@)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gn] cfly{s / ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfx¿d} cfd"n kl/jt{g Nofof] . lxhf]sf] cj:yfdf ;jf]{kl/ /xg k'u]sf] /fHosf] e"ldsfsf] jf/]df k'gM kl/efiff u/L ;dfhjfbpGd'v ;/sf/ lgolGqt ldl>t cy{Joj:yf cjnDag ul/of] h;n] ubf{ d'n's pbf/jfbL cy{tGqdf cf}krfl/s ¿kd} k|j]z u¥of] . h;sf] k|ToIf c;/ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿df kg{ uof] . @)$* ;fndf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]un] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg ;'wf/sf] ljifodf cf}krfl/s ¿kd} /fli6«o ax; l;h{gf u¥of] / pQm cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgdf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg ;DaGwL 5'§} v08df ;'wf/sf ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't u¥of] . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;'wf/sf nflu xfn;Dd ePsf k|of;x¿nfO{ ;+If]kdf lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

! gLltut k|of;

cfjlws of]hgfx¿df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgsf nflu gLltut ¿kdf k|of; ul/Psf 5g\ . k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]ux¿n] u/]sf gLltut ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿n] o;sf] cf}lrTo / pkfb]otfdf ax; k|f/De ePsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vr{ k'g/fjnf]sg cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgn] gLltut ;'wf/sf nflu ljleGg dfu{bz{s cfwf/x¿ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljleGg sfg'gL k|of;x¿ ul/Psf 5g\ . lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lghLs/0f k|lqmofnfO{ Jojl:yt u/fpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿df k|d'v sfo{sf/L lgo'lQm / ;+:yfg ;+rfng;DaGwL gLltut ;'emfj, cg'udg d"Nof+sg Psn lgsfoaf6 ug]{ p2]Zo ;d]t /fvL gofF gLltut k|aGw ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{ u7g cfb]z, @)^* nfO{ o; If]qdf ul/Psf] kl5Nnf] k|of;sf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 .

@ ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf] k|of;

cy{ dGqfno, ;+:yfg ;dGjo dxfzfvf dfkm{t\ ;+:yfgx¿sf] ;dGjo ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] lgsfonfO{ d'Vo lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] ¿kdf lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] 5 . ;DalGwt dGqfnodf ;+:yfg x]g]{ 5'§} zfvf÷dxfzfvf :yfkgf u/L ;+:yfgx¿sf] gLlt th'{df, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ug]{ ;+:yfut Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ljleGg cfof]ux¿sf] u7g dfkm{t\ ;+:yfgx¿df ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/sf ljifodf ;'emfjx¿ k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . cWoog sfo{bnx¿sf] u7g u/L ;d:ofu|:t lglZrt ;+:yfgx¿sf] ;d:of cWoog u/L ;'emfj dfu ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{ u7g u/L ;+:yfgx¿sf] ;+rfng, cg'udg d"Nof+sgsf ;fy} sfo{sf/L k|d'v -l;=O{=cf]=_ lgo'lQm ug]{ Psn ;+:yfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lghLs/0f sfo{nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{, ;dGjo ug]{ / cg'udg d"Nof+sg ug]{ p2]Zon] cy{dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf lghLs/0f OsfOsf] u7g u/L sfd ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

246

# cfly{s sf/f]jf/df kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTj k|j4{gsf] k|of;

;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g, @)^# / lgodfjnL @)^$ sf] Joj:yf u/L ;Dk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] vl/b k|0ffnLdf Ps¿ktf Nofpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g @)^$, lgodfjnL @)^% dfkm{t\ ;+:yfgx¿df ;+:yfut ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ;/sf/L vr{ ldtJolotf sfod ug]{ lgb]{lzsf, @)^* dfkm{t\ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿df ul/g] vr{x¿nfO{ kf/bzL{, ldtJooL / pTkfbgd"ns agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿df klg g]kfn n]vfdfg / n]vfk/LIf0f dfgsf] cjnDag ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/L ;+:yfgx¿sf] n]vfk|0ffnLnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿df lgoldt cg'udg u/L cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] p2]Zo lnOPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] lgoldt n]vfk/LIf0f u/fO{ b]lvPsf a]¿h"x¿ km5\of}{6 ug]{ sfo{df ;+rfns ;ldltnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg] k|of; ljleGg pkfox¿ cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 . ;+:yfgsf cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ kf/bzL{ / ;]jfu|fxLsf] kx'Frdf k'¥ofpg clgjfo{¿kdf ;fj{hlgs ul/g'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿n] klg ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ sf] k"0f{ kfngf ug'{kg]{ k|aGw ul/Psf] 5 .

$ hgzlQm Joj:yfkg

hyfefjL ;+/rgf lj:tf/ u/]sf] cf/f]kaf6 d'Qm x'g gofF b/aGbL l;h{gf / ;+/rgfut kl/jt{g ug'{ kbf{ cy{ dGqfnosf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lng'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . v'nf k|ltikwf{af6 hgzlQm k"lt{ ug{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ k|fjwfgx¿ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . cy{ dGqfno÷;DalGwt dGqfno, ljz]if1;lxtsf] kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿df kbk"lt{ ug'{ kbf{ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{ Joj:yfnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . sfo{sf/L k|d'v÷dxfk|aGws lgo'lQm v'nf k|ltikwf{Tds k|ltof]lutfaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{ dfkm{t x'g] Joj:yf h;sf] cWoIftf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf cWoIfn] ug]{ :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . sfo{sf/L k|d'v÷dxfk|aGwsx¿nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf u/L lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ e"ldsf / k|fKt ug]{ tnj ;'ljwfsf] :ki6 ls6fgL ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . sd{rf/L xslxtsf] ;+/If0f, u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg / lk/dsf{ ;'g'jfO{sf] nflu 6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

% pbf/Ls/0f gLlt cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿nfO{ :jfoQtf k|bfg ug{ ul/Psf] k|of;

lj=;+= @)$* ;fn kl5 d'n'sn] qmdzM v'nf cy{tGq / pbf/ cfly{s Joj:yfnfO{ c+lusf/ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;f]xL cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿nfO{ lg0f{odf :jfoQtf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . d"No lgwf{/0fdf :jfoQtf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . j:t'÷;]jf pTkfbg / ahf/ k|j4{gdf :jfoQtf sfod ug]{ k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 . cfly{s cj:yfsf cfwf/df hgzlQmnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf :jfoQtf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . hgzlQmnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf :jfoQtf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . gofF k|ljlwsf] pkof]u / ;]jf k|jfxdf lj:tf/ / ;/nLs/0f ug{ :jfoQtf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 / Jofj;flostf / bIftf clej[l4 ug{ :jfoQtf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .

247

^ cfly{s l:ylt ;'b[9 u/L ;+:yfgsf] Jofj;flos Ifdtf a9fpg] k|of;

;/sf/n] C0f / z]o/ nufgLsf] dfWodn] k"FhL kl/rfngdf ;xof]u ug]{ /0fgLlt cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 . ;/sf/ hdfgt a;L ljleGg ljQLo ;+:yfx¿af6 C0f ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOPsf] cj:yf 5 . sd{rf/Lsf] cjsfz of]hgf nfu" ug{ ;/sf/af6 C0f / cg'bfg pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd v"b gf]S;fgLdf ;+rflnt ;+:yfx¿sf] gf]S;fgL ckn]vg (write off) ul/Psf] 5 . ;+:yfgx¿n] ug]{ nufgL, Jofh lgwf{/0f h:tf cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf :jfoQtf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 / ;+:yfgx¿df /x]sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] z]o/sf] c+z ljlgj]z u/L lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/Psf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿df ;'wf/ u/L k|efjsf/L agfpg cjnDag ug'{kg]{ pkfox¿ b]zsf] cfly{s d]¿b08sf] ¿kdf :yflkt ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ sfnfGt/df /fHosf] 7"nf] af]emsf ¿kdf af6f] x/fPsf] a6'jf h:tf] bf]af6f]df PSn} l7ª\u pleg k'u]sf] cj:yf 5 . gt cfly{s, ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] ;+jfxssf] e"ldsf v]Ng ;s] gt lghL If]qsf] ky k|bz{ss} e"ldsfdf /xg ;s]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltikwL{ ahf/df v/f] pqL cfk\mgf pTkfbg / j:t' ;]jfdf u'0f:t/Lotf / gofFkg lbgsf] ;§f k'/fgf] ;do u'h|]sf dLn d]lzg/L rnfP/ ;+rfng vr{;d]t p7fpg g;Sg] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L C0f / cg'bfgdf afFRg] cfzfd'vL k|j[lQ xfjL x'Fbf cfk\mgf] k/Dk/fut zfv hf]ufpg g;sL ls t 6f6 kN6] ls t aGb g} ePsf 5g\ . cfk\mgf sd{rf/LnfO{ Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tj;lxt lgoGq0fdf /fvL kl/nlIft p2]Zo k|flKttkm{ pGd'v u/fpg'sf] ;f6f] pN6f] sd{rf/L o'lgogsf uf]6Lsf]¿kdf Joj:yfksx¿ ¿kfGtl/t ePsf 5g\ . ljleGg ;dodf ePsf k|of;x¿, ;/sf/n] u/]sf] nufgL, bft[ lgsfon] lbPsf cg'bfg / ;/sf/L cfof]u / of]hgfx¿n] lbPsf ;'emfjx¿sf] ck]Iff cg';f/sf] Jojxf/ / lqmofsnfk ;+rfng ug{ g;Sbf ;+:yfgx¿ cfh /fHosf] k|d'v r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . k|:t't ;Gbe{df o; If]qdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ lgDg If]qdf ;'wf/ x'g h¿/L 5 M

!= jt{dfg ljZj kl/j]z, :yfgLo//fli6«o ;fdflhs, cfly{s l:yltsf] ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg ;+rfng ;DaGwdf :ki6 ;f]r / gLlt cjnDag ug]{M

� ;/sf/ ;+nUg /xg'kg]{ / /xg'gkg]{ If]qsf] :ki6 wf/0ff agfpg] � ;/sf/ s'g If]qdf s]lGb|t /xg] – pTkfbg, ljt/0f jf lgodg :ki6 ug]{, � ;/sf/ ;+nUg /xg] tl/sf (Modality) to u/L ;f]xL sfo{df dfq s]lGb|t x'g], � ;/sf/sf] nufgLsf] dfqf, If]q / ;do lgwf{/0f ug]{, � ;]jf k|efjsfl/tf g/x]sf, ljQLo ljjfb ePsf / ;fFjf Jofh ;d]t ltg{ g;Sg]

;+:yfgdf nufgL gug]{, � ;/sf/sf] ;+nUgtf, nufgL / e"ldsfnfO{ :ki6tf / ;Ldf+sg ug{ sfg'gL ;+/If0f

k|bfg ug]{, / � lghLs/0f gLlt / P]gdf ;do;fk]If ;'wf/ ug]{ .

@= ;+:yfgx¿sf] :jfldTj :yflkt ug]{ / :jfldTj x:tfGt/0fsf] :ki6 ls6fgL ;lxtsf] b[li6sf]0f to ug]{ . :jfldTj :yflkt jf lj:yflkt÷ljlgj]z ubf{ lgDg cfwf/ lng]

� ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] If]q,

248

� ;]jf k|jfxsf] j}slNks Joj:yf /x] g/x]sf], � ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo / u/LaL lgjf/0fdf k'/\ofpg] of]ubfg, � If]qLo ;Gt'ng / ;dfj]zL ljsf;nfO{ k|j4{g, � hg;fwf/0fsf] b}lgs hLjgofkgdf kg]{ k|efj / c;/sf] ljifo, � dfgjLo ;Dj]bgf / dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf] ljifo, � ahf/df Psflwsf/, l;08Ls]6 / sf6]{ln+unfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ ljifo, � lghLIf]qsf] Ifdtf ljsf; / ;/sf/k|lt ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf x'g] ljifo, / � /fli6«o 5lj k|j4{g ug]{ / /fHok|lt hgljZjf; a9fpg] ljifo .

#= ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ u/L ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L, ldtJooL / pQ/bfoL agfpg]

� ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿nfO{ ;+3Lo ;+/rgf pGd'v u/fO k'g;{+/rgf ug]{, � ;]jfnfO{ b'u{d / u/La a:tL s]lGb|t u/fpg], � hgtfsf] :jfldTj / lgoGq0f sfod u/fpg z]o/sf] ljlgj]z ubf{

hgtf÷pkef]Qmf s]lGb|t ug]{, � Jofj;flos ;fem]bf/L dfkm{t lghLIf]qnfO{ :jfut ug]{, � cTofjZos j:t' pTkfbg / ljt/0fdf ;xsf/Ls/0fnfO{ hf]8 lbg], � cfjZos kbf{ Ps cfk;df ufEg], � ;dfg k|s[ltsf] ;]jf ljt/0f ug]{ ;+:yfgx¿nfO{ xf]lN8ª sDkgL cyjf 5ftf

;Fu7gsf] ¿kdf PsLs/0f u/L Ps ;Fu7g dfq ;+rfng ug,]{ � b'u{d / vfBfGg ;+s6 ePsf lhNnfdf vfBfGg 9'jfgL, pTkfbg / ljt/0f h:tf

sfddf vfB ;+:yfgnfO{ s]lGb|t ug]{, � uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg, g]kfn 6]lnlehg / /]l8of] g]kfn h:tf ;+rf/ dfWodx¿nfO{

/fli6«o lxt / 5lj k|j4{g ug]{ ;fy} /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tfsf] ;+/If0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Sg] u/L ;jn agfpg], /

� vfg]kfgL, ljB't, cf}ifwL, hl8a'6L h:tf If]qdf lqmofzLn ;+:yfgx¿ ;xsf/Ls/0f u/L cfdhgtfsf] :jfldTj :yflkt ug]{ .

$= cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo / lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf ;'b[9Ls/0f

� ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{nfO{ yk sfg'gL ;+/IfsTj k|bfg u/L k]zf lj1x¿ /xg] :yfoL ;+oGqsf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/L ;+:yfg ;dGjo, cg'udg / lgodgsf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ .

� xf]lN8ª sDkgLsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ d"t{¿k lbg Pp6f lj1 ;d"xaf6 cWoog u/fO{ k|fKt ;'emfjsf] cfwf/df ;'wf/sf yk pkfox¿ cjnDag ug]{ .

� cy{ dGqfno, ;+:yfg ;dGjo dxfzfvfsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L sd{rf/Lsf] :yfloTj lbO{ lj1 JolQmx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] .

� ;Da4 dGqfnox¿nfO{ d'Vo pQ/bfoL, lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL agfpg sfg'gL Joj:yf ug]{ .

249

� dGqfnosf ;lrjx¿nfO{ cGt{ut ;+:yfgx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbg, sfo{s'zntf / ljQLo cg'zf;g Pj+ hjfkmb]lxtfk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg], ;lrjsf] sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/df o; ljifonfO{ ;d]t k|j]z u/fpg] .

%= hgzlQm Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ u/L bIf Jofj;flos / pQ/bfoL agfpg]

� :ki6 ;Fu7g / Joj:yfkg ;e]{ u/L Go"gtd ;+Vofdf dfq sd{rf/L egf{ ug]{ . � sd{rf/L egf{ / a9'jfdf :jtGq ;+:yfg ;]jf cfof]u agfpg] . � ;+:yfgsf] sfo{k|s[lt, xfn ;Dkflbt sfo{;Dkfbg :t/, k|fKt k|ltkmnsf] ljZn]if0f

u/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;+VofnfO{ pko'Qm cfsf/df /fVg clgjfo{ cjsfz / :j}lR5s cjsfz sfo{qmdx¿ cjnDag ug]{ .

� sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfw'lgs k|ljlw, k|lqmof / sfo{ljlw;Fu cEo:t u/fO{ pTkfbsTj / Jofj;flos Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ k|fljlws, Joj:yfksLo tflnd ;+rfng ug]{ .

� sd{rf/LnfO{ p;n] u/]sf] sfdsf] cfwf/df yk k'/:sf/÷k|f]T;fxg /sd pknAw u/fpg :ki6 sfo{;"rs / sfo{ljj/0f ;lxtsf] sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/ u/fpg] .

� sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;nfO{ k"jf{g'dfgof]Uo / lgikIf agfpg kf/bzL{ ;"rssf] Joj:yf ug]{ . 6«]8 o'lgogsf] cgfjZos x:tIf]k, bjfj / k|efjsf] cGTo ug]{ / To; ;DaGwdf lglZrt cfrf/;+lxtf agfO{ nfu" ug]{ .

� 6«]8 o'lgogsf] cfbz{ / efjgf cg';f/ sd{rf/Lsf] xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ;Fu7gsf] p2]Zo k|flKtdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg Psn o'lgogsf] Joj:yf u/L lgoldt¿kdf cflwsfl/s lgjf{rgnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] .

^= ljQLo Joj:yfkgdf ;'b[9Ls/0f / cfly{s cg'zf;g / hjfkmb]lxtf sfod ug]{

� ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] Jofj;flos of]hgf th'{df u/L ah]6 / sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ j}1flgs ;xeflutfd"ns / kf/blz{tf sfod ug]{ .

� ;+:yfgx¿sf] ;fj{hlgs v/Lb / ljQLo lg0f{ox¿nfO{ kf/bzL{ / k|ljlw d}qL agfpg] .

� n]vfk4ltnfO{ j}1flgs / cGt/f{li6«o n]vfdfg cg'¿k agfpg] . � cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ u/L o;nfO{ Jofj;flos lhDd]jf/L /

hjfkmb]lxtf sfod ug]{ / cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ k"0f{ Jofj;flos agfpg] . � ljutb]lvsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg u/L k|fKt ;'emfjx¿sf] sfof{Gjog / p7]sf

a]¿h'x¿df Joj:yfkgnfO{ pQ/bfoL / hjfkmb]xL agfpg] . � lgoldt ¿kdf n]vf k/LIf0f u/fpg g;Sg] ;+:yfgx¿nfO{ cg'bfg glbg] /

sfjf{xLsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] . � cfly{s k|zf;g / pRr Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg sd{rf/Lsf] cfrf/;+lxtf th'{df u/L

;f]sf] kl/kfngfsf] cfwf/df j[lQ ljsf; / k'/:sf/sf] cj;/ lbg] . � ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf /x]sf] sf]ifsf] Joj:yf gePsf] bfloTjsf] ;DaGwdf :ki6

;Ldf+sg u/L cfly{s Ifdtf / x}l;ot gePsf ;+:yfgdf o;k|sf/sf bfloTj l;h{gf ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg¿T;flxt u/fpg] .

250

&= lghLs/0f ;DaGwL gLltdf ;do;fk]If ;'wf/ u/L ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg ;'wf/sf] k|d'v cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf pkof]u ug]{

� lghLs/0fsf] ljifodf /fli6«o ;xdlt sfod u/L :ki6 gLltut Joj:yf ug]{ . � lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) nfO{ ;do;fk]If ;'wf/ ug]{ . � lghLs/0f ;ldltsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L Jofj;flos / k|fljlws¿kdf ;Ifd /

Jofj;flos agfpg] tyf ;ldltnfO{ /fhgLlts ;d"xsf] eGbf k]zfljbx¿sf] afx'Notf /xg] u/L k'gu{7g ug]{ .

� lghLs/0fsf] ljutsf] gLltsf] / sfo{ut lg0f{osf] ;dLIff u/L ljjfb/lxt 9Ën] cj¿4 k|lqmof ;'rf¿ u/fpg] .

� ;+:yfgsf] 5gf}6, ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] d"Nof+sg, Modality, ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] x:tfGt/0f k|lqmof, lghLs/0f kZrftsf] ;/sf/sf] bfloTj / e"ldsfsf] jf/]df ;dLIff u/L kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL k|lqmof / k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

� lghLIf]qsf] ;+nUgtf /xg] If]q, lghLIf]qsf] bfloTj / st{Josf] jf/]df :ki6 gLltut Joj:yf u/L lghL If]qnfO{ klg lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL agfpg] .

� ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg ;'wf/sf] k|d'v cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf lghLs/0fnfO{ lng] .

*= Aojxf/ut sfo{k|0ffnL / sfo{k4ltdf ;'wf/

� ;+:yfgsf] sfddf u'0f:t/Lotf Nofpg gofF k|ljlw / k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ . � k|ltikwf{Tds Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ ug{ tflnd, cjnf]sg e|d0f / pTk|]/0ffsf

cf}hf/x¿sf] k|of]u ug]{ . � /fhgLlts x:tIf]k / kx'Fraf6 d'Qm ug]{ . � sfo{;Dkfbgsf cfwf/df ;'ljwf / tnj lbg] . � kfpg] ;'ljwfnfO{ ;+:yfgsf] sfo{k|ult / pknlAw;Fu tfnd]n ldnfO{ :ki6,

j:t'lgi7 ;"rssf] cfwf/df dfq pknAw u/fpg] . � ljB'tLo zf;g (e-Governance) sf] k|j4{g u/L k|ljlw d}qL Joj:yfkg k4lt

cjnDag ug]{ .

(= cg'udg d"Nof+sg k|0ffnLdf ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L ;+:yfgx¿nfO{ hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL / hafkmb]xL agfpg]

� glthfdf cfwfl/t cg'udg ;"rsx¿ th'{df ug]{ . � cg'udg k|lqmofnfO{ lgoldttf lbO ;|f]t;fwgn] ;DkGg u/fpg] . � cg'udgaf6 k|fKt k|ltkf]if0f (Feedback) nfO{ ;'wf/sf] dfu{bz{g agfO{ ;'wf/nfO{

lg/Gt/tf lbg] . � t];|f] kIf d"Nof+sg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L k|fKt pknlAw hgtfsf] hLjgofkg /

hLjg:t/df kf/]sf] k|efjsf] cfwf/df ;+:yfgx¿ ;+rfng ug]{, ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ;lsg] nufgL ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

251

pk;+xf/ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ h'g p2]Zo / k|of]hgn] :yfkgf ePsf x'g\ tL p2]Zo / k|of]hg k"/f x'g ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . o;n] /fHo sf]ifdf cgfjZos Jooef/ a9fPsf] 5 . /fli6«o pTkfbsTj j[l4df ck]lIft of]ubfg k|bfg ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . cjwf/0ffut ¿kdf klg o;sf] cfjZostf /x] g/x]sf] af/]df k|z:t 5nkmn eO;s]sf] 5 . ljZjJofkLs/0fn] kf/]sf] k|efj / lghLIf]q ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf] ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ca ;/sf/n] 7f]; sbd rfNg' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿nfO{ k'g;{+/rgf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

252

kl/R5]b–!@

;'zf;g

k[i7e"ld ;'zf;g cfd gful/sn] cg'e"t ug]{ ljifo xf] . of] ;/sf/k|lt ToxfFsf gful/s ;dfh / lghL If]qdf /xg] To:tf] ljZjf; xf], h;af6 ;dfhn] cfkm\gf cfwf/e"t cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts clwsf/x¿sf] kl/k"lt{ ePsf] ljZjf; ub{5 . ;'zf;g nf]stflGqs tj/n] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ug]{ cfwf/ xf] . hgs]lGb|t ljsf;sf] e/kbf]{ dfWod xf] . of] To:tf] ljlw xf], h;df ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf sfo{x¿ ;Dkfbg ubf{ ljj]sk"0f{, Gofok"0f{ / ;dGoflos tj/n] ug]{ ub{5 . o;n] ;fwg ;|f]tsf] ;xL / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf klxrfg, ltgLx¿sf] pko'Qm tj/n] kl/rfng, k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ;fy} ;dGoflos ljt/0fsf] k|Tofe"lt ub{5 . of] cjwf/0ffn] ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg, kf/blz{tf, pQ/bfoL / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] k|Tofe"lt, sfg'gsf]] zf;g, lg0f{o k|lqmofdf d"nk|jfxaf6 6f9f /x]sf ju{, If]q / ;d'bfosf hgtfx¿sf] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] kIfnfO{ ;d]t ;d]6\g] ub{5 .

;'zf;g /fhgLlts ¿kdf nf]stGqLs/0f, k|zf;lgs If]qsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, jlx:s/0f / jl~rlts/0fdf /x]sf gful/snfO{ /fHosf] d"n k|jfxdf ;dfj]zLs/0f, lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsfdf ;anLs/0f, /fHosf clwsf/x¿sf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, nf]stflGqs k4lt / cj;/ h:tf kIfx¿sf] ;du|tfsf] kof{o xf] .

;'zf;g ;fdflhs åGånfO{ Gofof]lrt 9+un] ;dfwfg ug]{, ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;dtfd"ns 9+un] ;~rfng ug]{, ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx¿sf] vf]hL u/L ;d:ofsf] plrt

253

;dfwfg ug]{, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts ;d:ofsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;jf]{Qd dfWod ag]sf] 5 . ;'zf;gdf dfgj clwsf/k|ltsf] ;Ddfg, sfg'gL zf;gsf]] k|Tofe"lt / /fli6«o ljsf;df gful/ssf] ;xeflutf h:tf ljifox¿ kb{5g\ .

;'zf;gn] /fHosf] ;]jf k|jfxsf] cj:yfsf] emNsf] lbg] ub{5 . s'g} klg /fHosf] ;]jf k|jfx hlt a9L ;xh, ;/n / ldtJooL Tolt g} a9L ;'zf;g k|Tofe"t ePsf] ljZjf; ul/G5 . o;n] k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf] sfo{bIftf, bl/nf]kg, pbf/Ls/0f, lghLs/0f, ljZjJofkLs/0fsf ;fy} k|efjsf/L k|zf;g, cfly{s cg'zf;g, /fhgLlts d"NodfGotfsf] k|of]u, ;fdflhs ;';DaGw, ljsf; / dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf;h:tf ;du| kIfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 . o;sf] bfo/fleq ;xeflutf, kf/blz{tf, ldtJolotf, e|i6frf/ ljxLgtf, :jR5tf, g}lts d"No dfGotfsf] k|of]u, k"jf{g'dfg, hjfkmb]lxtf / pQ/bfloTjaf]w h:tf kIfx¿ kb{5g\ .

;'zf;gsf cfofdx¿ s'g}klg d'n'sdf ;'zf;g k|Tofe"t x'gsf nflu o;df lgDg lnlvt $ j6f cfofdx¿df lgDg adf]lhdsf] cj:yf /xg' kb{5 M–

s= /fhgLlts cfofd M– /fhgLlts cfofd cGtu{t hgtfsf] ;xeflutf /xg' kg]{, hgk|ltlglwd"ns zf;g Joj:yf :yflkt x'gkg]{, ax'njfb / ljs]Gb|Ls/0f k|Tofe"t x'gkg]{, :jtGq ;~rf/ / sfg'gL /fHosf] kl/kfngf x'g'kg]{ tyf nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfsf] kfngf ug'{kg]{ h:tf ljifox¿ kb{5g\ .

v= k|zf;lgs cfofd M– o; cGtu{t /fHosf ljleGg lgsfox¿df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿n] lgikIftf / t6:ytf sfod ug'{kg]{, k|zf;lgs ;+oGqdf k|efjsfl/tf / bIftf /xg'kg]{, ;]jf k|jfx l56f], 5l/tf], ;xh, ;/n / ldtJooL ¿kdf ug'{kg]{ tyf ;bfrf/ Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ h:tf kIfx¿ ;d]l6G5g\ .

u= Joj:yfksLo cfofd M– ;'zf;gsf] Joj:yfksLo cfofd leq ;]jf k|jfxdf r':ttf, ;zQm / k|efjsf/L gful/s ;dfh, kl/0ffdd'vL sfo{ ;Dkfbg, dfgj ;+zfwgsf] ;d'lrt ljsf; / gofF k|ljlwsf] k|of]u h:tf kIfx¿ kb{5g\ .

3= g}lts cfofd M– o;leq ;/sf/, lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfh ;d]t ;a} kIfsf] c;n cfr/0f, e|i6frf/ ljxLg cj:yf, cg'zf;g / g}lts d"No dfGotfsf] kfngf, ;]jfu|fxL ;Gt'li6sf] pRrl:ylt, :jR5tf, kf/blz{tf / lhDd]jf/L af]w h:tf ljifox¿ ;d]l6g] ub{5g\ .

;'zf;g cfkm}df gful/s ;Gt'li6sf lglDt :yflkt sfg'gL /fHo, ljlwsf] zf;g, ;]jfu|fxLd}qL Joj:yfkg, kf/bzL{ sfo{k|lqmof / kl/0ffd'vL sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] kl/ro ePsf] x'Fbf o;df hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf / sfo{s'zntf tyf e|i6frf/ z"Go cj:yf /xg' clgjfo{ x'G5 .

;'zf;g Joj:yfkgsf k|of;x¿sf] ;Gbe{ ;'zf;g gofF cjwf/0ff xf]Og . dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;qmd;Fu} ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf] o; cjwf/0ffn] vf; u/L lg0f{o k|lqmof tyf To;sf] sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df x'g] cf}krfl/s cgf}krfl/s kIfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f u/L ;du|tfdf ;]jf k|jfxsf] :t/ dfkg ug]{ ub{5 . dfgj

254

;Eotfsf] ljsf;qmd;Fu} ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf] ePtf klg ljsf;sf] Ps k|d'v rf;f]sf] ljifo (Agenda) sf ¿kdf eg] o;sf] k|of]u cfh eGbf nueu c9fO bzs cl3 dfq ePsf] kfOG5 . vf; u/L !(*) sf] bzssf] cGtlt/ ljZj a}+såf/f ;~rflnt ;+/rgfTds ;dfof]hg sfo{qmd -Structural Adjustment Program (SAP)) sf] c;kmntf kl5 ;+:yfut ;'wf/ ub}{ k|efjsf/L ;fj{hlgs If]q :yfkgf ug{ Sub-Saharan /fi6«x¿af6 of] cjwf/0ffn] :j¿k u|x0f ug{ yfn]sf] kfOG5 . ljZj a}+ssf tTsfnLg cWoIf Conable n] ;'zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L ;fj{hlgs If]q, ljZjf;of]Uo Goflos k|0ffnL tyf hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL k|zf;lgs Joj:yfsf] plrt ;+of]hgsf ¿kdf cufl8 ;f/]sf lyP . k|f/De lt/ ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] Joj:yfkg, pQ/bfloTj, kf/blz{tf tyf sfg'gsf] zf;gsf] cy{ af]Sg] ;'zf;gdf !(() sf] bzslt/ eg] ;xeflutf, cleJolQm :jtGqtf, ;+ul7t x'g] :jtGqtf h:tf ljifox¿ ;d]t ;d]l6g k'u]sf x'g\ .

;'zf;g / e|i6frf/ aLr k/:k/ lj/f]wL ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . cyf{t\ h'g b]zdf e|i6frf/ sd x'G5, To; b]zdf ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf ;an /xG5 eg] h'g b]zdf e|i6frf/ a9L x'G5, ToxfF ;'zf;g sdhf]/ x'G5 . ljZjd} e|i6frf/ lgd"{n u/L ;'zf;g ;'b[9 ug]{ cleofgdf ;lqmo ;+:yf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g];gn (Transparency International) n] ;'zf;gsf b[li6n] ljZj e/sf b]zx¿sf] cj:yf s] 5 eg]/ 5n{Ë x'g] u/L x/]s jif{ e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL ;"rs (Corruption Perception Index) k|sfzg ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . pQm ;+:yfsf] ;g\ @)!@ sf] Corruption Perception Index sf cg';f/ 8]gdfs{, lkmgNof08 / Go"lhNof08 () cÍsf ;fy ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf sd e|i6frf/ eO{ ;'zf;g ;'b[9 ePsf d'n'ssf ¿kdf :yflkt x'g k'u]sf 5g\ eg] ;f]dflnof, pQ/ sf]l/of / ckmuflg:tfg s"n * cÍsf ;fy ;a} eGbf a9L e|i6frf/ eO{ ;'zf;g cToGt sdhf]/ ePsf d'n's aGg k'u]sf 5g\ . !&^ /fi6«x¿ ;d]6]sf] ;f] l/kf]6{ cg';f/ g]kfn @& cÍsf ;fy !#( cf}+ :yfgdf /xg'n] ;'zf;g k|j4{gdf xfdLn] k|z:t sfo{ ug{ afFsL /x]sf] dxz'z x'G5 . ;g\ @)!# sf] ;"rfÍdf eg] s]xL ;'wf/ b]lvG5 .

g]kfnsf] k|of; / jt{dfg cj:yf g]kfndf ;+j}wflgs ljsf;sf k|of;;Fu} ljleGg ¿kdf ;'zf;g k|j4{gsf nflu ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] yk Joj:yfx¿ u/L ;'zf;gnfO{ cem a9L k|Tofe"t ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 . kf/blz{tf, ;xeflutf, pQ/bfloTj, hjfkmb]lxtf, ljlwsf] zf;g, sfg'gL /fHo, n}lËs ;+j]bgzLntf ;lxtsf] zf;g / dfgjclwsf/sf] pkof]u ug]{ cj;/sf] k|flKtnfO{ ;'zff;gsf k|d'v cfwf/sf ¿kdf cª\uLsf/ u/L ;'zf;g k|j4{g ug{] k|of; u/]sf]] 5 . o;/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/, ljQLo lgIf]k0f ;lxtsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, e|i6frf/ tyf clwsf/ b'¿kof]u lgoGq0f / Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ /0fgLlt cjnDag ub}{ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ glthfd'vL, hgd'vL / n}lª\us ;+j]bgzLn agfpg] ;f]rsf ;fy zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd;d]t NofOPsf] lyof] . o;n] lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{s'zntf (efficiency) df ;'wf/ ug]{ ck]Iff /fv]sf] lyof] . h;af6 lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ r':t, kf/bzL{, ldtJooL, k|ltikwL{, glthfd'vL, ;]jfu|fxLk|lt pQ/bfoL / n}lª\us ;Dj]bgzLn x'g uO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ cfO{ ;'zf;g k|j4{gdf ;xof]u k'Ug] ljZjf; lnOPsf] lyof] .

o;}u/L :ki6, kf/bzL{, ;/n / pQ/bfoL sfo{k4lt g} e|i6frf/, clgoldttf, l9nf;'l:t /f]Sg / ;]jf ;'ljwf l56f] 5l/tf] k|jfx ug{ Pp6f ;zQm dfWod x'g] ljZjf;sf ;fy clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uåf/f cfjlws /0fgLltx¿ ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] 5 eg] k|zf;g ;'wf/

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cfof]u @)$* tyf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;'emfj ;ldlt, @)%^ sf l;kmfl/;x¿nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ yk clwsf/ ;lxtsf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( hf/L ePsf] 5 . ;f] P]g cg'¿k ;+:yfut e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL d'2fdf zL3| ;'g'jfO / lsgf/f nufpg ljz]if cbfnt tyf e|i6frf/ lg/f]wsf pkfoaf/] ;hutf ckgfpg /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . e|i6frf/, hLp df:g] a]Rg], nfu"cf}ifw, xftxltof/ v/vhfgfsf] u}/ sfg'gL sf/f]jf/ cflb s[ofsnfkaf6 cflh{t sfnf] wg ;DklQnfO{ cGo j}w sf/f]af/sf] cf8df a}ª\s ljQLo ;+:yf h:tf s'g} lgsfo dfkm{t z'4Ls/0f ug]{ sfo{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;DklQ ;'4Ls/0f lgoGq0f P]g lgdf{0f eO{ nfu" ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L zf;sLo ;'wf/nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;'zf;g -;~rfng tyf Joj:yf_ P]g, @)^$ klg hf/L eO;s]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ kf/bzL{ / k|efjsf/L agfpg ;fj{hlgs n]vf k/LIf0f, u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg, ;fdflhs k/LIf0f, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ h:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ePsf 5g\ .

o;sf ;fy} cfjlws of]hgf / jflif{s of]hgf dfkm{t ;'zf;g Joj:yfkgsf k|of;x¿ hf/L 5g\ . dxfn]vf k/LIfsaf6 n]vf k/LIf0f / ;'emfjsf] sfo{, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u dfkm{t e|i6frf/ 5fgljg / sf/jfxLsf] sfo{, nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfd, lgjf{rg cfof]u dfkm{t :jR5, wfFwnL/lxt / lgikIf lgjf{rg, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| dfkm{t e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL cWoog, cg';Gwfg, r]tgfd"ns sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 eg] ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f cg';Gwfg ljefu, /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu, If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{no, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, /fh:j Gofoflws/0f, ljz]if cbfnt, /fli6«o ;t{stf s]Gb| h:tf lgofds lgsfox¿ ;d]t o;} If]qdf lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f / ;'zf;g k|j4{gdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf % j6f If]qLo sfof{no o;} jif{ :yfkgf eO{ sfo{ k|f/De ul/;s]sf 5g\ .

e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(n] 3'; lng] lbg], ljgf d"No jf sd d"Nodf j:t' jf ;]jf lng], bfg, bftJo, rGbf jf pkxf/ lng], sld;g lng], /fh:j r'xfj6 ug]{, u}/ sfg'gL nfe jf xfgL k'¥ofpg] ablgotn] sfd ug]{ unt lnvt tof/ ug]{, unt cg'jfb ug]{, ;/sf/L sfuhft ;Rofpg], ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] sfuhft gf]S;fg ug]{, k|Zgkqsf] uf]klgotf eË ug]{ k/LIffsf] kl/0ffd km]/jbn ug]{, u}/ sfg'gL Jofkf/ Joj;fo ug]{, gkfPsf] cf]xbf kfPF eGg], em'7f ljj/0f lbg], ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] xfgL gf]S;fgL ug]{, u}/ sfg'gL bjfj lbg], unt k|ltj]bg lbg] / u}/ sfg'gL ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{ h:tf sfo{nfO{ e|i6frf/ egL o; k|sf/sf sfo{ ug{ pBf]u ug]{, To;sf] dltof/ x'g] / ;+ul7t ;+:yfaf6 ePsf] s;"/df d'Vo eO{ sfo{ ug]{ ;d]tnfO{ b08gLo dfg]sf] 5 / oL ;a} k|sf/sf e|i6frf/hGo sfo{x¿df ;hfosf] :j¿k, dfqf / bfo/f ;d]t lglb{i6 u/]sf] 5 . P]gdf ePsf] o;k|sf/sf] Joj:yfaf6 ;'zf;g k|j4{g ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u k'u]sf] eP tfklg o;sf] sfof{Gjog kIf Tolt ;an b]lvGg . o;sf ;fy} kf/blz{tfsf] k|Tofe"lt, ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf k4ltsf] cjnDag, pQ/bfloTj af]w tyf k"jf{g'dfg ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf ;d]t l;h{gf u/L sfg'gsf] zf;g, e|i6frf/ d'Qm r':t k|zf;g, cfly{s cg'zf;g, ;fj{hlgs ;|f]tsf] s'zn Joj:yfkg h:tf ;'zf;gsf cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfnfO{ cjnDag u/L d'n'sdf ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg] p2]Zon] ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ / lgodfjnL, @)^% hf/L eP klg sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g . /fHosf sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ v'nf / kf/bzL{ agfO{ nf]stflGqs k4ltsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ub}{ /fHonfO{ hglxtdf s]lGb|t u/fpg hf/L ePsf] ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g,

256

@)^$ / lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] sfof{Gjog kIf klg sdhf]/ ePsf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{ k|s[ltsf] ;"rgf ;d]t cgfjZos ¿kdf n'sfpg] k|j[lQnfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .

clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* / lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ lqmofzLn ;+j}wflgs lgsfo clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 eO/x]sf e|i6rf/ lj¿4 b08fTds, lg/f]wfTds / k|j4{gfTds sfo{x¿af6 g]kfndf ;'zf;gsf k|j4{g / Joj:yfkg ug]{ s'/fdf of]ubfg k'u]sf] ePklg cfof]u nfdf] ;do;Dd kbflwsf/L ljxLg x'g', clwsf/ If]qdf l;ldttf /xg', bIf / cg'ejL cg';Gwfg clws[tx¿sf] sdL /xg' h:tf ljleGg sf/0f o;sf] sfo{df ;d]t ;f]r] cg'¿k k|efjsfl/tf b]lvg ;s]sf] 5}g .

To;}u/L e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu lg/f]wfTds / k|j4{gfTds sfo{ ug{ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\ dftxt /xg] u/L u7g ePsf] /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|n] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f dfkm{t ;'zf;g k|j4{g ug]{ ;Gbe{df s]xL sfo{x¿ u/] tfklg o; ;DaGwL ljz]if 5'§} P]g gx'g' / sfo{ If]qdf ;d]t kof{Kt :ki6tf gePsf sf/0f s]xL ;d:ofx¿ b]vf k/]sf 5g\ .

o;sf ;fy} ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f -dlg nfp08l/Ë_ -lgjf/0f_ P]g, @)^$, ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(, /fh:j r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g @)%@, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g @)%%, ljz]if cbfnt P]g @)%(, ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^#, a+}lsË s;"/ tyf ;hfo P]g, @)^$ h:tf bh{gf} P]g lgod, sfo{ljlw / lgb]{lzsfx¿ Jojl:yt u/L /fHon] ;'zf;g k|j4{g ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;}u/L ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df gful/s j8fkq -Citizen charter_, u'gf;f] ;'Gg] clwsf/L, Help desk / ph'/L k]l6sfsf] Joj:yf, lgoldt / ;do ;dodf k|]; e]63f6, hgtf;Fu k|wfgdGqL h:tf sfo{qmdx¿ dfkm{t ;d]t ;'zf;g k|j4{gsf] k|of; u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; afx]s ;'zf;g k|j4{gsf] nflu ;/sf/n] u/]sf d'Vo–d'Vo sfo{x¿ a'Fbfut ¿kdf b]xfo adf]lhd b]lvPsf 5g\ .

s= ;fj{hlgs vr{df ldtJolotf sfod ug{ ldtJolotf lgb]{lzsf hf/L ePsf .

v= dlGqkl/ifb\\sf ;b:ox¿ / /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu cfrf/;+lxtf hf/L ul/Psf] .

u= ljleGg ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿df af]8{ cWoIf, ;~rfns tyf sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] lgo'lQm lglZrt dfkb08 / k|ltikwf{sf] cfwf/df ug]{ k|lqmofsf] yfngL ul/Psf] .

3= ;/sf/nfO{ hgpQ/bfoL agfpg hgtf;Fu k|ToIf ;+jfb ug]{ vfnsf sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng .

ª= ljleGg dGqfno tyf lgsfosf sfdsf/jfxLsf ;DaGwdf k|fKt x'g] hgu'gf;f, dfu tyf ;'emfjx¿sf] plrt ;'g'jfO{ ug{ æx]nf] ;/sf/Æ sIf :yfkgf .

r= ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLsf] nflu ;a} ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] k|of]usf] lgldQ Central Portal sf] ¿kdf www.gepson.gov.np sf] Joj:yf .

5= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no / ;a} s]Gb|Lo lgsfox¿df e|i6frf/ lj¿4sf] PsfO :yfkgf .

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;'zf;g k|j4{gdf clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u / /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] efu !!, wf/f !!(, !@) / !@! sf] Joj:yf adf]lhd ul7t clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] s'g} JolQmn] clVtof/ b'¿kof]u u/]df k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd cg';Gwfg txlssft ug]{, d'2f rnfpg] / tt\;DaGwL cGo sf/jfxL ug]{ tyf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfdf ePsf] cg'lrt sfo{sf] ;DaGwdf sf/jfxL ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . e|i6frf/ lj¿4 lqmofzLn of] ;+j}wflgs lgsfoaf6 e|i6frf/ / cg'lrt sfo{ ;+aGwL ljifodf cg';Gwfg u/L e|i6frf/ ePsf] cj:yfdf ljz]if cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug]{ tyf cg'lrt sfo{ ePsf] cj:yfdf sf/jfxLsf] l;kmfl/z x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

o;n] cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ ;Gbe{df lxgfldgf ePsf] /sd c;'n pk/ ug]{, ;r]t u/fpg], ljefuLo ;hfosf nflu n]vL k7fpg], b'ikl/0ffd ;Rofpg cfb]z lbg] / d'2f rnfpg] h:tf b08fTds -Punitive_, ljleGg ljefux¿sf nflu sfo{ljlw lgdf{0f, ;/sf/nfO{ gLltut ;'emfj k|bfg, ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df ;'zf;g PsfO u7g ug{ cfb]z, cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog h:tf lg/f]wfTds -Preventive_ sfo{ tyf ljleGg tflnd, uf]i7L ;~rfng, ;fd'bflos lzIff sfo{qmd, ;bfrf/ /]l8of] sfo{qmd, k|rf/ k|;f/ dfkm{t k|j4{gfTds -Promotional_ sfo{ u/L ;'zf;g k|j4{gdf cfkm\gf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf] 5 .

e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( df ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf] sfd st{Jo tf]lsP cg';f/ /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| -sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% hf/L eO{ ;f]sf cfwf/df /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|af6 e|i6rf/ lgoGq0f / ;bfrf/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu lg/f]wfTds / k|j4{gfTds sfo{x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . ;/sf/L sfof{no / ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿af6 ;Dkfbg x'g'kg]{ sfo{x¿ lgoldt ¿kdf eP gePsf] x]/L ;ts{ ug]{, ;DkQL ljj/0f / cfosf] cg'udg ug]{, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf ;DaGwdf ckgfpg' kg]{ gLlt, /0fgLlt / sfg'gdf ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbg], e|i6frf/ /f]syfdsf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ ;'emfj jf lgb]{zg lbg] tyf e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL cg';Gwfg ug]{ lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Laf6 e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL cfjZos ljj/0f ;Íng u/L cBfjlws u/fO{ /fVg], e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL k|fKt hfgsf/L ;DalGwt lgsfodf n]vL k7fpg] nufotsf sfo{x¿ ub}{ cfPsf] of] lgsfo k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] dftxt /x]sf] e|i6frf/ lj¿4 lqmofzLn ;/sf/L lgsfosf ¿kdf :yflkt 5 .

;'zf;g k|j{4gsf ;d:ofx¿ g]kfndf ;'zf;g k|j4{g ug{ ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg k|of;x¿ ePsf kfOG5g\ . vf;u/L ;/sf/L ta/af6 ePsf o; k|sf/sf k|of;sf afah'b xfd|f] ;Gbe{df ;'zf;g k|j{4g / Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{df ;d:ofk"0f{ /x]sf] kfOG5 . k|zf;gdf cgfjZos ¿kdf a9\bf] /fhgLlts/0f JofKt 5 . e|i6frf/ / b08xLgtf a9\bf] 5 . /fHo ;~rfngdf kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTjsf] cefj 5 . ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] kxF'rdf ;d:of 5 . ;fdflhs lje]b JofKt 5 . ljsf;df n}lËs, hftLo, If]qLo, juL{o c;Gt'ng 5 . To;}u/L /fhgLlts k|lta4tf / k|zf;lgs sl6a4tfsf] cefj 5 . k|zf;lgs ;'wf/ /fHosf] k|fyldstfdf kg{ g;Sgfn] o;n] plrt ult lng ;s]sf] 5}g . ;+qmd0fsfnLg / åGåf]Q/ cj:yfsf] ;Daf]wg ;xL tj/n] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . dfgj clwsf/ k|Tofe"ltsf lx;fan] sdhf]/ cj:yf 5 . k|0ffnL eGbf JolQm k|wfg x'g] k|j[lQ xfjL 5 . bftfd'vL ;f]rsf sf/0f /fli6«o cfjZostf / k|fyldstf ;+af]lwt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k|lqmofd'vL k|zf;g /x]sfn] ck]lIft glthf k|fKt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

258

k|zf;g ;'wf/sf ljleGg k|of; ePklg zf;sLo ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdn] plrt lbzf lng ;s]sf] 5}g . kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{{ ufx|f] dfGg] ;+:sf/ JofKt 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx l9nf], ck|efjsf/L / k|efjxLg 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|flKtsf ;Gbe{df ;]jfu|fxLsf] rf;f], hfu¿stf / lqmofzLntfsf] cefj 5 . gful/s ;dfh cfzftLt ¿kdf lqmofzLn x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;'zf;g ;a}sf] ;femf Ph]08f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;n] sfg'gL zf;gn] k"0f{tf kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs ;xeflutfsf] cefj 5 . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{df pRr g]t[Tj ju{sf] pbfl;gtf /x]sf] 5 . gftfjfb, s[kfjfb / rfs/L k|yf ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 . ;'zf;gn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf ;a} cfofdx¿ Jojxf/df sdhf]/ b]lvPsf 5g\ .

;'zf;gsf nflu rfNg'kg]{ sbd ;'zf;gsf cfwf/ :tDex¿sf] k|j4{g ub}{ e|i6frf/ Go"gLs/0f ug{ dfly plNnlvt ;d:ofx¿ ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ xfd|f] ;Gbe{df ;'zf;g k|j4{g ug{ lgDg cg';f/ ;['wf/ ug{ ;s] cfufdL lbgdf cfzfltt ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

� e|i6frf/ lj¿4sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo dxf;lGwn] lghL If]qdf x'g] e|i6frf/nfO{ klg sfg'gL bfo/fdf Nofpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] / pQm dxf;lGwsf] g]kfn kIf /fi6« /x]sf] ;Gbe{df clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] sfo{ If]q lj:tf/ u/L ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL lgsfo, lghL If]q / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ ;d]tdf x'g] e|i6frf/ / cg'lrt sfo{ ;DaGwL ljifo klg o;sf] sfo{If]qdf ;dfj]z ug]{ .

� ljz]if cbfntsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf If]qLo sfof{nox¿ ;d]t :yfkgf ePsf ;Gbe{df ltgLx¿sf] sfo{ :ki6 u/L ;f] cg's"n x'g] u/L clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g tyf cGo P]g lgodx¿ ;+zf]wg ug]{ .

� clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf If]qLo sfof{nox¿ /x]sf % j6} :yfgx¿df ljz]if cbfnt÷Ohnf;sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu / ;DklQ z'l4s/0f cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ cy{ dGqfnoaf6 aflx/ NofO{ yk clwsf/ ;DkGg agfpg] .

� k|zf;gdf k'/:sf/ / b08sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ .

� ;]jf k|jfxdf l56f] / 5l/tf]kg sfod ug{ sfo{ ;/nLs/0f ug]{ .

� x/]s If]qnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg] u/L kf/bzL{ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ub}{ ;f]xL cg's"n sfg'g lgdf{0f ug]{ .

� gful/s a8fkqsf] ;xL sfof{Gjog ug]{ tyf sltko sfof{nosf] a8fkqdf /x]sf] Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ yk lgsfox¿df Jojl:yt ug]{ .

� /fli6«o ;t{stf s]Gb|sf] If]qflwsf/ :ki6 u/L 5'§} P]g dfkm{t Jojl:yt ug]{ .

� e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf If]qdf lqmofzLn ;a} lgsfox¿df Software Based ph'/L Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL cjnDag ug]{ .

259

� lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, dfnkf]t sfof{no / gfkL sfof{no h:tf ;]jfu|fxLsf] k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /xg] sfof{nox¿df n]vk9 ug{ ghfGg] ;]jfu|fxLsf nflu ;xfotf sIfsf] Joj:yf u/L j}tlgs n]vfk9L Joj;foL /fVg] Joj:Yff ldnfpg] .

� ;a} /fi6«;]jsx¿n] jflif{s ¿kdf ;DklQ ljj/0f a'emfpg' kbf{ emGeml6nf] / clen]v Joj:yfkgdf sl7gfO{ ePsfn] bhf{ / If]q tf]sL % jif{df Ps k6s a'emfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� ;a} ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿df n]vf k/LIf0faf6 k'li6 ePsf j]¿h' / clgoldttfx¿ ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 ;fj{hlgs ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

� ;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] vl/b ug'{ kg]{ ;fdfgx¿sf nflu cnu–cnu ;"rgf hf/L ug]{ ljBdfg Joj:yf x6fO{ lhNnfdf sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqssf] sfof{no / s]Gb|df dxfn]vf lgoGq0f sfof{no dfkm{t ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

� ;jf/L ;fwg pknAw u/fpg kg]{ kbflwsf/LnfO{ bhf{ cg';f/ ;jf/L ;fwgsf] d"No tf]sL ls:tfaGbLdf pknAw u/fO{ dfl;s ¿kdf lglZrt /sd OGwg, dd{t, rfns jfkt pknAw u/fpg] . lgh hxfF;'s} ;¿jf eO{ uP klg ;f]xL ;jf/L ;fwg / ;'ljwf kfpg] tyf ;]jf lgj[Q x'Fbf ;d]t :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� hg;Dks{ a9L x'g] ;a} sfof{nox¿df CCTV h8fg u/L lgoldt cg'udg ug]{ .

� :yfgLo ljsf; / lgdf{0fsf sfo{ pkef]Qmf ;ldlt dfkm{t ubf{ sltko ;Gbe{df vlr{nf] / u'0f:t/xLg ;d]t ePsfn] lglZrt /sd eGbf dflysf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{ kf/bzL{ ta/n] v'nf k|lt:kwf{af6 ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] / ;f] sf] cg'udg d"NofÍgdf pkef]QmfnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] .

� ljQLo If]qdf /x]sf] a9\bf] cfk/flws/0f lgoGq0f ug{ cGt//f{li6«o :t/sf] cEof; ;'xfpFbf] sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� tLj| ultdf eO/x]sf] gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf; cg's"n pko'Qm k|ljlw cg';/0f ug]{ / ;]jf k|bfos hgzlQmnfO{ ;f]xL cg's"n k|lzlIft ug]{ . ;fj{hlgs kbdf /x]sf JolQmx¿sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ sfg'gL ¿kdf g} k|i6 kfg]{ .

� :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :jfoQ zf;gsf] efjgf cg's"n Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L cfly{s, /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs / Goflos clwsf/ lgIf]k0f ug]{ .

� k|zf;lgs Pjd\ ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cg'udg d"NofÍgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

� /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tnj eQf ;fs{ /fi6«sf] tnjdfgsf] cf};tdf g36\g] u/L lgwf{/0f ug]{ . ;f]xL cg';f/sf] Ifdtf / lhDd]jf/Lsf] ;d]t ck]Iff ug]{ .

� sd{rf/Lx¿n] k|fKt ug]{ tnj, eQf, lgj[lQe/0f h:tf ;]jf ;'ljwf d"No ;"rL / d'b|f l:kmltsf cfwf/df sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd k'g/fjnf]sg ub}{ hfg] tyf o;nfO{ cy{ dGqLn] ah]6 jStJo dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ug'{ kg]{ cj:yfsf] cGt ub}{ :jtM k'g/fjnf]sg x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ .

260

� 5l/tf] ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbg ;]jf k|jfxdf lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfhsf] ;+nUgtf a9fpg] .

� /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/nfO{ ;/sf/L n]vf k|0ffnLs} 9fFrfdf /fVg], cfoJoo ;fj{hlgs ug]{ tyf n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ Joj:Yff ug]{ .

� e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL Pp6} ph'/L ljleGg lgsfox¿df k/L tL ;a} :yfgaf6 5fgljg x'Fbf ;|f]t ;fwg / ;dosf] ;d]t ckJoo x'g] u/]sfn] To;df plrt tfnd]n u/L Ps} :yfgaf6 5fgljg / km5\of}{6 ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

� /fhgLlts If]q gLlt lgdf{0f / ljZn]if0f (Policy Formulation and Analysis) df dfq ;lqmo /xg], ;/sf/sf b}lgs k|zf;lgs sfo{x¿df x:tIf]k gug]{ .

� ;'zf;gsf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ yk kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xL, ;xeflutfd"ns, cg'dfgof]Uo / sfg'gsf] zf;gdf cfwfl/t agfpFb} /fHo k|bQ ;]jf / ;'ljwf ;j{;'ne ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg] .

� ljsf; lgdf{0f;DaGwL sfo{x¿ ;dodf ;DkGg u/fpg ;Ifd, lgikIf, ldtJooL, 5l/tf], hgd'vL / pQ/bfoL k|zf;g ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

� e|i6frf/ ;Defljt lgsfox¿df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;DklQ ljj/0fsf] lgoldt cg'udg tyf ;fj{hgLs/0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� dlGqkl/ifb\\sf ;b:o;lxt ;a} lgsfodf cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" ug]{ / ;DklQ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ gLlt clVtof/ ug]{ .

� ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gdf ;d;fdlos ;+zf]wg ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs vl/b tyf cg'udg sfof{nonfO{ ;fwg ;|f]t ;DkGg t'NofO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cg'udgnfO{ ;lqmo agfpg] .

� ;a} ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf u'gf;f] ;'Gg] / ;"rgf lbg] clwsf/L tf]Sg' kg]{ .

� ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] sfd sf/jfxLdf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] l;4fGt cg';f/ kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf ;lxt sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ sfo{k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ ug]{ . o;}u/L ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL sfg'gn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] l;4fGt;Ddt agfpg] u/L ljBdfg cGo P]g sfg'gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{, ;"rgfsf] juL{s/0f sfg'gsf] p2]Zo;Ët x'g] lsl;daf6 ug]{, ;qmLo ;"rgf k|jfxsf] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug]{, ;"rgf dfUg k|]l/t ug{ hg r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdsf] cBfjlws ;~rfng ug]{ / ;"rgf lbg' kg]{ bfloTj ePsf lgsfodf sfo{/t JolQmx¿nfO{ ljz]if tflnd÷k|lzIf0fsf] cleofgåf/f ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ ;qmLo agfpg] .

� sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm, ;¿jf, a9'jfdf of]Uotfsf cfwf/x¿nfO{ /fhgLlts cfwf/x¿n] lj:yfkg ug{ gkfpg] :ki6 Joj:yf ug]{ .

� sd{rf/Lsf] ;¿jf, a9'jfdf /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] x:tIf]k x6fpg pRr kb:y sd{rf/Lsf] ;ldlt agfO{ oL sfd pQm ;ldltnfO{ lbg] / s]jn gLlt lgdf{0fsf] e"ldsfdf dfq /fhgLlt1nfO{ s]lGb|t ug]{ .

261

� ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\ P]gnfO{ ;d;fdlos agfO{ /fli6«o lxt ljk/Lt sfd ug]{ u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;:yfnfO{ sf/afxLsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg' kg]{ .

� dGqfnodf ;Nnfxsf/x¿sf] lgo'lQm ubf{ ;]jf leqaf6 x'g g;Sg] ljz]if1 k/fdz{sf nflu dfq ug]{ / pgLx¿nfO{ sfof{nosf] uf]kgLotfdf kx'Fr gx'g] u/L cfrf/;+lxtf tof/ u/L nfu' ug{] .

� ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ glthfd'vL agfpg æk|lqmofd'vLÆ Joj:yfaf6 æ;]jfu|fxL s]lGb|tÆ / ægful/sd'vLÆ ;+/rgf / sfo{k|0ffnLtkm{ pGd'v u/fpg] .

� ;]jf k|jfxsf] u'0f:t/ dfkgsf nflu dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug]{ .

� lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfh;Fu ;/sf/sf lgsfox¿sf] lgoldt ;Djfb / 5nkmn ug]{

� ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ k|ljlw d}qL, l56f], 5l/tf] / k|efjsf/L agfpg ;"rgf k|0ffnL Jojl:yt ug]{ .

� ;Dej eP;Ddsf If]qx¿df ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L -PPP_ nfO{ ;xL cy{df sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

� ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Ldf /x]sf] a9L :jljj]sLo clwsf/ x6fO{ sfg'gåf/f g} clwsf/ ls6fgL ug]{ .

� k|zf;lgs k|lqmof kf/bzL{ agfpg] .

� ljsf; sfo{qmddf bnLo tyf kbLo cfwf/df efua08f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg¿T;fxg ug]{ .

� cfof]hgfsf] vr{, pknlAw ;DaGwL ljj/0f kf/bzL{ agfpg] / cfof]hgf Joj:yfksnfO{ sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df k"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lbg] .

� cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ( public hearing ) sf] ;+:s[lt ljsf; ug]{ .

� vl/b k|0ffnLdf Ps¿ktf / k|lt:kwf{ sfod ug{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g lgoddf ;dofg';f/ kl/dfh{g ub}{ ;/sf/L ;|f]t k|jfx x'g] ;a} lgsfodf clgjfo{ ug]{ .

� sfo{ ;Dkfbg k/LIf0f (performance audit) sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� ;fdflhs r]tgf dfkm{t e|i6frf/ lj¿4 hgbjfj l;h{gf ug]{ .

� g}ltstf k|j4{g ug{ g}lts lzIffdf hf]8 lbg] .

pk;+xf/ l;Ëf] ljZjdf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f u/L ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3, ljZj a}+s h:tf lgsfox¿, 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g];gn h:tf ;f] If]qdf lqmofzLn u}/ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ ;qmLo /x]sf] kfOG5 . xfd|f] ;Gbe{df klg ;'zf;g k|j4{g tyf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{ clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|, ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f ljefu, /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu h:tf lgodgsf/L lgsfox¿ lqmofzLn /xFbf/xFb} Pjd\ ;/sf/, gful/s ;dfh, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx¿ Pjd\ lghL If]qaf6 ;d]t ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg k|sf/sf k|of;x¿

262

x'Fbfx'Fb} klg dfly plNnlvt ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . ;'zf;gsf lglDt /fhgLlts OR5fzlQm klxnf] zt{ xf] eg] 8g / wgaf6 d'Qm /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . sfg'g agfP/ dfq x'Fb}g To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]df To;sf] cy{ gx'g] x'Fbf c;n sfd ug{]nfO{ ;Ddfg / v/fa sfd ug]{nfO{ bl08t ug]{ ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ug{ g;s];Dd ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;lsGg . ljlwsf] zf;gnfO{ k|jw{g ug{] / b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ug{] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;åf/f d'n'sdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;lsg] xf] . o:tf kIfdf /fHo ;~rfng ug]{x¿ a9L uDeL/ x'g' kb{5 . o; k[i7e"lddf ;'zf;gsf If]qdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg / Joj:yfkgsf nflu kf/blz{tf sfod ug]{, gLlt lgdf{0f / ljsf; ;DaGwL lg0f{o ug]{ txdf gful/sx¿sf] kx'Fr / lgoGq0f k|Tofe"t x'g] u/L ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{{, ;fj{hlgs kbdf a;]sf JolQmx?sf] ;DklQ ;fj{hlgsLs/0f ug]{ / To;sf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{, ;fj{hlg kbflwsf/Ldf hgtfk|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj /xg] Joj:yf ug]{, gful/s ;dfhsf] ;zlQms/0f ug]{, hgtfx¿df cfjfh / 5gf}6 (Voice and Choice) sf] pko'Qm cj;/ l;h{gf u/L ;/sf/k|ltsf] ljZjf; clej[l4 ug]{ Pjd\ k"jf{g'dfg sfod ug]{ h:tf dfWodx¿af6 ;'zf;gdf yk an k'Ug ;Sg] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

263

kl/R5]b – !#

cfly{s k|zf;g ;DaGwL

k[i7e"ld ;'zf;gsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf dWo] cfly{s cg'zf;g cfwf/e"t ljifo xf] . cfly{s ;'zf;gsf] cefjdf ;d[4 d'n's lgdf{0f x'g ;Sb}g . cfly{s ljsf; ljgf hgtfsf] clwsf/ sfof{Gjog ;xh x'Fb}g . ljZjsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] l:yltnfO{ x]bf{ ;'zf;gn] cfly{s j[l4nfO{ 6]jf lbPsf] / cfly{s ljsf;sf sf/0f ;'zf;gsf] cj:yfdf yk ;'wf/ ePsf] kfOG5 . cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pTkfbsTjdf d'n'sx¿ aLr km/s kg]{ Ps k|d'v sf/0fdWo] d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / kl/j]zdf km/s /xg' klg Ps xf,] h'g ;'zf;g;Fu ;DaGw /fVb5 . d'n'ssf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;|f]t ;fwgnfO{ pkof]u u/L /fli6«o ljsf;sf] nIo / ;femf lxtnfO{ clwstd ;dGoflos ¿kdf xfl;n ug{ /fHo zlQmsf] pkof]u ug{' g} ;'zf;gsf] k|d'v cfwf/ xf], h; cGtu{t /fi6«sf] lg0f{o ug]{ k|s[ofdf gful/sx¿sf] ;xeflutf, sfg'gL zf;gsf] dfGotf, kf/blz{tf, ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]lxtf / hg pQ/bflotf h:tf dxTjk"0f{ tTjx¿ ljBdfg /xG5g\ . oL tTjx¿sf] cefjdf nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] :yfkgf ug{ ;Dej x'Fb}g / cfly{s ljsf;sf] ult cj¿4 x'G5 . ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf / cfly{s ljsf; aLrsf] ;DaGwdf ljZjsf sl/j @)) d'n'sx¿df ul/Psf] Ps cWoogn] ;g\ !((^ b]lv @))# sf] aLrdf tL d'n'sx¿df ;|f]t;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L k|zf]wg Pjd\ pkof]u / To;af6 cfly{s j[l4 tyf u/LaL lgjf/0fdf k|fKt pknAwLdf ;'zf;gsf] lg0ff{os e"ldsf /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 .

of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] nflu lj=;+= @)!# b]lv g]kfndf z'¿ ul/Psf] cleofg xfn;Dd cfOk'Ubf gf} j6f k~rjifL{o of]hgf / b'O{j6f lqjifL{o of]hgf;lxt !@ j6f of]hgf sfof{Gjog eO;s]sf

264

5g\ . of]hgfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogaf6 g]kfnsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] nflu dxTjk"0f{{ of]ubfg k'u]sf] eP tfklg d'n'sdf u/LaL, a]/f]huf/L, cfly{s c;dfgtf / ;fdflhs jl~rtLs/0f h:tf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ ck]lIft ¿kdf ;kmntf eg] ldln;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfn cem} klg cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] ;"rLdf g} /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL cy{tGqsf] ;+/rgfdf kl/j{tg cfO{ s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf s[lif / pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg 36\g] / ;]jf If]qsf] of]ubfg a9\g] qmd b]lvPsf] 5 . /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs If]qdf ;d[l4 xfl;n u/L cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«af6 :t/f]Gglt ug'{ d'n'ssf] nflu k|d'v r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . t]x|f}+ lqjifL{o of]hgf, -@)&)/&!-@)&@/&#_ sf] cfwf/kqn] g]kfnnfO{ lj=;+= @)&( -;g\ @)@@_ leq xfnsf] cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] :"frLaf6 ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ug]{ bL3{sfnLg nIo /fv]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] cfly{s Pjd\ /fhgLlts ljsf;sf ljleGg sfnv08nfO{ lgofNg] xf] eg] /fHo k|0ffnLsf] ;~rfng / ljsf;df ;'zf;g k|d'v r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf b]vf kb}{ cfPsf] 5 . vf;u/L @)$^ sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g cfpg' cl3 d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yf PsbnLo k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t /x]sf]n] Tolta]nf h'g cfsf+Iff tyf h'g pQ/bfoLTjsf] cefj lyof] . @)$^ sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 klg d'n'ssf] k|zf;lgs ;'wf/ / of]hgfa4 cfly{s ljsf;n] /fd|} rrf{ k|fKt u/L /fHosf gLlt, sfg'g / sfo{qmdx¿ th{'df ubf{ oL s'/fx¿nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /flvP tfklg sfof{Gjog kIf lkmtnf] /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . kmn:j¿k ljsf;sf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;df ck]lIft of]ubfg x'g ;s]g . cy{tGqsf kl/;"rsx¿df s]xL ;sf/fTds ;+s]t b]lvP tfklg ;Gt'lnt / pRrb/sf] ljsf; ug]{ nIon] d"t{¿k lng ;s]g .

g]kfn xfn klg ;ª\qmd0fsfnsf] cj:yfdf g} /x]s]f / ;ª\qmd0fsfnsf] cjlw ck]Iff ul/P eGbf nlDab} uPsfn]] o;af6 d'n'ssf] zf;sLo :j¿k / Joj:yf 6'Ëf] nfUg g;sL /fi6«—lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ;d]t k|ToIf c;/ k/]sf] 5 . ljZjsf sltko cNkljsl;t b]zx¿n] åGå / /fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf cj:yfdf klg cfly{s ljsf;sf] d'2fnfO{ ;jf]{kl/ /fVb} ljsf;sf sfo{qmd tyf of]hgfnfO{ cl3 a9fpg ;s]sf] sf/0f d'n'snfO{ ljsf;zLn /fi6«sf] sf]6Ldf pEofpg ;kmn ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts j[Qdf cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;femf Ph]08f k|fyldstfdf gk/]sf]n] d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] ult k|foM ;':t ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

;+ljwfg / d'n'ssf] cfly{s k|0ffnL] ;+ljwfgnfO{ g} d'n'ssf] cfly{s k|0ffnLsf] k|d'v dfu{bz{ssf] ¿kdf :jLsfl/G5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df /fHosf k|d'v p2]Zodf hgtfsf] hLp, wg, ;dfgtf / :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f u/L ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts If]q nufot /fli6«o hLjgsf ;a} If]qdf Gofok"0f{ Joj:yf sfod u/L v'nf ;dfhdf cfwfl/t n]fssNof0fsf/L Joj:yfsf] clej[l4 ug{[' / /fHosf] cfly{s p2]Zodf b]zdf pknAw cfly{s ;|f]t / ;fwg ;Lldt JolQmx¿df s]lGb|t x'g glbO{ ;fdflhs Gofosf] cfwf/df cfly{s pknlAw Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] / /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ :jtGq, cfTdlge{/ pGgtzLn u/fpg] s'/f pNn]v 5 . g]kfnn] ljut s]xL jif{ otf pbf/ Pjd\ ahf/d'vL :jtGq cfly{s k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag u/] tfklg ck]Iff u/] cg'¿k cy{ Joj:yfsf] lj:tf/ Pjd\ lgdf{0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHo cg'¿ksf] cfly{s k|0ffnL cjnDag ug]{ kIfdf ;d]t g]kfnn] gLltut tyf k|s[ofut ;'wf/sf sfo{qmd NofP tfklg ;f]sf] nflu /fHo;Fu kof{Kt dfqfdf

265

;|f]t;fwgsf] pknAwtf bf]xg ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . g]kfn h:tf] cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] sf]6Ldf /x]sf] d'n'sn] nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] cjwf/0ff cg's"n ;a} k|sf/sf ;]jf / ;'ljwfx¿ hgtfdf pknAw u/fpg] ;fdYo{ klg /fVb}g .

g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf; ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;a}wflgs Joj:yfaf6 lgb]{lzt ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . b]zsf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s cfwf/x¿;Fu d]n vfg] u/L k|d'v ¿kdf ;dfhjfb pGd'v cfly{s k|0ffnL / nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] cjwf/0ff cg's"n x'g]] d"ne"t tTjx¿ cg';/0f ug'{sf] ljsNk b]lvb}g . hgtfsf] df}lns cfly{s clwsf/ cGtu{t lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf cfwf/e"t ;]jfsf] clwsf/, ;'/lIft jf;sf] clwsf/ / ;DklQdflysf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrtf ug'{sf] ;fy} ;dfhsf clt lk5l8Psf ju{ / /fHosf] d"nk|jfxdf ;dflxt x'g g;s]sf ju{x¿ ;d]l6g ;Sg] vfnsf] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

o; cltl/Qm hgtfsf] /fHosf >f]tdflysf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ j}1flgs 9ª\un] ljlw lgdf{0f u/L cl3 a9fpg'sf] ;fy} d'n'sleq pknAw e"ldsf] :jfldTj, jg tyf jghGo >f]t, hn>f]t, vlgh tyf cGo k|fs[lts >f]tsf] Goflos pkof]usf] ljlw lgdf{0fsf nflu ;+j}wflgs lbzf lgb]{z x'g] u/L cfly{s ljsf;sf] dfu{lrq tof/ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 .

cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df /fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsf d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;df ljBdfg /fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs jftfj/0fn] k|efj kfb{5 . d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;sf ;a} sfo{ ;/sf/n] dfq ug{ ;Dej gx'g] x'Fbf /fHon] cjnDag ug]{ cfly{s k|0ffnL, gLlt lgdf{0f / To:fsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf lghL, u}/;/sf/L tyf ;xsf/L If]qx¿sf] ;xof]u / ;dy{g kl/rflnt x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . s'zn /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / :yfoL /fhgLlts Joj:yfsf] cefjdf ;jn cfly{s gLltx¿ th'{df x'g ;Sb}g eg] hg;xeflutf / ;fdflhs dfGotfsf] cefjdf ljsf; k|lqmof cl3 a9g ;Sb}g . ;/sf/L If]qn] ckgfpg] ah]6 lgdf{0fsf] ljlw / To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ l;nl;nfdf hg;xeflutf, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]xLtf tyf e|i6\frf/ Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;a} If]qaf6 k|of; x'g ;s]sf] v08df dfq d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;n] ult lng ;Sb5 .

;/sf/L gLlt, lgod, k4lt, k|lqmof tyf sfo{qmdx¿ sfg'gåf/f cflwsfl/stf k|fKt ul/g]] x'bf sfof{Gjog jf kfngf x'g]] s'/fdf ;'lglZrttf ul/Psf] x'G5 . d'n'ssf] ;+ljwfg, sfg'g, lgodaf6 lg;[tM eO{ ;+:yflkt tyf ;~rflnt /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs ;+:yfx¿n] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos e"ldsf v]nL ¿kfGtl/t ug{ d2t k'¥ofpFb5g\ .

/fHosf cfly{s gLltx¿sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf nflu sfg'gL cfwf/sf] cnfjf, ;fdflhs :jLs[lt jf dfGotf x'g' ckl/xfo{ 5 . ;fdflhs wf/0ff / kl/jt{gk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ;/sf/L cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf hg ;dy{g lgwf{/0f ub{5 . o;sf] nflu /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s j[Qdf g}ltstf, d"NodfGotf / ;xeflud"ns h:tf u'0fx¿ ljBdfg x'g' cfjZos kb{5 . e|i6frf/ /xLt /fhgLlt / ;fdflhs dfGotf ljsf;sf] k"j{ zt{ xf] . e|i6frf/nfO{ ;+/If0f tyf k[i7kf]ifg ug]{ /fhgLlt / ;dfhn] cfly{s ljsf;sf] k|lqmofdf cj/f]w pTkGg ub{5 . ctM g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df e|i6frf/nfO{ ;fdflhs ljs[ltsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/L ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts d"No dfGotf, cfrf/;+lxtf cg'¿k /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s ;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsfsf] k'gd"{NofÍg ug'{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 . e|i6frf/ Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu /fhgLlts Pjd\ ;fdflhs ;+:yfx¿nfO{ sfg'gsf] zf;g, hjfkmb]lxtf, kf/blz{tf h:tf

266

;'zf;gsf] ;f/e"t ljifox¿sf] kfngf ug{] u/fpg]tkm{ kl/rfng ug{ ;s]sf] v08df dfq cfly{s ljsf;sf] k|lqmofdf ;xof]u k'Ug]] b]lvG5 .

cfly{s ;'zf;gsf cfwf/x¿ cfly{s ljsf;sf] k|d'v cfjZostf cfly{s ;'zf;g xf] . ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] kl/rfng Pjd\ Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf] Ifdtfn] cfof]hgf sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;kmntfnfO{ w]/} xb;Dd k|efj kfb{5 . /fHosf] ljQ gLlt ;~rfng ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;/sf/n] cjnDag ug]{ >f]t kl/rfng tyf pkof]usf] k|efjsfl/tf ;DaGwL ljifo g} cfly{s ;'zf;gsf] k|d'v cfwf/ xf] . g]kfnsf] cfly{s ;'zf;g ;DaGwdf xfn lqmofzLn k|d'v k|zf;sLo lgsfox¿ / cfwf/x¿ b]xfo cg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .

-s_ of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog M cfjlws of]hgf tyf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿ lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] lgsfox¿df – /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, ;DalGwt ljifout dGqfno, u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]if, :yfgLo lgsfox¿, hg n]vfk/LIf0f Joj:yf, pkef]Qmf ;ldltx¿ kb{5g\ .

-v_ ah]6 lgdf{0f k|0ffnL M ah]6 lgdf{0f, ljlgof]hg / vr{df ;+nUg lgsfox¿ tyf ah]6 lgdf{0f k|0ffnLx¿df – >f]t;fwg lgwf{/0f ;ldlt, ah]6 lgdf{0f k|s[of, dWosfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf, ax'jifL{o 7]Ssf k|0ffnL Pjd\d\ :yfgLo lgsfox¿, hg >dbfg kl/rfng kb{5g\ . oL sfd sf/jfxL ;Dkfbg ug]{ qmddf ;'zf;gsf cfwf/e"t kIfx¿df M clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ P]g, lgod, sfg'gsf] kl/kfngf, kf/blz{tf, >f]t kl/rfng tyf ;f]sf] pkof]u ug]{ cfwf/x¿sf] kfngf kb{5g\ .

-u_ vr{sf] cg'udg / n]vfk/LIf0f M /fHon] hgtfk|ltsf] cfˆgf bfloTjx¿ lgjf{x ug]{ qmddf cjnDag ul/g] vr{ k|0ffnL, k|s[of Pjd\ ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog, vr{sf] p2]Zod"nstf, ;d;fdlos ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf / To;sf] kl/dfh{g ug]{ Joj:yf, afwf c8\rg km'sfpg ;Sg] ;+oGqsf] ljsf;, ;Dkflbt sfo{x¿sf] cg'udg tyf n]vfk/LIf0f kb{5g\ .

-3_ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] lgodgM ;fj{hlgs ljQLo ;'zf;gsf] lgodg ug]{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿df M dxfn]vf k/LIfs, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, Joj:yfksLo ;+;bLo ;ldltx¿ kb{5g\ .

-ª_ k|zf;sLo lgoGq0f M k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|, /fli6«o ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt, dGqfno:t/Lo ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt cflb kb{5g\ .

cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs ;|f]tsf] nufgLaf6 pRr k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{ cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] s'zn Joj:yfkg x'g' h¿/L 5 . g]kfndf cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu pTkfbgsf] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pknAwtf eP tfklg ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u x'g g;Sg] cj:yf zf;sLo k|0ffnLdf ljBdfg 5g\ . s]Gb|Lo txsf cGt/ dGqfnox¿, s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo lgsfox¿ / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ aLr ;dGjosf] cefjdf sltko ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmdx¿ k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fdflhs sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;~rfngaf6 ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f / ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] lj:tf/ ePsf] k|ult k|ltj]bgdf b]lvg] t/ nlIft

267

JolQmn] ;f] ;]jf ;'ljwf kfpg] ;'lglZrt gx'g] zf;sLo :j¿kdf sdhf]/Lx¿ klg ljBdfg 5g\ . e|i6frf/nfO{ sfg'gåf/f s;"/sf] ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/P tfklg s;"/ ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ;hfo x'g] alnof] cfwf/ ;'lglZrttf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . oL ljifox¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg x'g] u/L alnof] sfg'gL cfwf/ lgdf{0f u/L ;f] ;DaGwdf ;Da4 lgsfoaf6 cg'udg Pjd\ lgodg x'g ;s]df dfq cfly{s ;'zf;gsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g ;Sb5 .

g]kfndf cfly{s ljsf;sf cj;/ / r'gf}tLx¿ g]kfn hn;|f]t, ko{6g, h}ljs ljljwtf tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] lx;fjn] ;DkGg d'n's xf] . oL ;Dkbfsf] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|zf]wg / pkof]u x'g ;s]df d'n'ssf] cfly{s ;d[l4 ;'lglZrt 5 . t/ g]kfnsf] kfFr bzseGbf a9L ;dob]lv cfjlws of]hgfsf] th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogsf] cg'ej a6'Nb} cfP tfklg cfzftLt ¿kdf ;kmntf ldn]sf] 5}g . ljsf; sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx¿ lglb{i6 nIo /fvL tof/ ul/P klg ck]Iffs[t ¿kdf sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf k|d'v ;d:ofx¿df cfjZos sfo{of]hgf, sfo{ljlw tyf lgb]{lzsf ;dodf aGg g;Sg', cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjosf] cefj, hjfkmb]lxtfsf] sdL, vl/b k|lqmofdf l9nf;':tL, ah]6 tyf vr{ Joj:yfkg plrt tj/n] gx'g', cfof]hgfdf k|d'v / sd{rf/Lx¿sf] l56f] l56f] km]/jbn x'g' cflb /x]sf 5g\ . ;fy} cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog r/0f k|efjsf/L cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg gx'g] klg sdhf]/Lsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cfly{s–ljsf; ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf cj;/ / r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

s= pRrb/sf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug'{M d'n'snfO{ cfly{s ¿kn] ;d[4 agfpg pRrb/sf] cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n ug'{ cfjZos kb{5 . o;sf] nflu cy{tGqsf k|d'v cfwf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] s[lif, pBf]u, hnljB't, ko{6g If]qdf nufgL a9fO{ /f]huf/ tyf cfod"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;[hgf ug'{ kg]{ x'g cfp+5 . ljZjsf sltko ljsf;zLn / l5d]sL d'n'sx¿n] ;d]t b'O{ c+ssf] cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n ul//x]sf] kl/k|]Ifdf g]kfnn] eg] cfjlws of]hgfx¿df nlIft u/]sf] %/^ k|ltztsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n ug{ klg ;kmn ePsf] b]lvb}g . ljut bz jif{sf] cf};t j[l4b/ #=& k|ltzt /x]sf] / afx|f}+ lqjifL{o of]hgfdf %=% k|ltztsf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{ nIo /fv]sf]df cf}iftdf $ k|ltzt dfq xfl;n ePsf] cg'dfg 5 . pRRf cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n ug{' g]kfnsf] nflu 7"nf] r'gf}tL ePsf] 5 .

v= u/LaL lgjf/0f ug'{ M u/LaL d'n'ssf] k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] qmddf lj=;+= @)$^ sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrft ag]sf of]hgfx¿n] u/LaL Go"gLs/0fnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] kfOG5 . gjf}+ of]hgfn] lgb]{lzt u/] adf]lhd u/LaL Go"gLs/0fsf] @) jif]{ sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . afx|f}+ lqjifL{o of]hgfn] u/LaLnfO{ @%=@ k|ltztaf6 36fP/ @! k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] nIo /fv] tfklg k|f/lDes tYof+sn] of] @#=* k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ljutsf jif{df u/LaLsf] k|ltzt 36fpg] nIodf pNn]Vo k|ult xfl;n ePsf] b]lvP tfklg wgL / ul/a aLrsf] b"/L eg] a9]sf] b]lvG5 . ef}lts ;'ljwfsf] vf]hL / cfGtl/s kl/l:yltsf sf/0f hgtfdf a9]sf] cfGtl/s a;fO{ ;/fO{sf] sf/0f ;[lht zx/L u/LaL ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf klg b]lvPsf] 5 . oL ljifox¿ ;Daf]wg u/L u/LaL lgjf/0f ug'{k5{ .

268

u= ;Gt'lnt ljsf; xfl;n ug'{ M g]kfn ef}uf]lns ¿kdf ljljwtfn] el/Psf sf/0f ljsf;sf] :t/ klg If]qut ¿kdf ;dfg ¿kdf 5}g . vf;u/L ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkdf b'u{d If]qsf hgtfsf] kx'Fr /xg ;s]sf] 5}g . nlIft ;d'bfo tyf If]qfg';f/sf] cfjZostf klxrfgdf cfwfl/t sfo{of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug{ g;Sg' sdhf]/Lsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L / ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] sfo{qmdnfO{ PsLs[t / ;dGjo u/L kl/rfng ug{ g;Sg', ef}uf]lns ljs6tfsf sf/0f ljsf; sfo{ vlr{nf] x'g', sfo{qmd ;~rfng tyf ;|f]tsf] pkof]udf hg;xeflutf sd x'g', :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L gx'g' h:tf ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . nlIft ;d'bfox¿df ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] k|ltkmn ;dfg¿kdf pknAw u/fpg] / ef}uf]lns ljljwtfnfO{ cj;/sf] ¿kdf kF"hLs[t u/L Gofof]lrt tj/n] pkof]u ug]{ sfo{ cl3 a9fpg' r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 .

3= s[lif If]qsf] ljsf; M b'O{ ltxfO{ g]kfnLsf] cfo / /f]huf/Lsf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] s[lif If]q xfn klg k/Dk/fut k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t 5 . s[lif pTkfbgsf] l:yltn] g]kfnL cy{tGqsf] cfly{s j[l4b/nfO{ a9fpg jf 36fpg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . cj}1flgs v]tL, pGgt aLp tyf /f;folgs dnsf] cefj, ;Lldt l;+rfO ;'ljwf, cj}1flgs e":jfldTj cflb ;d:ofn] ubf{ g]kfnsf] s[lif pTkfbgsf] cj:yf ;Gtf]ifk|b /xg ;s]sf] 5}g . s[lif pTkfbgsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ $/% k|ltzt d} ;Lldt /x]]sf] b]lvG5 . s[lif If]qdf pRr j[l4 xfl;n ug]{ sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

ª= a9\bf] Jofkf/ 3f6f M g]kfnsf] nflu cfoft / lgof{t aLrsf] b'/L a9b} uO{ j}b]lzs Jofkf/ 3f6f a9\g' lrGtfsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . ljutdf d'n'sn] lgof{t u/L /x]sf un}rf, k:dLgf, x:tsnf cflb ;fdfgsf] cfjZos u'0f:t/ sfod u/L lgof{t k|j4{g ug{ g;Sbf lgof{t Jofkf/ 36\bf] 5 . ;fy} lgof{tof]Uo gof+ j:t'sf] klxrfg u/L pBf]u :yfkgf Pjd\ pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0fn] lgof{t Jofkf/sf] j[l4b/ Go"g /x]sf] 5 . csf]{tkm{ pkef]Uo tyf cf}Bf]lus j:t'sf] pTkfbg a9fO{ ljb]zL j:t' k|lt:yfkg ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0f cfoft Jofkf/ cTolws ¿kdf a9b} uPsf] 5 . o;n] ub{f g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ 3f6fsf] cÍ jif]{gL a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . Jofkf/ 3f6fdf sdL Nofpg] sfo{ g]kfnL cy{tGqsf] nflu r'gf}tL ag]sf] 5 .

r= cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf; M cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf;n] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ;[hgf / Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng sfod u/L d'n'ssf] cfly{s ;d[4L xfl;n ug{ ;3fp k'Ub5 . g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] j[l4b/ eg] lg/fzfhgs g} 5 . cfGtl/s tyf jfXo sf/0f d'n'sdf cf}Bf]lus jftfj/0f agfpg g;Sg' / ¿U0f pBf]u k'gp{Tyfg gx'g' / gof+ pBf]usf] :yfkgf ug{ g;Sbf cy{tGqdf o; If]qsf] of]ubfg 36bf] 5 . cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg ckl/xfo{ ePsf]n] cf}Bf]lus jftfj/0f tof/ ub}{ cfGtl/s / jfx\o nufgLsf ;|f]tx¿sf] dxQd pkof]u u/L cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg j[l4 ug{' / ahf/ lj:tf/ ug'{ r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

5= j}b]lzs nufgLsf] k|j4{g M ljut s]xL jif{ otf g]kfnn] k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL k|j4{g ug{sf nflu gLltut tyf sfg'gL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . tfklg cfjZos dfqfdf j}b]lzs nufgL lelqg ;s]sf] 5}g . hn ljB't, ko{6g, vlgh j:t' cflb If]qdf nufgL ug]{ k|jn ;Defjgf x'Fbfx'Fb} /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, sdhf]/ zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:ylt,

269

>d ;d:of, pmhf{ ;+s6 cflb sf/0f 7"nf cfof]hgf :yfkgfdf oy]i6 ljb]zL nufgL leqfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . ljb]zL nufgLdf /x]sf afwf tyf c;xhkgfnfO{ x6fO{ kof{Kt dfqfdf j}b]lzs nufgL leqfpg] sfo{ r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

h= ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; M d'n'ssf] cfly{s ;d[l4sf] nflu ;8s, l;+rfO{, ljB't, ljdfg:yn, ;+~rf/ cflb ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug{' cfjZos s'/f xf] . ;8s, l;+rfO{ ;~rf/ ;DaGwL k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;df g]kfnn] s]xL 7f]; k+|ult xfl;n u/] tfklg ljsf;df hgtfsf] kx'+r cem} k|of{Kt 5}g . ;Lldt ;/sf/L ;|f]taf6 dfq oL If]qsf] ljsf;df vr{ h'6fpg ;Dej 5}g . ctM ;/sf/L, lghL / j}b]lzs nufgLsf ;|f]tx¿sf] pRrQd pkof]u u/L k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{ / ;f] sf dfWodaf6 d'n'ssf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs cj:yf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ sfo{ cl3 a9fpg' kg]{ r'gf}tL sfod} 5 .

em= pmhf{ ;+s6 M d'n'ssf] cf}Bf]lus, s[lif, Jofkfl/s, ;]jf If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu pmhf{zlQmsf] pknAw x'g' cTofjZos x'G5 . g]kfn hnljB't Ifdtfsf] lx;fjn] ckf/ ;|f]t ;fwg ePsf] b]z eP tfklg ljut s]xL jif{ otf pmhf{ ;+s6af6 u'lh|/x]sf] 5 . hn ljB't cfof]hgfx¿af6 pTkflbt ljB'tn] /fli6«o cfjZostf wfGg g;Sbf nf]8;]l8u+ b}lgsL ePsf] 5 . k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ jfXo cfk"lt{df e/kg'{ kbf{ cfk"lt{ Joj:yf ;do ;dodf clgoldt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . cfGtl/s tyf jfXo k"+hLsf] kl/rfngaf6 7"nf hnljB't cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog u/L d'n'ssf] efjL pmhf{sf] cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{' k|d'v r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

`= a]/f]huf/L M cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] ljsf;, cf}Bf]lus/0f / k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ck]lIft ¿kdf x'g g;Sbf jif]{gL a]/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:of a9b} uPsf] 5 . :jb]zdf /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/x¿ kof{Kt gx'bf g]kfnL o'jfx¿ /f]huf/Lsf] vf]hLdf ljb]zdf hfg] / k|ltef knfog x'g] qmd klg a9bf] 5 . oL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu d'n'sleq} pTkfbg, pTkfbsTj / cfly{s lqmofsnfk a9fO{ :jb]zd} /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ;[hgf u/L pTkflbt hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ cy{tGqsf nflu r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

6= j}b]lzs /f]huf/L Joj:yfkg M /f]huf/Lsf] nflu ljb]zdf hfg] g]kfnL o'jfx¿sf] ;+Vof k|To]s jif{ al9/x]sf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg]] o'jfx¿dWo] cbIfsf] afx'Notf 5 . cfjZos tflnd tyf Jojl:yt ¿kdf /f]huf/Ldf k7fpg g;Sbf g]kfnLx¿ 7lug], zf]if0fdf kg]{, b'vMsi6 kfpg] h:tf >d ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ pTkGg ePsf 5g\ . o;sf nflu ;DalGwt d'n's;Fu cfj:os ;Dks{ /fvL ;dfwfgsf pkfo lgsfNg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy} j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt x'g] ljk|]if0fsf] /sdnfO{ pTkfbgzLn If]qdf vr{ ug'{ / /f]huf/Laf6 kms]{sf dfgj;|f]tsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{' klg r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 .

7= ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf; M ko{6g If]qdf k|r'/ ;Defjgf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg o;sf] plrt ljsf; ug{ g;lsPsf sf/0f g]kfnn] ko{6g If]qaf6 ;f]r]h:tf] pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . e"–agf}6sf sf/0fn] ;[[lh{t ljZjs} clåtLo k|fs[lts tyf h}ljs ;Dkbfx¿ / P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] klxrfg, ;+/If0f / k|j4{gaf6 ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/L ko{6g pBf]unfO{ /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/L cfd gful/ssf] hLljsf]kfh{g / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/df j[l4 u/L hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ ug{

270

;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . ko{6sLo s]Gb|sf] ljsf; / tLgsf] ahf/Ls/0f u/L ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf; / k|j4{g ug]{ sfo{ r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

8= ;fdflhs If]qsf] ljsf; M lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;+/If0fdf x'g] nufgLn] ;jn hgzlQm ljsf; / ;'/Iff dfk{mt cfly{s j[l4 / dfgjLo ljsf; b'a} kIfnfO{ a9fjf lbG5 . oL If]qdf ul/Psf nufgLsf] 7"nf] lx:;f ;d'lrt ;b'kof]u gx'g] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . lzIffsf] nufgLn] ;fIf/tf a9fpg afx]s pTkfbsTj a9fpg pNn]Vo of]ubfg ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . :jf:Yo If]qdf ;]jf pknAwtf, cf}iflw vl/b / ljt/0f, :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿sf] lgdf{0fb]lv Joj:yfkg;Dd klg zf;sLo sdhf]/Lx¿ k|i6} b]lvPsf 5g\ . ;fdflhs kl/;"rsx¿ ;sf/fTds b]lvP tfklg s"n hg;+Vofsf] 7"nf] lx:;f ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] b[li6n] 6f9} 5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO h:tf ;fdflhs ;]jfsf If]qx¿sf] ;dfg'kflts ljsf; ug]{ sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ ePsf] 5 .

9= d'b|f:kmLlt M pTkfbg / cfly{s j[l4sf nflu lglZrt ;Ldf;Ddsf] d"Noj[l4 hfoh g} x'G5 . pTkfbgsf ;fwgsf] d"Nodf x'g]] kl/jt{g, sRrf kbfy{sf] pknAwtf, ;/sf/n] cjnDag ug]{ cfly{s gLlt, jfXo d'n'sdf x'g] d"Noj[l4, k|lt:kwf{Tds ahf/, ljklQ cflbn] d"Nodf k|efj kfl/x]sf] x'G5 . d'n'sleq pTkfbg a9\g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf cfoftLt j:t'dflysf] lge{/tf a9\g uPsf] ;dosf] cj:yfdf d'b|f:kmLltn] cfd hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf si6 yKg] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{ h¿/L x'G5 . xfnsf] cj:yfdf g]kfndf sl/j !) k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf d'b|f:kmLltsf] b/ /x]sf]n] jfl~5t ;Ldfleq /fVg] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'b}} cfPsf] 5 .

0f= ;/sf/L vr{ ug]{ Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 M ljut s]xL jif{otf ah]6 ljlgof]hgsf] t'ngfdf ;/sf/L] vr{ Go"g /xg] u/]sf]] 5 . ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf] vr{ ug]{ Ifdtfdf x|f; x'b} uPsf] 5 . vf;u/L rfn' vr{ ljlgof]hgsf] glhs k'Ug] t/ k"FhLut vr{ sd dfqfdf x'g] k|j[lQ ljBdfg 5 . cfof]hgf÷sfo{qmdx¿ k|fyldsLs/0f ul/P tfklg vr{sf] k|fyldsLs/0f gul/Psf] sf/0f vr{ Joj:yfkgdf c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . k"FhLut vr{ lagf ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿ lgdf{0f ug{ g;lsg] / cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿ ultzLn gx'g] ePsfn] ;/sf/L ljsf;sf] vr{ ug]{] Ifdtfdf j[l4 ug'{ kg{] r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 .

t= lgHfL If]qsf] ljsf; M ef}lts k"jf{wf/, cf}Bf]lus tyf ;]jf If]qsf] ljsf;df nufgL ;/sf/L tj/af6 dfq ;Dej gx'g] x'bf lghL If]qsf] nufgL ckl/xfo{ 5 . g]kfnn] ;g\ @))$ df ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt u/] kZrft\ :yfgLo pTkfbg a9fO{ ljZj ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ lghL If]qnfO{ ;f] cg'¿k ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ g;Sbf Iflt Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . d'n'ssf] ;du| cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k nufgL a9fpg] / ;f] sf nflu pko'Qm sfg'gL, gLltut, ;+/rgfut / sfo{ut Joj:yf u/L lghL If]qnfO{ kl/rfng ug]{ sfo{ r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

y= ljQLo If]qsf] Joj:yfkg M a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 ;Fu} logLx¿sf] lgodg / cg'udg k|lqmof sl7g / hl6n aGb} uPsf] 5 . u|fld0f If]qdf a}s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] kx'+r cem} ck]lIft ¿kdf /xg ;s]sf] 5}g . zx/L If]qdf eg] oL ;+:yfx¿ aLr cgk]lIft k|lt:kwf{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;;fgf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿nfO{ Ps cfk;df ufEg k|f]T;flxt ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf 5 . a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ ;Fu

271

t/ntfsf] ;d:of / ahf/sf] dfu cg';f/ tTsfn /0fgLlt agfpg] Ifdtfdf sdhf]/Ln] ubf{ ;d:ofu|:tsf] ;+Vofdf klg j[l4 b]lvPsf] 5 . ljQLo If]qdf b]lvPsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ / ljQLo ;]jfsf kx'Fr clej[l4 u/L] cfly{s lqmofsnfk j[l4 ug]{ sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ aGb} uPsf] 5 .

b= k"FhL ahf/sf] k|j4{g M k"FhL ahf/sf] vf;u/L d'n'sleq 5l/P/ /x]sf] ;–;fgf] k"FhLnfO{ Pslqt u/L nufgL a9fpg] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . o;sf nflu nufgLstf{x¿sf] kx'Fr Pjd\ ljZj;gLotfdf clej[l4 u/L nufgL ljljwLs/0fdfkm{t k"FhL ahf/nfO{ lj:tf/ ug{' cfjZos x'G5 . xfn g]kfnsf] k"FhL ahf/df ;Lldt JolQm/Joj;fo dfqsf] pkl:ylt / nufgL /x]sf]n] o;sf] ahf/ cfsf/ ;fgf] 5 . k"FhL ahf/sf] lj:tf/ u/L ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] kx'Fr a9fpg'sf] ;fy} k"FhL ahf/df ;+:yfut nufgL leq\ofpg' r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

w= ;xsf/L If]qsf] Joj:yfkg M g]kfnL cy{tGqdf ljQLo If]qsf] !% k|ltzt eGbf a9L lx:;f cf]u6]sf] ;xsf/L If]qsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . sltko lhNnfdf ;xsf/L sfof{no g} gePsf]n] ;xsf/L ;]jf pknAwtfdf cfjZos dfqfdf /x]sf] 5}g . ;fy} ;xsf/L k4ltdf Joj;fonfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ gLltsf]] cefj x'g', cfd gful/sdf ;xsf/Lsf] pkof]u / pkfb]otfsf af/]df k|of{Kt hfgsf/L gx'g' / pTkfbgzLn If]qdf ;xsf/Lsf] of]ubfg a9fpg g;Sg' h:tf ;d:ofx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ . ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] lj:tf/ / lgodgsf] nflu pko'Qm ;+oGq lgdf{0f u/L ;jnLs/0f / k|j4{g ug'{ r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 .

g= ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] Joj:yfkg M ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ ;/sf/sf] nflu k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . ljBdfg ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] juL{s/0f u/L cfjZostf cg';f/ k'gM ;+/rgf, ljlgj]z jf vf/]hLsf] k|s[ofdf n}hfg] / sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{ r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . sltko ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿n] cfˆgf] Jofj;flos sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng gu/]sf] s}of} jif{ Joltt eO;Sbf ;d]t sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] tna, eQf jfkt 7"nf] /sd ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 Joxf]l/b} cfPsf] 5 . oL ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;dod} ;dfwfg ug]{ sfo{ ;/sf/sf] nflu r'gf}tL ag]sf] 5 .

k= ;+qmd0fsfnsf] cGToM d'n'sdf cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu /fhgLlts :yfloTj ckl/xfo{ 5 . g]kfndf /fhgLlts ;+qmd0fsf] cj:yf nlDab} uPsf] sf/0f To;sf] c;/ cy{tGqdf ;d]t k/]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts :yfloTj gx'bf cfly{s gLlt sfo{qmd / lqmofsnfk cl3 a9g ;s]sf] 5}g . /fhgLlts sfo{;"rLsf k|fyldstfn]] cfly{s sfo{;"rLnfO{ 5fofFdf kf/]sf] ;Gbe{df /fhgLlts ;+qmd0fnfO{ hlt;Sbf] l56f] 6'+uf] nufpg' k|d'v cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . ;+qmd0fsf] cj:yfdf cfly{s ljsf;sf sfo{x¿nfO{ ;xh 9Ën] cl3 a9fpg' d'n'ssf] nflu r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

272

;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g lgodn] cfTd;ft u/]sf l;4fGt / ltgsf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] k|:tfjgf cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs vl/b;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, k|lqmof tyf lg0f{onfO{ cem a9L v'nf, kf/bzL{, j:t'lgi7 / ljZj;gLo agfpg], ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofdf k|lt:kwf{, :jR5tf, O{dfGbf/Ltf, hjfkmb]xLtf / ljZj;gLotf k|j¢{g u/L ldtJooL tyf ljj]sk"0f{ 9Ëaf6 ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] clwstd k|ltkmn xfl;n ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] vl/b ubf{ To:tf] vl/bsf] Joj:yfkg Ifdtf clej[l¢ u/L ljgf e]befj ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] ;dfg cj;/ ;'lglZrt u/L ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] kfOG5 . o; P]gn] d"ntM ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgsf] nflu sfg'gL cfwf/ :ki6 u/L vl/b sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ / vl/b k|lqmofnfO{ a9L ;] a9L k|lt:kwL{, kf/bzL{ / ldtJooL agfpg] nIo lnPsf] kfOG5 . P]g cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ ;d]t th'{df ul/Psf] 5 .

o; P]g th'[{df ubf{ ;/sf/L tyf cGo ;Ful7t ;+:yf, ;+:yfg, ;ldlt, lgsfox¿df leGgleGg sfg'g sfof{Gjog eO{ /x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf ;a} k|sf/sf] ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf ;ul7t ;+:yfdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug]{ / Jofks cy{df nfu" x'g] u/L ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwdf ljz]if sfg'gL Joj:yf ug{ vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 . of] P]g cg';f/ ;a} ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf P]g nfu' x'g] pNn]v ePsf] / P]gsf] bkmf @-Vf_ df lbOPsf] ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] kl/efiff cGtu{t ";+j}wflgs cË jf lgsfo, cbfnt, g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqfno, ;lrjfno, cfof]u, ljefu, cGt{utsf lgsfo jf sfof{no, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf clwsf+z :jfldTjsf ;+:yfg, sDkgL, a}+s jf ;ldlt, ;fj{hlgs :t/df :yflkt jf ul7t cfof]u, ;+:yfg, k|flws/0f, lgud, k|lti7fg, af]8{, s]Gb|, kl/ifb\ / ;/sf/åf/f ;~rflnt jf ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf clwsf+z cg'bfg k|fKt ljZjljBfno, dxfljBfno, cg';Gwfg s]Gb nufotsf k|fl1s jf z}lIfs ;+:yf, :yfgLo lgsfo, ljsf; ;ldlt, ;/sf/sf] C0f jf cg'bfgdf ;~rflnt ;+:yf" nufotnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] kfOG5 .

lgsfout vl/b sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ k|To]s ;fj{hlgs sfof{non] tf]lsPsf] ;LdfeGbf a9L /sdsf] vl/b ubf{ vl/bsf] u'¿ of]hgf / jflif{s vl/b of]hgf tof/ ug'{ kg]{ / lgsfosf k|d'vn] vl/b sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L lng' kg]{ Joj:yf o; sfg'gn] u/]sf] 5 . vl/b sfo{sf] cg'udg k|efjsf/L agfpg k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . pQm sfof{nosf] sfd st{Jodf vl/b ;DaGwL gLlt jf sfg'g th{'df ug{], cfjZos kg]{ k|fljlws dfu{bz{g / lgb]{lzsf Hff/L ug]{, af]nkq ;DaGwL gd"gf sfuhft tof/ ug]{, ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] vl/b sf/afxLsf] tYof+s ;+sng u/L ePsf sfo{sf] cg'udg jf k|fljlws k/LIf0f ug]{ jf u/fpg], vl/b Joj:yf k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZostfg';f/ cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf tyf cGo ljb]zL lgsfo;Fu lgoldt ¿kdf ;'emfj lng] ;d]t pNNf]v ePsf] kfOG5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b;DaGwL af]nkq jf k|:tfj / vl/b ;Demf}tfsf] ljifodf ph'/L lgj]bg pk/ k'g/fjnf]sg ug{sf] nflu ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldlt u7g ug]{ sfo{ ;d]t ePsf] 5 .

273

;d:of Pjd\ r'gf}tLx¿

� ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g lgodn] /fv]sf d"ne"t p2]Zo adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf vl/b k|lqmof k|lt:kwL{ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fj{hlgs vl/b sf"gg adf]lhd cfk;df ldn]dtf] u/L bflvnf ePsf] af]nkqpk/ sf/afxL gx'g] / cfk;L ldn]dtf]df k|fKt af]nkq /2 ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf eP tfklg ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ePsf] 5}g . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] %) cf}+ jflif{s k|ltj]bg cg';f/ af]nkq laqmLsf] t'ngfdf bflvnf Go"g x'g' / nfut cg'dfgsf] xf/fxf/Ldf 7]Ssf :jLs[t x'g'n] k|lt:kwf{sf] l:ylt sdhf]/ b]lvPsf] tyf @)^*.^( df !) dGqfno cGtu{t $(* of]hgfsf nflu % xhf/ (** af]nkq kmf/fd laqmL ePsf]df @ xhf/ $#) cyf{t\ cf};t $)=%* k|ltzt af]nkq bflvnf ePsf] / nfut cg'dfgsf] t'ngfdf cf};t ^=#^ k|ltzt 36Ldf 7]Ssf aGbf]a:t ePsf] pNn]v 5 . o; cltl/Qm lgdf{0f ;+/rgf jf ;fdfg af]nkq jf l;naGbL b/efpkqaf6 vl/b sfo{ u/fpg kg]{ cj:yfdf nfut cg'dfg Pjd\ sfo{ 6'qmfO ;f]em} sfo{ u/fPaf6 k|lt:kwf{ l;ldt x'gsf ;fy} nfut k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]s]f Joxf]/f ;d]t plNnlvt 5 .

� ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg'g cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf vl/b k|lqmof kf/bzL{ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . sfg'gn] af]nkq cfXjfgsf] ;"rgf /fli6«o:t/sf] b}lgs ;dfrf/kqdf / cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] af]nkqsf] xsdf cGt/f{li6«o ;~rf/ dfWoddf ;d]t k|sfzg ug{ kg]{, s]Gb|Lo / lhNnf:t/sf] lgsfon]] ;"rgf lgsfo jf ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] j]e ;fO{6df /fVg' kg]{, af]nkqbftf cfk}mn] jf cfˆgf] k|ltlglw dfk{mt jf x'nfs jf s'l/o/ dfk{mt af]nkq k]z ug'{ kg]{ / O ljl8+u k|lqmofaf6 af]nkq dfu ug{ ;lsg], vl/b ;Demf}tf ;fj{hlgs ug'{ kg]{ cflb kf/blz{tf ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf]df ;Gtf]ifhgs ¿kdf tL sfo{x¿ x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . vl/b k|lqmof hg ;dIf k"0f{ kf/bzL{ gx'g'df ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Laf6 P]g sfg'g adf]lhd ug'{ kg]{ k|lqmof sfo{ljlwx¿ ;dodf kfngf ug{ u/fpg k|lta4 gx'g', ;"rgf k|jfx r':t gx'g', :yfgLo ;+~rf/ Joj:yf d'n'ssf] ef}uf]lns cj:yfdf k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg', lgdf{0f Joj;foLx¿df k]zfut cfr/0fsf] cefj x'g', :yfgLo :t/df hg r]tgfsf] cefj /xg', cflb sf/0fx¿ b]lvG5g\ .

� ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g÷lgod adf]lhd sfof{no . lgsfon] ug'{kg]{ sltko sfo{ k|lqmof jf ljlwx¿ k"/f gu/]sf Joxf]/fx¿ n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgaf6 b]lvPsf 5g\ . o:tf Joxf]/fx¿df vl/b of]hgf tof/ gu/]sf], vl/b OsfO{ u7g gu/]sf], nfut cg'dfg e/kbf]{ ¿kdf tof/ gePsf,] pko'Qm vl/b ljlw Pjd\ k|lqmof kfngf gu/]sf], vl/b ;fdu|L jf sfo{sf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f tof/ gu/]sf cflb Joxf]/fx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

� vl/b sfo{sf] cg'udg sfo{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{noaf6 x'g] Joj:yf ePklg sfof{nosf] ;+/rgfTds l;ldttfsf] sf/0f cg'udg sfo{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o; ;DaGwL sfo{ /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|af6 ;d]t ul/g] Joj:yf ePsfn]] lgsfout bf]xf]/f]kgf klg b]lvPsf] 5 .

� ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g tyf lgodfjnL th{'df ubf{ ljleGg ;/f]sf/ kIfx¿ Pjd\ ljsf;sf ;fe]mbf/ ;d]tnfO{ ;l/s u/L ;j{kIfLo :jLsfo{ sfg'g agfpg]tkm{ k|oTg eO{ sfg'g

274

th'{df u/L nfu" ul/Psf] lyof] . tyflk g]kfndf xfn ;xof]u pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf k|d'v ;+:yfut ljsf;sf ;fe]mbf/x¿n] cfkm\gf] vl/b Joj:yf tyf k|lqmofnfO{ vl/b sfg'g cGtu{tsf sfo{ k|lqmofx¿ eGbf leGg /fv]sf 5g\ . j}b]lzs ;xfotfdf ;~rflnt of]hgf . sfo{qmdx¿sf] vl/b k|of]hgsf] nflu ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/n] cf cfkm\gf] vl/b dfu{bz{g nfu" ul//x]sf cj:yf ;d]t kfOG5 .

� g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf clwsf+z :jfldTjsf ;+:yfg, sDkgL, ;ldlt, k|lti7fg, af]8{ cflbn] ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g tyf lgodfjnL nfu" x'g cufl8 cf–cfkm\gf] vl/b lgodfjnL jf ljlgodfjnL nfu" ul//x]sf]df ;f] vl/b sfg'g th'{df eP kl5 tL sfg'gsf] k|lts"n gx'g] u/L cfkm\gf] lgodfjnL jf ljlgodfjnL ;+zf]wg ug'{ kg]{df tL sfo{ gePsf]n] lgsfox¿af6 bf]xf]/f] vl/b sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿ cg'¿k vl/b sfo{ ul//x]sf ;d]t b]lvPsf 5g\ .

� ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg'g adf]lhd ¿= ^) nfv ;Ddsf lgdf{0f sfo{ pkef]Qmf ;ldlt dfkm{t u/fpg ;lsg] k|fjwfg ePsf]df pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] gfddf lgdf{0f Joj;foLaf6 sfo{ u/fpg] k|j[lQ b]lvPsf]n] jf:tljs ¿kdf k|lt:kwf{ x'g g;sL k|lt:kwf{ l;ldt x'g uPsf] 5 .

� ;/sf/L sfof{non] xfn k|of]u ul//x]sf ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f ;DaGwL b/ ljZn]if0f, gD;{ c;fGble{s eO{ ;s]sf]df ;do ;fk]If k'g/fjnf]sg gx'Fbf lgdf{0f sfo{sf] nfut cg'dfg tyf k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/ oyfy{k/s x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

� 7'nf cfof]hgfsf] l8hfOg / sfo{fGjogdf ;+nUg k/fdz{bftfx¿nfO{ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu lhDd]jf/ agfpg g;lsbf cfof]hgfx¿sf] nfut / ;do j[l4 x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

� ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gsf sltko Joj:yfx¿ ;/sf/sf] xLtdf geO{ 7]s]bf/ / Joj;foLsf] kmfObf tkm{ pGd'v ePsf] / sltko Joj:yfx¿ Jofjxfl/s klg gePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

;'emfjx¿

� d'n'ssf ;a} If]qdf ;fj{hlgs lgsfo . sfof{nox¿nfO{ nfu" x'g] u/L Pp6} /sdsf] ;dfg vl/b k|lqmof –-af]nkq, l;naGbL b/efpkq ;f]emf] vl/b ug]{_ cjnDag ug{'kg]{ ljBdfg Joj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ef}uf]lns cj:yf cg'¿k vl/b ug]{ /sdut Joj:yf ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

� O ljl8u+ k|lqmofnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g' kb{5 . lhNnf ;b/d'sfd, gu/kflnsf tyf gu/ pGd'v If]qdf O ljl8u+ k|lqmof clgjfo{ ¿kdf nfu" ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

� vl/b sfg'gsf] Joj:yf sfof{Gjog / cg'udg sfo{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] zfvf sfof{no lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|nfO{ vl/b sfo{sf] u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f tyf k/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{df kl/rfng ul/g' kb{5 .

� g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf clwsf+z :jfldTjsf ;+:yfg, sDkgL, ;ldlt, k|lti7fg, af]8{ cflbn] nfu" ul//x]sf ljBdfg vl/b lgodfjnL jf ljlgodfjnL ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g tyf lgodfjnL k|lts"n gx'g] u/L tTsfn ;+zf]wg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg tL ;+:yfsf]

275

vl/b lgodfjnL jf ljlgodfjnL ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{noaf6 tTsfn cg'df]bg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg' kb{5 .

� ;/sf/L ;|f]t / ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/ k|of]hgsf nflu km/s–km/s vl/b k|lqmof / sfo{ljlw ckgfpg' pko'Qm gePsf]n] ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/nfO{ ;d]t dfGo x'g] ul/ ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg'g tyf ljl8+u 8s'd]G6 ;+zf]wg ug]{ sfo{ ul/g' kb{5 .

� 7'nf cfof]hgfsf] l8hfOg / sfo{fGjogdf ;+nUg k/fdz{bftfx¿nfO{ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu lhDd]jf/ agfpg cfof]hgf 7]Ssf /sdsf] lglZrt k|ltzt ;Dd sfo{ ;Dkfbg hdfgt lng] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

� vl/b sfg'gdf tf]lsP adf]lhdsf sfo{ljlw jf k|lqmof cjnDag ug{ lg0f{o ug]{ kbflwsf/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfOg' kb{5 . lgotj; tf]lsPsf] sfo{ gug{] ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Laf6 xflggf]S;fgL jf Ifltk"lt{ c;'n ug]{ / b08 hl/jfgf ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

� pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] btf{ k|lqmof, gljs/0f Joj:yf / hjfkmb]lxtf Jojl:yt ul/g' kb{5 . pkef]Qmf ;ldltaf6 u/fpg ;lsg] lgdf{0f sfo{df hg;xeflutf jf of]ubfgsf] c+z s"n sfo{sf] lglZrt k|ltzt -@) k|ltzt_ /xg] Joj:yf clgjfo{ ul/g' kb{5 .

� ljBdfg lgdf{0f sfo{ tyf cGo sfo{sf] b/ ljZn]if0f tyf gD;{nfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg u/L oyfy{k/s x'g] u/L kl/dfh{g ul/g' kb{5 .

n]vf Joj:yf ;/sf/L k|of]hgsf] nflu ljutdf jfln; afsL ;|]:tf k|0ffnL, kmf/fd ;|]:tf k|0ffnL, e'QmfgL ;|]:tf k|0ffnL nfu" ul/Psf]df xfn k|rngdf /x]sf]] bf]xf]/f] ;|]:tf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t gofF ;|]:tf k|0ffnL @)!* ;fnb]lv nfu" ePsf] b]lvG5 . of] ;|]:tf k|0ffnL gub k|flKt e'QmfgLsf] cfwf/df n]vfs+g ug]{ k4ltdf cfwfl/t 5 . o; ;|]:tf k|0ffnL cGtu{t ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] ;|]:tf nfO{ s]Gb|Lo:t/sf] n]vf / sfo{;~rfng:t/sf] n]vf u/L b'O{ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L d=n]=k= kmf/fdx¿ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ljutdf :jLs[t kmf/fdx¿nfO{ cfjZos kl/dfh{g Pjd\ yk u/L xfn;Dd @!# j6f d=n]=k= kmf/fdx¿sf] :jLs[t u/L nfu" ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

;/sf/L sfof{nox¿sf] nflu n]vf k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf eP tfklg ljutdf n]vfdfgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyPg . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] @)^^.%.#) sf] lg0f{oaf6 g]kfn ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] gubdf cfwfl/t n]vfdfg :jLs[t ePsf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf dfGotf k|fKt ;/sf/L ljQLo ;"rgf k|0ffnLcg'¿k x'g] u/L vr{ zLif{sx¿ Joj:yf u/L xfn nfu" ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

;/sf/sf] ah]6sf] cfsf/df ePsf] j[l4 / sfo{If]qdf ePsf] lj:tf/n] ubf{ ;fj{hlgs sf]if k|zf;g ug]{ tyf vr{ Joj:yfkg ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvPsf] 5 . o; kl/k|]Ifdf ;/sf/n] Psn vftf sf]if k|0ffnL -Treasury Single Account_ ^) lhNnfdf nfu" u/L e'QmfgL s]Gb|nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{ ePsf] b]lvG5 .

;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿

� g]kfn ;/sf/sf] @)^^.%.#) sf] lg0f{oaf6 gubdf cfwfl/t g]kfn ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] n]vfdfg -Nepal Public Sector Accounting Standards_ nfu" ul/Psf] kfOG5 . oL

276

n]vfdfg cg's"n x'g] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] n]vf 9fFrfdf ;do ;fk]If k'g/fjnf]sg x'g kg]{df ;f] sfo{ x'g g;s]sf]n] ljQLo ljj/0f tof/L / k|:t'lts/0fdf Ps¿ktf x'g] u/L tof/ x'g sl7gfO{ k/]sf] b]lvG5 .

� g]kfn ;/sf/ / ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/ aLr ePsf] ;xof]u ;Demf}tf cg';f/ cfof]hgf lx;fj tof/ u/L ;dodf k]z ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] n]vfk|0ffnL tyf cfof]hgf lx;fjsf] n]vf zLif{sx¿ aLr ;fd~hZotf x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f cfof]hgf lx;fjsf] n]vf tof/ ug]{ / k|ltj]bg ug]{ sfo{df a9L ;|f]t ;fwg vlr{g k/]sf] b]lvG5 .

� ljBdfg n]vf k|0ffnL ;/sf/sf] ;l~rt sf]if nufot ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/sf C0f tyf ;Ful7t ;+:yfdf ul/Psf] nufgL lx;fj ;xL Pjd\ oyfy{ k|ltljlDat x'g g;s]sf] Joxf]/f dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf 5g\ . o;af6 ;/sf/sf] s]Gb|Lo n]vfÍg Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ s'/f b]lvG5 .

;'emfjx¿

� g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t gubdf cfwfl/t g]kfn ;fj{hlgs If]q n]vfdfg cg';f/ ljQLo ljj/0f tof/ ug{ ljBdfg ljQLo ljj/0f k|:t'tLs/0fsf] 9fFrf kl/dfh{g;lxt :jLs[t u/fO{ sfof{Gjog ug'{ u/fpg' kb{5 .

� g]kfn ;/sf/sf] n]vf k|0ffnL tyf zLif{sx¿ / cfof]hgf lx;fjsf] n]vf zLif{sx¿ aLr ;fd~hZotf x'g] u/L ljBdfg cfof]hgf n]vf k|0ffnLsf] 9fFrf kl/dfh{g Pjd\ ljsf; u/L nfu" ug{' kb{5 .

� ;/sf/L n]vfªs\g tyf ljQLo ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] ;+:yfut ;'wf/ u/L ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t n]vf k|0ffnL sfof{Gjog ug'{ kb{5 .

� dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{non] /fVg] u/]sf j}b]lzs ;xof]u tyf ;+:yfdf ;/sf/L nufgL nufotsf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s]Gb|Lo lx;fj /fVg] k|of]hgsf nflu n]vfsf] k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g' kb{5 .

� Psn vftf sf]if k|0ffnLnfO{ xfn;Ddsf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df kl/is[t u/L ;a} lhNnfdf k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" ul/g' kb{5 .

n]vfk/LIf0f / j]¿h'sf] cj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;ljwfg, @)^# df dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] Joj:yf u/L ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{no, ;+j}wflgs lgsfo, cbfnt, ;'/Iff lgsfo / sfg'gåf/f tf]lsPsf cGo ;+:yfsf] lgw{fl/t tl/sf adf]lhd lgoldttf, ldtJolotf, sfo{bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf / cf}lrTo ;d]tsf] ljrf/ u/L n]vfk/LIf0f ug{]{ u/L sfd tf]lsPsf] 5 . n]vfk/LIf0f P]g, @)$* n] dxfn]vfk/LIfsn] n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ tl/sf, If]q, k/LIf0f ug]{ s'/fx¿ / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0{f Pjd\ clws+fz :jfldTj ePsf ;Ël7t ;:yfsf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;DaGwdf ul/g'kg]{ sfo{ k|lqmofsf af/]df pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf, ufp+ ljsf; ;ldlt nufotsf :yfgLo lgsfodWo] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] n]vfk/LIf0f dfq dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfo{fnoaf6 x'g] u/]sf] / gu/kflnsf tyf ufp+ ljsf; ;ldltx¿sf] n]vfk/LIf0f btf{jfn n]vfk/LIfsaf6 ul/g] sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

277

dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfo{fnoaf6 n]vfk/LIf0f P]g, @)$*, ;/sf/L n]vfk/LIf0f dfkb08, ;jf]{Rr n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yfx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;Fu7g -OG6f];fO+{_Aff6 k|ltkflbt n]vfk/LIf0fsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt, n]vfk/LIf0f dfu{bz{g / c;n k|rng Pjd\ cEof;sf] cg';/0f u/L n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ gLlt k|ltkfbg u/]sf] 5 . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)^( cg';f/ ;+ljwfg / sfg'gL cfwf/cg'¿k pQm sfo{fnon] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, Joj:yflksf ;+;b, ;a}wflgs lgsfox¿, g]kfnL ;]gf, ;z:q k|x/L, g]kfn k|x/L, cbfntnufotsf # xhf/ &)* sfof{nosf] ¿=& va{ $# ca{, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ :jfldTj ePsf ;Ful7t ;:yf, sfg'gåf/f tf]lsPsf ;ldlt, ljZjljBfno, k|lti7fg;d]t (*( OsfO{sf] ¿=!) va{ ## ca{ / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt &# sf] ¿=^* ca{ ;d]t ¿=!* va{ $$ ca{sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg u/]sf] pNn]v 5 .

cfly{s sfof{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ n] ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿sf] cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no cGtu{tsf] lhNnfl:yt sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{nox¿nfO{ tf]s]sf] 5 . tL sfof{nox¿af6 ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿sf] ah]6 lgsf;f, sf]if k|zf;g tyf ;~rfng, cg'udg / lgoGq0f, ljQLo k|ltj]bg ug]{ sfo{sf] cnfjf cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{ ;d]t u/L cfPsf] 5 . o; k|of]hgsf] nflu dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{non] cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f lgb]{lzsf, @)^* ;d]t tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] b]lvG5 .

a]¿h"nfO{ ljQLo hjfkmb]lxtf, :jR5tf / cg'zf;gsf] :t/ dfkg ug]{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lnOg] ul/G5 . cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%% n] a]¿h"nfO{ k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd k'¥ofpg'kg]{ /Lt gk'¥ofO{ sf/f]af/ u/]sf] jf /fVg'kg]{ n]vf g/fv]sf] tyf clgoldt jf a]d'gfl;a tl/sfn] cfly{s sf/f]af/ u/]sf] Joxf]/f n]vfk/LIf0f¢f/f cf}NofOPsf] jf 7x¥ofPsf] sf/f]af/sf] ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . a]¿h"nfO{ c;'n ug'{kg]{, lgoldt ug'{+kg]{ / k]ZsL;d]t # k|d'v ;d"xdf juL{+s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{non] a]¿h"nfO{ juL{s/0f ubf{ c;'n ug'{kg]{ cGtu{t lxgfldgf / d:of}6, xfgL gf]S;fgL / cGo c;'n, lgoldt ug'{kg]{ cGtu{t clgoldt ePsf], k|df0f sfuhft k]z gePsf], lhDd]jf/L g;f/]sf] / zf]wegf{ glnPsf] / k]ZsL cGtu{t sd{rf/L k]ZsL / cGo k]ZsL pk ;d"xdf ;d]t juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5 . pQm sfof{nosf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^( cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)^*.^( ;/sf/L sfof{no, ;ldlt / cGo ;+:yfsf] n]vfk/LIf0faf6 cf}NofOPsf] a]¿h" lgDgfg';f/ 5 M

¿=nfvdf

juL{s/0f ;/sf/L sfof{no ;ldlt tyf cGo ;+:yf / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt

@)^*.)^(sf] hDdf a]¿h"

!= c;'n ug'{kg{] #,#*,## %!,^$ #,*(,(&

@= lgoldt ug'{kg]{ !),&&,$( %,&),)@ !^,$&,%!

#= k]ZsL !#,*!,!$ **,*( !$,&),)#

hDdf a]¿h" @&,(^,(^ &,!),%% #%,)&,%!

278

pQm k|ltj]bg cg';f/ ;/sf/L sfof{notkm{ # jif{sf] n]vfk/LIf0f / a]¿h" c+ssf] t'ngfTds l:ylt lgDgfg';f/ 5M

¿= nfvdf

jflif{s k|ltj]bg n]vfk/LIf0f cÍ a]¿h" cÍ k|ltzt

c7rfnL;f} cf=a=@)^*.^( $,^&,#&,%) !*,(@,(# $=)%

pgGrf;f} cf=a= @)^&.^* %,@&,%^,)* @@,%),#& $=@^

krf;f}+ cf=a= @)^^.^& &,$@,%(,$# @&,(^,(^ #=&&

tflnsf cg';f/ s"n n]vfk/LIf0f cÍsf] t'ngfdf a]¿h" /sddf j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . a]¿h" k|ltzt utjif{sf t'ngfdf 36\g'df k"+hLut ah]6sf] c+z 36g' /x]sf] 5 .

cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g cg';f/ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{noaf6 clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f x'bf cf}NofPsf a]¿h" #% lbgleq lhDd]jf/ JolQmn] km5\of}{6 u/L ;Dk/LIf0f u/fpg'kg]{ / a]¿h" km5\of}{6 u/] gu/]sf] /]vb]v u/L k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd km5\of}{6 ug{ nufpg] bfloTj n]vf pQ/bfoL clws[tsf] x'g] Joj:yf 5 . ;/sf/L lgsfosf] cltl/Qm k|rlnt sfg'gåf/f u7g ePsf ;Ful7t ;+:yf, ;ldlt Pjd\ cGo ;+:yfsf] n]vfk/LIf0faf6 sfod ePsf a]¿h" km5\of}{6 ug]{ u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L tL ;+:yfsf] ;~rfns ;ldltdf /xg] Joj:yf 5 . dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] k]z u/]sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg pk/ ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltdf 5nkmn x'g] / ;f] ;ldltaf6 ul/Psf lg0f{oaf6 a]¿h" km5\of}{6df ;3fp k'Ug] u/]sf] 5 . o; cltl/Qm cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL, @)^$ cg';f/ d'Vo ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t a]¿h" km5\of}{6 d"Nofsg Pjd\ cg'udg ;ldltaf6 dGqfno/ lgsfosf] a]¿h" km5\of}}{6sf] d"NofÍg / cg'udgsf] sfo{ ug'{kg]{ lhDd]jf/L /x]sf] 5 . dGqfno/ lgsfosf] a]¿h" km5\of}{6 u/L ;Dk/LIf0f u/fpg] sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ a]¿h" km5\of+}{6sf] nIo k|ltztdf tf]sL lglZrt k|ltzteGbf 36La9L km5\of}{6 ug{]nfO{ k|f]T;fxg jf bl08t ug]{ gLlt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

ljutsf k"/fgf a]¿h" km5of}{6 ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{df k|efjsf/Ltf Nofpg ;do–;dodf ljleGg ;ldlt / cfof]u u7g u/L a]¿h" km5of}{6 ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{ eO{ cfPsf] kfOG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df @)^%.!!.@% df ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf ;b:osf] cWoIftfdf Ps a]¿h" km5\of}{6 ;ldlt u7g u/L cfly{s jif{ @)%(.^) ;Ddsf] a]¿h" km5\of}{6 ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{ ePsf] b]lvG5 .

;d:of Pjd\ r'gf}tLx¿

� dxfn]vfk/LIfsnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] ;+j}wflgs lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug{sf nflu ;jf]{Rr n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yfx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;Fu7g -O06f];fO+{_ sf] lndf tyf d]lS;sf] 3f]if0ffkqdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ sfg'gL, ljQLo, k|zf;lgs :jtGqtf cfjZos kb{5 . tyfkL xfn dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{nosf] ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd :jLs[lt Pjd\ sfof{Gjogdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;DalGwt dGqfno/lgsfosf] :jLs[lt lng'kg]{ cj:yf

279

sfod /x]sf] 5 . o;af6 dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] ;+j}wflgs :jtGqtfdf ;ª\s'rg x'g'sf] ;fy} n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{sf] Ifdtf, tl/sf / lqmofsnfkdf c;/ k/]sf] b]lvG5 .

� n]vfk/LIf0fsf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf ljsf; ePsf l;4fGt, dfu{bz{g / c;n cEof;nfO{ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{non] ;do ;fk]If¿kdf cjnDag ug'{kg{] x'G5 . dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] sfof{nosf] :jtGqtfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, n]vfk/LIf0fsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/, sd{rf/Lsf] k]zfut Ifdtf clej[l4, ;u7gfTds bIftf ljsf; / n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|efj j[l4 ug]{ nIo;lxt pQm sfof{non] bf];|f] lqjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf ;g\ @)!#—@)!% th'{df u/L nfu" u/]sf b]lvG5 . /0fgLlts of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ / sfof{no ejg lgdf{0f ;d]tsf] nflu 7'nf] ;|f]t ;fwg cfjZos /x]sf] ;Gbe{df pQm /0fgLlts of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{' r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

� ;/sf/sf] cfly{s lqmofsnfk tyf sf/f]jf/df cfPsf] a9f]Q/L tyf lgsfo/ sfof{nosf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 eP tfklg dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{nosf] ljBdfg Psn sfof{nout ;+/rgf tyf :jLs[t $$( sf] sd{rf/L b/aGbLaf6 s]Gb|af6} sd{rf/L v6fO{ n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ ;Dkfbg eO{ cfPsf] 5 . xfn ;/sf/L tyf j}b]lzs ;|f]t ;fwg pkof]u ug]{ sltko sfof{nosf] n]vfk/LIf0f dxfn]vf k/LIfsaf6 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . efjL ;ljwfgdf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] :j¿k / sfo{If]q cem} lj:tf/ x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . oL ;a} s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{nosf] ljBdfg ;+/rgf / b/aGbLaf6 sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ sl7g x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .

� n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg] k|d'v bfloTj ;DalGwt lgsfosf] k|d'vsf] xf] . cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]gdf dxfn]vfk/LIfsn] tf]s]sf] Dofbleq cfly{s ljj/0f / n]vf bflvnf ug'{ kg]{, tbg';f/ bflvnf ug{ g;s]df Dofb yk dfu ug'{kg]{ / Dofb yk klg dfu gug]{ / n]vf bflvnf klg gug]{nfO{ hl/jfgf / ljefuLo sf/afxL;d]t ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . n]vfk/LIf0faf6 dfu ePsf ;"rgf Pjd\ ljj/0fx¿ pknAw gu/fpg], n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;do / a]¿h" 5nkmndf lhDd]jf/ JolQm pkl:yt gx'g]] k|j[lQ ;d]t b]lvg] u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 cfly{s sf/f]jf/ / n]vfk/LIf0fk|ltsf] lhDd]jf/L ;DalGwt lhDd]jf/ JolQmaf6 axg gul/Psf] jf pk]Iff ul/Psf] l:ylt b]vfp+b5 . ;/sf/L sfof{no, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, ;ul7t ;+:yf, ;ldlt tyf cGo ;+:yfn] sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] ;dodf n]vfk/LIf0f gu/fPsfn] n]vfk/LIf0f aSof}tf a9\b} uO{ @)^( cfiff9;Dddf ¿= # ca{ !^ s/f]8 $* nfv k'Ug uPsf] 5, h; cGtu{t cf=j= @)#%.#^ b]lvsf] cfly{s sf/f]af/;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] b]lvG5 . w]/} ;dosf] cGt/fnkl5 n]vfk/LIf0f ug'{ u/fpg'sf] cf}lrTotf sfod /xb}g .

� j}b]lzs cg'bfg, C0f, k|fljlws ;xfotf nufotsf ;a} k|sf/sf] ;xfotf ah]6df ;dfj]z u/L dxfn]vf k/LIfsaf6 n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg' kg]+ sfg'gL Joj:yf eP tfklg sltko ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/af6 k|fKt j}b]lzs cg'bfg / k|fljlws ;xfotfsf] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{noaf6 n]vfk/LIf0f gu/fPsf] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 .

� k|rlnt sfg'g cg';f/ ;/sf/L lgsfon] clGtd n]vfk/LIf0faf6 cf}NofPsf] a]¿h" sfg'g cg';f/ #% lbgleq 6'+uf] nufpg' kg]{, tbg';f/ bflvnf ug{ g;s]df Dofb yk dfu ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ePsf]df ;f] cg';f/sf] Joj:yfsf] kfngf ug]{ sfo{ ;Gtf]ifhgs ¿kdf

280

x'g] u/]sf] 5}g . kmn:j¿k Ps cfly{s jif{df sfod ePsf] a]¿h" km5\of}{6 ug'{kg]{ lhDd]jf/L csf]{ cfly{s jif{df ;g{ uO{ km5\of{}6 ug{ kg]{ afsL a]¿h" c+s k|To]s jif{ a9b} uPsf] 5 . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^( cg';f/ km5\of}{6 ug{' kg]{ ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] afFsL a]¿h" c+s @)^( cfiff9;Dddf ¿= ^^ ca{ @^ s/f]8 #* nfv k'u]sf] pNn]v 5 .

� ;/sf/L ;|f]t ;fwg pknAw u/fOPsf ;a} sfof{nox¿sf] n]vfk/LIf0f dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{noaf6 ul/g' kg]{ dfGotf /x] tfklg xfn ;a} ;/sf/L ;|f]t ;fwg pkof]u ;DaGwdf dxfn]vf k/LIfsaf6 n]vfk/LIf0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo lgsfox¿dWo] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{nosf] kx'Fr lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt;Dd /x]sf] t/ gu/kflnsf tyf ufp+ ljsf; ;ldltx¿;Dd /x]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ pknAw u/fPsf] cg'bfgdWo] gu/kflnsf / ufp+ ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ pknAw u/fPsf] cg'bfgsf] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{noaf6 n]vfk/LIf0f x'g] u/]sf] 5}g .

� n]vfk/LIf0fdf b]lvPsf j]¿h' u'0f:t/ sfod ug{sf nflu n]vfk/LIfssf] ;]jf zt{ tyf cfly{s ;'ljwf :jtGq ¿kdf sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ;Sg] u/L oy]i6 x'g' cfjZos 5 . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{nodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf cGtu{tsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;d"lxs[t eP kl5 sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf zt{ lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;/x ePsfn] sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL :jLs[lt, lgo'lQm, sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf / a9'jfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf lgsfox¿sf] :jLs[lt lng'kg]{ Joj:yf sfod /x]sf] 5 . sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx¿af6 ul/g] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{sf] nflu b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf / tnj eQfsf] k/\of{Kt Joj:yf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cGo lghfdtL ;]jfsf] t'ngfdf n]vfk/LIf0fdf ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx¿df cj;/sf] lx;fjn] cfsif{s x'g g;s]sf]n] sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]jn pRr /xg g;Sbf n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf ;d]t c;/ k/]sf] b]lvG5 .

� sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{nox¿n] ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] ;a} k|sf/sf] cfly{s sf/f]af/sf] cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f ug{kg]{ Joj:yf /x] cg'¿k tL sfof{nox¿df cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fsf] nflu hgzlQm pknAw /x] tfklg ;+nUg hgzlQmnfO{ tflndsf] cj;/ gePsf]n] n]vfk/LIf0fsf cjwf/0ff, k4lt / sfo{ljlw ;DaGwdf cfjZos hfgsf/L x'g g;sL k|efjsf/L ¿kdf n]vfk/LIf0f ;Dkfbg x'g] u/]sf] b]lvb}g . cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f lgb]+lzsf, @)^* hf/L eP jfjh'b ;f] cg';f/sf] sfo{ljlw kfngf gul/Psf], ;Dkflbt n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;'kl/j]If0f x'g] gu/]sf] / rf}dfl;s ¿kdf n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg gu/]sf]n] pko'Qm:t/sf] n]vfk/LIf0f u'0f:t/ sfod gePsf] l:ylt 5 .

� ;+ul7t ;_:yfsf] sf/f]af/sf] n]vf /fvL ;dodf ljQLo ljj/0f tof/ ug]+, cfGtl/s lgoGq0f ;'b[9 ug]+ / n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L sfo+sf/L k|d'vdf /xg] tyf n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgpk/ hjfkm lbO{ ljQLo ljj/0f k|dfl0ft ug]+ lhDd]jf/L ;~rfns ;ldltdf /xg] Joj:yf 5 . ;+ul7t ;+:yfx¿sf] n]vf tyf ljQLo ljj/0f tof/ ug]+ sfo+ k"/f x'g g;s]sf]n] ;+:yfx¿sf] clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ;dodf hf/L x'g g;s]sf] l:ylt b]lvPsf] 5 .

� n]vfk/LIf0faf6 lgoldt k|lqmofaf6 a]¿h" km5\of} {6 gu/L ;do–;dodf cfof]u jf ;ldlt u7g u/L a]¿h" km5\of}{6 ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . @)^%.!!.@% df ;fj{hlgs n]vf

281

;ldltsf ;b:osf] cWoIftfdf ul7t a]¿h" km5\of}}{6 ;ldltdf @)%(.^) ;Ddsf k"/fgf a]¿h" km5\of}{6sf] lhDd]jf/L k|fKt u/]sf]df ;f] ;ldltn] @)^(.@.!$ ;Dd ¿= !) ca{ &! s/f]8 @% nfv a]¿h" km5\of}{6 u/]sf] 5 . t/ pQm ;ldltaf6 klg ;a} a]¿h" km5\of}{6 x'g g;ls dGqLkl/ifb\sf] @)^(.^.!! sf] lg0f+on] @)%(.^) ;Ddsf] km5\of}+6 x'g afsLsf] a]¿h"sf] nut s'df/Lrf]s tyf s]Gb|Lo txl;n sfof{nonfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] 5 . k"/fgf a]¿h" km5\of{}6 u/fpg afFsL b]lvG5 .

� ;Ful7t ;+:yf, cGo ;+:yf Pjd\ ;ldltx¿sf] n]vfk/LIf0faf6 sfod ePsf] a]¿h"sf] km5\of}{6 u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L ;+:yfsf] ;~rfns ;ldltdf /xg] Joj:yf 5 . n]vfk/LIf0faf6 sfod ePsf] a]¿h"sf] nut /fvL km5\of}+6 ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;:yfsf] ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 axg gx'g] u/]af6 tL lgsfox¿sf] km5of}{6 ug{kg]{ a]¿h" c+s a9g] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^( cg';f/ km5\of}{6 ug{' kg]{ cGo ;+:yf, ;ldlt / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] afFsL a]¿h" cÍ @)^( cfiff9;Dddf ¿= #& ca{ $% s/f]8 !* nfv k'u]sf] pNn]v 5 .

;'emfjx¿

� ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf tyf plNnlvt 3f]if0ffkq / n]vfk/LIf0fsf] cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf cg'¿k dxfn]vf k/LIfs tyf lghsf] sfof{nosf] :jtGqtf a]u/ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ g;lsg] x'bf tL s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{ dxfn]vf k/LIfsnfO{ ;a}wflgs, cfly{s / k|zf;lgs :jtGqtfsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ cfjZos ePsf]n] ;f]sf] nflu cfjZos Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

� ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xL k|j4{g ug{ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|d'v e"ldsf /xg] x'Fbf ;jf]{Rr n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yfx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\u7gn] hf/L u/]sf dfkb08, dfu{bz{gsf] cjnDag x'g] u/L ;/sf/L n]vfk/LIf0fsf dfkb08 tyf If]qut dfu{bz{gx¿ cBfjlws u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g' kb{5 . n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{nfO{ ljQLo n]vfk/LIf0fdf dfq ;Lldt gu/L cGt/f{li6«o d"No dfGotf cg'¿k x'g] u/L sfo{d"ns n]vfk/LIf0f, ;fdlos n]vfk/LIf0f, hf]lvddf cfwfl/t n]vfk/LIf0f, jftfj/0fLo n]vfk/LIf0f, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] n]vfk/LIf0f h:tf If]qdf qmdzM lj:tf/ u/L n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ ;do;fk]If, u'0f:t/o'Qm / ljZj;gLo agfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 .

� dxfn]vf k/LIfs sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf ;~rfng ;f]xL sfof{non] ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . n]vfk/LIf0fdf ;+nUg sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf cfs{ifs agfpg ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] kfpg] b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf / cGo k|f]T;fxg ;'ljwfsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

� cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf tyf c;n n]vfk/LIf0fsf c;n cEof; cg'¿k clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg u/fpg n]vfk/LIf0fdf ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{Ifdtf / bIftf clej[l4sf] sfo{qmd ;+~rfng ul/g' kb{5 . o;sf] nflu sd{rf/LnfO{ :jb]zL tyf j}b]lzs tflndsf] cj;/df j[l4 ul/g' kb{5 .

� cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ ;do;fk]If / k|efjsf/L agfOg' kb{5 . o; ;DaGwdf dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{nosf] ljBdfg ;ª\u7gnfO{ ljlzi6Ls/0f x'g] u/L 5'§} Joj:yf

282

Pj+ ;+7gfTds ;+/rgfdf tof/ u/L sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf / k4lt ljsf;df Wofg lbOg' kb{5 .

� ;a} k|sf/sf] j}b]lzs cg'bfg, C0f nufotsf] ;xfotf ah]6df ;dfj]z u/L ;f]sf] n]vfk/LIf0f dxfn]vfk/LIfsaf6 u/fpg'kg]{ Joj:yfnfO{ s8fO{sf ;fy nfu" ul/g' kb{5 .

� ;Ful7t ;+:yfsf] sf/f]af/sf] n]vf tyf ljQLo ljj/0f tof/L cfGtl/s lgoGq0f ;'b[9 ug]{ / n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg] sfo{df sfo{sf/L k|d'vdf lhDd]jf/ x'g] / n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgpk/ hjfkm lbg] / ljQLo ljj/0f k|dfl0ft ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;~rfns ;ldltdf /xg] s'/f sfg'gdf :ki6 ul/g' kb{5 . ;fy}, pQm lhDd]jf/L axg gug]{ JolQm pk/ sf/jfxL x'g] Joj:yf sfg'gdf u/L dGqfnosf ;lrjnfO{ o;sf] clwsf/ k|bfg ul/g' kb{5 .

� ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltdf dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg pk/ ;dodf g} 5nkmn ug{ Joj:yf ldnfOg' kb{5 . ljz]if sf/0f pQm ;+;bLo ;ldltdf 5nkmn x'g g;Sg] cj:yf /x]]df a]¿h" km5of+}{6 sfo{sf] cg'udg ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{df dlGqkl/ifb\ cGtu{t sfo{sf/L lgsfoaf6 ;lqmo /xg] ;ldltsf] k|rlnt P]gdf cfjZos Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

� sfof{nox¿sf] cfly{s cg'zf;g / a]¿h" km5of{}6sf] lhDd]jf/L pk/ cg'udg u/L cfjZos k'/:sf/ / sf/jfxLsf] l;kmfl/; ug{ ;a} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿ / x/]s dGqfnodf sfo{ ljj/0f;lxtsf n]vfk/LIf0f ;ldltsf] clgjfo{ Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

� sfof{nox¿sf] n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg] / a]¿h" km5\o{f}{6 u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L / ;do ;Ldf sfg'gåf/f :ki6 Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L axg gug]{ kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/LnfO{ x'g] ;hfo jf b08 hl/jfgfsf] ;d]t :ki6 k|fjwfg /flvg' kb{5 .

� ljleGg cfof]u jf ;ldlt u7g u/L a]¿h" km5\of}{6 ug]{ u/fpg] kl/kf6Ln] cfly{s clgoldtf ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ x'bf o:tf] sfo{df lgoGq0f x'g' kb{5 . sfg'gåf/f tf]lsPsf] lgoldt k|lqmofaf6 a]¿h" km5of{}6 ug{ u/fpg hf]8 lbg' kb{5 .

cfly{s ljsf; tyf cfly{s ;'zf;gsf nflu of]hgf, gLlt tyf sfo{qmd / ah]6n] ;Daf]wg u/]sf ljifox¿ g]kfndf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] cf/+De lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf eP kl5 cfjlws of]hgfx¿df k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, ;fdflhs If]qsf] ljsf;, PsLs[t u|fdL0f ljsf;, hgtfsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ ug]{ h:tf ljifon] k|fyldstf kfPsf] b]lvG5 . cf7f} of]hgfb]lv lghL If]qsf] ljsf; Pjd\ u/LaL lgjf/0fnfO{ dxTj lbO{ km/flsnf] cfly{s j[l¢ xfl;n ug]{ / u/LaL lgjf/0f pGd'v ljsf;nfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] b]lvG5 . bzf+} of]hgfn] -@)%(–^$_ ljBdfg u/LaLsf] l:yltaf6 pGd'lQm;lxt ;';+:s[t, cfw'lgs, Pjd\ k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfo'Qm ;dfhsf] l;h{gf ug'{ bL3{sfnLg p2]Zo /fvL u/LaL lgjf/0fsf] nflu pRr, lbuf] / km/flsnf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{, ;fdflhs If]q / k"jfwf{/sf] ljsf; ug]{, lk5l8Psf] If]q / ;d'bfonfO{ nlIft sfo{qmd dfkm{t Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ / cfof]hgf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog tyf ;]jf k|jfx Joj:yfkg / glthfd"ns agfpg ;'zf;gdf hf]8 lbOPsf] b]lvG5 .

283

hgcfGbf]ng @)^@–^# kl5sf] P3f/f}+ tLg jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfn] ;d[4, cfw'lgs / Gofok"0f{ g]kfnsf] lgd{f0f ug]{ bL3{sfnLg ;f]r ;fy th"{df u/L åGåqmdsf] /fxt / Wj:t ePsf ;+/rgfx¿sf] k'gMlgdf{0f / ;dfj]zL ljsf;df hf]8 lbOPsf] b]lvof] . o; of]hgfn] /f]huf/L l;h{gfsf] dfWodaf6 hgtfsf] cfly{s cj:yf ;'wfg]{, /fHo ;+oGqx¿s]f hg;xeflutf, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]xLtf / ei6«frf/d'Qm cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug]{, ;dGoflos / ;dfj]zL ljsf; ug]{, / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] dfWodaf6 d'n'ssf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] ultnfO{ tLj|tf k|bfg u/L u/LaL lgjf/0f ug{ ug]{] /0fgLltsf] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} pQm of]hgfn] ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox¿sf] k|flKt ug]{] / hnjfo' kl/jt{gh:tf ljZjJofkL¿kdf b]vfk/]sf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] kfOG5 . afx|f}+ lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷^*—)^(÷&)_ n] /f]huf/L s]lGb|t, ;dfj]zL tyf ;dGoflos km/flsnf] cfly{s j[l4 u/L u/LaL lgjf/0f / lbuf] zflGt :yfkgfdf ;3fp k'¥ofpFb} cfd hgtfsf] hLjgdf kl/jt{gsf] k|ToIf cg'e"lt lbnfpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] kfOG5 . efjL ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf / If]qLo ;Gt'ngnfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fVb} ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿ l;h{gf ug]{, ;'zf;g Pjd\ ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] / Jofkf/nfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{ /0fgLlt lnPsf] b]lvG5 . afx|+f} of]hgfn] ;dli6ut cfly{s j[l4b/ jflif{s cf};t %=% k|ltzt xfl;n x'g] cg'dfg u/] tfklg of]hgfjlwdf $=) k|ltzt dfq k|ult xfl;n ePsf] cg'dfg 5 . ljutsf of]hgfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogaf6 d'n'ssf] ;8s, l;+rfO, vfg]kfgL, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ nufotsf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / ;fIf/tf Pjd\ ljBfno egf{b/, cf};t cfo' j[l4, afn–d[To'b/ tyf dft[–d[To'b/ sdL Nofpg] ;x;|fbL nIo xfl;n ug]{tkm{ pknlAw eP klg ;du|df d'n's cem} cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«s} cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 .

rfn' t]x|f}+ lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)&)÷&!—)&@÷&#_ sf] cfwf/kqn] lj=;+= @)&( -;g\ @)@@_ leq g]kfnnfO{ cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«af6 ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ug]{ bL3{sfnLg ;f]r /fv]sf] 5 . b]zdf JofKt cfly{s tyf dfgjLo u/LaL 36fO{ cfdhgtfsf] hLjg:t/df k|ToIf kl/jt{gsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg] p2]Zo / u/LaLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;ª\Vof !* k|ltztdf emfg]{ nIo /fv]sf] 5 . ;fy} of]hgfnfO{ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo tyf ;fs{sf ljsf; nIox¿ xfl;n ug]{, lbuf] ljsf;, dfgj clwsf/ Pjd\ hnjfo' kl/jt{gnufot cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo:t/df k|lta4tf hgfOPsf cGo ljifox¿nfO{ ;d]t ;Daf]wg u/L xl/t cy{tGqnfO{ k|j4{g ub}{ u/LaL Go"gLs/0f ug]{tkm{{ s]lGb|t /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

of]hgf th'{df / cfly{s ;'zf;g tyf cfly{s k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] nflu ljBdfg cfjlws of]hgf, gLlt, ah]6 tyf sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ul/Psf k|d'v gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿ b]xfo cg';f/ b]lvG5g\ M

� bL3{sfnLg of]hgf, cfjlws of]hgf, jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd, :yfgLo :t/df th'{df x'g] of]hgfx¿ / If]qut of]hgfx¿ aLr ;x;DaGwsf] ljsf; ul/g] .

� dWosfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf cGtu{t tLg jifL{o vr{ k|If]k0fnfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{ ah]6 th'{df ubf{ kF"hLut vr{tkm{ ax'jifL{o ljlgof]hg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpFb} n}hfg] . ax'jifL{o ljlgof]hg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut u/L Jofkstf lbg cfjZos gLlt lgod th'{df ul/g] .

� dWosfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfnfO{ oyfy{k/s agfpg k|fyldsLs/0fsf kl/dflh{t cfwf/x¿ nfu" u/L glthfd"ns dWosfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfnfO{ ;+:yfut ul/g] . dGqfnox¿sf] dWodsfnLg ah]6 ;+/rgf tof/ ul/g] .

284

� cfjlws of]hgf th{'df ug{ ;+nUg ljleGg lgsfosf ah]6, sfo{qmd tyf of]hgf OsfO{nfO{ ;Ifd Pjd\d\ ;'b[9 agfOg] .

� ljsf; of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx¿ tf]lsPsf] ;do, nfut / u'0f:t/df ;DkGg u/L lglb{i6 glthf xfl;n ug]{ . of]hgf th'{df ubf{ g} sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ s]Gb|df /fVfL ljifo If]qut glthf vfsf ;dfj]z ul/g] .

� of]hgf / tYofÍ ;DaGwL sfo{df ;+nUg lgsfo / OsfO{x¿sf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f Pjd\ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ . /fHosf] k'g;+/rgf cg's"n x'g] u/L of]hgf / tYofÍ k|0ffnLnfO{ e/kbf]{ / ljZj;gLo agfpg] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]udf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf] e"–;"rgf k|0ffnL ;DaGwL s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ e08f/0f :yfkgf ug]{ .

� PsLs[t gtLhfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL nfu" ul/g] . ljB'tLo cg'udg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ sfo{ z'¿ ul/g] .

� ljsf; of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogdf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xLtf k|j¢{g ug{ ;fdflhs k/LIf0f, ;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f / ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ k|lqmofnfO{ ;+:yfut ul/g] .

� sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf k|d'v;Fu sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rssf cfwf/df ;Demf}tf u/L sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] pknlAw tyf sfo{;Dkfbg:t/sf cfwf/df d"NofÍg ul/g] .

� ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf cfjZos ;+zf]wg ;d]t u/L o;nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" ul/g] .

� vl/b u'¿ of]hgf / jflif{s vl/b of]hgfsf] cfwf/df gub k|If]k0f ug]{ tyf ah]6, sfo{qmd / vl/b of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L agfO{g] .

� ljB'tLo vl/b k|lqmofnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g] / ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos P]g, lgod tyf ;+/rgfut Joj:yf ldnfOg] / ¿= ^) nfveGbf a9Lsf] ;fj{hlgs ubf{ O{ 6]08/sf] clgjfo{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] .

� ;/sf/sf] ljQLo cfFs8f Pjd\ cfoJoo j:t'k/s, lgoldt / cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg'¿k agfpg ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL ;'b[9 agfpg] .

� gLlt, ah]6 / sfo{qmdsf] cGt/;DaGw :yflkt ub{} j:t'ut dfkb08sf cfwf/df ;|f]t k|If]k0f k|efjsf/L agfOg] .

� ljifout tyf If]qut gLltx¿nfO{ jflif{s ah]6 tyf sfo{qmddf k|ltljlDat ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkgdf z[ª\vnfa4 ;'wf/ of]hgf nfu" ul/g] .

� /fh:j kl/rfng clej[l4 ug]{, s/ 5Ng]lj¿4 s8fO{sf ;fy sf/jfxL ug]{, u}/sfg'gL k"FhLut k|jfx /f]Sg], s/ ltg]{ ;+:sf/ ljsf; ug]{ s/ k|0ffnL Jojl:yt ug]{ gLlt lnOg] .

� n]vfÍg k|0ffnLnfO{ ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 ;~rfng ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ;+:yfut ub}{ cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t agfOg] .

285

� /fh:j, vr{ tyf ljQLo juL{s/0f;DaGwL ;"rgf tyf cfFs8f k|0ffnL ljsf; ug{ / n]vf k|0ffnLcg';f/ vftf;"rL tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{ dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no dfkm{t lg/Gt/ ul/g] .

� Psn vftfsf]if k|0ffnLsf] sfof{GjognfO{ @)&).&! leq ;a} lhNnfx¿df lj:tf/ ul/g] / xfn;Ddsf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df kl/is[t u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" ul/g] .

� e|i6frf/;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgfsf] ;ª\sng, cfbfg k|bfg ug{ / ljZn]if0f u/L To;sf] ;b'kof]usf] nflu cfjZos k|aGw ldnfOg] .

� ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ / sfo{x¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ e|i6frf/lj¿4 lqmofzLn lgsfox¿sf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f lj:tf/ tyf Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ul/g] .

� e|i6frf/ lj¿4sf] hgdt kl/rfng ug{sf] nflu gful/s ;dfh, u}/;/sf/L tyf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf ;r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g] .

� e|i6frf/ lj¿4sf] cGt/fli6«o dxf;lGw cg';f/ sfg'g lgdf{0f tyf kl/dfh{g u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg] .

� /fHosf] ;|f]taf6 nufgL x'g] ;a} 7fFpdf ah]6nfO{ oyfy{df cfwfl/t agfpgsf nflu ædGqfnout ah]6 k|:tfj dfGotfÆ lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 / ;fj{hlgs vl/b of]hgfnfO{ ah]6 k|lqmofsf] clgjfo{ cË agfOg] .

� ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpFb} cfjZos If]qdf ;DalGwt lgsfo / :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ lgIf]k0f ub}{ n}hfg] .

� ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf nflu cy{dGqfno / dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{nosf] ;Fu7g / Joj:yfkg cWoog u/L ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ tyf Ifdtf lj:tf/ ul/g] .

� of]ubfgd"ns lgj[lQe/0f sf]if Joj:yf nfu" ug{ sfg'gL Joj:yf ldnfOg] .

� nufgL j[l4sf nflu gLltut, sfg'gL / k|lqmofut cj/f]w x6fO{ nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/g], ljb]zL nufgLsf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ tyf 7"nf cfof]hgfx¿ ;/sf/L lghL ;fem]bf/L cjwf/0ffdf ;~rfng ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g] .

� ah]6 lgdf{0f, vr{, n]vfkfng, ljQLo k|ltj]bg n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{ ljQLo kf/blz{tf–pQ/bfoL P]g, lgod th'{df u/L ;fj{hlgs vr{ / ljQLo pQ/bfloTj ;DaGwL sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog ul/g] .

� j}b]lzs ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t cfof]hgfx¿df nIo cg'¿k vr{ / zf]wegf{ k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/LnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg] .

� hg;xeflutfdf ;~rfng x'g] sfo{qmdnfO{ a9L kl/0ffdd'vL, kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL t'Nofpg] .

� pkef]Qmf ;ldltx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L / pQ/bfoL agfpg gLltut Joj:yf ul/g] .

;'wf/sf If]qx¿

286

s= cfly{s s"6gLlt

ljutdf dn'sx¿n] cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf cjnDag ug]{ s"6gLlts ;DaGwdf /fhgLlts d'2fn] k|fyldstf kfPsf]df xfn cfP/ cfly{s s'/fx¿df dxTj kfpg yfn]sf] kfOG5 . ljZjJoflks/0f tyf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f;Fu} s'g} klg d'n's jfXo ;+;f/af6 cnu /xg] l:ylt g/x]sf] / d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ jfXo ;xof]u tyf k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ ¿kdf leqfpg / j}b]lzs Jofkf/ Pjd\ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 nfe lng ;Da4 k|zf;lgs tyf s"6gLlts ;+oGqnfO{ s'zntfk"j{s kl/rfng ug{'kg]{ l:ylt ljBdfg 5 . g]kfn ;+o'tm /fi6« ;+3, cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;Fu7g, laldi6]s, blIf0f PlzofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;Fu7g, sf]nDaf] Knfg cflb cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo ;+3 ;+:yfx¿sf] lqmofzLn ;b:o /xL cfPsf] 5 . t/ oL ;+:yfx¿sf] ;b:otfaf6 g]kfnn] cfly{s / cGo nfex¿ ck]lIft ¿kdf lng ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ljb]z l:yt s"6gLlts lgof]ux¿ cflYf{s s"6gLltsf] lx;fjn] kl/rfng ug]{ gLlt ;/sf/n] lnP tfklg tL s"6gLlts lgof]ux¿ oL sfo{x¿df ;s|Lo /xg ;s]sf] 5}g .

g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s s"6gLltsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{' ckl/xfo{ b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu k//fi6«, cy{, jfl0fHo, pBf]u, >d dGqfno nufotsf lgsfox¿ aLr cfly{s s"6gLltsf] gLltut :ki6tf;lxt cfjZos sfg'gsf] th'{df ug'{kg]{ / ;dGjo tyf lgodg ug{ Ps pRr:t/Lo ;+oGq lgdf{0f u/L ;ls|otf Nofpg ckl/xfo{ b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] lxtsf ljifodf cfly{s s"6gLltsf] dfWodaf6 Jofkf/, nufgL, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f, cfly{s ;xof]u, ko{6gsf] k|j4{g, j}b]lzs /f]huf/L k|j4{g ug{sf nflu k//fi6« dGqfno, ljb]zl:yt s"6gLlts lgof]u tyf u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ kl/rfng ug{ 7f]; of]hgf sfof{Gjog ul/g' kb{5 .

v ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] ;fdgf

ljZj cy{tGqdf b]lvPsf] kl/jt{gn] g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf ;d]t k|ToIf jf k/f]If¿kdf k|efj kg]{ x'bf g]kfnsf] cfly{s j[l4nfO{ ljZjsf] cfly{s cj:yf tyf cfly{s j[l4nfO{ ;Fu} /fvL ljZn]if0f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . ljZjJofkLs/0f / cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f ;Fu;Fu} jfXo If]q Joj:yfkg ;dli6ut cfly{s gLltsf] dxTjk"0f{ lx:;f aGb} uPsf] xfnsf] l:yltdf g]kfnsf] cfoft lgof{t Jofkf/, d'b|fl:kmlt, j}b]lzs ljlgdo, j}b]lzs k|ToIf nufgL, j}b]lzs /f]huf/L, j}b]lzs ;xfotf cflbsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{ klg r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . . g]kfnn] ;g\ @))$ df ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt u/] kZrft :yfgLo pTkfbg a9fO{ ljZj ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ lghL If]qnfO{ ;f] cg'¿k ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ g;Sbf j}b]lzs Jofkf/ 3f6f a9\b} uO{ g]kfnn] 7"nf] Iflt Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . lgof{tdf ck]lIft ¿kdf k|j4{g ug{ g;Sg' / cfoftsf] j[l4b/ pRr /xg'n] Jofkf/ 3f6f a9b} uPsf] 5 .

b]zsf o'jfju{x¿ /f]huf/L Pjd\ cfly{s ;d'GgtLsf] vf]hLdf vf8L tyf cGo d'n'sdf uPsf x'bf ljk|]if0f cfon] g]kfnL cy{tGq wfg]sf] 5 . ljk|]if0f cfoaf6 tTsfnsf nflu g]kfnL cy{tGqnfO{ e'QmfgL ;+Gt'ng /fVg d2t k'u] tfklg o:tf] ljk|]if0fsf] /sd k|fozM pkef]udf vr{ x'g] / o;af6 ljb]zL j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfoft lj:tf/ x'Fb} hfg] ePsf]n] k/lge{/tfsf] ljsf; x'g] ub{5 .

287

ljZjJofkLs/0faf6 nfe lng g]kfnn] pko'Qm ljQ gLltsf] th{'df ug['{sf] cltl/Qm cfkm\gf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{' cfjZos 5 . ef/t / rLgn] u/]sf] cfly{s j[l4 / pknAw ahf/sf] ;+efJotfnfO{ cj;/sf] ¿kdf lnO{ o; If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df b]lvPsf Jojwfgx¿ x6fpb} cufl8 a9\g' cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu gLlh If]qsf] Ifdtf ljsf; / j}b]lzs nufgL k|j4{gsf nflu gLltut :ki6tf sfod u/L ;dGjofTds 9+un] a9g' cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fy} ljBdfg lghfdtL k|zf;lgs ;+oGqnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf b]lvPsf] kl/jt{g cg'¿k j}b]lzs nufgL leqfpg] / j}b]lzs /f]huf/L, cf}Bf]lus/0f tyf cfoft lgof{Tf Jofkf/ k|j4{g ug]{ ;Sg] u/L k|lt:klw{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ul/g' cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .

u nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f

jt{dfg cj:yfdf cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf] kl/rfngaf6 dfq g]kfnsf] lbuf] cfly{s ljsf; ;Dej gx'g] ePsfn] nufgL d}qL jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf u/L ljb]zL k"FhL, k|ljlw / Joj:yfkgsf] pkof]u dfkm{t cfly{s ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ tLa| agfpg' cfjZos x'G5 . cf}Bf]lus gLlt, jfl0fHo gLlt / ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f gLlt th'{df ul/ nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^*÷^( sf] cGTo;Dd j}b]lzs nufgLsf nflu &# j6f d'n'saf6 @ xhf/ # ;o #% pBf]un] :jLs[lt kfPsf 5g\ eg] ! nfv ^$ xhf/eGbf a9Ln] /f]huf/L kfPsf 5g\ . nufgL af]8{ u7g u/L lqmofzLn ePsf] b]lvG5 . 7"nf nufgLstf{x¿sf] sf/f]af/ nfut / k|lqmof ;xh / ;/n agffOPsf] 5 . nufgLstf{x¿sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ljleGg d'n'sx¿;Fu b'O{kIfLo nufgL ;+/If0f Pjd\ k|j4{g ;Demf}tf / bf]xf]/f] s/ pGd'lQm ;Demf}tf ug{] k|lqmofx¿ cl3 a9fOPsf 5g\ . tyfkL d'n'sn] xfn;Dd ck]lIft j}b]lzs nufgL lelqg eg] ;s]sf] 5}g .

g]kfndf ljut nfdf] ;dob]lvsf] /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, gLltut cGof}n Pjd\ c:ki6tfn] ubf{ ck]lIft ¿kdf j}b]lzs nufgL kl/rfng x'g g;s]sf] xf] . pmhf{ ;+s6 x'g', k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ckof{Kt x'g', cfGtl/s ahf/ ;fgf] x'g',cy{tGq If]qLo / cGt/f{li6«o ahf/;Fu cfa4 x'g g;Sg' h:tf sf/0fn] j}b]lzs nufgLdf ;d:of pTkGg ePsf] 5 . ;fy} sd nlrnf] >d gLlt, /fhgLlts cl:y/tf / c;'/Iff, ;Lldt kF"hLahf/, Psåf/ gLltsf] cjnDag eP tfklg emGeml6nf] / ckf/bzL{ sfo{ljlwn] ubf{ nufgLsf] nflu plrt jftfj/0fsf] ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

g]kfndf j}b]lzs nufgL leqfpg cfly{s j[l4tkm{ pGd'v ePsf l5d]sL d'n's ef/t / rLgsf] nufgL cfslif{t ug{ ckl/xfo{ 5 . g]kfnsf] hn;|f]t, ko{6g, h}ljs ljljwtf tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] pkof]u ug]{ gLlt cfjZos 5 . k"jf{wf/ If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{, cfw'lgs k|ljlw, Joj:yfksLo Pjd\ k|fljlws ;Lk leq\ofO{ g]kfnnfO{ ljb]zL nufgL a9fpg b]xfosf pkfo cjnDag ul/g' kb{5 M

� 7"nf kl/of]hgfdf nufgL leqfpg ljBdfg nufgL af]8{ Pjd\ cGo ;DaGw lgsfox?sf] ;DaGwnfO{ :ki6 agfOg' kb{5 / ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g tyf ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ / a'6 -BOOT_ ;DaGwL sfg'gsf] kl/dfh{g x'g'kb{5 .

288

� yk ljz]if cfly{s If]q / lgof{t k|j4{g If]q :yfkgf u/L ;'/Iffsf] ljz]if k|Tofe"ltsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf x'g' kb{5 .

� pBf]u pBf]u Joj:yfkg / dhb'/ aLr b]lvg] ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ >d;DaGwL sfg'gnfO{ nlrnf] agfpg'sf ;fy} >d cbfntsf] ;ª\Vof lj:tf/ u/L >d ljjfb l56f] 6'ª\Uofpg] k|aGw ldnfOg' kb{5 .

� låkIfLo nufgL k|j4{g tyf ;+/If0f ;Demf}tf / bf]xf]/f] s/ pGd'lQm;DaGwL ;Demf}tf ug{ afFsL /x]sf d'n's;Fu k|fyldstfsf ;fy To:tf ;Demf}tfx¿ ul/g' kb{5 .

� ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gdf ul/Psf] k|lta4tf cg'¿k ;]jf pBf]udf ljb]zL nufgLsf] /xg] c+z / ;Ldf Pjd\ u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLn] g]kfndf pBf]u jf Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L ;f] adf]lhd sfof{Gjog ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg' kb{5 .

� j}b]lzs nufgL kl/rfng ug]{ sfo{df ljb]zl:yt lgof]ux¿ / u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLnfO{ ;lqmo agfOg' kb{5 .

3 ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f cg';Gwfg / ;DklQ hkmt\

/fh:j r'xfj6 lgoGq0f / u}/sfg'gL ;DklQ cfh{g lgoGq0fsf nflu lg/f]wfTds / pkrf/fTds sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngdf cGt/f{li6«o kxn z'¿ ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnn] klg ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f lgjf/0f tyf cft+sjfbL lqmofsnfkdf ljQLo nugL lgjf/0f ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf hgfO{ ;s]sf] 5 . ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f lgjf/0f / ljb]zL ljlgdo ckrng lgoGq0fsf nflu 5'§} ;oGqsf] cfjZostf dxz'z u/L ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f cg';Gwfg ljefusf] u7g eO{ cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{ cl3 a9fOPsf] kfO{G5 . ;Dklt z'4Ls/0f tyf cft+ssf/L lqmofsnfkdf ljQLo nufgLaf/]sf] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlt -@)^*—&#_ tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] 5 . ;DklQ z'4Ls/0fsf lj¿4df cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf ul/Psf k|lta4tfx¿nfO{ qmdzM sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf kf/:kl/s sfg'g ;xfotf cWofb]z, ;Ful7t ck/fw lgoGq0f;DaGwL cWofb]z, ;'k'b{uL cWofb]z / ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f -dgL nfp08l/u+_ P]g, @)^$ bf]>f] ;+zf]wg cWofb]z / s;"/hGo ;DklQ -/f]ssf, lgoGq0f / hkmt_ cWofb]z hf/L eO{ nfu" ePsf] kfOG5 .

;DklQ z'4Ls/0f / cfly{s ck/fwdf ePsf] kl/jlt{t k|j[lQ / gjLgtd\ k|of]ux¿sf] klxrfg u/L ;Defljt ljrngnfO{ cg';Gwfgsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] sfo{df s]xL k|of; eP klg o:nfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug{ cfjZos k|of; eO{ ;s]sf] 5}g . o; ;DaGwdf ;'wf/ ug{ lgDg sfo{x¿ ug{' kb{5 M

� ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f cg';Gwfg ljefu / cGo /fh:j sfof{nox¿ aLr /fh:j r'xfj6 / cfly{s ck/fw;DaGwL ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ k|ljlwo'Qm a[xt\ ljB'tLo ;"rgf ;~hfnsf] :yfkgf ul/g' kb{5 .

� ;Dklt z'4Ls/0f cg';Gwfg ljefusf] zfvf sfof{no b]zsf] k|d'v zx/x¿df vf]Ng' kb{5 . zfvf g/x]sf :yfgdf /fh:j cg';Gwfg sfof{no;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg' kb{5 .

289

� ;Dklt z'4Ls/0f lgoGq0fsf nflu cGt/fli6«o k|lta4tf cg'¿k cfjZos sfg'g lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g' kb{5 . ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f P]g;Fu aflemPsf cGo P]gx¿sf] ;+zf]wgsf] sfo{ ul{/g' kb{5 .

� ;DklQsf] cg';Gwfg Pjd\ hkmt ;Dkltsf] d"NofÍgaf/] cfGtl/s sfo{ lgb]{lzsf tof/ u/L nfu" ul/g' kb{5 .

� ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿df cfly{s ck/fwk|lt æz"Go ;xgÆ sf] Jojxf/ ljsl;t ug{ ;r]gfTds sfo{qmd ;+~rfng ul/g' kb{5 .

� ;Dklt ;'4Ls/0f cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ ;fwg ;|f]t ;DkGg agfO{ ;Ifd hgzlQmsf] k|jw{g ul/g' kb{5 .

ª vfB ;'/Iff

vfB ;Dk|e'tfnfO{ Ps cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] ;Gbe{df k|To]s gful/ssf] vfB ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . vfB ;'/Iffsf rf/ :tDex¿ cGtu{t vfBsf] pknAwtf, kxF'r, pkof]u / l:y/tfsf kIfx¿ kb{5g\ . g]kfnsf] cfwfeGbf a9L lhNnfx¿df vfBsf] pknAwtf Go"g cj:yfdf /xg' / emG8} $! k|ltzt hg;+Vofn] b}lgs lgwf{l/t Sofnf]/Lsf] Go"gtd dfqf pkef]u ug{af6 jl~rt /x]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg\ x'g'n] o; s'/fdf ;/sf/L sfo{qmdsf] cfjZostfnfO{ bzf{pF5 . b]zsf cem} klg oy]i6 dfqfdf l;+rfO{sf] k|aGw x'g g;Sg' / sltko :yfgdf v8]/L, af9L klx/f]sf] k|sf]k / /f;folgs dnsf] lgoldt cfk"lt{ gx'g' tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] gsf/fTds c;/ kg'{ h:tf sf/0f;d]taf6 vfB pTkfbg 36\g uPsf] b]lvG5 .

;8s oftfoft gk'u]sf b'u{dsf 7fpFdf pRr 9'jfgL nfutsf sf/0f kof{Kt vfBfGg ljt/0fdf sl7gfO /x]sf] 5 . :j:ys/ vfgkfg, vfB kbfy{x¿sf] kf}li6s tTjx¿sf] ;|f]t / pkof]uaf/] hg;fwf/0fdf r]tgfsf] sdLn] ubf{ vfB kf]if0fdf hl6ntf /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} vfB j:t'sf] lgodg sfo{ k|efjsf/L /xg g;Sbf vfB ;Dk|e'tfsf] clwsf/ plrt :t/df sfod x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf kIfx¿df ;'wf/ u/L k|To]s gful/ssf] vfB ;Dk|e'tf clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ lgDg ;'wf/x¿ ul/g' kb{5 M

� vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff gLlt, vfB ;Dk|e'tf P]g / /fli6«o vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g' kb{5 .

� zx/L If]qdf vfB ;'/Iff cg'udg k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;a4 lgsfosf] zfvf sfof{no Pjd\ hgzlQm yk u/L ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/g' kb{5 . cg'udg ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw ;d]t tof/ u/L lhNnfdf /x]sf s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff ;dGjo ;ldlt / lhNnf vfB ;'/Iff ;~hfndfk{mt vfB tyf kf]if0f l:yltsf] cg'udg ul/g] Joj:yf k|efjsf/L agfOg' kb{5 .

� b'u{d lhNnfsf] vfBfGg dfu k|If]k0f Pjd\ tbg'¿k ;dodf g} vl/b sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ hu]8f vfBfGg e08f/0f ug]{ ;DaGwL Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g' kb{5 .

290

� vfB / kf]if0f hf]lvd If]qx¿sf] kl/rfg u/L :yfgLo :t/df ;DefJo s[lif j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg / pkof]udf hf]8 lbg] Joj:yf x'g' kb{5 .

� vfBj:t'sf] u'0f:t/sf] k/LIf0f, k|df0fLs/0f ug{ k|of]uzfnf ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/g' kb{5.

� lgodg tyf cg'udg Joj:yf k|efjsf/L agfpg :yfgLo pkef]Qmf xslxt;Fu ;DalGwt ;+3 ;+:yfx¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{ a9fO{ kl/rfng ul/g' kb{5 .

r s/sf] bfo/f / sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] s/ c;'nL cj:yf

b]zdf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf;, ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] lj:tf/, lk5l8Psf If]qsf pTyfgsf] nflu 7"nf] wg/fzLsf] cfjZostf x'g] x'Fbf o;sf] nflu cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf] oyf]lrt kl/rfng ug'{ h¿/L x'G5 . cfGtl/s ;|f]t kl/rfngsf] d'Vo cfwf/ s/sf] b/ / s/sf] cfwf/df e/ kb{5 . ljut afx|fF} lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] k|ultnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ of]hgf cjlwdf /fh:jsf] cf};t j[l4b/ !*=@ k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ pRr /x]sf] b]lvG5 . s"n u|fx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf s/ /fh:j !#=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] s"n /fh:jsf] of]ubfg !%=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . b]zdf nufgL ug]{ cfjZostf cg'¿k lbuf] ¿kdf /fh:j kl/rfng ug{ tyf s/ k|zf;gnfO{ r':t / bIf / kf/bzL{ agfpg cGtlg{sfo ;dGjo tyf ;"rgfsf] cfbfg k|bfg / ;'/fsL Joj:yf, :j}lR5s s/ ;xeflutf Joj:yf, s/ k|zf;gnfO{ nufgLd}qL t'NofO{ s/sf] bfo/f km/flsnf] agfpg, /fh:j r'xfj6 lgoGq0f, ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f lgjf/0f tyf cfly{s ck/fwdf cg';Gwfg ug]{tkm{ s]xL k|of; ePsf] kfOG5 . s/ k|zf;gnfO{ ;/n / ;'b[9 agfpg :j}lR5s s/ ;xeflutfsf] cfwf/df s/ c;"nL ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . s/bftfsf] ljj/0f ljB'tLo Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ s/ ljj/0fx¿ a'emfpg], :yfoL n]vf gDa/ lng], clu|d s/ s§Lsf ljj/0f a'emfpg], JolQmut :yfoL gDa/ lng], /fh:j n]vfnfO{ j]edf cfwfl/t agfpg] sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] kfOG5 .

tyfkL g]kfnsf] ljBdfg /fh:j k|zf;g s/sf] cfwf/ ;fFu'/f] x'g', /fh:j d"NofÍg æsf/f]jf/ d"NoÆ sf] l;4fGt cg'¿k oyfy{ / kf/bzL{ gx'g', s/sf] nrstf sd x'g', s/bftfdf s/ ltg]{ k|j[lt gx'g', s/ r'xfj6 x'g', s/;DaGwL sfg'g kf/bzL{ gx'g', /fh:j k|zf;g ;]jfd'vL tyf r':t gx'g'', s/ gLlt l:y/ / cg'dfgof]Uo gx'g', /fh:j;DaGwL ;"rgf k|ljlw–d}qL gx'g', s/ ;xeflutf hgfpg]nfO{ k|efjsf/L k|f]T;fxg lbg g;Sg', s/ bfloTj kfngf gug]{ dfly sfg'g adf]lhd ;d'lrt cg';Gwfg / sf/jfxL x'g g;Sg', h:tf ;d:ofx¿af6 d'Qm eO{ ;s]sf] 5}g . ljBdfg ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfgsf nflu b]xfosf ;'wf/x¿ x'g' kb{5 .

� s/ gLlt tyf s/ sfg'gdf ljBdfg cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08adf]lhd s/ sfg'g tyf sfo{k|lqmofx¿, cfly{s sf/f]jf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{g tyf n]vf k|0ffnLdf cfPsf] ljsf; cg'¿k x'g] u/L ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ Pjd\ kl/dfh{g ul/g' kb{5 .

� /fh:j ;DaGwL cg';Gwfg tyf s/bftfsf] cfo ljj/0f;DaGwL n]vfk/LIf0faf6 sfod ePsf a]¿h" ;DaGwdf k'gM s/ k/LIf0f ug{ ;Sg] ;do ;Ldf xfn $ jif{;Dd dfq eO{ n]vf k/LIf0fdf ;d:of b]lvPsf]n] s/ sfg'gdf ;'wf/ u/L ;do ;Ldf a9fOg' kb{5 .

291

� :yfoL n]vf gDa/ glnO{ ljleGg ;]jf Aoj;fo ;~rfng ul//x]sf Aoj;foL tyf k]zf Joj;fo ;~rfng ul//x]sf k]zfsdL{x¿nfO{ clgjfo{¿kdf s/sf] bfo/f leq Nofpg] sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

� g]kfnsf] s/ k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf / s/ ltg'{kg]{ bfloTj af/]df ;r]tgf km}nfpg ljBfnosf] kf7\oqmddf ljifo ;dfj]z ug]{ / ;j{;fwf/0fdf ;"rgf k|jfx ug{] af/]df hfgsf/Ld"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g' kb{5 .

� cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 adf]lhd /fh:j k|zf;g tyf s/;DaGwL ;"rgf, ;~rf/ tyf k|ljlw ;~hfnsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ul/ k"0f{tof ljB'tLo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjog ul/g' kb{5 . /fh:j cfh{g ug]{ lgsfox¿ aLr Joj;foLsf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/ ;DaGwL ;"rgfsf] cfbfg k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ul/g' kb{5 .

� k|zf;lgs nfut / ;+efljt s/bftfx¿df ;]jfsf] kx'Frsf] cfwf/df zx/L tyf zx/pGd'v If]qdf /fh:j sfof{nox¿sf] ;]jf yk lj:tf/ ul/g' kb{5 .

� /fh:j k|zf;g;DaGwL k]zfnfO{ ljlzi6Ls/0f u/L sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 1fg, ;Lk tyf Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ cfjZos gLlt, of]hgf tyf /0fgLlt th'{df ul/g' kb{5 .

� g]kfnsf] /fh:j k|0ffnLnfO{ ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug{ lj1;lxtsf] Ps pRr:t/Lo s/ k|0ffnL k'g/fjnf]sg cfof]u u7g ul/g' kb{5 . /fh:jsf gofF If]qx¿sf] klxrfg, ljleGg If]qx¿sf] ljBdfg s/sf b/x¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg / /fh:j ;ª\sng k|lj|mofnfO{ ;/n / Jojl:yt agfpg] sfo{ pQm ;ldltnfO{ lbOg' kb{5 .

� lgoldt k|s[of afx]s ljz]if cfof]u, ;ldlt u7g u/L /fh:j;DaGwL d'2fdfldnf km5\of}{6 ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{df lgoGq0f x'g' kb{5 .

� ljBdfg /fh:j k|zf;g tflnd s]Gb|nfO{ /fh:j ;DaGwL sd{rf/L tflnd lbg] ;|f]t s]Gb| æ;]G6/ ckm PlS;n]G;Æ sf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ sfo{ x'g' kb{5 .

� g]kfnnfO{ k|ToIf kmfObf k'Ug] tyf nufgL k|f]T;fxg x'g] d'n'sx¿;Fu bf]xf]/f] s/d'lQm ;Demf}tf ug]{ sfo{ ul/g' kb{5 .

� t:s/L], rf]/L k}7f/L / /fh:j r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug]{ u/L eG;f/ k|zf;gnfO{ /fh:j hf]lvd, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f ug{] ;zSt lgsfosf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ eG;f/ sfof{nox¿sf] ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgfdf ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g u/L ljB'tLo hf+rkf; tyf n]vfs+g k|0ffnL nfu" ul/g' kb{5 .

� /fh:j r'xfj6 lgoGq0f, ljb]zL ljlgdo ckrng / ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg j}1flgs ;"rgf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t cg';Gwfg k|lqmof clw a9fOg' kb{5 .

5 cfly{s sf/f]jf/df kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTj

292

d'n'sL k|zf;g ;+~rfng ug]{ s'/fdf xf]; of ljsf;sf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ s'/fdf xf]; cfly{s sf/f]jf/sf] k|s[lt tyf :j¿kn] 7'nf] dxTj /fVb5 . ;/sf/L s/ k|zf;g tyf /fh:j c;'nL Joj:yf, ah]6 vr{ Joj:yf tyf sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf ePsf] :jR5tf, cg'zf;g, kf/bzL{tf / pQ/bfloTjaf6 g} ;/sf/sf] sfo{s'zntf Pjd\ ljQLo ;'zf;gsf] :t/ dfkg ug]{ cfwf/ k|fKt x'g ;Sb5 . :j:y ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Jojxf/ Pjd\ Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;'b[9 sf]if k|0ffnL, ;jn cfGtl/s lgoGq0f Joj:yf / e/kbf]{ ljQLo cg'udg tyf ljQLo k|ltj]bg Joj:yf cfjZos kb{5 . g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs vr{ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg ljZj a}ssf] ;xof]udf ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] pkof]u tyf Joj:yfkgdf kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTjnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbO{ d"NofÍg ul/Psf] ck]lIft glthf b]lvPsf] 5}g .

/fh:j c;'nL ug]{ b]lv sfo{qmd/cfof]hgfx¿sf] klxrfg, sfof{Gjog / k|efjsfl/tfdf b]lvg] u/]sf l9nfO{ cfof]hgf th'{dfb]lv sfof{Gjog / Joj:yfkg;Dd zf;sLo sdhf]/Lx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . kl/of]hgf nfut, kl/of]hgf ;DkGg eO;Sg' kg]{ ;do / cfof]hgfaf6 k|fKt x'g' kg]{ nfe nIocg';f/ k|fKt gx'g'sf k|d'v sf/0fx¿df cfof]hgfsf] ;Demf}tf, 7]Ssf k§f, u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f tyf To;sf] ;du| k|efjaf/] zL3| lg0f{o ;dodf x'g g;Sg' h:tf cfGtl/s lgoGq0f;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/sf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/df /fh:j c;"nL sfg'g;Ddt gx'g', n]vf cWofjlws /flv ;dodf k]z gx'g', :jLs[t ah]6 sd dfqfdf vr{ x'g', vr{ ubf{ P]g lgodsf] kfngf gx'g', cfjZos k|lt:kwf{ a]u/ vl/b sfo{ ug'{, c;Djlwt vr{ a9g', a]¿h'sf] cfotgdf j[l4 x'g' / vr{ /sdsf] k|efjsfl/tf Go"g /xg' h:tf Joxf]/fx¿ b]lvg] u/]sf]n] plrt :t/df hjfkmb]lxtf / kf/blz{tf sfod ug{ g;s]sf] s'/fnfO{ k'i6L ub{5 . ;fj{hlgs cfly{s sf/f]jf/df kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTj clej[l4 ug{ lgDg ;'wf/ ul/g' kb{5 M

� cfly{s sf/f]jf/sf nflu lhDd]jf/ x'g] sd{rf/Lsf] hjfkmb]xLtfsf] Joj:yf sfg'gåf/f :ki6 tf]sL ;f]xL cg';f/ sfo{ljj/0fsf] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

� ah]6 ;~rfngsf] clVtof/L k|bfgubf{ kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] hjfkmb]xLtf ;DaGwL :ki6 Joj:yf u/L ;f]sf] cfwf/df sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

� n]vfk/LIf0faf6 b]lvPsf Joxf]/fsf] km5\of}{6 ug]{ u/fpg] bfloTj sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng ug]{df /xg] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

� cfly{s sf/f]jf/sf] ;+~rfngdf b]lvg] clgoldttf k|lt k|To]s kbflwsf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/L Pjd\ b08 hl/jfgfsf] xb P]g lgodåf/f tf]sL ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog ul/g' kb{5 .

� x/]s ;/sf/L lgsfosf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/nfO{ j]e;fO6df /fvL ;fj{hlgs ug]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

293

� ljsf;sf sfo{qmd/cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ sfof{no k|d'vx¿;Fu sfd st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L;lxt sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

� ljsf; cfof]hgfdf v6fOg] sd{rf/Lsf] ;¿jf Joj:yf ;do;Ldf tf]sL ;'lglZrt ul/g' kb{5 .

� sf/f]jf/sf] ljQLo k|ltj]bg;DaGwL ;"rgf laB'tLo ;"rgf k|0ffnLdf /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfO{ ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfO{g' kb{5 .

h ljBdfg Jofkf/ 3f6f / To;n] kf/]sf] k|efj

ljZjJofkLs/0f / cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f ;Fu;Fu} g]kfnn] pTkfbg j[l4 tyf jfXo Jofkf/ Joj:yfkgdf ;d'lrt Wofg k'Ug g;]s]sf]n] lgof{t Jofkf/sf] bfFhf]df cfoft pRr /xg' / e'QmfgL ;Gt'ngsf] d'Vo cfwf/ ljk|]if0f cfo x'g' r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/ nfdf] ;dob]lv 3f6fdf /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . j}b]lzs Jofkf/df lgof{tsf] c+z !@ k|ltzt / cfoftsf] c+z ** k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cfoft Jofkf/sf] s"n ufx{:Yf pTkfbg ;Fusf] cg'kft cfly{s jif{ @)^*÷^( df @( k|ltzt /x]]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] s"n Jofkf/sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ hlt Jofkf/ ef/t;Fu /x]sf]n] Jofkf/ ljljlws/0fsf] pkfox¿ ;d]tsf] vf]hL ug{'kg]{ cj:yf 5 .

cfoft lgof{t Jofkf/ k|jw{gsf nflu jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^% / g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt, th{'df u/L klxrfg u/]sf j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg j[l4, d"No clej[l4sf ;fy} lgof{t k|j4{gsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ . klZdgf, lrof tyf skmL nufot g]kfnL j:t'x¿sf] ;fd'lxs 6]«8dfs{ btf{ z'¿jft, lgof{tof]Uo j:t'x¿sf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f / k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu xfn /x]sf k|of]uzfnfx¿sf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf ;fy} lgof{tnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ gub k|f]T;fxgsf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;/nLs/0f / yk k|efjsf/L agfOPsf] 5 . tyfkL lgsf;LhGo pBf]ux¿nfO{ d'n'ssf] s[lif, jg, ko{6g h:tf pTkfbgd"ns If]qx¿;Fu PsLs[t x'g g;Sg', clwsf+z lgof{tof]Uo j:t'x¿ cfofltt sRrf kbfy{df cfwfl/t x'g', lgsf;Lsf] nflu kof{Kt ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; x'g g;Sg' Pjd\ lgdf{0f ePsf k"jf{wf/x¿ klg k"0f{ pkof]udf cfpg g;Sg', k|d'v lgsf;LhGo pTkfbgsf] lglZrt u'0f:t/ dfkb08 sfod x'g' g;Sg', cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg'¿k pTkflbt j:t'sf] k|df0fLs/0f ug{ g;Sg' cflb lgsf;L ;DaGwL ;d:ofn] ubf{ lgof{t Jofkf/ ck]lIft ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . Jofkf/ 3f6f Go"gLs/0fsf nflu lgDg ;'wf/x¿ ul/g' kb{5 M

� g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s tyf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f / cGt/ dGqfno ;dGjosf nflu ul7t /fli6«o Jofkf/ tyf oftfoft ;xhLs/0f ;ldltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg' kb{5 .

� g]kfnL cy{tGqsf] jfXo If]q lbuf] x'gnfO{ j:t' Jofkf/sf] 3f6f Go"gLs/0f ug'{ ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . t;y{ g]kfnn] ljZj ahf/df t'ngfTds nfe lng ;Sg] s[lifhGo, h8La'6LhGo / x:tsnfsf j:t'x¿sf] ;+/If0f, pTkfbg tyf lgof{t k|jw{g ug]{ sfo{qmd ;+~rfng ug'{ kb{5 .

294

� b]zut / j:t'ut¿kdf Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f ug]{ sfo{ cl3 a9fpg g]kfnsf ljb]zl:yt s"6gLlts lgof]unfO{ ;d]t yk lqmofzLn agfO{ t'ngfTds nfesf If]qaf/] cWoog cg';Gwfg ul/g' kb{5 .

� cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df :yflkt g]kfnL j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ dfkb08 sfod u/L k|dfl0fs/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

� ;]jf Jofkf/sf] k|j4{g u/L lgof{t Ifdtf clej[l4af6 clwstd nfe xfl;n ug{ cGt/dGqfno ;dGjo ;ldltnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g' kb{5 .

� Jofkf/ tyf lgsf;L k|j4{g s]Gb|nfO{ Jofkf/;DaGwL cWoog, cg';Gwfg, lgsf;L k|j4{g, j:t' ljsf; / hgzlQm ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ u/L :jfoQ ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf Jofkf/ k|j4{g tyf cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g' kb{5 .

� cf}Bf]lus Pjd\ j}b]lzs Jofkf/ k|j4{g ug{ g]kfnsf] ;LdfIf]qdf ef}lts tyf ;+:yfut k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; / ljz]if cfly{s cf}Bf]lus If]q Pjd\ k|bz{gL:yn lgdf{0f ul/g' kb{5 .

� Jofkf/sf] k|j4{g;DaGwL sfg'gdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ul/g'sf] ;fy} :jb]zL j:t'nfO{ cfjZos ;+/If0f Pjd\ ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot k|bfg ul/g' kb{5 .

em cfly{s ljsf;df u}/;/sf/L If]qsf] e"ldsf

d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;df ;/sf/sf] k|d'v e"ldsf /x] tfklg lghL If]q tyf u}/ ;/sf/L If]qx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ klg plts} cfjZos x'G5 . /fHosf kx'+r Go"g /x]sf If]qdf :yfgLo:t/sf ljsf; / lgdf{0f cl3 a9fpg / tL sfo{x¿df hgr]tgf hufpg tyf hg;xeflutf kl/rfngåf/f ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ ult lbg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L If]q aLrsf] ;xsfo{n] ;dfj]zL Pjd\ ;dtfd"ns ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljsf;sf] If]qdf of]ubfg x'g ;Sb5 . ;+ljwfgn] ;d]t u}/;/sf/L If]qnfO{ ljsf;sf] ;fem]bf/sf] ¿kdf ;xefuL u/fpg] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . u}/;/sf/L If]qn] ljsf;sf ;a} kIfx¿df hg;xeflutf, kf/bzL{tf / hjfkmb]xLtf clej[l4 ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ . g]kfndf ;dfh sNof0f P]g, @)$( adf]lhd u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] ;dfhsNof0f kl/ifb\af6 cg'dlt lng'kg]{ Joj:yf eP tfklg kl/ifb\;Fu cfa4 ePsf sl/a #% xhf/eGbf a9L / :yfgLo k|zf;gdf btf{ eO{ kl/ifb;Fu cfa4 gePsf xhf/f}+sf] ;ª\Vofdf / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+Vof @%) sf xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf 5g\ .

/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] btf{ tyf tYofÍLo k|0ffnL Jojl:yt x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f lgodg tyf cg'udg sfo{ k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg'sf ;fy} ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df ;/sf/;Fu oyf]lrt ;fem]bf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ah]6 tyf lqmofsnfknfO{ k"0f{ kf/bzL{ agfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . To;} u/L o:tf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;d'bfok|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ a9L lhDd]jf/, kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL agfO{ d'n'ssf] ;du| cfly{s ljsf;df of]ubfg ug{ lgDg ;'wf/x¿ ul/g' kb{5 M

295

� /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ljsf;sf] ;fe]mbf/ Pjd\ ;+jfxssf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/L pgLx¿sf] of]ubfgnfO{ nlIft ju{ tyf If]q;Dd k'¥ofpg Psåf/ k|0ffnLdfkm{t ;~rfng u/fpg] / cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf lj|mofsnfkx¿ dof{lbt ¿kdf kl/rfng u/fpg] sfo{ x'g' kb{5 .

� u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] a9bf] ;ª\Vof / lqmofsnfkx¿sf] lj:tf/nfO{ b[li6ut u/L ltgLx¿sf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgdf Psåf/ k|0ffnL dfkm{t k|efjsf/L lgodgsf] nflu ;do;fk]If sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqfno, lgsfo / ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\sf] k|zf;lgs tyf ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ ug'{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 .

� u}/;/sf/L If]qsf] nufgLnfO{ /fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q / ju{df k|jflxt ug{, cfly{s ;|f]tnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfO{ /fli6«o n]vfk|0ffnLdf cfa4 u/fpg, cfwf/e"t ljsf; sd ePsf lhNnf tyf :yfgx¿df s]lGb|t ug{ If]qut nufgLsf] :ki6tf u/L dfu{bz{g tof/ ul/g' kb{5 .

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� u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf sfo{sf] lgodg tyf cg'udgsf nflu /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, / ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\;lxtsf] ;+oGq lgdf{0f u/L sfo{qmd tyf k|ltkmnsf] glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg of]hgf tof/ ul/g' kb{5 . o:sf nflu u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;DaGwL ljB'tLo ;"rgf s]Gb| :yfkgf u/L lqmofsnfk kf/bzL{ agfpg] sfo{ ul/g' kb{5 .

� u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf lqmofsnfkx¿df kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / pQ/bfloTj ;'lglZrt k|j4{g ug{ :yfgLo ;/f]sf/ tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;dGjo / ;xeflutf u/fO{ hg n]vfk/LIf0f tyf vr{sf] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf nfu" ul/g' kb{5 .

� /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] vr{sf] dfkb08 lgb]{lzsf agfO{ nfu" ul/g' kb{5 . sfo{qmd / k|zf;lgs ah]6 vr{sf] lgoGq0f Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] g]kfndf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ ;/sf/sf] :jLs[ltdf lglb{i6 ul/Psf] jfl0fHo a}+sdf vftf ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ lgoGq0ffTds Joj:yf u/L nfu" ul/g' kb{5 .

� cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf sfo{qmdsfnflu hgzlQm, k|j]zf1f, eG;f/, s/ h:tf Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf sfo{qmd ;Demf}tfdf ;dfj]z u/L tbg'¿k ;]jfdf ;/nLs/0f u/fOg]5 . g]kfndf sfof{no gePsf cGt/{fli6«o u}/;/sf/L

296

;+:yfaf6 ;f]em} kl/rfng x'g] ;|f]tsf sfo{qmd;d]t ;xhLs/0fsf] nflu Ps l;kmfl/; ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

pk;+xf/ clt cljsl;t Pjd\ cNkljsl;t d'n'sx¿df cfly{s ;'zf;gsf cjojx¿sf] pkl:yltsf] cefj g} k|d'v ¿kdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . ljz]ifu/L g]kfn h:tf] Ps cNk ljsl;t d'n'sdf Psflt/ ;'zf;gsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] cfwf/lznfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] k|rlnt sfg'g / lgodx¿s} lj/f]wfefif /x]sf] / oL lgod sfg'gx¿ ;'zf;gnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf :yflkt u/fpg kof{Kt /x]sf b]lvFb}gg\ eg] csf]{lt/ ;'zf;gnfO{ k"0f{ k|Tofe"t ug]{ /fhgLlts k|lta4tfsf] cefj, o;nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] ;+oGqsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] cefj / d'n'sdf ljBdfg e|i6frf/ / To;sf] ;fdflhs dfGotf, /fhgLlts cGof}ntf, cfly{s sf/f]af/df kf/blz{tfsf] cefj h:tf kIfx¿ ;'zf;gsf] :yfkgf / cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu k|d'v r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . cfly{s ;'zf;gsf] cefjdf cfly{s ljsf;sf] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ aGg] / cj;/x¿sf] ;b'kof]u ug{ g;lsg] tLtf]] oyfy{ xfd|f] ;fd' HjnGt ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s ;'zf;gsf] cefjdf cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ >f]t ;fwgsf] kl/rfngdf ;d:of kg]{, ;Lldt >f]t / ;fwgaf6 ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ sfo{df ;fwg >f]tsf] b'¿kof]u Pjd\ cfly{s lxgfldgfsf dfWodaf6 e|i6frf/ cem df}nfpFb} hfg ;Sb5 .

cfly{s ;'zf;g sfod u/L cfly{s ljsf;sf] sfo{nfO{ cl3 a9fpg ;Sg] xf] eg] d'n'sdf pknAw ;Lldt cfly{s, ef}lts, k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwg / cj;/x¿nfO{ pkof]u u/L hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g] u/L cfly{s ljsf;sf] nIo ;xh} k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 .

/fHosf] cfly{s k|0ffnLsf] dfu{bz{s ;+ljwfgnfO{ g} agfpg' kg]{, d"ne"t cfly{s clwsf/nfO{ df}lns xssf] ¿kdf ;+ljwfgaf6} ;Daf]wg ul/g' kg]{, k|fs[lts ;fwg / >f]tdf hgtfsf] kx'FrnfO{ ;+ljwfgaf6 ;'lglZrt ul/g' kg]{, /fHosf] ;/sf/L kIf Pjd\ u}/ ;/sf/L kIfx¿sf] e"ldsfaf6 gful/ssf] cfly{s clwsf/sf] ;'/Iff, ;'zf;gsf] dfWodaf6 cfly{s ljsf;sf r'gf}tLx¿sf] Go"gLs/0f Pjd\ cj;/x¿sf] ;b'kof]u ub}{ hfg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

297

kl/R5]b – !$

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL

k[i7e"ld d'n'ssf] ;du| zf;g Joj:yfdf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . lsgeg] o:tf] zf;g Joj:yfn] cfdgful/snfO{ ;/sf/sf] cy{k"0f{ pkl:yltsf] cg'e"lt u/fpF5 . o;n] dflg;nfO{ ;fj{ef}d gful/s ePsf] efjsf] cfef; u/fpF5 . /fli6«otfsf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / k|j4{g u/fpF5 . :yfgLo hg;d'bfosf] lxt / sNof0f ub{5 . gful/ssf] df}lns / dfgjLo xs clwsf/sf] pkof]u ug{df ;xof]u k'/ofpF5 . log} p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf nflu :jfoQ zf;g cjwf/0ffsf] cEof; ug]{ ul/G5 . cGo d'n'sdf h:t} g]kfndf klg o; cjwf/0ffnfO{ ljutb]lv g} cEof; ub}{ nluPsf] 5 . :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] klxrfg Pjd\ kl/rfng k|efjsf/L x'g], :yfgLo cfjZostf, cfsfIff, ;d:of, r'gf}tL cflbsf] zL3| ;dfwfg x'g], Jofjxfl/s gLlt lgdf{0f x'g], :yfgLo hgtf;Fu lgs6td ;DaGw /xg], ;/n / ;xh ¿kdf ;]jf k|jfx x'g], :yfgLo :t/af6 ;+rflnt ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿df oy]i6 dfqfdf hg;xeflutf kl/rfng x'g], k|hftflGqs xsclwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ ;'ud x'g] / cGttf]uTjf ;Dk"0f{¿kdf :yfgLo :t/sf] ljsf; x'g uO{ l;Fuf] /fi6« ;d[4zfnL x'g] dfGotfdf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g Joj:yfsf] cEof; ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

:yfgLo ljsf;, :yfgLo r'gfj, gLlt lgdf{0f, /fhgLlts bjfj, k|rf/k|;f/ tyf ;fj{hlgs 5nkmn h:tf :yfgLo ;/sf/df cGt{lglxt s[ofsnfkaf6 cfdgful/s / ;/sf/ aLrsf] b"/L sd x'g hfG5 . o;n] :yfgLo :t/df lbuf] ljsf; ug{df d2t k'¥ofpF5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pjd\ ef}uf]lns ljljwtfsf sf/0f oL s'/fx¿n] cem a9L dxTj /fVg]

298

ub{5g\ . :yfgLo zf;gsf] s'g} g s'g} :j¿k nf]stflGqs, clwgfosjfbL, cg'bf/jfbL / tfgfzfxLh:tf s'g} klg zf;g Joj:yfcGtu{t ;+rfngdf /x]sf] x'g ;S5 . t/ oyfy{df :yfgLo zf;g k4lt nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 . :yfgLo :jzf;gsf] gfdaf6 klg lrlgg] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g Joj:yf :yfgLo ljsf;nfO{ d"t{¿k lbg] Jofjxfl/s ;+oGq xf] . of] o:tf] Pp6f pRr dxTj /fVg] zf;g Joj:yf xf], h;n] ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dfWodaf6 zf;g k|lqmofdf clwsflws dfqfdf ;fj{ef}d hgtfnfO{ ;dfj]z u/fO{ k|hftflGqs xsclwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ub{5 .

:yfgLo cfjZostf, rfxgf, ;d:ofcflbsf] klxrfg ug]{, ;f]sf] k"lt{sf nflu gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd th'{df Pjd\ sfof{Gjog ug]{, ljBdfg zf;g Joj:yfdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug]{ / ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn pkef]u ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf;lxtsf] zf;g k4lt :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g xf] . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g Pp6f o:tf] nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf xf], h;n] :yfgLo ;d'bfox¿nfO{ cfkmgf] af/]df ;f]Rg], lg0f{o ug]{ / u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ Pjd\ lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ tyf o;af6 k|fKt k|ltkmn pkef]u ug]{ :jtGqtf k|bfg u/]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] zf;g k4ltdf :yfgLo txsf ;a} gful/ssf] g]t[Tj / ;xeflutf /xg] ePsf]n] :yfgLo txsf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿sf] b|'tQ/ ultdf ljsf; x'g] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] x'G5 . To:t} ljsf; k|lqmofdf gful/ssf] ckgTj / :JffldTj ufFl;g] ePsf]n] ljsf; k|lqmofn] :jfefljs ¿kdf bLuf]kg kfpg] ub{5g . o; k4ltdf /fHosf] zf;sLo :j¿kdf Joj:yf ul/Psf ofjt\ clwsf/x¿nfO{ Jojxf/df nfu" ug]{ ul/G5 .

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299

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:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff / g]kfndf o;sf] sfg'gL Joj:yf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g d'n'ssf] ;du| zf;g Joj:yfdf Jofks If]q ;d]6\g] cjwf/0ff xf] . o;sf] ;+rfns :yfgLo ;/sf/ xf] . o:tf] ;/sf/n] :yfgLo txdf :yflkt ;/sf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf, gful/s ;dfh, lghL If]q cflbaf6 x'g] s[ofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] sfo{ ub{5 . :yfgLo txdf x'g] ofjt\ sfo{x¿ o;}sf] ;dGjo, ;xof]u, ;xhLs/0f, ;xsfo{, ;fem]bf/Ldf ;Dkfbg x'g] ub{5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx, gful/ssf] :jtGqtf / clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;, zf;g k|lqmofdf hg;xeflutfsf] k|j4{g, gful/sx¿;Fu cGt{lqmof, ahf/df cfwfl/t cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] ljsf;, jftfj/0fLo ljsf;, lbuf] :yfgLo ljsf; cflb o;sf sfo{If]q x'g . o;n] oL ofjt\ sfo{x¿ u/L ljsf;sf nfex¿df hgtfsf] ;xh kx'Fr :yflkt u/L pgLx¿sf] hLjg:t/ ;'wf/df cfkmgf] Wofg s]Gb|Lt ug]{ ub{5 .

:yfgLo zf;g ;+j]bgzLn, lhDd]jf/ / hgpQ/bfoL x'G5 eGg] dfGotf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . o:tf] ;/sf/ hgs]lGb|t x'G5 . o;n] hgrfxgf adf]lhdsf ;]jf k|jfx ub{5 . o;n] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{ sd nfutdf a9L nfe lbg] vfnsf] x'G5 . zf;g k|lqmofdf pTs[i6tf xfl;n ug{ c;n sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{df o;n] hf]8 lbg] ub{5 . ;du|df /fHoåf/f k|of]u ul/g] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, k|zf;lgs tyf Goflos clwsf/x¿ :yfgLotxdf k|of]u ul/g] k4lt g} :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g k4lt xf] .

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g Jofks cy{ lbg] cjwf/0ff xf] . o;nfO{ Jojxf/df ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ sfo{ :yfgLo ;/sf/n] ug]{ ub{5 . ;fdfGotofM of] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd u7g x'g] ;/sf/ xf] . o;nfO{ Joj:yflksLo, sfo{sfl/0fL tyf Goflos clwsf/ k|fKt x'g] ub{5 . hgtf g} zlQmsf] ;|f]t / zf;gsf] s]Gb|ljGb' x'g\ . of] g} :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] dfGotf xf] . o;} dfGotf cg';f/ cfjlws lgjf{rgdfkm{t :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] u7g x'g] ub{5 . o:tf] ;/sf/ :jfefljs ¿kdf hgtfk|lt ;+j]bgzLn, lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL x'g] ub{5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;+rfngsf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ljljw clwsf/ lgIf]k0f ul/g' kb{5 . clwsf/ lgIf]k0fn] :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ zf;g ;+rfng ug]{ :jfoQtf k|bfg ub{5 . o;n] :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;jn agfp5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/ hgtf lgs6sf ;/sf/ x'g\ . o:tf ;/sf/x¿ :yfgLo zf;g k|lqmofdf a9L lhDd]jf/L aGg] ub{5g\ .

:yfgLo txdf lgIf]lkt sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;Dkfbg ug{ :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;+:yfut ;+oGq, ;Fu7g ;+/rgf, hgzlQm, ljQLo :jfoQtf, hg;xeflutf kl/rfngcflb r':t x'g'kb{5 . o:tf] zf;g Joj:yfdf of]hgfsf] th'{df, ;~rfng, Joj:yfkgdf :jfoQtf k|bfg ul/G5 . hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/, :yfgLo ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf lg0f{o ug{;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf;, ;Ifd g]t[Tjsf] ljsf;, lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfhsf] ;lqmo ;fem]bf/L, lk5l8Psf] If]q, ju{ / ;d'bfosf] ljsf; cflb o;n] jxg ug'{kg]{ lhDd]jf/L x'g\ .

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;'zf;gsf] k|a4{s klg xf] . o;n] zf;g dfq ;+rfng gu/L ;'zf;g klg k|bfg ub{5 . t;y{ ;'zf;gnfO{ :jfoQ zf;gsf] kl/k"/s dflgPsf] 5 . ;xeflutf, ax'njfb, kl/k'/0f, kf/blz{tf, pQ/bfloTj, ;xeflutf, ;dtf, kx'Fr, ;xsfo{, sfo{s'zntf, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, :yfgLo nf]stGqsf] cEof; / sfo{ k|efjsfl/tf ;'zf;gsf cjojx¿ x'g\ . oL

300

;a} tTjnfO{ :jfoQ zf;gdfkm{t Jofjxfl/s ¿k lbg ;lsG5 . t/ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/af6 oL sfo{x¿ ;Dkfbg ug{ sl7g x'G5 .

g]kfndf g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ b]lv g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# ;Ddsf] ;+ljwfgn] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g;Da4 s'g} g s'g} ¿ksf] sfg'gL Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ltgnfO{ oxfF ;lj:tf/ j0f{g ul/g' ;fGble{s x'g] b]lvG5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ df u|fd k~rfot, gu/ k~rfot / lhNnf k~rfotsf] Joj:yf / lgjf{rg k|0ffnL Joj:yf u/L ;/sf/sf] /]vb]vsf] cwLgdf /xL cfkmgf] cfDbfgLn] e]66fP;Dd u|fd, gu/, zx/, k~rfotnfO{ cfkmgf] Onfsfleqsf] hgtfsf] ;d[l4, sNof0f lzIff;DaGwL sfdx¿, ;'U3/ ;kmfO{, ;8s, 9n, k'n, kf6L, kf}jf, wd{zfnf, afFw, k}g agfpFg], uf}r/ /fVg], aQL, kfgLsf] OGthfd ug]{, xf6ahf/sf] aGbf]a:t, k|f/lDes / cfwf/lznf, 3/]n' Ondåf/f a]OndnfO{ /f]huf/ aGbf]a:t OToflb hgtfsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / pGtltlt/ ;'v zflGt x'g] sfd ug]{ clwsf/ lbOPsf]n] u|fd / gu/ k~rfotn] lhNnf k~rfotsf] /]vb]v cwLgdf /xL ug]{ s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . To:t} lhNnf k~rfotn] cfkmgf dftxt leqsf u|fd / gu/ k~rfotx¿sf] sfddf ;xof]u / ;Fu7g sfod ug]{ / a8fxflsdnfO{ lhNnfsf] t/SsL ljifosf] gLlt sfod ug{ ;Nnfx, rflxPsf] d2t lbg] tyf ;/sf/af6 ;do–;dodf tf]lsPsf c¿ sfdx¿ klg lhNnf k~rfotn] ug]{ eGg] s'/f;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] .

g]kfn cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& df /fHon] u|fd k~rfotx¿ v8f u/L ltgLx¿nfO{ :jfoQ zf;g ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf sfd ug{ cfjZos clwsf/ lbg] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . To:t} g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% df eg] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f Pjd\ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} vf; Joj:yf ePsf] kfOb}g .

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( df sfg'g adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] s'g} Ps ufpF jf ufpFsf] efu jf ufpFx¿sf] ;d"xdf ufpF ;ef / gu/ ;ef /xg], ufpF ;ef / gu/ ;efsf] u7g sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ sfg'gåf/f Jojl:yt x'g], k|To]s ufpF ;ef / gu/ ;efsf] Pp6f sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt /xg] h;nfO{ qmdzM ufpF k~rfot / gu/ k~rfot elgg] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . To:t} k|To]s lhNnfdf Pp6f lhNnf ;ef /xg], k|To]s lhNnf ;efsf] Pp6f sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt /xg] h;nfO{ lhNnf k~rfot elgg], lhNnf ;ef / lhNnf k~rfotx¿sf] u7g, sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ sfg'gåf/f Jojl:yt x'g] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . c~rnleqsf lhNnf k~rfotx¿sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ c~rn ;ef elgg] s'/f;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿df ;dfhdf zflGt / Joj:yf sfod u/L dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ub}{ ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] k|j4{g ug]{ / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dfWodåf/f hgtfnfO{ zf;gdf clwsflws dfqfdf ;lDdlnt x'g] cj;/ h'6fO{ k|hftGqsf nfex¿sf] pkef]u ug{;Sg] Joj:yf sfod ug'{ /fHosf] d'Vo bfloTj x'g] pNn]v u/]sf], /fli6«o ;efsf] u7g / ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw k|To]s ljsf; If]qsf ufpF / gu/sf :yfgLo lgsfosf k|d'v / pkk|d'v tyf lhNnfsf :yfgLo lgsfosf k|d'v, pkk|d'v / ;b:ox¿ dtbftf ePsf] lgjf{rg d08nåf/f tt\ tt\ ljsf; If]qaf6 tLg hgfsf b/n] Psn ;+qmd0fLo dtsf] cfwf/df sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP cg';f/ lgjf{lrg x'g] kGw|hgf ;b:ox¿ x'g] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg'gsf] cwLgdf /xL ;+;b tyf ufpF, gu/ / lhNnfsf :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] lgjf{rgsf] ;+rfng, /]vb]v, lgb]{zg / lgoGq0f lgjf{rg

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cfof]uaf6 x'g], ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu dtbftfx¿sf] gfdfjnL tof/ ug]{ sfo{ lgjf{rg cfof]un] ug]{ s'/f;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿df ;dfhdf zflGt / Joj:yf sfod u/L dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ub}{ ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] k|j4{g ug]{ / :jfoQ zf;gsf] dfWodåf/f hgtfnfO{ zf;gdf clwsflws dfqfdf ;lDdlnt x'g] cj;/ h'6fO{ nf]stGqsf nfex¿sf] pkef]u ug{;Sg] Joj:yf sfod ug'{ /fHosf] p2]Zo /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf], juL{o, hftLo, eflifs, n}lu+s, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s / If]qLo e]befjsf] cGTo ug{ /fHosf] s]lGb|s[t / PsfTds 9fFrfsf] cGTo u/L /fHosf] ;dfj]zL nf]stflGqs / cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf ul/g], /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ug{sf nflu ;'emfj lbg Ps pRr:t/Lo cfof]usf] u7g ul/g], /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf;DaGwL clGtd 6'+uf] ;+ljwfg;efn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo :t/b]lv g} hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] k|of]u ug]{ cg's"n jftfj/0f agfO{ d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yfdf hgtfsf] a9LeGbf a9L ;xeflutf k|j4{g ug{ / hgtfnfO{ :yfgLo:t/df g} ;]jf pknAw u/fpg tyf nf]stGqsf] :yfgLo :t/b]lv g} ;+:yfut ljsf; ug{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0ff tyf clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0fsf cfwf/df :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g;DaGwL lgsfosf] lgjf{rg ul/g], :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg geP;Ddsf nflu :yfgLo txdf lqmofzLn /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;xdlt / ;xeflutfsf cfwf/df g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f lhNnf, gu/ / ufpF :t/df cGtl/d :yfgLo lgsfo u7g ul/g], :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g;DaGwL lgsfosf] ;Fu7gfTds ;+/rgf, To;sf] :j¿k / k|fb]lzs Onfsf u7gljlw sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

To;/L g} /fh:j kl/rfng / Joj:yfsf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo ljsf;sf nflu :jfoQ zf;g;DaGwL lgsfonfO{ ;Ifd agfpg ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng, ljlgof]hg / ljsf;sf k|ltkmnsf] ;Gt'lnt tyf Gofof]lrt ljt/0fdf ;dfgtf sfod /fvL :yfgLo:t/sf of]hgfsf] klxrfg, th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf ;DalGwt :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g;DaGwL lgsfonfO{ g} hjfkmb]xL agfpg sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/ / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g;DaGwL lgsfoaLr lhDd]jf/L / /fh:j kl/rfng tyf afF8kmfF8 x'g], o;/L /fh:j kl/rfng / afF8kmfF8 ubf{ d'n'ssf] ;Gt'lnt / ;dfg ljsf; x'g]u/L ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s b[li6sf]0faf6 lk5l8Psf ju{ tyf ;d'bfosf] ;du| pTyfgsf] nflu ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

:yfgLo lgsfosf] sfo{ ;~rfngdf b]lvPsf ;d:of / r'gf}tL d'n'sdf ljutdf ljleGg ^ j6f ;+ljwfg nfu" eP . tL ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ ljljw :j¿ksf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g k4ltsf] cEof; eP . o; k4ltsf] k|of]uaf6 /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s If]qdf s]xL pknAwLx¿ cjZo xfl;n eP . t/ s]xL dfqfdf dfq ePsf] pknlAwnfO{ ck]lIft nIo / p2]Zo xfl;n ePsf] dfGg ;lsb}g . ljleGg vfnsf ;d:of, r'gf}tL, cK7of/f / sl7gfO{sf sf/0f o; cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg g;lsPsf] s'/fdf b'O{ dt /xb}g\ . vf;u/]/ To:tf ;d:of / r'gf}tL ;+:yfut, gLltut, /fhgLlts, ljQLo, ;fdflhs, k|lqmofut, of]hgfutcflb kIf;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] kfOG5 . To:tf ;d:of Pjd\ r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ o;k|sf/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

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:yfgLo lgsfodf ljljw ;+:yfut ;d:ofx¿ 5g\ . g]kfndf ljBdfg :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;+Vof w]/} /x]sf 5g\ . oL lgsfox¿ af]lemnf] / vrL{nf] klg x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . logsf kl/ifb, sfo{sfl/0fL cu+ / ljifout ;ldltx¿sf] sfo{If]q, clwsf/ Pjd\ sfo{;dGjodf hl6ntf 5 . lognfO{ sfo{d"ns agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g\ . :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] cË / kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] pQ/bfloTj ls6fg ul/Psf] kfOb}g . ljljw cËx¿df sfo{ ljefhg ug{df sl7gfO{ /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo lgsfox¿af6 ;Dkflbt sfo{sf] ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf] kIf lkmtnf] /x]sf] 5 . ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ sfo{ vlr{nf] 5 . :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] ;++u7g ;++/rgf, b/aGbL, sfo{ljj/0f / sfo{k|s[of sfo{d"ns x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . sd{rf/Lsf] kb:yfkg / ;¿jf sd{rf/Lsf] of]Uotf, cg'ej / ¿rLcg';f/ x'g] u/]sf] 5}g\ . dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf; / Joj:yfkgsf] kIfnfO{ uf}0f 7fGg] ul/Psf] 5 . ;Dkflbt sfo{ u'0f:t/Lo x'g ;s]sf 5|}gg\ . lgjf{lrt kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd, k|lzIf0fdfkm{t Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 ug{ ;lsPsf] 5|}g\ . cGt/ ;Fu7g:t/Lo åGb l;h{gf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|jfx ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g\ . j[lQljsf;sf cj;/x¿sf] ljt/0fdf c;dfgtf 5 . clen]v Joj:yfkgsf] kIf cToGt sdhf]/ cj:yfdf 5 . sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm, ;¿jf / j9'jfdf gftfjfb, s[kfjfb xfjL x'g] u/]sf] 5 . k|zf;g ;'wf/sf lbzfdf ePsf k|of;x¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf b]lvPsf] 5}g\ . cTolws s]Gb|Lo lgb]{zg / lgoGq0faf6 sd{rf/Lsf] Joj;flos Pjd\ k]zfut bIftfdf x|f; cfPsf] 5 . ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/aLr plrt ;dGjosf] cefjdf sfddf bf]xf]/f]kg b]lvg] u/]sf] 5 . sfo{;Dkfbgdf gofF k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g\ . pko'Qm :yfgLo ljsf; gd"gfsf] 5gf]6 ug{ s7Lg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . pko'Qm sd{rf/L gLltsf] cefj /xg'sf ;fy} ;'b[9 sd{rf/LtGqsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 .

:yfgLo lgsfosf] ;]jf k|jfxsf] cfwf/ / dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug{df sl7gfO{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . lgIf]lkt sfo{lhDd]jf/L / ;|f]taLr ;fdGh:otf sfod x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . clwsf/ lgIf]k0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt / ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g\ . lgjf{rg k4lt ;'wf/ gx'g'sf ;fy} vlr{nf] klg aGb} uPsf] 5 . ;]jf k|jfxdf ;xh kx'Fr :yflkt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :jfoQ zf;g k4lt k|efjsf/L / ljZjfl;nf] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . gLlt lgodx¿n] cfkmgf] c;/ / k|efj 5f8\g gkfpb} ;+zf]wg ug]{ kl/kf6L ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 . ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ ult lbg] vfnsf gLlt gaGg'sf ;fy} gLltut lg/~t/tf klg sfod ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g\ . :jfy{k|]l/t gLlt lgdf{0fdf a9L hf]8 lbg] ul/Psf] 5 . ljBdfg P]g lgodx¿ hl6n :jefjsf x'g'sf ;fy} sltko P]g lgodx¿ Ps cfk;df aflemg] u/]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf :yfgLo lgsfox¿n] ljljw vfnsf /fhgLlts r'gf}tLsf] klg ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo lgsfox¿ /fhgLlt pGd'v ePsf]n] ck]Iffs[t ljsf;d'vL x'g g;sL ;|f]tsf] ;jf]{td pkof]u x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] ;]jf k|jfx e/kbf]{, ljZjfl;nf] / oy]i6 kl/df0fdf x''g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . /fhgLltnfO{ k]zfsf] ¿kdf lng] k|j[lQn] /fhgLlts d"No / dfGotfdf x|f; cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts Pjd\ k|zf;lgs g]t[Tjdf hjfkmb]xLtf, kf/blz{tf Pjd\ pQ/bfloTj jxg ug{ lxrlsrfpg] k|j[lQ ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 . cl:y/ ;/sf/ Pjd\ /fhgLltsf sf/0f ljsf; sfo{x¿df cj/f]w k'Ug] u/]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / k|zf;lgs tx :yfgLo :jfoQ k4ltsf] ljsf;tkm{ k|lta4 Pjd\ sl6a4 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . :yfgLo ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df b"/ufdL ;f]r ePsf g]t[Tjsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . ;fdfGo hgtf :yfgLo txsf] ljsf;k|lt ;r]t / hfu¿s x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] vaf+sf ¿kdf /x]sf :yfgLo lgsfox¿ ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv hgk|ltlglwljxLg cj:yfdf /xL /x]sfn] :yfgLo zf;sLo

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k|lqmof ;'rf¿¿kn] ;+rfng x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . ljsf; k|lqmofdf bft[ /fi6« / ;+3;:yfsf] x:tIf]ksf/L e"ldsf sfod} /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo txsf] ljsf;df ;dfg'kflts / ;dtfd'ns ljsf;df hf]8 lbg ;lsPsf] cj:yf 5}g\ . c;n /fhgLlts ;:sf/ / ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5|g\ . :yfgLo :t/df sfo{/t ;/sf/L Pjd\ u}/ ;/sf/L ;+oGq /fhgLlts bjfj, k|efj, cfu|x, k"jf{u|x, x:tIf]k cflbaf6 d'Qm x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . ljsf;sf nflu zflGtk"0f{ jftfj/0f k"j{ ;t{ x'bfx'b} klg ck]Iffs[t d'n'sdf zflGt sfod x'g g;Sbf :yfgLo txsf ljsf; / ;]jf k|jfx k|efljt x'g k'u]sf] 5 . :yfgLo txdf ;do;dodf g]t[Tjsf] ;+s6 b]vfkg]{ u/]sf] 5 . lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL ;/sf/sf] cefj x'g] u/]sf] 5 . To:t} /fhgLlts g]t[Tjdf d'n'ssf] ljsf; eGbf ;Qf k|flKt / l6sfp u/L /fVg] k|j[lQsf] ljsf; x'+b} uPsf] 5 . ;/sf/ / k|zf;gaLrsf] ;Ldf / ;DaGw :ki6 ¿kdf ljefhg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . åGå / hgk|ltlglwsf] cefjsf sf/0f :yfgLo :jfoQ k4ltaf6 ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gdfkm{t kl/jt{g, ljsf; Pjd\ ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ ;Gbe{df /fhgLlts bnx¿aLr /fli6«o ;xdlt sfod x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . lk5l8Psf] If]q / ju{nfO{ ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxdf ;d]6\g ;lsPsf] 5}g\ . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf :yfgLo lgsfo u7g ul/g] elgP tfklg ;f] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ .

g]kfnsf :yfgLo lgsfo ljQLo r'gf}tLaf6 klg d'Qm x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . s/ c;'nLdf ;dGjo x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;|f]tsf] ljj]sk"0f{ kl/rfng x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cg'bfg ljt/0fsf] ;"rsf+s ljsf; u/L cjnDag ug{df hl6ntf l;h{gf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . vr{ Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ / ljQLo cg'zf;g sfod ug{, u/fpgdf sl7gfO{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . s/sf] cfwf/ ;+s'lrt / ;f3'/f] /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo lgsfox¿df ;|f]tsf] ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g\ . cg'bfg k4lt j}1flgs x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qdf ;|f]tx¿ s]lGb|t ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g\ . ljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g\ . :yfgLo s/nfO{ ;]jf;Fu cfa4 ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g\ . lgIf]lkt sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{sf nflu ;|f]tsf] cefj x'g] u/]sf] 5 . k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;fwg>f]tsf] kl/rfng Pjd\ k|of]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . ;Lldt ;fwg>f]t / c;Lldt cfjZostf aLrdf plrt tfnd]n x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . cfGtl/s Pjd\ ;fwg>f]tnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf kl/rfng ug{ ;Sg] k|zf;lgs Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . :yfgLo ljsf;sf gfddf cfpg] j}b]lzs ;xfotf cGtu{t k|fKt /sd lzIff, tflnd, k/fdz{ ;]jf cflbsf] ¿kdf bft[ lgsfotkm{ g} lkmtf{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . k|foM ;a} ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿ afXo ;xfotfdf lge{/ /xg] u/]sf] 5 . ;dod} ah]6 lgsfzf x'g] u/]sf] 5}g\ . ;a} lgsfox¿df oBkL ;dfg¿kdf cfw'lgs n]vf k|0ffnL nfu" x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿df ePsf vr{x¿df j]¿h'sf] kl/0ffd a9b} uPsf] 5 . a]¿h" km5of}{6df tbf¿stf b]vfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g\ . bftfsf] :jfy{nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f x'g] u/L cfly{s ;xfotf k|fKt x'g] kl/kf6Lsf] cGTo x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . k|fKt ;xfotf dFxuf ;jf/L ;fwg / oGqpks/0fdf k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ah]6 lgsfzf, n]vfk/LIf0f, ;Dk/LIf0f cflbsf] ;Gb{edf ;DalGwt lgsfox¿ aLr plrt ;dGjo x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljQLo k|ltj]bg k|0ffnL r':t b'¿:t x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . kF"hL nufgLsf nflu nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f aGGf ;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo nufgL gLlt pbf/ aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . t/n /fhgLlts jftfj/0fsf sf/0f cGt/fli6«o nufgLstf{x¿ :yfgLo txdf nufgL ug{ cfslif{t x'g] u/]sf b]lvb}gg\ . cfly{s cg'zf;gsf] kfngf ePsf] 5}g . ah]6 lgd{f0f k|lqmof, n]vf Pjd\ n]vfk/LIf0f k|0ffnL ;/n aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ Go"g df}lb|s Pjd\ u}/ df}lb||s ;'ljwfx¿ pknAw u/fpg] ul/Psf] x'Fbf pgLx¿nfO{ ;]jfk|lt cfslif{t ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .

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cfof]hgfnfO{ ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] /sd lkm|h x'g] kl/kf6Ldf ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . ljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cefjdf lgIf]lkt sfo{ ;Dkfbg x'g g;Sbf ck]lIft ¿kdf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g k4tLsf] ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

:yfgLo lgsfox¿ ;fdflhs r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{ klg afWo 5g\ . ;fdflhs d"No, dfGotf / ;+:sf/ x|f; x'+b} uPsf] 5 . c/fhstf a9\bf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . sfg'gsf] kfngf gug]{ k|j[lQ a9]sf] 5 . :yfgLo zf;sLo k|lqmof ;+rfngdf hg;xeflutf kl/rfng ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g\ . cfdgful/ssf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf kxF'rsf] sdL /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo lgsfox¿ k|lqmofut r'gf}tLsf] aLraf6 klg u'h|g k/]sf] 5 . s]Gb|n] c;Vo P]g, lgod, k|lqmof, kl/kq, lgb]{zg, lg0f{odfkm{t :yfgLo :t/df :yflkt lgsfox¿nfO{ lgoGq0f / lgodg ug]{ ubf{ :yfgLo zf;g k|lqmof k|efjsf/L aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . nfdf], emGeml6nf] / h6Ln lg0f{o k|lqmofsf sf/0f :yfgLo ;]jf ;'ljwf / ljsf; of]hgfsf] ;+rfngdf l9nf;':tL x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ef}lts ljsf;df eGbf sfuhL sfdsf/jfxLdf a9L e/ kg]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

Jofjxfl/s of]hgfsf] th'{df / o;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogn] dfq :yfgLo ljsf;nfO{ ult k|bfg ub{5 . t/ :yfgLo lgsfox¿n] o;k|sf/ of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ljljw r'gf}tLsf sf/0f :yfgLo of]hgf k|efjsf/L aGg g;s]sf] xf] . /fli6«o / :yfgLo k|fyldstfdf tfnd]n ldnfO{ of]hgf k4ltsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g\ . pko'Qm :yfgLo of]hgf k4ltsf] ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . lgwf{l/t ;dotflnsf cg';f/ of]hgf ;DkGg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf] kIf sdhf]/ cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . nfe–nfut ljZn]if0f ljgfg} cfof]hgfsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ kl/kf6Ldf oBlk ;'wf/ cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo cfof]hgfsf] p2]Zo kl/k"tL{df ;xof]u k'Ug]u/L gLlt / sfo{qmd th'{df x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . of]hgfx¿df af/Daf/ Ps} k|s[ltsf ;d:ofx¿sf] k'g/fj[lQ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ljsf; cfof]hgf ;rf+ngsf nflu cfjZos bIf hgzlQmsf] sdL x'g'sf ;fy} ljBdfg sd{rf/Lsf] klg af/Daf/ ;¿jf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . of]hgf k|lqmofdf hg;xeflutf kl/rfng x'g] u/]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo lgsfo Pjd\ lhNnfl:yt ljifout lgsfox¿sf of]hgf PsfO{n] ;lqmo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . :yfgLo u'¿ of]hgf agfO{ tb\g'¿k sfof{Gjog ul/g'kg]{df :yfgLo txdf cNksfnLg of]hgfsf] afx'Notf /xg] u/]sf] 5 . ljsf; of]hgf / sfo{qmdk|lt hgtfsf] rf;f] / lrGtf sd /x]sf] kfOG5 . cfjlws of]hgf / jflif{s gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmd aLr pko'Qm tfnd]n ePsf] kfOb}g\ . ufFp / ;x/ aLrsf] ljsf;df ;Gt'ng sfod x'g] u/L of]hgf sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . of]hgfx¿df hgrfxgf k|ltljlDat x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . of]hgfdf :yfgLo ;|f]t, ;fwg, k|ljlw / ;Lksf] kl/rfng ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . sfof{Gjog Ifdtfsf] cf+sngg} gu/L pRr dxTjfsfIfL of]hgf th{'df ug]{ k|j[lQsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . h;sf] sf/0f cw'/f of]hgfsf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 x'+b} uPsf] 5 .

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] Joj:yf, clwsf/ lgIf]k0f, :jfoQ zf;gsf d"ne"t / ;xfos tTjx¿sf] klxrfg, lgjf{rg k4tL, :yfgLo lgsfosf tx / ;+/rgf Pjd\ ltgLx¿ aLrsf] ;DaGw, ljQLo :jfoQtfsf] k|Tofe"lt, ljwflosL / Goflos clwsf/, k|zf;lgs :jfoQtf, :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] ;Ldfgf, ;+/rgf / ;+of]hgsf] gd"gf, :yfgLo / If]qLo ;/sf/ Pjd\ s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo ;/sf/aLrsf] cGt/ ;DaGw sfod ug]{ ljifo klg /fHosf] ;fd" r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf eO{g;s]sf] sf/0f :yfgLo lgsfosf] :j¿k ;'lglZrt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo lgsfosf tx, u7g / ;+/rgfsf] lgwf{/0f, s]Gb|, If]q / :yfgLo

305

;/sf/sf aLrdf clwsf/sf] ljefhg / :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ ljifox¿ cem} lglZrt ePsf] b]lvb}g .

g]kfnsf :yfgLo lgsfox¿ ljut Ps bzsb]lv hgk|ltlglwljxLg cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf 5g\ . oL lgsfox¿n] pQ/bfoL :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . o; cjlwdf :yfgLo zf;g ;Da4 lg0f{ox¿n] lg/Gt/tf kfPsf 5}gg\ . ePsf lg0f{ox¿n] klg u'0f:t/ lbg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . :yfgLo txdf p7\g] u/]sf /fhgLlts ;jfn, ;d:of, r'gf}tL, åGå cflbnfO{ pko'Qm 9+un] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsPsf] cj:yf klg 5}g . ;]jf k|jfx, ljsf; lgdf{0f, ;|f]t;fwg kl/rfng nufotsf ljifodf b]lvPsf ljs[lt / lj;Fultdf ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . :yfgLo lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . uflj; ;lrjx¿n] uflj;df Psn ¿kdf sfo{ ug{'kg]{ ePsf] x'+bf logLx¿ a9L hf]lvddf kg]{ u/]sf 5g\ . s;}n] hf]lvdsf] gfddf ce"tk"j{ ¿kdf ;fwgsf] b'¿kof]u u/]sf 5g\ . :jfoQtfsf] cEof;, ;]jf k|jfx / ;xeflutfTds of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] kIf cToGt lkmtnf] x'b} uPsf] 5 .

:jfoQ zf;g ;Da4 ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg'¿k s]Gb| / :yfgLo lgsfo aLr sfo{lhDd]jf/L / ;fwg ;|f]t ljlgof]hg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k|lta4tf ul/Psf 3f]if0ffx¿ sfof{Gjogdf cfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . k"0f{ lgIf]k0f x'g g;Sbf s]Gb| / :yfgLo lgsfosf] sfo{df x'g] u/]sf] bf]xf]/f]kg oyfjt\ sfod /x]sf] 5 . /sd k|jfx / of]hgf k4lt ;xeflutfd"ns aGg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . sd{rf/Lx¿ :yfgLo lgsfok|lt pQ/bfoL / hjfkmb]xL x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . :jfoQ zf;g P]gdf ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ ljifout zfvfx¿ :yfkgf x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . k"0f{ lgIf]k0fsf] cefjdf :yfgLo txsf sfo{qmdx¿sf] cg'udg / To;sf] k|ltj]bg k4lt k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo lgsfodf hfg] cg'bfgnfO{ e/kbf]{ / lglZrt dfkb08sf cfwf/df k|jfx ug{ ;lsPsf] cj:yf 5}g .

sltko lhNnfdf ljleGg ;d"xaf6 /fh:j kl/rfng tyf ;]jf k|jfxdf afwf k'/ofOg] ul/Psf] 5 . /sd ljrngsf 36gf lbgk|ltlbg al9/x]sf 5g\ . sd{rf/Ldf a9\bf] c;'/Iff 5, lgw{Ss;Fu sfd ug]{ jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . lgdf{0f ;fdu|L 9'jfgLdf afwf k'/ofpg] sfo{ klg a]nfa]nfdf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ljsf; nfutdf j[l4, cl:y/tf / clglZrt x'b} uPsf] 5 . ;dodf sfo{;Dkfbg gx'g] x'+bf cw'/f of]hgfsf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 x'b} uPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g / lgodfjnLdf cfjZos ;+zf]wg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;n] :yfgLo :jfoQtfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpFb} nu]sf] 5 . :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;+VofnfO{ pko'Qm ;+Vofdf Nofpg g;Sg'sf ;fy} logLx¿af6 x'g] sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ r':t agfpFg ;lsPsf] 5}g . o;sf] sf/0f k|zf;lgs vr{df cTolws j[l4 x'b} uPsf] 5 . sfo{qmdsf] k|fyldstf qmd lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . sd{rf/L egf{ k4lt lgikIf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . :jtM :yfoLsf] nflu bjfa l;h{gf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . sd{Rff/Lsf] sfo{ljefhg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . pTkfbs eGbf cg'Tkfbs sd{rf/Ls]f ;+Vof a9L x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g cg'¿k of]hgf k4lt ;xeflutfd"ns x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;a} :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] cfjlws of]hgf tof/ gx'g'sf ;fy} ePsfnfO{ klg ;dofg's"n cBfjlws ug]{ sfo{ ePsf] 5}g\ . cfjlws of]hgf, ljifout of]hgf / jflif{s of]hgf aLrdf pko'Qm ;dGjo gx'bf sltko of]hgf bf]xf]l/g] u/]sf 5g\ . ah]6 k"jf{g'dfg / dfu{bz{g j}1flgs / e/kbf]{ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf k|s[ofsf ;a} r/0fsf] cjnDag x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo lgsfox¿af6 ePul/Psf sfo{x¿sf] jflif{s / k6s] ;dLIff lgoldt

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¿kdf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog /sd cefjn] nfdf] ;do / a9L nfut nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L jftfj/0fLo kIfdf Wofg lbg] ul/Psf] 5}g . ;fdflhs k/LIf0f lgoldt ¿kdf x'g] u/]sf] 5}g . of]hgfsf] dd{t ;+ef/ sf]if :yfkgf x'g;s]sf] 5}g . dd{t;+ef/ of]hgf agfO{ ;DkGg of]hgfsf] lgoldt ¿kdf dd{t;+ef/ sfo{ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

kl/jlt{t kl/j]z cg';f/ :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] a9\bf] sfo{lhDd]jf/L] ljBdfg ;+/rgfaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g g;lsg] ePsf] 5 . ljut s]xL ;dob]lv ;+rflnt Go"gtd zt{ tyf sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg k|0ffnLnfO{ lgoldt, Jojl:yt / j:t'k/s agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . of] k4ltnfO{ uflj; :t/;Dd lj:tf/ ug{ klg ;lsPsf] 5}g . lhlj;x¿sf] Ifdtf klxrfg u/L tb\g';f/ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL k"0f{¿kdf nfu" ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsdf sdL] ug]{ pQ/bfoL sd{rf/Lsf] ls6fg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo lgsfodf Goflos clwsf/ nfu' x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . :yfgLo :t/df Kof/flnun ;ldltx¿ k|efjsf/L b]lvP tfklg logn] sfg'gL j}wtf kfPsf 5}gg\ . To:t} :yfgLo lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lsf] nflu cfrf/;+lxtf nfu" ePsf] 5}g .

:yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] s/ k|0ffnL Jojl:yt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . k|fKt clwsf/sf] b'¿kof]u x'g] u/]sf] 5 . 7]Ssfk§faf6 k|fKt x'g'kg]{ /sdsf] c;'nLdf clgoldttf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . p7fpg ;lsg] s/ klg p7fpg] ul/Psf] 5}g . sxL 9fF6 /fv]/ bf]xf]/f] s/ p7fpg] ul/Psf] 5 . k|ToIf s/ eGbf ck|ToIf s/ p7fpg] sfo{tkm{ e'msfj /xg] u/]sf] 5 . /fh:jsf] ;DefJotf cWoog gu/L xr'jfsf] e/df k|fs[lts >f]tdfly dfq lge{/ /xg] kl/kf6L sfod /x]sf] 5 . ;a} gu/kflnsfdf PsLs[t ;DklQ s/ nfu" x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . s/d"NofÍg k|0ffnLnfO{ klg Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .

s]Gb|Lo lgsfox¿af6 :yfgLo txdf ;dfgfGt/ ;ldlt, af]8{cflb u7g u/L ljljw sfo{x¿ ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;df cfk;L ;dGjo sfod x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g\ . o:tf ;dfgfGt/ af]8{ / ;ldltx¿df ;fd'bflos jg, sa'lnotL jg ;ldltx¿, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, :jf:Yo Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, c:ktfn ;ldltx¿, u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]if, vfg]kfgL af]8{, ljleGg u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf ;Da4 ;ldltcflb kb{5g\ . :yfgLo lgsfo / ;/sf/L lgsfo, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf / lghL If]q aLr cfjZos ;dGjo x'g] u/]sf] 5}g . h;sf] sf/0f PsLs[t of]hgf th{'df x'g g;Sbf sfo{qmddf bf]xf]/f]kg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L sfof{Gjogsf] kIf klg cToGt sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . lhNnfut v'b cfo / nufgL k|If]k0f klg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o:t} bft[ ;+:yf / ljsf; ;fem]bf/;Fu klg pko'Qm ;dGjo sfod x'g ;s]sf] 5|}g . o;k|sf/sf] h6Ln l:yltaf6 :yfgLo lgsfox¿ u'lh|/x]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo lgsfo ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv hgk|ltlglwljxLg cj:yfdf /xbf :yfgLo txdf ;'zf;g sfod x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf;'ljwfdf ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;xh kx'Fr :yflkt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . hgk|ltlglwsf] cefjdf ;du| d'n'ssf] ;dfg'kflts ljsf;sf nflu cl3 ;fl/Psf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ffdf g} k|Zg lrGx v8f x'g yfn]sf] 5 .

d'n'ssf] ;du| zf;g Joj:yfdf :yfgLo lgsfo ;Ifd, ;jn / :jfoQ ePdf dfq ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ffn] d"t{¿k lng ;Sb5 . o;f] x'gsf nflu :yfgLo lgsfodf lg/Gt/ ¿kdf hgk|ltlglw sfod x'g'kb{5 . t/ :yfgLo lgsfox¿ Ps bzseGbf a9L cjlwb]lv l/Qm 5g\ . o:tf] l/Qmtfsf]] sf/0f hgtfk|lt /fHon] k"/f ug'{kg]{ bfloTj, lhDd]jf/L / hjfkmb]xL cToGt lkmtnf] x'+b} uPsf] 5 . e|i6frf/, a]lylt / s';+:sf/ a9b} uPsf] 5 . :yfgLo

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hgcfjfhsf] ;Daf]wg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . c/fhstf a9\b} uPsf] 5 . sd{rf/L hjfkmb]xL gag]sf] cj:yf 5 . uflj;df a:g'kg]{ ;lrjnufotsf sd{rf/L lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf a;]sf 5g\ . lhlj; / gu/kflnsfx¿sf] xfnt klg of] eGbf leGg 5}g . hgtfk|ltsf] lhDd]jf/L, hjfkmb]xL / pQ/bfloTjsf] cefjsf] sf/0f :yfgLo lgsfodf cfly{s clgoldttf a9\bf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . j[4j[4fn] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf lng] sfo{df ;'ljwf x}g ;f:tL kfO/x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] ljt/0fdf r/d clgoldttf ePsf] KffOPsf] 5 . :yfgLo zf;g k|lqmofdf c/fhstf a9g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f g} :yfgLo lgsfodf hgk|ltlglwsf] cefj xf] eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . lautdf s]Gb|Lo txdf x'g] u/]sf] cfly{s clgoldttf ca :yfgLo txdf;d]t lj:tf/ x'gk'u]sf] 5 . d'n'ss} /fli6«o cy{tGq gfh's xfntdf k'u]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf :yfgLo lgsfodf x'g] u/]sf] ljQLo c/fhstfn] yk ;d:of l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 .

:yfgLo lgsfox¿df hgk|ltlglw gx'bf ljs6 b"/b/fhsf ;fj{ef}d gful/sn] ;Ful7t ¿kdf cfkmgf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfPsf 5}gg\ . o;/L g} ;fdflhs k"FhL lgdf{0fsf] ;+/rgf klg etf e'Ë ePsf] 5 . :yfgLo txsf] /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; cj¿4 ePsf] 5 . ;fdflhs ;+/rgf, ;+:sf/, cg'zf;g, ;Eotf, d"NodfGotf cflbdf k/]sf] c;/ emg} ulx/f] 5 . o;sf] Ifltk"lt{ kfpFg nfdf] ;do nfUg] b]lvG5 . :yfgLo lgsfodf hgk|ltlglwsf] cefjsf sf/0f :yfgLo zf;g k|lqmofdf lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ng sfod x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;n] b08xLgtfnfO{ a9fjf lbPsf] 5 . h;sf sf/0f :yfgLo k'g{lgdf{0f Pjd\ k'g{:yfkgfsf sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, d"Nof+sgh:tf sfo{x¿ tx;gx; ePsf 5g\ . :yfgLo ;|f]t kl/rfng x'g ;s]sf] 5}g / ;|f]tsf] cefjdf sltko ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ cj¿4 x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] nflu /fli6«o ah]6af6 jflif{s sl/j krf; ca{ ¿k}of ljlgof]hg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . /fli6«o ah]6afx]s :yfgLo lgsfon] cfkmg} ;|f]t;fwg kl/rfng u/L vr{ ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf klg 5 . t/ o;sf] ;b'kof]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . kl5Nnf] ;dodf t/fO{sf sl/a cfwf bh{g lhNnfsf] lhlj;, gu/kflnsf, uflj;df Jofks e|i6frf/ a9]sf] va/ ;fj{hlgs ePsf 5g\ . kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cefjsf sf/0f o:tf ljs[ltn] a9fjf kfPsf] xf] .

;'wf/sf If]q g]kfndf ljutdf ePsf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] cEof;, To;af6 k|fKt glthf, cEof;sf] qmddf ;[lht ;d:of tyf r'gf}tL, kl/jlt{t :yfgLo, /fli6«o Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o zf;sLo kl/j]z, pknAw ;fwg;|f]t, d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ef}uf]lns cj:yf cflbnfO{ b[li6ut u/L cfufdL lbgdf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g k4ltnfO{ ;jn agfpg dfly ljj]rgf u/] adf]lhd b]xfocg';f/sf pkfox¿ cjnDag ul/g' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

� :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g k4ltsf] ;:yfut ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug]u/L ;+3Lotfsf] dd{ / ;+:s[lt cg'¿k :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf cfwf/e"t kIfx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgdf g} Joj:yf ug]{ .

� gLltut, ;+:yfut, ;+/rgfut / sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L :yfgLo nf]stGqnfO{ alnof] agfpg], s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/af6 lgoGq0f Pjd\ x:tIf]k gx'g] u/L :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] gofF ;+/rgf tof/ ug]{, :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ ;/n, ;xh / k||efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx ug{;Sg] u/L sfo{sf/L, Joj:yfksLo, Goflos Pjd\ ljQLo clwsf/sf] :ki6 Joj:yf ug]{, :yfgLo

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;/sf/nfO{ k|i6¿kdf kl/eflift ug]{, :yfgLo lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{, ;DalGwt :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;xdltdf dfq :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;Ldfgf x]/km]/ x'g;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{, s]Gb|Lo, If]qLo / :yfgLo ;/sf/aLrsf] ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] nflu pko'Qm ljlw / ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug]{ . s]Gb|Lo, If]qLo / :yfgLo ;/sf/ aLr /fh:jsf] afF8kmFf8 j}1flgs cfwf/df ug]{ . jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod x'g]u/L k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] pkof]u ug]{u/L ljleGg txsf ;/sf/ aLr clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L tf]Sg] .

� ;Fu7g ;+/rgf / hgzlQmnfO{ sfo{d"ns agfpg] . k|efjsf/L ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg Pjd\ d"NofÍg k4ltsf] ljsf; u/L To;nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] . sd{rf/Lsf] of]Uotf, Ifdtf, cg'ej / ¿rLsf] cfwf/df kb:yfkg / ;¿jf ug]{ . cfjZos b/aGbLsf] >[hgf u/L l/Qm kbx¿sf] oyfzL3| k"lt{ ug]{ . dfgj ;+zfwgsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg] . j:t'ut Pjd\ j:t'lgi7 sfo{;Dkfbg k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ . cg'ejxLg / dx+uf j}b]lzs k/fdz{bftf lgo'Qm ug]{ k/Dk/fnfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug]]{ . b08 / k'/:sf/sf] pko'Qm Joj:yf cjnDag ug]{ . :yfgLo :t/df sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/L ltgnfO{ ;fwg >f]t ;DkGg agfpg] . gofF ;f]rcg';f/ sfd ug{ ;Sg] u/L sd{rf/LtGqsf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{ . ;]jf k|jfxsf] cfwf/ / dfkb08 tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{ . clwsf/ lgIf]k0f sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt / ;'lglZrt t'Nofpg] . k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu Psåf/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L nfu" ug]{ . ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :jfoQ zf;g k4ltsf] af/]df hgr]tgf hfu[t u/fpg] . gLlt lgodx¿sf] c;/ / k|efj x]/]/ cg'ko'Qm b]lvPdfq gLltut kl/jt{g ug]{ . ultzLn, ;dfj]zL, ;+t'lnt / ;dtfd"ns gLlt lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg] .

� :yfgLo zf;g ;DaGwL pko'Qm gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmd th'{df u/L ltgsf] k|efjsf/L¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ . oyfzL3| :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg u/L hgk|ltlglwsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsfdf /xg] /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] ;Eo / ;';+:s[t /fhgLlts ;+:sf/sf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'/ofpg] . :yfO{ ;/sf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] k|zf;lgs ;+oGqnfO{ /fhgLlts x:tIf]k, bjfj / k|efjaf6 d'Qm /fVg] .

� j}b]lzs ;xfotfaf6 k|fKt /sd k|fyldstfsf ;fy :yfgLo ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf nufgL ug]{ . cfly{s jif{sf] z'¿d} :yfgLo :t/sf lgsfox¿df :jLs[t ah]6 / sfo{qmd k7fpg] . cfGtl/s >f]tsf If]qx¿ klxNofO{ afXo ;xfotfdflysf] lge{/tf qmlds ¿kdf 36fpb} n}hfg] . cfw'lgs n]vf k|0ffnL nfu" ug{ cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ . cfly{s cg'zf;gsf] kfngf s8fOsf;fy nfu" ug]{ . :yfgLo ljsf;sf If]qdf 7f]; ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] vfnsf ;xfotf dfq u|x0f ug]{ . k|fKt ;xfotf d+xuf ;jf/L ;fwg / oGqpks/0fdf vr{ gug]{ . :yfgLo txdf cfjZos k"jf{wf/ nufot e/kbf]{ zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf u/L j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ . df}lb|s Pjd\+ u}/ df}lb|s ;'ljwf pknAw u/fO{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] :t/ a9fpg] . /fh:jsf] bfo/fnfO{ km/flsnf] agfpg] . k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] nflu kof{Kt >f]t;fwgsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� ;fdflhs d"No, dfGotf / ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ . cfly{s cg'zf;g sfod ug]{ . :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] sfo{df hg;xeflutf kl/rfng ug]{ . cfdgful/ssf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf kxF'r a9fpg] . /fli6«o / :yfgLo k|fyldstfdf tfnd]n x'g]u/L of]hgf k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ . lgwf{l/t ;dotflnsf cg';f/ of]hgf ;DkGg ug]{ . cfof]hgf

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Joj:yfkg kIfnfO{ ;b[9 t'Nofpg] . nfe–nfut ljZn]if0f u/L cfof]hgfsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ kl/kf6L a;fNg] . cfof]hgfsf] p2]Zo kl/k"tL{df ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L gLlt / sfo{qmd th'{df ug]{ . ljsf; cfof]hgf ;+rfngsf nflu cfjZos bIf hgzlQmsf] k"tL{ ug]{ . :yfgLo lgsfo Pjd\ ljifout lgsfox¿df /x]sf of]hgf PsfOx¿nfO{ ;qmLo t'Nofpg] . of]hgf k|lqmofsf x/]s r/0fdf kof{Kt hg;xeflutf kl/rfng ug]{ . cfof]hgfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ Pp6f lglZrt cjlw;Dd /xg] Joj:yf ug]{ . cNksfnLg of]hgfx¿nfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug]{ . ljsf; of]hgf / sfo{qmdk|lt hgtfsf] rf;f] / lrGtf a9fpg] vfnsf hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ . cfjlws of]hgf / jflif{s gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmd aLr pko'Qm tfnd]n ldnfpg] . ufFp / ;x/sf] ljsf;df pko'Qm ;Gt'ng sfod x'g] u/L of]hgf ;rfng ug]{ . hgtfsf OR5f / rfxgfx¿ k|ltljlDat x'g] u/L of]hgf th'{df ug]{ . :yfgLo ;|f]t, ;fwg, k|ljlw / ;Lksf] clwstd kl/rfng x'g]u/L of]hgf th'{df ug]{ . sfof{Gjog Ifdtfsf] cf+sng u/]/ dfq of]hgfsf] th'{df ug]{ . ;fdflhs ;'/Iff nufotsf ;du| sfo{qmdsf] sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg] .

� /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / k|zf;lgs tx :yfgLo zf;gk|lt sl6a4 / k|lta4 /xg], /fhgLlts g]t[Tjdf ;Eotf, /fhgLlts ;';+:sf/, cg'zf;g, OdfGbfl/tf, lqmofzLntf h:tf ljz]iftf /xg'kg]{, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g k4ltsf] ;Gbe{df /fli6«o ;xdlt sfod ug]{ . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] ;Gbe{df cg'ej / cg'e"t ul/Psf plNnlvt ;d:of, r'gf}tL, sl7gfO{, cK7of/f, sdLsdhf]/LcflbnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug]u/L ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/;lxtsf] :yfgLo lgsfosf] Joj:yf cfufdL nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfgdf ug]{ . d'n'ssf] :yfgLo kl/j]z ;'xfpFbf] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g k4ltsf] :yfkgf u/L :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg u/fO{ lognfO{ sfg'gL Pjd\ ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ug]{ .

� :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] @)&) ;fnleq} lgjf{rg u/L gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 ;f]xL cg';f/ ¿kfGt/0f x'g] u/L ;+rfng ug]{ . k|ToIf lgjf{rgsf ;fy} ;dfg'kflts Pjd\ ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj;d]t x'g] u/L pko'Qm lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . :yfgLo lgsfok|lt pQ/bfoL /xg] sd{rf/L ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf Pjd\ :yfgLo ;]jf u7g u/L :yfgLo lgsfox¿df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ . ljrf/fwLg :yfgLo ;]jf P]gnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg u/L afFsL sfo{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] . uflj;sf] ljBdfg ;Fu7g ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g u/L sDtLdf Ps hgf ;lrj, n]vfkfn, k|fljlws sd{rf/L / ;fdflhs kl/rfns clgjfo{ ¿kdf /xg] u/L b/aGbLsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . gu/kflnsfsf] n]vf k/LIf0f dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{no / uflj;sf] n]vf k/LIf0f, dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{non] tf]s]sf] n]vfk/LIfs dfkm{t ug]{ . :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] lgjf{rg ePkl5 eg] :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] kl/ifb\af6 cg'df]lbt n]vf k/LIfsdfkm{t n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ . :yfgLo txdf cGo txsf ;/sf/sf] ;dfgfGt/ ;+/rgf g/fvL PsLs[t ¿kdf :yfgLo ;/sf/af6} ;]jf k|jfxsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� lgIf]lkt clwsf/ s]Gb|Ls[t gx'g] u/L e"uf]n, hg;+Vof, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts Pstf, P]ltxfl;stf, ;]jfdf kx'Fr, ;fdYo{tf h:tf kIfx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL uflj;sf] ;+Vof 36fpg] / cfsf/ a9fpg] . ;+ljwfgdf g]kfne/L :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/x¿ /xg]5g\ egL txut ;/sf/x¿ :jfoQ /xg] Joj:yf ug]{ . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ;+Vof / cfsf/sf ljifodf lg0f{o ubf{ ;DalGwt :yfgLo kl/ifb\ / a;f]af; If]qsf hgtfsf] /fo, ;Nnfx

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lnP/ ug]{ l;4fGt / k4lt cjnDag ug]{ . :yfgLo lgsfosf] k'g;{+/rgf tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf] ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmof;Fu} cufl8 a9fpg ltgsf k|ltlglwd"ns lgsfox¿ / ljifolj1;d]t /x]sf] Ps pRr:t/Lo :yfgLo lgsfo k'g;{+/rgf cfof]u u7g u/L ;f]sf] l;kmfl/; / lgjf{lrt :yfgLo ;/sf/sf kl/ifb\;d]tsf] l;kmfl/;df lg0f{o ug]{ k|lqmof ckgfpg] .

� /fHok|ltsf] ckgTj / lhDd]jf/L af]w u/fpg g]kfnnfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/ tx, k|fb]lzs ;/sf/ tx / ;+3sf] ;femf o'lgogsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/g'kg]{ . ax'k|rlnt / hgrfxgf cg';f/sf efiffx¿nfO{ lzIff lbg] / ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf] ¿kdf Joj:yf ug]{ . lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwd"ns :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] dfWodaf6 dfq :yfgLo zf;gsf] cEof; ul/g] Joj:yf gful/ssf] df}lns xssf] ¿kdf ;'lglZrt ug]{ . :yfgLo ;/sf/ / :jfoQ zf;g;DaGwL cfwf/e"t l;4fGtsf ljifox¿ ;+ljwfgsf] gLlt lgb]{zs l;4fGt cGtu{t ;dfj]z ug]{ . :yfgLo ;/sf/n] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] kfngf u/] gu/]sf] ljifodf dfq s]Gb| / k|b]z ;/sf/n] ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ . cGt/ :yfgLo ;/sf/aLr ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu ;DalGwt :yfgLo ;/sf/sf k|ltlglw / pgLx¿sf ;+3÷dxf;+3 tyf k|fb]lzs sfo{sf/L;d]tsf] k|ltlglw ePsf] k|fb]lzs ;+/rgf ;ldlt /xg] Joj:yf ug]{ . ;+3Lo ljwflosfsf] dflyNnf] ;bgdf :yfgLo ;/sf/af6 ;d]t tf]lsPsf cfwf/df sDtLdf Ps rf}yfO{ lgjf{lrt u/L k|ltlglwTj x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ . :yfgLo ;/sf/n] ;+3 tyf k|b]zsf] ;+ljwfg / sfg'g;Fu gaflemg] u/L cfkm\gf] lgod, ljlgod, lgb]{lzsf, sfo{ljlw agfO{ nfu" ug{;Sg] clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ .

� sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6, a9'jf, ;]jf ;'ljwfsf zt{ lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjogsf nflu :yfgLo ;]jf cfof]u u7g ul/g] Joj:yf ug]{ . lgjf{lrt ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf, hgdt;Fu|xh:tf k|lqmofsf cfwf/df dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox¿ ug]{, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{sf cfwf/df ;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfd"ns lg0f{o k|lqmof cjnDag ug]{, sfo{sf/L kbflwsf/LnfO{ k|TofJxfg ug{;Sg], :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g OsfOsf cËx¿aLr zlQmsf] ljefhg / lgoGq0f ;Gt'ngsf] cfwf/df :jfoQ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] u7g / ;+:yfut ljsf; ug]{ . :yfgLo ;/sf/ cfkm}n] cfly{s ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg / kl/rfng ug{;Sg] ;DefJo If]qsf s/sf b/ tf]Sg;Sg] tyf s/ ;Íng / kl/rfng ug{;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{ . sfo{ lhDd]jf/L / ;|f]tdf x'g;Sg] bf]xf]/f]kgf x6fpg tyf tf]lsPsf clwsf/ If]qx¿k|lt hjfkmb]xL lgsfo v'6\ofpg hgtfnfO{ ;xh xf]; eGg] p2]Zon] txut ;/sf/sf clwsf/, sfo{ljefhg :ki6¿kdf ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ug]{ . ;+ljwfg / sfg'g cg';f/ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] If]qflwsf/ leq /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ x:tIf]k tyf ;Lldt t'Nofpg] lsl;dn] cGo txsf ;/sf/n] cGo s'g} ;+/rgfx¿ v8f gug]{ lglZrt ug]{ .

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;/sf/sf ultljlw / ;]jf k|jfxdf k|of]udf /x]sf] sfuhsf] ;§f sDKo'6/sf] k|of]u, ;~hfnLs/0f -Networking_ tyf OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 sfof{nosf] :jrflnt k4ltaf6

312

;~rfng u/L ef}lts ¿kdf cfpg] Jojwfgx¿ x6fpg ljB'tLo zf;g ;Ifd x'G5 . o;n] ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/Lsf] k|jfxdf j[l4, ;"rgfdf hgtfsf] kx'Fr j[l4, ;/sf/ / gful/s aLrsf] cGtlq{mofdf j[l4 x'g uO{ ;]jf ;'ljwfdf ;xh kx'Fr, u'0f:t/ / kl/0ffddf j[l4 x'g hfG5 . >f]t ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u / kf/blz{tf k|jw{geO{ cGTfTjuTjf ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg d2t k'U5 . O{–;]jf, O{–lzIff, O{–s[lif, O{–:jf:Yo, O{–Joj;fo, O{–vl/b, O{–a}+lsË, O{–l;sfO{ cflbsf dfWodaf6 O{–len]h / ljB'tLo ljsf;sf] lj:tf/ u/L ljB'tLo ;/sf/sf] :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljB'tLo zf;gsf cfwf/e"t ljz]iftf / dxTj d"ntM ljB'tLo zf;gn] sfuh/lxt ;/sf/, sDKo"6/df cfwfl/t ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL / ;+hfnLs/0fdf cfwfl/t eO{ ljB'tLo ;]jf -e-services_ k|jfx ub{5 . ljB'tLo zf;gsf cfwf/e"t ljz]iftfx¿ lgDgfg';f/sf 5g\ M–

� ljB'tLo zf;gdf sDKo'6/hGo xf8{j]o/ / ;km\6j]o/, OG6/g]6 tyf ;~rf/ ;~hfnsf] dfWodaf6 ;]jf k|jfx x'G5 .

� ;]jf k|jfx, ljsf; lgdf{0f cflbsf] k|zf;lgs nfut / ;do 36\g uO{ ldtJolotf / zL3|tf sfod x'G5 .

� gful/ssf] ;"rgfdf kx'Fr / ;xh k|fKotf ;'lglZrt ub{5 .

� hgu'gf;f] tyf ph'/Lx¿ ;xh ¿kdf k|fKt x'g] jftfj/0f >[hgf x'g'sf] ;fy} cgnfOg gful/s ;j]{If0f, ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ ;j]{If0f, s'g} ljz]if k|s[ltsf ;jfnx¿df hgtfsf] dt ;Íng / k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt ug{ ;xh x'G5 .

� /fHon] clVtof/ ug{ nfu]sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] ;Gbe{df ax; ug]{ :yn -Forum) tyf cGt/lgsfo ;dGjo j}7s -e-meeting_, cgnfOg lg0f{o / cgnfOg sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg u/L 5l/tf] ;/sf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ ;lsG5 .

� gful/s – gful/s, gful/s / ltgsf k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ Ps cfk;df hf]8\g / nf]stflGqs cEof; ug]{ k4ltdf ;xof]u k'¥ofp5 .

� cgnfO{g PlKns]zg (Online Applications) h:tf] j]j kf]6{n, j]j;fO6 dfk{mt Psåf/ ljB'tLo ;]jf k|jfx eO{ b'u{d If]qx¿df ;d]t ;]jfsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ x'G5 .

� ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf gful/s ;xeflutf, kf/blz{tf, sfo{bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf, hjfkmb]lxtf, lz3|tf, ;xhtf sfod x'g uO{ ;'zf;gsf] k|j4{gdf 6]jf k'U5 .

� ;"rgf tyf tYofÍx¿sf] sDKo"6/Ls[t tYofÍ -Digital Data) tyf k|lt tof/ u/L clen]vsf] Jojl:yt ¿kdf e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . h;nfO{ ;lhn} vf]hL / Tracking ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljB'tLo zf;gsf r/0fx¿ ljB'tLo zf;g k4ltsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf k'Ug w]/} r/0fx¿ kf/ ug'{ k5{ –

313

klxnf] r/0fM hfgsf/L tyf ;"rgfsf] r/0f - Informational Stage_ o; r/0fdf ;/sf/L lgsfosf ;fdfGo j]j;fO6x¿sf] lgdf{0f / :yfkgf ug]{, k|fKt tYofÍx¿nfO{ sDk"6/Ls[t -Digitized) u/L l:y/ j]j -Static web) df /fVg] ;DaGwL ;fdfGo k|zf;sLo k|aGw ul/Psf] x'G5 .

bf]>f] r/0f M cGtlq{mofTds r/0f -Interactional Stage _

o; r/0fdf sDKo"6/Ls[t tYofÍ e08f/ (Digitized Database) tof/ x'g], ;"rgfx¿ cBfjlws x'g,] j]j;fO6sf] lj:tf/ / To;df hgtfsf] kx'Fr j[l4 x'g] ljleGg kmf/dx¿ ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/Lx¿ 8fpgnf]8 ug{ ;lsg] Od]n ug{ ;lsg] ;Ddsf sfo{x¿ x'G5g\ . h;n] ;]jf k|bfos / ;]jfu|fxLsf] jLrdf bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/ -Two–way Communication) sfod x'g] ub{5 .

t]>f] r/0f M sf/f]jf/Lo r/0f -Transactional Stage_ uf]Ko tYofÍ -Confidential data) df hgtf, ;]jfu|fxL tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] kx'Fr x'g], cGt/lqmofTds j]j -Interactive web) sf] z'¿jft x'g], ljQLo sf/f]jf/x¿ ;~rfng x'g], cgnfO{gaf6 ;]jf k|jfx x'g] h:t}M cgnfO{g cfj]bg, s/, /fh:j e'QmfgL, rfns cg'dlt kq gjLs/0f cflb k4lt :yflkt x'G5 .

rf}yf] r/0f M PsLs[t -Integrated_ ;]jf k|jfxsf] r/0f

;/sf/n] k|jfx ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿ Pp6} ;/sf/L kf]6{n -Single Portal_ af6 k|jfx x'g], ;Dk"0f{ ;]jfx¿ ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlw -ICT_ df cfwfl/t x'g], ljifout lgsfosf] :yfgLo :t/b]lv s]Gb| ;Dd -Vertically_ / cGt/lgsfo -Horizontally_ ;"rgfx¿ PsLs[t ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] u/L k'gM cleoflGqsLs/0f -Re- engineering) u/L PsLs/0f -Integration) ug]{ sfo{ o; r/0fdf x'G5 .

g]kfnsf] ljB'tLo zf;gsf] ljBdfg cj:YffnfO{ pko'{Qm r/0fx¿;Fu t'ngf ubf{ xfn t]>f] r/0fdf k|j]z ug]{ qmddf /x]sf] 5 . ljB'tLo zf;gsf] cjnDagsf] ;Gbe{df ljleGg cWoog, cEof; / cGt/f{li6«o cg'ejx¿ ;d]tsf cfwf/df lgDgfg';f/sf r/0f -Steps_ x¿sf] cjnDag ug{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 M–

! ljB'tLo ;/sf/sf] ;Ifdtf d"NofÍg vfsf -e-Government Readiness Assessment Framework) tof/ u/L ljB'tLo ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ ;Ifdtfsf] d"NofÍg -e- Readiness Assessment ) ug]{ .

@= ljB'tLo zf;gsf ;Defljt pknlAwx¿sf] af/]df hfu/0f cleofg, hgr]tgf clej[l4 / Ifdtf ljsf;df Kofs]hx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

#= ljB'tLo zf;gsf lgDg rf/ cfofdx¿sf dfWodaf6 ljB'tLo zf;gsf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ .

� ljB't zf;gsf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f

� ljB'tLo zf;g d}qL gLlt, lgod / P]g sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog

� ljB'tLo zf;gsf] :yfkgf

314

� ljleGg If]qsf ;"rgf k|ljlw kl/of]hgfx¿sf] klxrfg / 5gf}6

� ;"rgf k|ljlw kl/of]hgfx¿sf] sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg

� ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf;

� k|0ffnLut ;xof]u, dd{t;Def/ / :t/f]GgtL

� ljB'tLo zf;gsf] kx'FrnfO{ ;a} If]qx¿ h:t} ;/sf/sf lgsfox¿ aLr, ;/sf/ / hgtf aLr, ;/sf/ / lghL If]qdf kx'Fr / lj:tf/ -outreach_ .

$= cg'udg, d"NofÍg / k[i7kf]if0f tyf yk ;'wf/sf pkfox¿sf] cjnDag ug]{ .

ljB'tLo zf;g ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf cjnDag ug{sf nflu o;sf cfofd -Dimension_ x¿sf] dfWodaf6 ljB'tLo zf;gsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f, ;"rgf k|ljlw ;DaGwL P]g sfg'g / gLltsf] th'{df, zf;sLo ;+oGqsf] :jrfnLs/0f tyf ljB'tLo ;]jfsf] ;a} If]qdf kx'Fr / lj:tf/ u/L k"0f{¿kdf ljB'tLo zf;gsf] :yfkgf ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . pQm cfofdut r/0fx¿ tnsf tflnsfdf pNn]v ePadf]lhd tflnsfsf] tnb]lv dfly;Dd -Buttom up_ k"jf{wf/ x'Fb} kx'Fr / lj:tf/;Dd rf/ r/0fx¿df k"/f ul/g' kb{5 .

ljB'tLo zf;gsf] cjnDagsf cfofdut r/0fx¿

kx'Fr / lj:tf/ (Outreach) gful/snfO{ ljB'tLo ;]jf (e-government services to citizens).

lghL If]qnfO{ ljB'tLo ;]jf (e-government services to Business).

cGt/lgsfo ljB'tLo ;fj{hlgs ;]jf (Interagency e-government services).

zf;g k4lt -Governance_ ljB'tLo ;/sf/sf nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw ;+oGq (IT-Back office for e-government).

;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|lqmofdf k'gM cleoflGqsLs/0f (Re-engineering publice processes ).

gLlt -Policy_ ;'/lIft ljB'tLo ;/sf/sf nflu P]g sfg'g (Laws on e-government security).

ljB'tLo ;/sf/sf ;+:yfut 9fFrfx¿ (Inistitutional Models of e–government).

k"jf{wf/ -Infrastructure_ df]afOn k"jf{wf/ (Mobile Infrastructure ).

a|f]8Jof08 k"jf{wf/ (Broadband Infrastructure).

315

ljB'tLo zf;gsf] cjnDagsf cGt/f{li6«o cg'ejx¿ ljZjsf y'k|} ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿n] ljB'tLo zf;gsf] cjnDag u/]sf 5g\ . ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿df o;sf] dfu / nf]slk|otf a9\bf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . ljB'tLo zf;gsf y'k|} ;kmn cEof;x¿ eO{;s]sf 5g\ . blIf0f sf]l/ofn] ljB'tLo ;/sf/sf] pTs[i6 cEof; u/]sf] kfOG5 . s]xL ;kmn cEof;x¿ oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

� ef/tsf] u'h/ft k|fGtsf] /fhwfgL ufGwLgu/df hg;]jf s]Gb|sf] gfddf Psåf/ zf;sLo s]Gb| (One Stop e-Governance Center)sf] :yfkgf eO{ ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwo'Qm ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ;+oGq -ICT enable public service delivery mechanism) nfO{ ;+:yfut ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] (& k|sf/sf ;fj{lhs ;]jfx¿ k|jfx ub{5 . o;df ;fj{hlgs, lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff ;d]t sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 .

� To;}u/L l;+ufk'/n] The Master Plan I N 2015 and I Gor 2010 sf] sfof{Gjog dfkm{t ljB'tLo zf;gsf] k|jw{g u/]sf] 5 . bz jif]{ ljB'tLo zf;g u'¿of]hgf -Intelligent Nation 2015 - I n 2015_ sf] sfof{Gjogaf6 !^)) k|sf/sf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿ cgnfOgdf k|bfg ePsf 5g\ .

� To:t} hd{gLn] æD115" gfds kl/of]hgfsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog u/]sf] 5 . h;n] One Stop e-Services k|bfg ub{5 . k/Dk/fut k|zf;lgs cEof;nfO{ lj:yflkt ub}{ ljs]lGb|t ¿kdf :yfgLo :t/;Dd o;n] ;]jf k|jfx ub{5 .

� cGt/f{li6«o :t/df o:tf ljB'tLo zf;gsf cEof;x¿nfO{ x]bf{ ;'zf;gsf ;"rsx¿ kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf, ldtJolotf, k|efjsfl/tf, sfo{zL3|tf, lgikIftf, b'u{d If]qdf ;xh ;]jf k|jfx / kx'Frsf] :yfkgf, ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] k|jw{g, ;xhtf cflbdf pNn]Vo ;'wf/ ePsf] ljleGg cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ .

g]kfndf ljB'tLo zf;gsf] k|jw{gsf nflu ePsf k|of;x¿ != gLltut tyf sfg'gL k|of;x¿

-s_ ljB'tLo tYofÍsf] cfbfgk|bfgaf6 x'g] sf/f]jf/nfO{ e/kbf]{ / ;'/lIft agfO{ ljB'tLo clen]vsf] l;h{gf, pTkfbg, k|zf]wg, ;~ro, k|jfx tyf ;+k|]if0f k|0ffnLsf] dfGotf, ;Totf, cv08tf / ljZj;gLotfnfO{ k|df0fLs/0f tyf lgoldt ug]{ Joj:yf ug{ / ljB'tLo clen]vnfO{ cgflws[t tj/af6 k|of]u ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{sf] nflu ljB'tLo sf/f]jf/ P]g, @)^# / ;f]sf] lgodfjnL @)^$ th'{df u/L nfu" ul/Psf] 5 .

-v_ ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ tyf lgodfjnL, @)^% n] k|To]s ;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] cfˆgf] ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pknAwtfsf] cfwf/df sDKo"6/Ls[t ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ Jojxf/df Nofpg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

-u_ b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)%# tyf lgodfjnL, @)%$n] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] If]qdf ax';]jf k|bfossf] sfof{Gjog ug{ sfg'gL / ;+:yfut k|aGw u/]sf] 5 .

316

-3_ ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ tyf lgodfjnL, @)^%n] ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf ultljlw ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/Lx¿nfO{ cBfjlws u/L ;do ;dodf k|sfzg, k|;f/0f ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

-ª_ ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt, @)%& nfO{ ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g u/L ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt, @)^& sf] th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]s]f 5 . g]kfnnfO{ 1fgdf cfwfl/t ;dfhdf ¿kfGtl/t ug]{, 1fgdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux¿sf] lgdf{0f ug]{, u/LaL lgjf/0fdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg], lghL If]qnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df k|f]T;flxt ug]{, bIf hgzlQm tof/ ug]{ h:tf ljifox¿ o; gLltn] ;d]6]sf] 5 .

-r_ ;~rf/ gLlt, @)^)

-5_ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]qsf] bL3{sfnLg gLlt @)%(

-h_ ljB'tLo ;/sf/ u'¿of]hgfsf] d:of}bf

-em_ t]x|f}+ of]hgfsf] cfwf/ kq -@)^(.)&!–&@–&#_

@= ;+:yfut Joj:yf

;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u dfkm{t ljB'tLo zf;gnfO{ k|jw{g ug{ lgDg lgsfox¿ lqmofzLn b]lvG5g\ M–

-s_ lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno

-v_ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno

-u_+ ;"rgf k|ljlw ljefu

-3_ k|df0fLs/0f lgoGqssf] sfof{no

-ª_ /fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw s]Gb|

-r_ ;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{ -k"jf{wf/sf] ¿kdf_

-5_ ;/sf/L sfof{no÷lgsfox¿df sDKo'6/ dxfzfvf, zfvf / OsfO{x¿ .

#= sfo{ut k|of;x¿ M

� s]Gb|Lo lgsfox¿n] cf–cfˆgf j]j;fO6x¿ lgdf{0f u/L ;+rfngdf NofPsf 5g\ . lhNnf :t/df lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltx¿n] klg xfn cfˆgf] j]j;fO6

lgdf{0f u/L ;~rfngdf NofO{/x]sf 5g\ . ;do ;dodf cBfjlws ug]{ / cfjZos ;"rgfx¿ /fVg] cEof; eg] k"0f{¿kdf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

� k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{non] dlGqkl/ifb\\ -Sofljg]6_sf lg0f{o tyf ;"rgfx¿ j]j;fO6df /fVg] u/]sf], x]nf] ;/sf/sf] sfof{Gjog dfk{mt hgtfsf ph'/L tyf u'gf;fx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .

� ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] sd{rf/L ;"rgf k|0ffnL -PIS _ k':tsfno Joj:Yffkg k|0ffnL, tflnd Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 .

317

� cy{ dGqfno / cGt/utsf lgsfox¿df ah]6 Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL -BMIS_, ljifout dGqfno ;"rgf k|0ffnL -LMIS_, :jrflnt eG;f/ tYofÍ k|0ffnL -ASYCUDA), Psn vftf sf]if k|0ffnL -TSA _ cflb sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefun] cfos/, cGtz'Ns / d"Noclej[l4 s/nfO{ Jojl:yt / ;xh agfpg E-PAN dfk{mt cgnfOg ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .

� e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfnon] dfnkf]t / gfkL sfof{nodf /x]s]f e"ld;DaGwL ljj/0fx¿nfO{ sDKo'6/Ls[t ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf] 5 .

� lgjf{rg cfof]un] kmf]6f] ;lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL, PsLs[t dtbftf gfdfjnL btf{ ;"rgf k|0ffnL -Integrated voter Registration information system) sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . ;fy} gd"gfsf] ¿kdf dtbfg oGq -Voting machine) sf] k|of]u ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] 5 .

� lzIff dGqfnodf lzIff Joj:Yffkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL -EMIS_, lzIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL -PIS_ nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy}, ljBfno / pRrdfWolds ljBfnodf sDKo'6/;DaGwL 1fg lbnfpg cfjZos kf7\oqmdsf] ljsf; / sfof{Gjog ePsf] 5 .

� lj1fg k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno / o; cGt/utsf] ;"rgf k|ljlw ljefun] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu gLltut / sfo{ut g]t[Tj / ;dGjo ul//x]sf 5g\ .

� k//fi6« dGqfnon] d]lzg l/8]jn kf;kf]6{ -MRP) / kf;kf]6{ ;"rgf k|0ffnL sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 .

� ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / gfkL ljefun] e"–;"rgf k|0ffnL - GIS _ nfu" u/]sf] 5 .

� nf]s;]jf cfof]un] cfof]usf ;"rgfx¿, b/vf:t kmf/dx¿, k/LIffsf glthfx¿ j]j;fO6df /fVg] u/]sf] 5 .

� g]kfn k|x/Ln] ck/fwL clen]v k|0ffnL -Criminal Record system), 36gf k|ltj]bg k|0ffnL (Incident Reporting System), vl/b Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL -

Inventory management system), ;jf/L ;fwg clen]v k|0ffnL (Vehicle Record system) cflb sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 .

� u[x dGqfnon] /fli6«o kl/ro kq -NID_ sf] ljj/0fsf] nflu k|f/lDes sfo{ z'¿ u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL -Disaster management

information system) ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 .

� ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf lgdf{0f dGqfno nufotsf lgsfox¿n] ljB'tLo af]nkq -e-bidding) nfO{ cEof;df NofPsf 5g\ .

318

� ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] d'2fx¿sf] cBfjlws cj:yf -live status_ sf] cgnfO{g hfgsf/L lbg] u/]sf] 5 .

g]kfn sfg'g cfof]un] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, P]g, lgod, u7g, cfb]z nufotsf sfg'gL b:tfj]h website df /fv]sf] 5 eg] To;nfO{{ cË|]hLdf cg'jfb u/L website df /fVg] sfo{nfO{ yfngL u/]sf] 5 . sfg'g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfnon] g]kfndf ljBdfg ;a} P]gx¿nfO{ !& efudf k|sfzg u/L ;f] sf] ljB'tLo kk|lt cfkm\gf] website df /fv]sf] 5 eg] lgodx¿ ;a} !& efudf k|sf;zg ug]{ / ljB'tLo k|lt website df /fVg] k|lqmof z'¿ u/]sf] 5 .

dfly pNn]v ul/P afx]ssf cGo lgsfox¿n] sDKo"6/Ls[t k|0ffnLsf] cEof; z'¿ u/]sf 5g\ . sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfn] k~hLs/0f -Vital Registration system) nfO{ j]jdf cfwfl/t agfPsf] 5 . To;}u/L lghL If]q ljz]ifu/L j}+sx¿n] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] Jofks k|of]u ug]{ qmd tLa| eO{/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .

$= k"j{ k|ltj]bgn] cf}+NofPsf ljifox¿

g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgfb]lv g} ;"rgf k|ljlw If]qsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbP tfklg o; If]qsf] ljsf;n] ck]lIft ult lng ;s]g . vf;u/L k|hftGqsf] k'g:{yfkgf kZrft /fHon] lnPsf] pbf/ / v'nf cy{gLltsf sf/0f ljZjdf ePsf] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] g]kfndf klg k|j]z kfpg yfNof] . lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] plrt ljsf; / pkof]usf nflu ;xhLs/0f / ;dGjo ug{sf nflu lj=;+= @)%# df lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnosf] u7g eof] . 1fgdf cfwfl/t ;dfh / 1fgdf cfwfl/t pBf]usf] ljsf; u/L u/LaL lgjf/0fdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljZj dfglrqdf g]kfnnfO{ :yflkt u/fpg] nIo /fvL ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt, @)%& hf/L ul/of] .

tTsfnLg ;"rgf k|ljlw pRr:t/Lo cfof]u -HLCIT_ / KIPA sf]l/of aLr lj=;+= @)^@ df ;Demf}tf eO{ tof/ ul/Psf] ljB'tLo zf;g u'¿of]hgf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t g} x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 .

lj=;+= @)^# sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kl5 ul7t k|zf;g k'g;{+/rgf cfof]un] g]kfndf ljB'tLo zf;gsf] k|jw{g;DaGwL k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k]z u¥of] . pQm k|ltj]bgn] g]kfndf ljB['tLo zf;g ;DaGwdf xfn;Dd eO{/x]sf sfo{x¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L tTsfnLg, dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg ;f]r ;lxtsf] /fli6«o ljB'tLo zf;g ;DaGwL /0fgLlt -National e-Governance Strategy_ th{'df u/L sfo{Gjogdf Nofpg l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] . t/ ;f] k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t g} x'g ;s]g .

%= ljB'tLo zf;g cjnDag ug]{ ;Gbe{df b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿

zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ;"rgf, ;~rf/, k|ljlwd}qL agfO{ ljB'tLo ;/sf/sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;Gbe{df b]xfosf ;d:ofx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ –

� ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] If]q ;/sf/sf] k|fyldstfdf kg{ ;s]sf] 5}g .

� sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf kl/jt{gsf] k|lt/f]w ug]{ k|j[lQ xfjL 5 .

319

� bIf hgzlQmsf] sdL x'g'sf ;fy} ePsf] hgzlQmnfO{ ;d]t :jb]zL ahf/df l6sfO{ /fVg ;lsPsf] 5}g .

� ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; s]Gb| / zx/L If]qdf dfq ;Lldt eO{ u|fdL0f / b'u{d If]qdf k'¥ofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g .

� d"Nojfg l8lh6n tYofÍx¿ ljleGg lgsfox¿ aLr cfbfgk|bfg u/L pkof]u ug]{ ;+:sf/sf] cefj 5 .

� ;/sf/L lgsfosf j]j;fO6 ;d]t ;dodf cBfjlws x'g] u/]sf 5}gg\ .

� lgdf{0f ePsf ;km\6j]o/x¿ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g .

� lglZrt dfkb08 ljgf g} lgdf{0f ePsf ;km\6j]o/x¿df Ps¿ktf, ljZj;gLotf, u'0f:t/Lotf, sfod x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

� ljB'tLo ck/fw lgoGq0f ug{ / ljB'tLo sf/f]af/nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ agfOPsf P]g sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

^= ljB'tLo zf;g cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] If]qx¿sf] k|fyldstf

ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] cf–cfkm\g} 9Ëaf6 sfof{nosf] sfo{ k|s[lt cg';f/sf ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL kl/of]hgfx¿ ;+rfng u/]sf] l:ylt ljBdfg 5 . lj=;+= @)^@ df 8«fkm\6 tof/ ePsf] ljB'tLo zf;g u'¿of]hgf -E-GMP_ n] klxrfg u/]sf ljleGg @) j6f kl/of]hgfx¿ dWo] Government Representative Portal, Government Integrated Data Center (GIDC), National Identification (NID), E-Education, Village Network, Land Record Management System, Vehicle Registration System, Public Service Recruitment Management System h:tf kl/of]hgfx¿ k|fyldstfdf /fvL sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] cj:yf 5 . t/ pQm u'¿of]hgf :jLs[t x'g g;Sbf k"0f{ ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf eg] cfpg g;s]sf] ;Gbe{df ljB'tLo zf;g cjnDag ug{ ;/sf/n] 7f]; sfo{lbzf ;lxtsf] u'¿of]hgf tyf IT-Road Map th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kg]{ cfjZostf vl8\sPsf] 5 .

ljB'tLo zf;g u'¿of]hgf tyf IT-Roadmap n] xfn g]kfndf IT sf] k|of]usf] cfj:yf / ljB'tLo zf;g cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] ;Defljt If]qx¿ klxrfg / k|fyldsLs/0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . h; cGtu{t ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 k|jfx ul/g] ;]jfx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ juL{s/0f u/L To; cGtu{tsf If]qx¿sf] k|fyldsLs/0f ul/g' pk'Qm x'G5 M

-s_ ;/sf/n] gful/snfO{ k|bfg ug]{ k|ToIf ;]jfx¿ -Government to citizen "G to C"_

– zflGt ;'/Iff, lzIff, :jf:Yo, ljB't, oftfoft, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/, /f]huf/L cflb .

• gful/s clwsf/ cGtu{t hgtfn] dfu ug{ ;Sg] ;]jfx¿ h:t} M cg'dlt kq, cfj]bg, /lhi6«];g, z'Ns, /fh:j tyf s/x¿sf] e'QmfgL, gful/stf, dfnkf]t, gfkL, oftfoft If]qsf ;]jfx¿ .

320

• ;/sf/sf gLlt, lgod, sfg'g, sfo{ljlw, gful/s j8fkq tyf lg0f{ox¿ j]j;fO6 dfkm{t hfgsf/L u/fpg] ljifo .

-v_ ;/sf/n] Jofkf/ jfl0fHosf] k|j4{gsf nflu k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfx¿ -Government to Business "G to B" _

– Ohfht kq tyf cg'dlt kqx¿ .

• s/ e'QmfgLsf ;/nLs[t ljlwx¿ .

• Jofkf/ tyf jfl0fHosf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ahf/sf gjLgtd\ hfgsf/L k|ljlw tyf ;Defjgfx¿ .

• ljb]zL /fi6«;Fu ePsf Jofkf/ tyf jfl0fHo ;DaGwL ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ .

• ;fdflhs ;ª\u7g af/] ;/sf/L lgodg tyf ;'/Iff ;DaGwL ljifox¿ .

-u_ ;/sf/n] cfkm" dftxtsf lgsfox¿nfO{ k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfx¿ -Government to Government "G to G"_

-c_ cGt/ lgsfo ;]jfx¿ -Government to Government_

– ;"rgf tyf tYofÍx¿sf] cfbfg k|bfg -Sharing) ug]{ sfo{ .

• ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlw ;DaGwL k|0ffnL sf cGt/;DalGwt -Inter linkage) u/L k|zf;lgs sfo{df ;dGjo ug]{ sfo{ .

• k|zf;sLo sfo{ljlw tyf clen]v Joj:yfkgnfO{ sDKo"6/Ls[t u/L ljB'tLo k4ltåf/f k'g:{yflkt ug]{ sfo{ .

-cf_ ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf sd{rf/LnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfx¿ -Government to Employee"G to E"_

– sd{rf/Lsf] clen]v tyf ;f] ;DaGwL ;]jfx¿,

• sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf zt{ cGt/utsf sf/f]af/x¿,

• sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf ljsf;, cg'zf;g, pTk|]/0ff ;DaGwL ljifox¿ .

&= ljB'tLo zf;gsf hf]lvdx¿sf] Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fjwfgL

ljB'tLo zf;gsf] cjnDag ug]{ qmddf hlt w]/} dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgfx¿ -Valuable data_ j]j;fO6x¿df /flvG5 plt g} To;sf] b'¿kof]u x'g] ;Defjgf klg a9\b} hfG5 . sDKo'6/Ls[t k4lt dfkm{t unt ;"rgfx¿ lbg], ;"rgfx¿ rf]g]{, ;"rgfx¿s]f unt 9Ën] k|of]u ug]{ h:tf ljs[ltx¿ a9\g ;Sb5g\ . ;fOa/ ck/fw -Cyber Crime), Hacking h:tf ;'/Iff hf]lvd -Security threats) df j[l4 x'G5 . ljB'tLo sf/f]jf/ P]g tyf lgodfjnLn] ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 x'g] ultljlwx¿sf] lgodg tyf lgoGq0f ug]{ k|aGw u/]sf] 5 . h;sf nflu k|df0fLs/0f lgoGqssf] sfof{no sfo{/t 5 . ljB'tLo

321

pks/0fx¿ -Hardware tyf Software_ sf] k|of]uaf6 lglDtg] hf]lvdx¿sf] Go"gLs/0fsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf Joj:yfx¿ ul/g' kg]{ x'G5 .

;fOa/ hf]lvd (Cyber Threats) x¿nfO{ Joj:yfkg / Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;a} lsl;dsf ;'/Iff ljlw, k4lt / ;+oGq -Security Measure) x¿sf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . h; cGtu{t ;+:yfut, sfg'gL, gLltut / k|lqmofut ;+oGqx¿sf] k|aGw ldnfpg' kb{5 . h:t} tYofÍx¿sf] Back up, Remote back up, ef}lts ;'/Iffsf] k|aGw, ljB't cfk"lt{sf] ;'lglZrttf, cfktsfnLg ;]jfx¿df OG6/g]6 ;~hfn -Internet Connectivity_ sf]] Uof/]06L, Fire wall sf] Joj:yf, ;'/lIft tYofÍx¿df encryption sf] k|of]u, cBfjlws Antivirus sf] k|of]u, tYofÍx¿sf] uf]kgLotf sfod ug]{, rf]/L / b'¿kof]u x'g glbg] / tYofÍx¿sf] cgflwsfl/s kx'Fr x'g g;Sg] h:tf k|aGwx¿ ul/g' cfjZos x'G5 .

ljB'tLo zf;gsf] k|j4{gsf nflu ckgfpg'kg]{ /0fgLltx¿ != sfg'gL÷gLltut

� ;"rgf k|ljlw ;DaGwL k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;, hgzlQmsf] pTkfbg / Ifdtf ljsf; tyf To;sf] pkof]u ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L tTsfn ljB'tLo zf;g u'¿of]hgf -e-Governance Master Plan) sf] th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g' cfjZos 5 .

� /fHon] lghLIf]qnfO{ u|fdL0f / b'u{d If]qdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf nufgL ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ gLlt clVtof/ u/L ;xhstf{, k|j4{ssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ kb{5 .

� lhNnf l:yt sfof{nox¿df /x]sf ;"rgf k|ljlw ;DaGwL xf8{j]o/, ;km\6j]o/ tyf OG6/g]6 ;~hfn k|0ffnLdf cfpg ;Sg] ;d:ofx¿sf] tTsfn ;dfwfg u/L ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;'rf¿ ug{ ;]jf s/f/ dfkm{t jflif{s dd{t ;Def/ ;Demf}tf -Annual Maintainance Contract) df Ps¿ktf Nofpg] u/L dfu{bz{g ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

� ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf pTkflbt hgzlQmnfO{ ;/sf/L ;]jfk|lt cfslif{t u/L pgLx¿sf] ljz]if1tfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;"rgf k|ljlw ;d"x u7g u/L Jojl:yt ul/g' kb{5 .

� ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] JofkstfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L ljB'tLo sf/f]jf/ P]g nufotsf sfg'gx¿nfO{ ;do;fk]If kl/dfh{g tyf ;+zf]wg ub}{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;Defljt hf]lvd tyf ck/fwx¿nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ tkm{ Wofg lbb} ;"rgf k|ljlw P]gsf] th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos 5 .

@= ;+:yfut

� lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf jftf/0f cGt/ut ;"rgf k|ljlw ljefu u7g ePsf], ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno cGt/ut ;"rgf ljefu sfo{/t /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf Nofpgsf] nflu oL b'a} dGqfnox¿sf] k'g;+{/rgf ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ;fy} /fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw s]Gb| -NITC) / k|df0fLs/0f lgoGqssf] sfof{no nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlw ljefu cGt/ut NofO{ sfdsf/jfxLdf

322

Ps¿ktf ;xhtf / k|efjsfl/tf sfod ul/g' cfjZos 5 . ljB'tLo zf;gsf] ;du| ;dGjo, ;xhLs/0f / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ ;"rgf k|ljlw ljefusf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf; u/L sfof{Tds ;ª\u7gsf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/fpg' h¿/L 5 .

� lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltx¿n] lhNNffdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljBdfg cj:yf -pknAw hgzlQm, k|ljlw k"jf{wf/x¿, hgtfsf] kx'Frsf] :t/, ;Defljt ljsf; ;fem]bf/, lghL If]q cflb_ sf] ;j]{If0f u/L ljB'tLo ;]jf -e-Services) k|bfg ug{ cfjZos gLltx¿ clVtof/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu xfn lh=lj=;=df /x]sf] ;"rgf tyf clen]v s]Gb|nfO{ bIf hgzlQm ;lxtsf] ;"rgf k|ljlw s]Gb| jf e-Governance Promotion Unit sf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 .

� ;fj{hlgs ;]jf leqsf] hgzlQmnfO{ ;do ;fk]If ;"rgf k|ljlw ;DaGwL 1fg lbnfpgsf] nflu :jfoQ k|s[ltsf] ;"rgf k|ljlw tflnd s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

� ;"rgf k|ljlw ;DaGwL hgzlQmsf] /fli6«o / cGt/fli6«o :t/df dfu al9/x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;"rgf k|ljlw ;DaGwL bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{sf] nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ug{ cfjZos 5 .

#= sfo{ut

� s'g} Ps lgsfon] lgdf{0f u/L k|of]udf NofPsf ;km\6j]o/ x¿ cGo lgsfodf klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] x'Fbf ;f]sf nflu ;dGjo / ;fem]bf/L ug]{ k4ltsf] cjnDag ul/g' h¿/L 5 .

� pknAw ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t k|0ffnLx¿sf] k|rf/ k|;f/sf] sdLn] ubf{ gful/sn] ;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] ;+rfngdf NofPsf ljB'tLo ;]jf -e-services) h:t}M dtbftf gfdfjnL, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] cgnfOg ph'/L k|0ffnL, cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu / sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{nosf cgnfO{g ;]jf nufotsf] k|of]u x'g g;s]sf] x'Fbf hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{ ;"rgfd"ns ;Gb]zx¿ k|jfx ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .

� lzIff, :jf:Yo, s[lif, ko{6g nufotsf If]qsf] ljsf;df ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ clej[l4 ug{ tt\ tt\ If]qsf s]Gb|Lo lgsfox¿ aLr ;dGjo / ;fem]bf/L ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� b]ze/L OG6/g]6 ;~hfnsf] Joj:yf / ;Dk"0f{ ;/sf/L lgsfosf tYofÍx¿sf] tYofÍ a}+s -Data Bank) sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{sf] nflu lgdf{0f eO{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf] Government Integrated Data Center (GIDC) df ;Dk"0f{ lgsfosf tYofÍx¿ e08f/0f u/L ;f] sf] ljZj;gLo, k|efjsf/L, ;'/lIft / ;xh pkof]usf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

323

� ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 k|jfx x'g] ;]jf / ;Dkfbg ul/g] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{nfO{ e/kbf]{, ldtJooL, l56f] 5l/tf], ;/n / ;xh agfpg ljBdfg dfgj cfwfl/t k|0ffnL -Manual Based System) nfO{ qmdzM sDKo'6/Ls[t k|0ffnLdf ¿kfGt/0f ub}{ ;/sf/L ;~hfnnfO{ lhNnf :t/sf sfof{nox¿;Dd lj:tf/ u/]df ;]jfk|jfx k|efjsf/L x'g] b]lvG5 .

� ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] a9\bf] k|of]un] lgDTofpg ;Sg] b'¿kof]usf] hf]lvdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ cfjZos hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng ug]{ tyf Hacking nufotsf ;fOa/ ck/fw ;DaGwL ;'/Iff hf]lvdnfO{ sd ug{ sDKo"6/Ls[t k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'/lIft / ljZj;gLo agfpFb} n}hfg' kg]{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf 5 .

� ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿ Psåf/ k|0ffnLaf6 pknAw u/fpg] National Portal sf] ljsf; u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;+rfng ug]{ k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .

� /fli6«o kl/ro kqnfO{ k+hLs/0f, cfos/, ;jf/L rfns cg'dlt kq, /fxbfgL nufotsf ;]jfx¿;Fu cfa4 u/L ;xh ;]jf k|jfx, bf]xf]/f] lng] / b'¿kof]u ug]{ k|j[lQsf] lg¿T;fxg / k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx ug{ ;lsG5 .

� cbfnt / cw{Goflos lgsfoaf6 nfu]sf] s}b hl/jfgfsf] ljj/0fnfO{ j]j;fO6 dfkm{t k|sfzg u/L b08 hl/jfgf nfu]sf JolQmnfO{ s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f gul/g] k|aGw ug{ ;lsG5 .

� Ifltk"lt{ ;lxtsf] gful/s j8fkqnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwo'Qm agfO{ ;/sf/sf] gful/sk|ltsf] bfloTj lgjf{xdf ;xhtf Nofpg ;lsg] b]lvG5 .

pk;+xf/ ljB'tLo zf;g cfhsf] dfu / cfjZostf xf] . ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; geO{sg ljB'tLo zf;gsf] cjnDag ;Dej 5}g . ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf;, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf pks/0f, dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; / ;"rgf k|ljlwd}qL sfg'gx¿sf] th'{df ug]{ tkm{ ljz]if Wofg lbg' h¿/L 5 . ljB'tLo zf;gsf] cjnDag ug{ ;s]df /fHo / /fHo afx]ssf If]qaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx¿df kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf, ldtJolotf, k|efjsfl/tf, sfo{lz3|tf, lgikIftf, b'u{ddf ;xh ;]jf k|jfx / kx'Frsf] :yfkgf, ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] k|j4{g, ;dGjo / cg'udg, d"NofÍg tyf k[i7kf]if0f ;d]tdf pNn]Vo ;'wf/ eO{ ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ;|f]t ;fwg ;lxtsf] ljB'tLo zf;g u'¿of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ / pQm u'¿of]hgfn] klxrfg u/]sf k|fyldstfsf If]qx¿df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ If]qut÷dGqfnout ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlw of]hgf÷kl/of]hgfx¿sf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog ul/g' cfjZos 5 . k|zf;g k'g;{+/rgf cfof]usf] g]kfndf ljB'tLo zf;g k|jw{g;DaGwL k|ltj]bg tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf ePsf cWoog cg';Gwfg Pjd\ l;kmfl/; ;DaGwL cGo k|ltj]bgx¿ ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ljB'tLo zf;gsf] dfWodaf6 ;'zf;gsf] k|jw{gug{ /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs, lghL If]q, gful/s ;dfh / ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] ;dGjofTds 9Ëaf6 ;xsfo{ ug{' TolQs} cfjZos 5 .

324

kl/R5]b–!^

b'u{d If]qdf ;]jf k|jfx

k[i7e"ld /fHosf ;a} If]qdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|jfx k|efjsf/L agfO{ gful/ssf] kx'Fr clej[l4 ug{'sf] ;fy;fy} u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf ;dfg ¿kdf ljt/0f ug{] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf ug{ ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . /fHoaf6 pknAw u/fOg] ;]jfx¿ hgtfnfO{ ;xh / u'0f:t/Lo ¿kdf lgs6td ljGb'af6 pknAw u/fpg' cfw'lgs nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHo Joj:yfsf] d"ne"t p2]Zo xf] . /fHosf] ;]jf k|jfx /fHosf] cfly{s Ifdtf, ;fdflhs cj:yf tyf gful/ssf] ;r]tgfsf] cj:yf, /f]hfO{ / k|fyldstf h:tf tTjdf lge{/ /x]sf] x'G5 eg] ;]jf k|jfxsf] k4lt b]zsf] ef}uf]lns l:ylt, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts cj:yf h:tf kl/j]zaf6 k|efljt ePsf] x'G5 .

;/sf/n] /fHosf tkm{af6 gful/snfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tfn] ;/sf/k|lt gful/ssf] ljZaf; a9fpg] / ;sf/fTds wf/0ff lgdf{0f ul//x]sf] x'G5 . b]zsf ;a} If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ cfd gful/ssf nflu k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfx¿ k|efjsf/L, ;/n, l56f] / 5l/tf] ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg b]znfO{ ljleGg k|zf;sLo OsfO{x¿df ljefhg ug]{ k|rng cg'¿k g]kfnnfO{ !$ c~rn, &% lhNNff tyf dftxtdf %* gu/kflnsf tyf #(!% uflj;x¿df ljefhg u/L ;f]xL cg'¿ksf k|zf;lgs OsfO{x¿sf] u7g ul/Psf 5g\ . gful/snfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{sf] nflu klxrfg u/L :yfkgf ul/Psf ;+oGqnfO{ k|efjsf/L / hLjGt agfO{ /fVg cfjZos bIf hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg u/L dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍdf kl5 k/]sf b'u{d If]qdf /fHoåf/f pknAw u/fOg] cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|jfx u/L tNNff] tx;DDf /fHo tyf ;/sf/sf] pkl:yltsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

325

;'ud tyf zx/L If]qdf k|jfx ul/g] ;]jfsf] t'ngfdf b'u{d If]qdf k|jfx ul/g] ;]jfdf leGg k|s[ltsf ;d:of tyf r'gf}ltx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . b'u{d If]qdf ;]jfsf] pknAwtf, ;]jfdf kx'Fr, k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/, nfut / ;dfg ¿kdf ;]jfsf] ljt/0f jf k|jfxdf ;d]t ;'uddf eGbf leGgtf /x]sf] 5 . ef}uf]lns ¿kdf b'u{d If]qdf a;f]af; ug{] gful/snfO{ /fHosf] tkm{af6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpgsf] nflu cjnDag ug{' kg{] k|lqmof / ;'wf/sf] ;DaGwdf o; kl/R5]bdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

b'u{d :yfgdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug{ ePsf k|of;x¿sf] l;+xfjnf]sg ! cGt/{fli6«o ;Gbe{

;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ s;/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|jfx ug{] eGg] ;DaGwdf ljleGg k|0ffnLx¿sf] pNn]v ug{] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . lunj6{ / l:krt\ -Gilbert & Specht_ n] k|zf;sLo b[li6af6 s]Gb|Lo k|0ffnL jf ljs]lGb|t k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag, PsLs[t jf ljleGg ;+:yfaf6 ;]jf k|jfx, Psåf/ k|0ffnL jf ljleGg åf/af6 ;]jf k|jfx, Jofj;flos sd{rf/L jf pkef]Qmf dfkm{t h:tf tl/sfsf] cjnDag u/L ;]jf k|jfx ug{ ;lsg] pNn]v u/]sf 5g . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ljleGg d'n'sn] ljleGg cEof; / k|of]u ug{] u/]sf] kfOG5 . a]nfotn] gful/s j8fkqsf] cjwf/0fnfO{ cjnDag u/L u|fxssf] rog, ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/sf] dfkb08x¿, :jtGq d"Nof+sg, lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ / j8fkq k|df0f -Charter Marks_ h:tf l;4fGtx¿sf] ljsf; u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L s/f/ dfkm{t ;]jf k|jfx, ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;zlQms/0f h:tf tl/sfaf6 klg ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg ;lsg] Joxf]/f cGt/f{li6«o bft[ lgsfox¿n] pNn]v ug{] u/]sf 5g\ .

hgtfdf k'¥ofOg] ;]jfsf] k|lqmofsf] af/]df ljleGg dfGotfx¿ k|rngdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfn h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sdf dfq xf]Og ljsl;t d'n'sdf klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] ljifo lg/Gt/ ;'wf/sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . ljsl;t d'n'sx¿ ;]jf k|jfxdf u'0f:t/sf] clej[l4 tyf cfw'lgsLs/0fdf hf]8 lb+b} ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pRrtd k|of]uaf6 ;]jfsf] kxF'rdf j[l4 / gful/sx¿nfO{ ljsNk pknAw u/fPsf] kfOG5 . OG6/g]6sf] pRrtd k|of]uaf6 sfuhljxLg (Paperless) / ;]jf lng sfof{nodf ;]jfu|fxL :jo+ pkl:yt x'g' gkg{] u/L Faceless ;]jf k|jfx k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/]sf] kfOG5 . Sofgf8fn] Government-Online (GOL) gfddf ;g\ !((( b]lv ljleGg ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ cgnfOgaf6 pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . To;} u/L ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf b'u{d If]qsf] ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ ug{ v-GOV (Video Government) sf] cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjogdf NofO{ ;]jfdf k|ToIf kx'Frsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf gful/ssf] kx'Fr / ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf clej[l4 ug{, lgwf{l/t ;dod} nlIft ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ljleGg k|of]u / cEof;x¿ ePsf 5g . sltko d'n'sn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|fKt ug{ rfxg] gful/snfO{ To:tf] ;]jf sfof{nodf cfkm} k'u]/, cgnfOgaf6 jf xftdf /x]sf] df]afOndWo] s'g tl/sfaf6 k|fKt ug{] eGg] ;Ddsf] ljsNksf] 5gf}6 / ;]jfdf kx'Frsf] Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ . l;+ufk'/n] i-

326

Gov. 2010 sf] /0fgLlt adf]lhd m-Gov. (Mobile Government) sf] cjwf/0ff k|of]udf NofPsf]5 . km|fG;n] Administration 24h/7 cjwf/0ff ljsf; u/]sf]5 . To;} u/L ci6]«lnofn] ;]jf lng rfxg] ;]jfu|fxL ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] lgsfodf ;xL tl/sf / k|lqmofut ;xh ¿kdf k'Ug] cj:yf ;[hgf ug{ æNo wrong door" gLlt lnPsf]5 . cfo/Nof08n] PSB (Public Service Broker) sf] cjwf/0ffaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ rf}aL;} 306f pknAw x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] g]b/Nof08 tyf l;+ufk'/n] ;]jf k|jfxdf gful/sx¿sf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ .

@ g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿

g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ ug{sf] nflu ;do ;dodf ljleGg lj1x¿af6 ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fusf] k/fdz{ jf ;Nnfx (Consultation_, ;]jfsf] kx'Fr -Access_ df clej[l4, ;]jf k|bfg ug{] sd{rf/Ln] ;]jfu|fxLk|lt b]vfpg] lzi6frf/ -Courtesy_, ;]jf ;DaGwL ;"rgf -Information_ sf] k|jfx, ;]jf k|jfxdf v'nfkg / kf/blz{tf -Openness and transparency_, ;]jf ;DaGwL u'gf;fx¿ / ltgLx¿sf] ;'g'jfO{, k};fsf] dxTj, rog / ljsNk h:tf ljifox¿df ;'wf/ ug{' kg{] s'/f cf}+Nofpg] u/]sf 5g\ .

hgtfdf k'¥ofpg] ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;DaGwdf ljutsf k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]uaf6 klg cWoog u/L ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbOPsf] lyof] . pRr:t/Lo k|zf;sLo k'gu{7g of]hgf cfof]u, @)!# n] sfo{ljlw, sfo{If]q tyf sfo{ k|lqmofdf g} ;'wf/sf] nflu ;'emfj u/] adf]lhd sltko ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgf tyf k|zf;sLo sfg'gsf] th{'df u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofO{Psf] lyof] . k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)@% n] klg k|zf;sLo ;ª\u7g, sfof{no sfo{ljlw tyf sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf If]qdf ;'wf/ ub{} ;]jf k|jfxdf ;d]t ;'wf/sf] nflu sfo{ u/]sf] lyof] . To;} u/L k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)#@ n] Citizen centred service x'g' kg{] dfGotfsf ;fy k|zf;sLo ;ª\u7g tyf sfo{ljlwdf ;'wf/sf] nflu ;'emfj lbb} hgtfsf] ;'ljwfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ k|zf;sLo sfo{ljlwsf] lgwf{/0f ug{' kg{], To:tf sfo{ljlw ;/n efiffdf agfpg] tyf hg;fwf/0fsf] efiffdf k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{' kg{] h:tf ;'emfjx¿ lbPsf] lyof] .

;/sf/n] hgtfdf k'¥ofpg] ;]jfsf] k|efjsf/Ltfsf] ljifonfO{ ;d]t cWoog / ;'emfjsf] sfo{If]qut zt{sf] ¿kdf pNn]v u/]/ u7g ePsf] k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)$* sf] k|ltj]bgn] ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fPsf ;]jfx¿ hgtfsf] cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug{ ;lsg] gePsf], nlIft ju{df gk'u]sf], u'0f:t/ ;Gtf]ifhgs g/x]sf] / pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] s'zn pkof]u x'g g;s]sf] sdL sdhf]/L cf}NofpFb} pknAw u/fOg] ;]jfsf] lgwf{/0f tyf ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] Joj:yf ug{], sfo{k|ls|of lgwf{/0fdf lhNnf:t/sf sfof{no k|d'vnfO{ :jfoQtf lbg], cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] tyf sltko ;]jf lghL jf u}/ ;/sf/L If]q;Fu s/f/ u/L To:tf lgsfoaf6 k|bfg ug{] tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ ;]jf ;~rfngdf ;+nUg u/fpg] h:tf ;'emfjx¿ lbPsf] lyof] .

d'n'sdf @)^# ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngaf6 nf]stGqsf] k'g{axfnL kl5 u7g ul/Psf] k|zf;g k'g{;+/rgf cfof]u, @)^% n] klg cfkm\gf] k|yd cGtl/d k|ltj]bgnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;'wf/df s]lGb|t u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/sf] nflu ljlwsf] zf;g, zflGt ;'/Iff, zflGt :yfkgf / åGå lgjf/0f, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf gful/sf] kx'Fr, lghfdtL ;]jfsf ;d:ofsf] klxrfg

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u/L ;dfwfgsf] nflu ;'emfjsf] ;fy;fy} ljifout ;]jf k|jfxdf ;d]t lj:t[t ¿kdf ;'emfj lbPsf] cj:yf 5 .

#= b'u{d If]qsf] klxrfg

;]jf k|bfg ul/g] If]q / nlIft ju{sf] klxrfg u/]/ lgwf{/0f ul/g] ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|lqmofaf6 dfq lgwf{l/t ju{nfO{ ;xL ;dodf pko'Qm ;]jf pknAw u/fpg ;lsg] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . o; k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldltnfO{ lbOPsf] sfof{b]zdWo] Pp6f sfof{b]z b'u{d If]qdf k|jfx ul/g] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpgsf] nflu ;'wf/sf If]qsf] klxrfg / ;'emfj k]z ug{' /x]sf]5 . b'u{d If]q eGgfn] ;fdfGotof 6f9f–6f9f 5l/P/ /x]sf j:tL, hg;+Vofsf] rfk sd ePsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kdf sd ljsf; ePsf] / ef}uf]lns ¿kdf cnUu} /x]sf] -Isolated) e"efunfO{ a'em\g] ul/G5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df b'u{d If]qsf] kl/efiff ljleGg k|of]hgsf] nflu km/s–km/s ¿kdf ePsf] kfO{G5 . rfn' lqjifL{o ljsf; of]hgfn] vfBfGg cfk"lt{sf] nflu lxdfnL / kxf8L u/L #) lhNnfnfO{ b'u{d lhNnfsf] ¿kdf pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .

:yfgLo eQf pknAw u/fpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] dgfª, d'u', x'Dnf, 8f]Nkf, sflnsf]6 / afh'/f lhNnfnfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L b'u{d dflg æsÆ ju{df /fv]/ :yfgLo eQf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 eg] d':tfª, h'Dnf, aemfª / bfr'{nf lhNnfnfO{ ævÆ ju{, ¿s'd, hfh/sf]6, b}n]v / c5fd lhNnfnfO{ æuÆ ju{ tfKn]h'ª\u, ;+v'af;ef, ef]hk'/, t]x|y'd, vf]6fª, cf]vn9'Ëf, ;f]n'v'Da', DofUbL, /f]Nkf, ;Nofg, Ko"7fg, 88]nw'/f, a}t8L, 8f]6L u/L !$ lhNnfnfO{ æ3Æ ju{df / kfFry/ nufotsf !# lhNnfnfO{ æªÆ ju{df /flvPsf] 5 . o;af6 $! lhNnfdf :yfgLo eQf lbg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]5 . :yfgLo eQfsf] ;Gbe{df plNnlvt æsÆ / ævÆ ju{sf lhNnfnfO{ dfq n'ufeQf lbg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) n] lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ a9'jfsf] nflu cÍ k|bfg ug{] k|of]hgsf] nflu g]kfnsf lhNnfnfO{ rf/ ef}uf]lns ju{df ljefhg u/]klg b'u{d If]qsf] kl/efiff eg] u/]sf] 5}g oBlk a9L b'u{d If]qdf sfd ug{]nfO{ a9L cÍ k|bfg ug{] Joj:yf 5 .

To;} u/L b'u{d If]q ljsf; ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z, @)## adf]lhdsf] ;ldltsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu b'u{d If]q eGgfn] ;f]n'v'Da", dgfª, d':tfª, ¿s'd, 8f]Nkf, d'u', x'Dnf, h'Dnf, sflnsf]6, hfh/sf]6, afh'/f, aemfª / bfr'{nf u/L hDdf !# lhNnfnfO{ k"/} b'u{d / tfKn]h'ª, ;+v'af;ef, bf]nvf, /;'jf, uf]/vf, /f]Nkf, c5fd, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, wflbª u/L hDdf ( lhNnfnfO{ cf+lzs b'u{d If]qsf] ¿kdf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 .

5fqj[lQ ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu klg b'u{d If]q ljsf; ;ldltsf] juL{s/0fdf ldNg] u/L !# lhNnfnfO{ k"/} b'u{d / ( lhNnfsf ljleGg () ufpFljsf; ;ldltx¿nfO{ b'u{d If]qsf] ¿kdf kl/efiff ul/Psf]5 . o;/L lhNnfut ¿kdf x]bf{ !# j6f lhNnf k"/} / ( j6f lhNnf cf+lzs ¿kdf u/L hDdf @@ lhNnf b'u{d If]qsf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

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;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{ tyf lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|of; :j¿k ;s/fTds lje]bsf] cjwf/0ff cGtu{t cf/If0f k|of]hgsf] nflu lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf &-&_ df lk5l8Psf] If]qnfO{ klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . h; cGtu{t c5fd, sflnsf]6, hfh/sf]6, h'Dnf, 8f]Nkf, jemfË, jfh'/f, d'u' / x'Dnf u/L ( lhNnf o;df k/]sf 5g\ . oL If]q b'u{d ePsf] eGg] s'/f :jtM :ki6 5 .

plNnlvt Joj:yfaf6 ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;Gbe{df b'u{d If]q lgwf{/0f ubf{ s'g} Ps cfwf/ lng ;lsG5 . To;dWo] ;a}eGbf pQd cfwf/ b'u{d If]q ljsf; ;ldltsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] If]qnfO{ b'u{d If]qsf] ¿kdf lnO{ To:tf] If]qdf k|jfx ul/g] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg] u/L ;]jf lng] hg;+Vofsf] klxrfg, pgLx¿sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf z}lIfs :t/sf] cfwf/df k|jfx ul/g] ;]jfsf] :t/ / tl/sf tyf ;f]sf] nflu cfjZos ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yf ug{' kg{] x'G5 .

jt{dfg cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] /fHosf] tkm{af6 hgtfnfO{ k|jfx ul/g] ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] af/]df ;/sf/nfO{ l;4fGt tyf gLltsf] lgb{]z ub{} ;f]sf] nflu Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / GofokflnsLo cËsf] :yfkgf tyf sfo{ ljefhg ul/lbPsf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf nflu Joj:yflksfaf6 ;]jf k|jfx tyf zf;g ;~rfng ;DaGwL ljleGg P]gx¿sf] th{'df u/L nfu" ePsf 5g\ . k|Tofof]lht clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L sfo{kflnsfaf6 klg ljleGg lgodfjnL, cfb]z, lgb{]lzsf, sfo{ljlw, dfkb08x¿sf] ljsf; u/L nfu" ul/Psf 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg @)^! ;fndf ;/sf/L ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg] lgb{]lzsf, @)^! sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] lyof] . To;} u/L ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf] Joj:yf, ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$, ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ / lgodfjnL, @)^% nfu" /x]sf 5g\ . ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ n] k|zf;sLo sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L tyf st{Jo tf]s]sf], sfo{;Dkfbgsf] nflu cjnDag ug{' kg{] sfo{ljlw, sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/sf] Joj:yf, ;/f]sf/jfnf tyf gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xefuLtf, ;]jf k|jfxdf Ifltk"lt{ ;lxtsf] gful/s j8fkqsf] k|of]u, 3'DtL ;]jfsf] ;~rfng, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ tyf u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg h:tf k|fjwfgx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf]5 . xfn} hf/L ePsf] zf;sLo tyf cfly{s ;'wf/sf] tTsfnLg sfo{of]hgf, @)^( n] klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg Ifltk"lt{;lxtsf] gful/s j8fkqsf] sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 eg] lhNnf:t/sf sfof{nodf sfo{/t sd{rf/L sDtLdf jflif{s @)) lbg sfof{nodf xflh/ /xg' kg{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;d]t plrt Wofg lbOPsf] cj:yf 5 eg] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpFb} nluPsf] cj:yf 5 . sfof{nosf] sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ dfkgof]Uo ;"rsf+ssf] lgwf{/0f u/L cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug{] cfwf/x¿sf] ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf] 5 . hgr]tgfsf] clej[l4sf] nflu ljleGg lgsfox¿af6 clwsf/d'vL b[li6 -Right based approach_ af6 cled'vLs/0f tyf ;r]tgf sfo{qmd tyf ;"rgfsf] k|jfx x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf afxs dflgg] sd{rf/L b'u{d If]qdf a;]/ ;]jfk|lt ;dlk{t eP/ hgtfnfO{ ;]jf k|jfx u/fpgsf] nflu lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( tyf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL,@)%) n] b'u{d If]qdf sfd ug{] sd{rf/LnfO{ ef}uf]lns c+s jfkt a9L c+s lbg],

329

;¿jf ubf{ ;a} If]qsf] cg'ej u/fpg] u/L ;¿jf ug{] Joj:yf u/]sf] tyf g]kfn ;/sf/n] b'u{d If]qdf sfd ug{] sd{rf/LnfO{ :yfgLo eQf pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] ePklg juL{s[t u/]sf :yfgsf sfof{nox¿df sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg sfo{ r'gf}ltk"0f{ / hl6n ag]sf] 5 . o:tf sfof{nox¿df sd{rf/L hfg grfxg], uPsf sd{rf/Lx¿ klg clwsf+z ;do tflnd, sfh tyf labfdf lhNNff aflx/ /xg] / Go"gtd ;]jf cjlw g} k"/f gu/L ;¿jf x'g] sf/0f ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .

;/sf/L k|of;sf] afjh'b klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf cfpg g;Sg'df ljleGg sf/0fx¿ pNn]v ug{] u/]sf] kfOG5 . To:tf sf/0fx¿dWo] k|zf;g oGqdf k/Dk/fut ;f]r tyf ;sf/fTds wf/0ffsf] sdL, l;ldt ;|f]t ;fwg, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pRrtd pkof]usf] cefj, ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;r]tgfsf] sdL, bjfj ;d"xsf] cefj, ;/n tyf :ki6 sfo{ljlw jf k|lqmofsf] sdL k|d'v sf/0f /x]sf 5g\ . oL sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ gful/ssf] ck]Iff cg'¿k u'0f:t/Lo ;fj{hlgs ;]jf glhssf] ljGb'af6 ;xh tyf ;'ne ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] cj:yf cGo :yfgsf] t'ngfdf b'u{d If]qdf cem a9L hl6n, gful/ssf] kx'FreGbf 6f9f / vlr{nf] aGb} uPsf]5 .

b'u{d If]qdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ul/g'kg{] ;'wf/sf] nflu ;'emfjx¿ ;/sf/af6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf ;'ud If]qsf] t'ngfdf b'u{d If]qdf sd k|efjsf/L x'g'sf ljljw sf/0fx¿dWo] ;]jfdf kx'Frsf] sdL, ;]af;DaGwL ;"rgfsf] sdL, ef}uf]lns ljs6tf, ;f] If]qsf gful/sx¿sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf z}lIfs cj:yf, b'u{d If]qdf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sd pkl:ylt tyf pkl:yt sd{rf/Lsf] klg sfo{z}nL tyf Jojxf/ ;]jfu|fxL d}qL gx'g' h:tf sf/0fx¿ k|d'v /x]sf 5g\ . b'u{d If]qsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg b]xfosf If]qdf b]xfo adf]lhd ;'wf/ ug{' cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .

! b'u{d If]qsf gful/ssf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf kx'Fr a9fpg ul/g' kg{] ;'wf/x¿

;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg] ;]jfsf] af/]df kof{Kt hfgsf/L k|fKt ePdf dfq ;]jf k|jfxdf ;d]t ;'wf/ cfpg] / nlIft ju{n] ;]jf lng ;Sg] x'G5 . ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg] ;]jfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lng rfxg]nfO{ ;xh ¿kdf hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g], ;]jfdf kx'Fr x'g;Sg] / kx'Frsf] nflu j}slNks dfWodsf] pknAwtf Pj+ ;]jfu|fxL ;]jf lng sfof{nodf k'u]kl5 lghnfO{ sd{rf/Laf6 ul/g] Jojxf/ ;d]tdf ;'wf/ u/]df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|jfxdf ;'wf/ tyf ;]jf k|bfosk|ltsf] ;sf/fTds efjgfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . b'u{d If]qdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf gful/ssf] kx'Fr a9fpg b]xfo adf]lhdsf] Joj:yf ug{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 M

!=! b'u{d If]qdf ;/sf/af6 pknAw u/fO{Psf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] af/]df gful/sx¿nfO{ To:tf] ;]jf pknAw x'g] sfof{no, ;]jf k|fKt ug{sf] nflu k'¥ofpg' kg{] k|lqmof, nfUg] b:t'/ / ;do ;d]tsf] af/]df :yfgLo efiffaf6 ;d]t :yfgLo /]l8of] tyf ;~rf/sf dfWodaf6 hfgsf/L lbg] Joj:yf ug{' kg{] .

!=@ b'u{d If]qsf k|To]s sfof{nodf :yfgLo efiff a'em\g / af]Ng ;Sg] sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug{] / ;]jfu|fxL sfof{nodf ;]jf lng cfpFbf ;]jf k|flKtsf] hfgsf/L

330

lng rfx]sf oyfy{ / kof{Kt hfgsf/L lbb} ;]jfsf] nflu kmf/d jf lgj]bg eg{ ;xof]u cfjZos ePdf To:tf] ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg ;xfotf sIfsf] Joj:yf ug{] .

!=# ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ clej[l4 ub{} ;f] k|ljlw pknAw x'g] / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] gful/sn] ;f] dfWodaf6 ;]jfdf kxF'r ug{ rfx]df ;]jfdf kx'Fr pknAw u/fpg ;Sg] u/L :yfgLo gful/ssf] cj:yf cg';f/ qmdzM ;]jfsf] kx'Frdf ljljlws/0f ug{] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu nf]s ;]jfsf] lj1fkg df]jfOndf klg x]g{ ;lsg] / OG6/g]6sf] ;'ljwf ePsf] :yfgdf cgnfOgaf6 kmd{ eg{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ug{] .

!=$ b'u{d tyf 5l/P/ /x]sf j:tLx¿af6 ;]jf k|flKtsf] nflu ;]jf k|bfg ul/g] sfof{nodf cfpFbf nfUg] vr{ tyf cjlwsf] sf/0f ;]jfsf] kx'Fr tyf k|efjsfl/tfdf k|lts"n c;/ kg{] tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf dx+uf] aGb} uPsf] ;Gbe{df b'u{d If]qsf k|To]s ;]jf k|bfos lgsfon] jflif{s sfo{tflnsf agfO{ sDtLdf klg 5 dlxgf klxn]b]lv ;]jf pknAw u/fO{g] lbgx¿ / ;]jfx¿sf] af/]df k|rf/ k|zf/ u/L Ps jif{df g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] ;+Vofdf PsLs[t 3'DtL ;]jf clgjfo{ ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ug{] .

!=% ljleGg ;+:s[ltsf] sf/0f jf efiffsf] ;d:ofaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;dod} lng g;s]sf jf ;]jf lng ;xh dx;'; gu/]sfx¿sf] nflu :yfgLo efiffdf ;d]t ;]jf pknAw u/fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf ug{] .

!=^ czQm tyf ckfË gful/sx¿sf] nflu ;]jfdf ;xh kx'Fr x'g ;Sg] u/L ef}lts tyf cGo ;+/rgfsf] ljsf; ug{], ;]jf kx'Frdf ljljlws/0f ubf{ klg o;tkm{ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg] .

!=& b'u{d lhNnfsf ;]jf k|bfos lgsfosf] ;dGjodf :yfgLo ;dfh;]jL, Ho]i7 gful/s jf ;]jf lgj[Q sd{rf/Lx¿dWo]af6 ;+ej eP k|To]s ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx /fhb"t jf :jo+;]jssf] lgo'lQm ug{] / To:tf :jo+ ;]jsnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf lngsf] nflu hfg' kg{] lgsfo, k'¥ofpg' kg{] k|lqmof, nfUg] b:t'/ / ;]jf pknAw x'g nfUg] ;do ;d]tsf] af/]df cled'lvs/0f tflnd lbO{ :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ hfgsf/Lsf] k|jfx ug{] tyf ;]jf lngsf] nflu ;xhLs/0f ug{] Joj:yf ug{] .

!=* ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf kx'Fr a9fpg tyf gful/sx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbO{ ;r]t agfpg :yfgLo ;+3;+:yf tyf /fhgLlts bnx¿n] klg cleofgsf] ¿kdf cfjZos sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ePdf ;]jfsf] kx'Frdf j[l4sf] ;fy} ;]jf k|jfxdf x'g] l9nfO / clgoldttfdf sdL Nofpg ;xof]u k'Ug] .

@ gful/s cfjZostftkm{ s]lGb|t ;]jf k|jfxsf] ljsf; ug{]

;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|jfxsf] ;Gbe{df ;b}j ;]jfu|fxL gful/snfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fVg' cfjZos dflgG5 . ;]jf k|jfxdf ;/sf/sf] k|fyldstf / 5gf}6 d'n'se/sf ;a} If]q / gful/ssf] ;dfg k|fyldstf / 5gf}6sf] ljifo x'g ;Sb}g . ;]jf k|bfossf] cfjZostf

331

/ rfxgf eGbfklg ;]jfu|fxLsf] cfjZostf / rfxgfnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ ;]jfsf] lgwf{/0f / k|jfx ug{' kg{] x'G5 . o; ;Gbe{df b'u{d If]qsf] ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg b]xfo adf]lhdsf] Joj:yf ug{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .

@=! b'u{d If]qsf gful/ssf] cfjZostf klxrfg u/L To;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] cfjZos ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ug{] / ;]jfdf a9LeGbf a9L gful/ssf] kx'Fr x'g ;Sg] cj;/sf] ;[hgf ug{] .

@=@ ;]jf k|bfos lgsfon] ;]jf lng cfpg] gful/ssf] jf:tljs klxrfgdf z+sf ug{' kg{] cj:yf ePsf] sf/0f ;]jf k|jfxdf l9nfO{ tyf k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] x'Fbf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;xL ;dodf ;xL JolQmnfO{ pknAw u/fpgsf] nflu ;]jfu|fxL gful/ssf] z+sf/lxt ¿kdf klxrfg x'g] ;Sg] u/L klxrfgsf] cfjZos Joj:yf (Identity management) ug{] .

@=# b'u{d If]qsf ;]jf k|bfos lgsfosf k|d'vnfO{ cfkm"n] pknAw u/fpg] ;]jfsf] ;Gb{edf cfjZos sfo{ljlw, k|lqmof tyf ;]jf k|bfg;DaGwL lgb{]lzsf h:tf k|lqmofx¿ k|rlnt sfg'gsf] k|lts"n gx'g] u/L :yfgLo cfjZostf cg';f/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ k|bfg ug{] .

# ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg tyf sfo{z}nLdf ;'wf/

;]jf k|bfos sd{rf/Lsf] sfof{nodf cg'kl:yltsf] sf/0f b'u{d If]qsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . Psftkm{ sd{rf/Lx¿ sfof{nodf gx'g] / ePsf klg ;]jf k|jfx k|lt ;Dj]bgzLn g/xg] sf/0f nlIft ju{n] jfl~5t ;]jf ;dod} k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ eg] csf{]tkm{ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg k'/fOPsf] ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] s'zn Joj:yfkg x'g g;ls gf]S;fgL ;d]t ePsf] 5 . ;]jf k|jfxsf] nflu b'u{d If]qdf sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg ug{' r'gf}ltk"0f{ eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg u/L b'u{d If]qsf] ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg b]xfo adf]lhdsf] Joj:yf ug{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 M

#=! sd{rf/Lsf] ;¿jf ;DaGwdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf lgodfjnLn] u/]sf] Joj:yf s8fOsf ;fy nfu" ug{],

#=@ ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] z'¿ lgo'lQmsf] z'¿ kb:yfkg b'u{d If]qdf ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

#=# g]kfn ;/sf/sf] dgf]gogdf tLg dlxgfeGbf a9L cjwLsf] j}b]lzs tflnd tyf cWoog k"/f u/L kms{g] sd{rf/Lsf] kb:yfkgf tyf ;¿jf b'u{d If]qdf ug]{ .

#=$ b'u{d / k"jf{wf/ ljsf; gePsf ljs6 If]qdf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{If]qsf] pRr d"NofÍg ub}{ cfsif{s :yfgLo eQf pknAw u/fpg] ;fy} Ps jif{ Joltt u/L ;s]kl5 sDtLdf @) lbgsf] cfGtl/s ko{6g e|d0f ;'ljwf -kl/jf/;lxt_ sf] ;'ljwf lbg] / ;f] labf cfkmgf] jflif{s ;+lrt labfaf6 s§f x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ .

332

#=% b'u{d If]qdf sDtLdf b'O{ jif{ sfo{ u/]sf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ j}b]lzs cWoog tyf tflnddf k|fyldstf lbO{ dgf]gog ug{] . o; k|of]hgsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt x'g] j}b]lzs e|d0f jf 5fqj[lQsf cj;/dWo]af6 lglZrt k|ltzt cf/If0f u/L b'u{d If]qdf sfo{/t sd{rf/LdWo]af6 dgf]gog ug{] Joj:yf ug{] .

#=^ yk df}lb|s ;'ljwf lbO;s]kl5 jflif{s ¿kdf @ k6s dfq sDtLdf k|To]s k6s !%÷!% lbgsf] 3/ labf -ljz]if kl/l:ylt jfx]s_ ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ .

#=& b'u{d If]qdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] ;xeflutf /xg] u/L s]Gb| jf If]qLo :t/df k6s] tflnd, uf]i7L jf ;]dLgf/ ;+rfng gug{] . To:tf sfo{qmd ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efj gkg{] u/L ;DalGwt lhNnfdf g} ;~rfng ug{] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

#=* b'u{d If]qdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] cfjZostf / kl/rfngsf] nflu ;DalGwt lhNnfsf] k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] k|ltj]bg / ;'emfjsf] cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] ;¿jf, kb:yfkg / kl/rfng ug{ ;xof]u lng] Joj:yf ug]{ .

#=( b'u{d If]qdf lgwf{l/t cjlw;Dd sfd ul/ ;s]kl5 To:tf] sd{rf/Lsf] dfu cg'¿k ;'ud :yfgdf ;¿jf x'g] Joj:yf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno / ;DalGwt dGqfnon] ldnfpg] .

#=!) g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf 5f]/f 5f]/LnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] 5fqj[lQ dWo]af6 sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vofsf] ;dfg'kflts cg'kftdf b'u{d If]qdf sDtLdf b'O{ jif{ sfo{ u/]sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf 5f]/f 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ pknAw u/fpgsf] nflu 5fqj[lQsf] sf]6fdf cf/If0f u/L æb'u{ddf sd{rf/L, 5fqj[lQdf 5f]/f5f]/LÆ eGg] gLlt sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .

#=!! sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jf !@ jif{df klg gx'g] jt{dfg cj:yfsf] sf/0f b'u{d If]qsf] ef}uf]lns c+ssf] cfsif{0f x'g g;s]sf] x'Fbf b'O jif{ b'u{d If]qdf ;]jf u/]sf] sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jf a9Ldf Ps} kbdf sfo{/t /x]sf] cf7 jif{leq} x'g;Sg] u/L a9'jf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{] jf Ps k6s b'O{ jif{sf] cjlw b'u{ddf Joltt gu/];Dd a9'jfdf kg{] ;+efjgf g/xg] u/L lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf cfjZos Joj:yf u/L æb'u{ddf ;¿jf, ;'lglZrt a9'jfÆ eGg] gLlt sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .

#=!@ sd{rf/Ln] ;]jfu|fxLk|lt ug{] Jojxf/df ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpgsf] nflu sd{rf/Ldf pRr dgf]jnsf] ljsf; ug{], ;]jfu|fxLk|lt gd| / c;n Jojxf/ ug{] ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] ljsf; ug{] ;DaGwdf cfjZos tflnd jf cled'lvs/0fsf] Joj:yf u/L j[lQ ljsf; / Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 ug{] / ;]jfu|fxLsf] k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ klg sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf, ;'ljwf tyf j[lQljsf;;Fu cfa4 ug{] .

#=!# ufpFljsf; ;ldltsf] ;|f]t ;fwg, uf=lj=;= ;lrjx¿sf] Ifdtf / e"ldsfdf clej[l4 ug{] tyf sltko ;]jf k|flKtsf] nflu ufpFljsf; ;ldltsf] ;lrj dfkm{t lgj]bg u/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ug{] .

333

$ cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo / ;"rgfsf] cfbfg k|bfg

sltko ;fj{hlgs ;]jf PseGbf a9L lgsfosf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{df k|bfg ug{' kg{] x'G5 . ;]jf k|bfos lgsfox¿ aLrdf /fd|f] ;dGjo tyf ;xsfo{sf] sldsf] sf/0f Ps csf{sf] ;dGjo / ;xof]udf pknAw u/fOg] ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsf/Ltf cfpg g;s]sf] dx;'; ul/Psf]n] ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg o; If]qdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] Joj:yf ug{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 M

$=! lnvt /lhi6«]zg h:tf dfnkf]t / gfkL sfof{nosf] ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo u/L Ps eGbf a9L lgsfosf] ;xsfo{df ;]jf pknAw u/fpg' kg{] ;]jfx¿sf ;DaGwdf To:tf sfof{nox¿ aLr /fd|f] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ x'g], Ps cfk;sf ;"rgfx¿ ;'/lIft ¿kdf cfbfg k|bfg ug{] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ul/g' kg{] . o;sf] nflu To:tf sfof{nox¿ ;+ej eP;Dd Ps} :yfgdf / ;+ej gePdf sDtLdf klg glhs} glhs} /xg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

$=@ s'g} sfof{noaf6 s'g} ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] ;Gbe{df csf{] sfof{nodf /x]sf] clen]v jf ;"rgf cfjZos kg{] ePdf To:tf] ;"rgf ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] sfof{non] g} dfu u/L k|fKt ug{] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf x'g' kg{] .

$=# ;]jf k|bfg ug{] qmddf tof/ ul/Psf] clen]vsf] hfgsf/L csf{] ;]jf k|bfos lgsfo;Fu klg cfbfg k|bfg u/L ;]jf pknAw u/fpFbf pkof]u ug{] Joj:yf ug{] . h:t}M ljB't ;]jf lngsf] nflu ;]jfu|fxLn] k]z u/]sf] lgj]bg tyf sfuhftsf] cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] clen]v vfg]kfgL jf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] lgsfodf klg cfbfg k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] / ;f]sf] cfwf/df lgj]bgdfq lnP/ ;]jf lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf u/L ;]jf lng sd vlr{nf] / sd em0eml6nf] x'g] tyf cgfjZos sfuhL vr{ / clen]v Joj:yfkgdf x'g] :yfgsf] ;d:of 36fpg ;lsg] .

$=$ k|To]s b'u{d lhNnfsf ;]jf k|bfos lgsfox¿n] ;]jfu|fxLsf] oyfy{ ljj/0f;lxtsf] clen]v tof/ u/L Ps cfk;df cfbfg k|bfg ug{], ;]jf k|bfg ubf{ pkof]u ug{] u/L PsLs[t clen]v k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / k|of]u ug{] . h:tf]M ;]jf u|fxLn] lgj]bg lbP kl5 To:tf] ;]jfu|fxLn] lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/]adf]lhdsf] JolQm xf] xf]Og eGg] Joxf]/f lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{non] gful/stf hf/L ubf{ tof/ u/]sf] clen]vaf6 le8fP/ x]g{ ;lsg] / s'g} a}sn] shf{ lb+bf shf{ dfu ug{] JolQmsf] lwtf] jf hUufsf] ljj/0f h:tf cfjZos ljj/0f lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no tyf dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] hfgsf/L lnO{ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ug{] .

% ;]jf k|jfxdf gful/ssf] ;+nUgtf

;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf gful/ssf] ;+nUgtf /xg] Joj:yf ul/Pdf ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsf/Ltf cfpg'sf cltl/Qm ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfos lgsfok|lt gful/ssf] ljZaf; tyf cf:yfdf klg clej[l4 x'G5 . b'u{d If]qsf] ;]jf k|jfxdf gful/ssf] ;+nUgtf u/fpg b]xfosf] Joj:yf ug{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 M

334

%=! ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] pknAw u/fpg] ;]jfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg gful/ssf] ;+nUgtf a9fpg], o;sf] nflu gful/s ;r]tgf sfo{qmd / gful/s bjfj ;d"xsf] lgdf{0fsf] nflu k|]l/t ug{] .

%=@ :j]lR5s ¿kdf ;]jf k|bfgsf] nflu ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf sfd ug{ rfxg] gful/sx¿sf] nflu k|To]s sfof{nodf ;xhstf{ sIfsf] Joj:yf ug{] .

%=# ;]jf k|bfg;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, lgb{]lzsf jf lbUbz{g agfpFbf gful/ssf] klg ;+nUgtf u/fpg] / pgLx¿sf] ;'emfjnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L To:tf sfo{ljlw jf lgb{]lzsf agfpg] .

%=$ ;]jf k|bfos lgsfo tyf ;f]df sfof{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] d"Nof+sgsf] nflu ;]jfu|fxL gful/ssf] k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ klg cfwf/ lng] Joj:yf u/L sd{rf/LnfO{ s'g} cj;/df dgf]gog ubf{, s'g} ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpFbf ;d]t To:tf] k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ klg cfwf/ lng] .

^ lghLIf]q;Fu ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L

^=! ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug{] lgsfox¿ lghLIf]q;Fu cnUu} /x]/ xf]Og Ps csf{;Fusf] ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L u/L ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg' kg{] x'G5 . nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] cjwf/0ffdf ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]qsf] lj:t[lts/0f ePklg ;]jf k|jfxdf lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf klg dxTjk"0f{ x'g] ePsf]n] ;/sf/ cfkm}n] pknAw u/fpg' kg{] afx]ssf cGo ;]jfx¿df lghL If]qsf] klg ;+nUgtf /xg] u/L sfo{ If]qsf] k'gMkl/efiff tyf k'gM lgwf{/0f ul/g' kb{5 . o; If]qdf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] ;]jf k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df lghLIf]q jf u}/ ;/sf/L If]q;Fu s/f/ u/L ;]jf k|jfx ug{] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

^=@ lghLIf]q jf u}/ ;/sf/L If]qn] b'u{d If]qsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ k|j4{g ug{] jf ;xlhs/0f ug{] ;]jf s]Gb| ;~rfng ug{ rfx]df ;f] ug{ k|]l/t ug{] .

^=# b'u{d If]qsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;/sf/L, lghL / u}/;/sf/L If]q aLr ;dGjosf] :yfgLo :t/df ;+oGq ljsf; ug{] .

& :jf:Yo ;]jfdf k|efjsf/Ltf

b'u{d If]qsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;DaGwdf ljleGg k|s/0fdf pNn]v ul/Psf Joj:yfsf] cltl/Qm b'u{d If]qsf] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf k|efjsf/L / ljZj;gLo agfpg b]xfosf] Joj:yf ug{' kg{] b]lvG5M–

&=! b'u{d If]qsf hgtfn] :yfgLo:t/df lghLIf]qaf6 ;d]t :t/Lo / cg'ejL lrlsT;ssf] ;]jf kfpg g;s]sf] ;Gbe{df /fHosf] tkm{af6 pknAw u/fOg] :jf:Yo ;]jf klg e/kbf{] / k|efjsf/L u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . b'u{d If]qdf l;sf¿ Jff sd cg'ej ePsf :jf:YosdL{nfO{ kb:yfkg u/L :jf:Yo ;]jf k|jfx ul/g] sf/0f To:tf] If]qdf pknAw u/fOPsf] :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ Psftkm{ ck]lIft :t/df k|efjsf/L tyf ljZjfl;nf] agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g eg] csf{]tkm{ ;fdfGoeGbf ;dfGo /f]usf] klg ;dod} lgbfg tyf ;xL pkrf/ gx'g], nfu]sf]

335

/f]ueGbf a]Un} cf}ifwf]krf/ ul/g], /f]u cg';Gwfg tyf lgbfgsf] nflu :yfgLo c:ktfndf pknAw pks/0f tyf cf}hf/sf] ;d]t pkof]u x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . :yfgLo:t/sf c:ktfndfg} pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pRrtd pkof]uaf6 :t/Lo ;]jf pknAw x'g] jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf u/L /fHon] pknAw u/fpg] :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ :t/Lo / k|efjsf/L agfO{ ;]jfk|lt hgtfsf] ljZaf; hufpg / ;fdfGoeGbf ;fdfGo pkrf/sf] nflu 7"nf] wg/fzL vr{ u/]/ zx/L If]q wfpg' kg{] hgtfsf] afWotf x6fpg cg'ejL :jf:YosdL{nfO{ b'u{d If]qdf ;¿jf tyf kb:yfkg ug{] gLlt cjnDag ug{] / To:tf :jf:ysdL{sf] dgf]jn a9fpg] lsl;dsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ .

&=@ g]kfn ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg] cf}ifwLx¿sf] ljt/0fdf b'u{d If]qnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ ;dodfg} u'0f:t/Lo cf}ifwLsf] vl/b, 9'jfgL tyf ljt/0f ug{], If]qLo / lhNnf:t/sf cf}ifwL :6f]/x¿df kof{Kt cf}ifwLsf] ;~ro tyf e08f/0f u/L /fVg] Joj:yfsf] ;fy} To:tf :6f]/sf] e08f/0f Ifdtf / :t/df ;d]t ljsf;, lj:tf/ / ;'wf/ ug{] .

&=# ljutsf jif{x¿sf] dfusf] cf}iftsf] cfwf/df b'u{d If]qdf a9L k|of]u x'g] cf}ifwLx¿sf] ljj/0f tof/ u/L ;f] cg';f/ cf}ifwL vkt x'g] kl/df0f / ;+efljt ;do ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L cf}ifwL vl/b, ;~ro tyf ljt/0fsf] nflu sfo{of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{] .

&=$ ;/sf/n] lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fPsf] cf}ifwL ;/sf/L :jf:Yo rf}sL jf c:ktfndf pknAw geO{ ahf/df laqmL ug{] u/]sf], pkof]u ldlt ;dfKt ePsf] cf}ifwL ljt/0f ug{] u/]sf], sltko cf}ifwL e08f/ ug{] :6f]/df /xL cf}ifwLsf] pkof]u ldlt ;dfKt eO{ k|of]u ljxLg aGg] u/]sf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ k|To]s :jf:Yo rf}sL jf c:ktfndf g]kfn ;/sf/n] jf cGo s'g} lgsfoaf6 lgz'Ns pknAw u/fOPsf cf}ifwLsf] ljj/0f, kl/df0f ;fj{hlgs ug{], ljt/0f ul/Psf cf}ifwL k|fKt ug{] JolQmsf] gfd, y/ 7]ufgf;lxtsf] ljj/0f x]g{ rfx]df h'g;'s} JolQmn] x]g{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfpg], lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 ;d]t ;do ;dodf o;sf] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

&=% cf}ifwLsf] dfu cfPsf]df ljt/0f gu/L pkof]u ldlt ;dfKt u/fpg], pkof]u ldlt ;dfKt x'g] u/L cf}ifwLsf] e08f/0f u/L /fVg] jf lgz'Ns ljt/0fsf] cf}ifwL laqmL ug{] lrlsT;s jf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;/sf/L ;DklQ lxgfldgf u/]sf] ;/x sf/afxL rnfpg] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ug{] .

* ;+:yfut ;'wf/

*=! ;do ;dodf dGqfnox¿ Ps cfk;df ufeLg], 6'lqmg] tyf ylkg] eO{ ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf ;d]t cl:y/ /x]sf] / o;sf] lhNnf:t/sf] ;]jf k|jfxdf k|lts"n c;/ kg{] u/]sf] 5 . ;]jfu|fxLn] s'g ;]jf s'g sfof{nodf uPdf pknAw x'G5 eGg] ljifo hfgsf/L lng kfpFbf gkfpFb} ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g x'g] sf/0f b'u{d If]qdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] kx'Fr tyf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg

336

g;lsPsf] / k|lts"n c;/ kg{] u/]sf]n] s'g ;]jf s'g lgsfoaf6 pknAw x'g] xf] k|i6 ¿kdf v'Ng] u/L :yfoL ¿ksf] ;+:yfut Joj:yf x'g' kg{] .

*=@ If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{nosf] cf}lrTotfsf] af/]df ;do ;dodf ax; tyf rrf{ x'g] u/]sf]5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf If]qLo:t/df sfof{no :yfkgf ePkl5 If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{non] k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ cGt{ut u/LcfPsf] sfdx¿df klg lg/Gt/tf gx'g] lglZrt 5 . kfFrj6f If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{nosf] xfnsf] 7"nf] / dxTjk"0f{ sfo{af]em clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf If]qLo sfof{nodf ;g{] ePsf]n] oL sfof{nosf] cf}lrTotfsf af/]df uDeL/ ¿kdf ljrf/ x'g' kg{] b]lvPsf]5 . s]Gb|af6 x'g] kqfrf/sf] af]wfy{ tyf sfof{y{ sfof{nosf] ¿kdf klg l6Kk0fL ul/g] If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{nosf] ;+:yfut Joj:yfnfO{ xfns} cj:yfdf lg/Gt/tf lbg'sf] cf}lrTotf k'li6 x'g g;Sg] ePsfn] If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{nox¿nfO{ vf/]h u/L lhNnf txsf sfof{nonfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg'sf ;fy} jNs sfof{nosf] :yfkgf u/L Psåf/ k|0ffnLsf] dfWod åf/f ;]jf k|jfx ug{ aGbf]a:t ldnfpg] .

( lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTj

;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug{] sfddf sfof{nosf] bf]xf]/f]kgf g/xg] u/L ;]jfsf] nflu sfof{no / sd{rf/Lsf] nflu lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTj tf]lsg' kg{] . lhDd]jf/L s'zntf k"j{s lgjf{x u/] gu/]sf] ;DaGwdf ;do ;dodf cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg u/L /fd|f] sfd ug{]nfO{ k'/:sf/ / j]jf:tf / nfk/jfxL ug{] nfO{ ;hfo ug{] Joj:yf ug{] . sd{rf/Lsf] clwsf/ / st{Josf] tfnd]n x'g] Joj:yf ug{' kg{] .

!) cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg

b'u{d If]qdf k|jfx ul/g] ;]jfsf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/L ;f] adf]lhd ;]jf pknAw u/fP gu/fPsf] af/]df lg/Gt/ cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ug{' kg{] .

!!= b'u{d If]qdf ;8s oftfoftsf] ;xh Joj:yf ug]{

b'u{d If]qsf] ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;8s oftfoftsf] ;~hfn ljsf; ug{ lgdf{0ffwLg ;8s k'nnfO{ Jojl:yt ub}{ To; ;DaGwL cw'/f sfdx? cljnDa k"/f ug'{kg]{ / To;sf] lglDt cg'udgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . pbok'/sf] 3'dL{ / cf]vn9'Ëfsf] xs{k'/nfO{ hf]8\g dWo kxf8L nf]sdfu{df kg]{ ;'gsf]zL k'n lgdf{0f ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;|f]taf6 e]l/P;g yk;d]t ¿= !$ s/f]8 ($ nfv &( xhf/df @)%*÷)%( df Ps lgdf{0f Joj;foL;Fu ;Demf}tf ePsf]df ;f] k'n lgdf{0fdf xfn;Dd ( s/f]8 @@ nfv $# xhf/ vr{ ePsf] 5 . kmfp08]zgdf s8f r§fg km]nf k/L l8hfOg kl/jt{g u/]/ sfd ePsf]df l8hfO{g kl/jt{g ug{ nfdf] ;do nfu]sf] sf/0f /0fgLlts ;8s ;~hfndf kg]{ ;f] k'nsf] lgdf{0f gx'Fbf jif{df sl/a ^ dlxgf oftfoft aGb eO{ To; gbLb]lv k"j{tkm{ lgdf{0f x'g] ;f]xL cfof]hgfsf] ;8s / xs{k'/–cf]vn9'Ë ;8ssf] lgdf{0fdf ;d]t cj/f]w cfPsf] / ;f]xL sf/0fn] ;'gsf]zL gbLdf a]lnla|h h8fg / km]l/ lgdf{0f, dd{t / ;~rfngdf k|To]s jif{ 7"nf] /sd vr{ ug'{ k/]sf] l:ylt 5 . ;'k/ :6«Sr/ agfpg k|of]u ul/g] :6Lnsf] nflu @)^^÷)^& df] ¿= $ s/f]8 #( nfv &! xhf/ e'QmfgL ePklg ;j–:6«Sr/sf] sfd

337

clxn];Dd ;DkGg gePsf]n] ;'k/ :6«Sr/sf] sfo{ klg x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 egL dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] krf;f}+ jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)^( df pNn]v ePsf] tkm{ ;ldltsf] Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] / ;f] ljifodf ;ldltsf] tkm{af6 :ynut cjnf]sg ;d]t ubf{ 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf ePsf] nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd x'g g;s]sf] / ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 7"nf] wg/fzL vr{ ePsf] cj:yf ;d]t b]lvof] . ljleGg k|fljlws sf/0fn] lgdf{0f x'g g;s]sf] egL ;Da4 lgsfo / clwsf/Lx¿n] hjfkm lbg] u/]sf] ePklg 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf ePsf] !@ jif{;Dd klg k'n lgdf{0f x'g g;Sg'nfO{ :jfefljs dfGg ;lsFb}g . of] ljifodf xfnsf k|fljlws clws[taf6 cfufdL o; cfly{s jif{ leq k'n ;~rfngdf Nofpg ;lsg] hjfkm k|fKt ePsf]n] ;DalGwt lgsfon] uDeL/tfk"j{s of] ljifosf] cg'udg u/L ;dodf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ u/L b'u{d If]qsf] ;]jf k|jfxdf ;xh x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ .

!@ ljljw

!@=! Eff}uf]lns ljs6tfsf] sf/0f b'u{d If]qsf] ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|efjsf/Ltf tyf kx'Frdf ;d]t ;d:of cfpg] u/]sf]5 . sltko ;8ssf] ;'ljwf k'u]sf :yfgdf klg ;8sdf cfPsf] k|fs[lts cj/f]w ;dodfg} ;dfwfg gxF'bf Psftkm{ :yfgLo hgtf ;]jfsf] kx'Fraf6 jl~rt x'g' k/]sf] cj:yf 5 eg] csf{]tkm{ hgtfsf] hLjgofkgdf g} ;d:of ;[hgf u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;DalGwt sfof{nosf] kbflwsfl/n] ;dodfg} plrt kxn ug{], ;d:ofu|:t If]qsf] klxrfg u/L k"j{ ;fjwfgL ckgfpg] / ;d:of cfPdf tTsfn ;dfwfgsf] nflu k|of; ug{], of]hgf / sfo{tflnsf agfP/ lg/f]wfTds Joj:yf ug{] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{ ;s]df k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf sf/0faf6 ;[hgf x'g] ;]jf k|jfxk|ltsf] cj/f]wnfO{ ;d]t sd u/L b'u{d If]qsf] ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsg] b]lvG5 . pbfx/0ffy{M ;DalGwt ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] pbfl;gtfsf] sf/0f /;'jfsf] /fDr]sf] klx/f]sf sf/0f nfdf] ;do;Dd To; If]qsf hgtfn] ;]jf k|fKt ug{ tyf b}lgs hLjg ofkgdf ;d]t ;d:of ;[hgf ePsf] b]lvG5 .

!@=@ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug{] k|To]s sfof{nodf gful/s j8fkqsf] Joj:yf u/L s8fOsf ;fy nfu" ug{] / kfngf x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf k|rlnt sfg'gsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fpg] k|0ffnL sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .

!@=# ;]jf k|bfos sfof{nox¿n] ;]jf pknAw u/fpFbfsf ;d:ofsf] klxrfg u/L :yfgLo cfjZostf adf]lhd sfo{k|0ffnL tyf sfo{ljlwdf ;/nLs/0f ug{] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

!@=$ b'u{d If]qdWo]sf s]xL lhNnfdf kl/If0fsf] ¿kdf ;a} ;]jf Ps} :yfgdf pknAw u/fpg] u/L hg;]jf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ug{] / o:tf] s]Gb|sf] ;kmntfsf] cfwf/df cGo If]qdf klg lj:tf/ ug{] .

!@=% ;]jfsf] nfut / u'0f:t/df ;'wf/sf] nflu s]Gb|:t/af6} cfjZos kxn ug{] ;f]sf] nflu cfjZos dfkb08 tyf ah]6sf] ;d]t Joj:yf x'g' kg{] .

!@=^ ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$, ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$, pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, @)%$ nufotsf ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|efjsf/Ltf;Fu ;DalGwt P]g, sfg'gsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ u/L hgr]tgf hufpg] / ;f] adf]lhd eP

338

gePsf] af/]df :yfgLo hgtfx¿n] g} va/bf/L ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf ug{], ;]jf k|bfos lgsfosf] sfd sf/afxLdf kf/blz{tf sfod ug{] .

!@=& b'u{d If]qsf] ;]jf k|jfxsf] af/]df ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{nfO{ a9LeGbf a9L ;xeflutf d'ns agfpg] .

!@=* b'u{d If]qsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;[hgzLn sfo{ u/L k|efjsf/L ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] sfof{no jf sd{rf/LnfO{ k|To]s jif{ k'/:s[t ug{] Joj:yf ug{] .

!@=( b'u{d If]qsf] ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsf/Ltf Nofpg] ljifodf cWoog cg';GwfgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{] .

!@=!) ;fj{hlgs ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] lgsfosf] clen]v Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ u/L cfw'lgs tyf j}1flgs agfpg] .

!@=!! ;]jf k|jfxdf qmdzM ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ub{} hfg] .

339

kl/R5]b – !&

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg

k[i7e"ld ax'ntfdf cfwfl/t ;dfhdf /x]sf k|To]s JolQm Pjd\ ju{sf] /fHo k|0ffnLdf k|ltlglwTj x'g'kb{5 . ;fd"lxs ¿kdf k|ltljlDat x'g] u'0ffTds rl/q g} ljljwtfsf] 3f]ts xf] . k|To]s ;dfhdf ;fd"lxs rl/q ljleGg :j¿kdf k|s6 x'g] ub{5 . o;/L k|s6 ePsf rl/qsf] efjgfnfO{ oyf]lrt ¿kdf ;Daf]wg ubf{ dfq ;dfh / /fi6«nfO{ bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf ;+of]lht, ;Gt'lnt Pjd\ ;xsfo{d"ns agfpg d2t k'Ub5 .

ax'n ;dfhdf ;fdflhs cfly{s Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{ dfu{ k|z:t ug'{ kb{5 . ljljwtf k|To]s ;dfhsf] oyfy{tf xf] . ;dfhsf] oyfy{tfnfO{ /fHo ;+rfng ;Da4 ;a} k|lqmofdf :yfg lbg ;Sbf dfq s'g} klg /fHo ljljwtfo'Qm /fHodf ¿kfGt/0f x'g d2t k'Ub5 . ;dfhsf ;a} ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts rl/qx¿ /fHodf :yflkt x'Fbf g} /fHo k|0ffnLk|ltsf] :jfldTjefj sfod x'g d2t k'Ub5 .

/fHo k|0ffnLsf /fhgLlts, Goflos Pjd\ k|zf;sLo ;+/rgfdf ;dfhsf] ;fdflhs Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts k|efjnfO{ ;lDdng u/fpg' kg]{ dfGotf kl5Nnf bzsdf ljsl;t ePsf] 5 . ljljwtfo'Qm hgzlQmsf] ;ld>0fn] /fHo k|0ffnLsf] ljljwtfnfO{ k|ltljlDat ug]{ / o;af6 hgzlQmsf] pTkfbsTj Pjd\ ;fdflhs ;lDdngdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kg]{ sf/0f ljZje/L ;fj{hlgs If]qdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg -Diversity Management_ ug]{ dfGotf ljsl;t ePsf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] gjLg cfofdsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

340

cjwf/0ff ljljwtf d'n'ssf] jf:tljstf xf] . ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf /fHosf ;Dkbf / ;jntf x'g\ . ljljwtfsf cfwf/df ;|f]t ;fwg / cj;/sf] ;dGoflos ljt/0f x'g' kb{5 . u}/ Goflos ¿kdf ljt/0f x'Fbf ;f] sf] nfut d'n'sn] wfGg g;Sg] cj:yfdf /xG5 . ljz]ifu/L d'n'sn] o; cj:yfdf ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts klxrfgsf cfwf/df hgzlQmnfO{ plrt :yfg / dxTj lbg' kb{5 .

/fHoåf/f ;~rfng ul/g] lqmofsnfk / /fHoaf6 k'¥ofOg] ;]jfsf nflu Joj:yf ul/Psf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf hgzlQm cfk"lt{ ul/Fbf ;dfhsf ;a} hft, hflt, efiff, ;Dk|bfo / lnËsf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf u/L hgzlQm egf{ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ cjwf/0ffut ¿kdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg elgG5 .

ljleGg ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, k[i7e"ld ePsf JolQmx¿sf] k|j]zn] ;ª\u7gdf ltgsf] Ifdtf, 1fg / ;Lksf] ;+of]hg ug{ of]ubfg k'Ug] dfGotf xf] . ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf ljsl;t ul/Psf] dfGotf xf] . ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts ¿kdf jlxis/0fdf k/]sf ju{ jf ;d'bfonfO{ /fHo ;+rfng ;Da4 ;]jfdf kx'Frsf] ;'lglZrttf ub}{ k|ltlglwd"ns, ;j{:jLsfo{ Pjd\ bIftfdf cfwfl/t ;]jfsf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ cfwf/sf nflu ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] gLlt cjnDag ug]{ ul/G5 .

;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf lgldQ cfjZos hgzlQmsf] rog ubf{ of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t l;4fGt / dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ k/Dk/fut k|0ffnL;Fu} ;fdflhs of]Uotf k|0ffnL -Social merit_ sf] cfwf/df hgzlQm 5gf}6 ug'{kg]{ dfGotf ljsl;t ePsf] 5 . k|fl1s of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] nfe ;dfhsf clehfTo ju{sf JolQmn] dfq kfpg ;Sg] / ;dfhsf sdhf]/ ju{sf gful/sx¿sf] k|j]z ;'lglZrt gx'g] x'Fbf of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ dfq ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] sd{rf/L lgo'lQmsf] cfwf/ agfOg' x'Fb}g eGg] b[li6sf]0f a]nfotL ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf lj:tf/ eP kZrft ljZjJofkL ¿kdf k|ltlglwd"ns ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ;}4flGts jx;sf] ;'¿jft ePsf] xf] . ;f]xL cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ax'klxrfgo'Qm / ;dfj]zL agfpg] cleofg ;+:ff/el/ g} lj:tfl/t ePsf] kfOG5 .

k/Dk/fut egf{ k|0ffnL cjnDag ubf{ Go"g ;fdflhs k|ltlglwTj x'g] sf/0fn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfpk/ gful/ssf] ljZjf;, ;Ddfg / b[li6sf]0f ;sf/fTds aGg g;s]sf] kl/j]zdf /fHosf] ax'n rl/q / ;fdflhs ;+/rgfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;+rfng ug'{kg]{ cj:yf ljsf; ug{ ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/Psf] xf] .

/fHo ;+rfngsf] k|To]s cGtj{:t'df gful/s ;Ddfg / :jfldTj :yflkt x'g' h¿/L x'G5 . /fHosf] cv08tf, ;fj{ef}ldstf / :jfledfgsf] cfwf/ dha't agfpg gful/s ljZjf; ckl/xfo{ dflgG5 . /fHosf] of] ckl/xfo{tfnfO{ ;fdlos ¿kdf ;Daf]wg ug{ ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] pkfo cjnDag ul/G5 . ;fdflhs, wfld{s, k|fb]lzs jf n}lËs klxrfgsf] cfwf/ to ug{ ;dfhdf ;fdflhs ;lDdngsf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{, /fHopk/ ljZjf; hfu[t ug{ / /fHosf ;|f]t, ;fwg / cj;/sf] ljt/0f Gofok"0f{ ¿kdf u/L ljt/0ffTds GofonfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ug]{ gLltnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/G5 . /fHo :jod\df ljljwtfsf] ;+of]hg ePsf] ;Gbe{df /fHosf] ultzLntfnfO{ Jojl:yt t'Nofpg] cjwf/0ffsf]

341

¿kdf /fHosf ljleGg ju{x¿sf] /fHo ;+rfng k|lqmofdf k|ltlglwTj x'g] Joj:yfsf] ¿kdf of] cjwf/0ff ljsl;t ul/Psf] 5 .

ljljwtf d'n'ssf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts leGgtfsf] kof{o xf] . k|To]s ;dfhdf ljljwtf :yflkt ePsf] x'G5 . ;dfhdf /x]sf hft, hflt, efiff ;Dk|bfo Pjd\ ef}uf]lns ljljwtfnfO{ ;fdflhs ultljlw / e"ldsfsf ;jfndf kx'Fr, oyf]lrt k|ltlglwTj / klxrfg ug]{ cjwf/0ffsf] ¿kdf kl5Nnf] ;dodf ljsf; ePsf] dfGotfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

ljljwtf ;dfhsf] ;fdflhs k"FhL xf] . ;fdflhs ultzLntfsf] cfwf/ klg ljljwtf ePsf] ;Gbe{df ljljwtfnfO{ >f]tsf] kx'Frdf ;dfg clwsf/ k|flKtsf] cfwf/ Pjd\ ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] dfWodsf] ¿kdf klg :jLsf/ ul/G5 . of] ljleGg ;+:s[lt / d"No dfGotfsf] ;+of]hg xf] .

/fHosf gful/sx¿df sfod /x]sf] ljljwtfsf] rl/qnfO{ d'n'ssf] cfly{s, /fhgLlts, k|zf;sLo / Goflos k|0ffnLdf k|ltljlDat ub}{ ;fdflhs rl/q d'vl/t u/fpg] cjwf/0ffsf] ¿kdf of] dfGotf cjnDag ul/Psf] xf] . ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ;sf/fTds åGå k|j4{g ug]{ tl/sf xf] . ;dfhdf k|ltikwf{Tds cj:yf l;h{gf ug{, ;dfhsf] ultzLntfnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ / ;sf/fTds ;fdflhs åGåsf dfWodaf6 /fi6« lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg lbg ljljwtf Joj:yfkg h¿/L x'G5 .

;fj{hlgs If]qdf /fHosf ;a} gful/ssf] kx'Fr :yflkt x'g clgjfo{ x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf pk/ ;]jfu|fxLsf] :jfldTj / lqmofzLntf a9fpg ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;dfj]zL agfpg' h¿/L x'G5 . ljljwtf lj:t[t / ax'kIfLo ljifo xf] . ljljwtfsf] k|;Ën] ;fdflhs ljljwtf / ;f] sf] ;lDdngnfO{ dfq k|ltlglwTj ub}{g . ;fdflhs ljljwtf;Fu} ;dfhsf ;a} ju{ / JolQmsf] Ifdtf, bIftf, ;Lk / v'aLsf] klg ljljwtf x'g] sf/0f ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg x'Fbf ax'kIfLo lj1tfsf] ;+of]hg eO{ o;n] ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ lglZrt 5 . ljljwtfo'Qm hgzlQmsf] cGt/lqmofn] ;ª\u7gdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ x'Fbf ljljwtfnfO{ ;sf/fTds ¿kdf ;ª\u7gdf k|of]u ul/g'kg]{ dfGotf /flvG5 .

ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] dxTj ;dfh ultzLn 5 . ;dfhsf] ultzLntf / ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ oyf]lrt ¿kdf Joj:yfkg ul/g' kb{5 . ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / k|efjnfO{ j:t'lgi7 ¿kdf ;Daf]wg ubf{ ;dfhdf ;fdflhs åGå k|ltikwf{Tds / l;h{gzLn aGg] cfwf/ tof/ x'G5 . ;dfhsf k|To]s gful/sx¿sf] klxrfg / dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ /fHosf k|To]s ultljlwdf ;xh kx'Fr / k|j]z ;'lglZrt ubf{ g} /fHopk/sf] efjgfTds :jfldTj :yflkt x'g ;S5 . To;}n] ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] dfWodaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf / ;fj{hlgs ultljlwnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|j4{g ug{ of]ubfg k'Ug] lglZrt 5 .

ljljwtf ;fdflhs leGgtf / ;fdflhs ultzLntf dfq geO{ 1fg, ;Lk, bIftf, ;+:s[lt, d"No / dfGotfsf] ;d]t ;+of]hg ePsf] sf/0f ljljwtfnfO{ ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/g' kb{5 . /fHo k|bQ ;]jfnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg] / gful/ssf dfemdf /fHonfO{ :yflkt u/fpg] ;+oGqsf]

342

¿kdf /xg] / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;Dj4 JolQmx¿ ax' If]qut / ax' ljwfut x'Fbf ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4 x'g] sf/0f ljljwtf Joj:yfkg /fHosf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] cfwf/ xf] .

ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] dfGotfn] ax'kIfLo IfdtfnfO{ phfu/ ub}{ ;|f]t / ;fwg kl/rfngsf] ;Defjgf a[xt agfpF5 . ljz]iftM ;fdflhs ;lDdng lqmofzLntf / ;Ddfgsf] cltl/Qm ;ª\u7gfTds k|efjsfl/tf / ljZjf; clej[l4sf lgldQ ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg h¿/L eP tfklg ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] e"ldsf / k|efjsfl/tfsf ;jfndf ljljwtf Joj:yfkgn] lgDgfg';f/ dxTj /fV5 M

1. ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] cfwf/e"t d"No / dfGotf clej[l4 ug{,

2. ljljwtfn] k|ltlglwTj / ;dfg cj;/ k|j4{gsf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg,

3. ljljwtfn] bIftf clej[l4df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg,

4. ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug{,

5. ;fj{hlgs gLltsf k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug{,

6. ;fdflhs ultzLntf clej[l4 ug{,

7. ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] ;'wf/pk/ gful/s :jfldTj clej[l4 ug{ .

;fj{hlgs ;]jf gful/s clwsf/ xf] . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] dfWodaf6 g} /fHon] cfkm\gf] e"ldsf / lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ lj:tfl/t ug]{ ub{5 . /fHosf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] cfwf/ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ePsf] kl/k|]Iodf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] :jLs[t d"No / dfGotf leq ;xL ;]jf k|jfx ug'{kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotf, ;]jfsf] kx'Fr / k|efjsfl/tf;Fu hf]l8G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx lgikIftf, kf/bzL{tf / t6:ytfsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 . ljleGg hft, hflt, efiff, ;Dk|bfosf] pkl:ylt ljgf PstkmL{ tj/af6 ;]jf ljt/0f x'g'n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf kx'Frsf] l:ylt / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf cfFr cfpg] x'G5 . t;y{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;a}sf] kx'Frsf] ;'lglZrttf u/L ;]jf k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpgsf] nflu ljljwtf Joj:yfkg cfjZos dflgG5 .

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf p2]Zox¿ ;fj{hlgs sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] k|efjsf/L ;+rfng ug{ o;sf kbx¿sf] :t/ / ;+Vof, kbk"lt{, sd{rf/Lx¿n] lbg] ;]jf tyf ;/sf/af6 sd{rf/Lx¿n] kfpg] pTk|]/0ffsf ljifox¿nfO{ ;Gt'lnt / lgoldt ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . of] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ /fHon] kbx¿sf] l;h{gf / kbk"lt{sf] Joj:yf, tnj eQf / ;'ljwfsf] k|fjwfg, ;¿jf, a9'jf, cjsfz, pkbfg, cfr/0f, ;hfo / ;hfosf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;¢fGtn] kbk"lt{ Joj:yfnfO{ a9L k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;ª\u7g :j¿ksf xsdf /fHosf] cfjZostf / sfo{ k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df d'n'sn] cfkm\g} k|sf/sf] 9fFrf ckgfpg ;Sg] x'Fbf ;a} d'n'sdf Pp6} 9fFrf pko'Qm x'G5 eGg ldNb}g . t/ Ps b]zleq nfu" ePsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ;+rfng ;se/ Ps} 9fFrf / dfGotfaf6 clek]|l/t /x] dfq l;Ëf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] dfWodaf6 /fHon] cfkm\gf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;S5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] dfWodåf/f hgtfnfO{ ;]jf k|jfx ug'{kg]{ ePsf]n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;dfj]zLs/0f ubf{ of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ ;d]t ;Fu} n}hfg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;f] ubf{

343

;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ ug{ kg]{ sfdsf] ljljwtfnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL ljljwtf leq Pstf / ;dfj]zLtf leq of]Uotf / k|lt:kwf{sf] wf/0ffaf6 lgb]{lzt x'g cfjZos b]lvG5 . o; k[i7e"lddf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpbf b]xfosf p2]Zox¿ k"/f ug]{ b[li6sf]0faf6 ul/g' kb{5 .

� of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t k|ltlglwd"ns Pj+ ljljwtfo'Qm tyf ;femf /fli6«o nIo Pj+ k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfxdf ;dlk{t ;Ifd ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf dfWodåf/f /fi6« lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] .

� hgd'vL, k|ltkmnbfoL tyf hjfkmb]xL jxg ug{ ;Ifd zf;sLo jftfj/0f :yfkgf u/L zf;g ;+rfngdf 7f]; of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;b[9, PsLs[t, k|ltlglwd"ns, ljZj;gLo, k|lt:kwL{ / ultzLn ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] :yfkgf ug]{ .

� ;/sf/sf] k|zf;lgs Joj:yf, ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf / ;+:yfut ljsf;nfO{ e/kbf]{, k|efjsf/L, ljZj;gLo / pko'Qm t'NofO{ ;fj{hlgs If]qaf6 ;Dkflbt sfddf ;dfgtf, ;xeflutf, hjfkmb]lxtf, kf/blz{tf, ldtJolotf sfod ug]{ cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ .

� ;a} hfthfltsf ljkGg ju{ -cflbjf;L, hghflt, blnt, dw]zL, d'l:nd, lk58f ju{, dlxnf, b'u{d If]qsf afl;Gbf nufot_ sf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf kx'Fr a9fpg ;]jfk"j{ tyf ;]jfsfnLg Ifdtf ljsf;sf] dfWodaf6 of]Uo / Ifdtfjfg agfpb} ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg] .

� ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf of]Uotf k|0ffnL Pj+ n}lËs ;dtf / ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ :yflkt ub}{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf] ljljwtf, cfjZostf / ljlzi6tf cg'¿k ;+:yfut ;+oGq, sfo{ut ;+/rgf / hgzlQm Joj:yfkg u/L ;]jf k|jfxdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ub}{ ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ d2t k'¥ofpg] .

� n}lËs tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL tYout ljZn]if0f dfkm{t Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ n}lËs ;dtf / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ;jfndf ;+j]bgzLn ¿kdf Jojxf/ ug{ ;Sg] t'Nofpg] .

� sfg'gsf] zf;g, e|i6frf/d'Qm / r':t k|zf;g, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf ;fj{hlgs sfo{ / ;|f]tsf] s'zn Joj:yfkg h:tf ;'zf;gsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfnfO{ cjnDag ub}{ ;j{;fwf/0f nufot ljkGg ju{ / ;fdflhs Pj+ cfly{s ¿kn] lk5l8Psf] ju{n] kfpg'kg]{ ;]jf r':t b'¿:t ¿kdf ldtJooL / ;/n t/Lsfn] kfpg] Joj:yf ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{ ;fdflhs zflGt / Gofok"0f{ ;dfhsf] :yfkgf u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf /fHosf ;a} gful/ssf] kxF'r :yflkt ug{sf] nflu /fHon] ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGtnfO{ c+lusf/ u/]sf] x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs gLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+oGq ;dfj]zL x'Fbf To:tf] ;oGq k|ltlglwd"ns x'g], ;du| ;]jfsf] k|efjsf/Ltf a9\g], ckgTj l;h{gf x'g], åGå Go"gLs/0f x'g] / ;Dk"0f{ ljsf;sf cj;/x¿nfO{ lj:tfl/t ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] 7flgG5 . o;} k[i7e"lddf g]kfnn] ;g\ !((! -@)$*_ df dlxnf lj¿4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd'ng ug]{ ;DaGwL dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg

344

u/] kl5 ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkgnfO{ ax;df NofOP klg nfdf] ;do;Dd g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;a} hft, hflt, If]q, ju{ / ;d'bfosf] ;dfg kx'Frsf] nflu ljz]if sfo{qmdx¿sf] cjnDag x'g ;s]g . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !! sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf ædlxnf, afns, j[4 jf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ¿kn] czQm JolQm jf cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] lk5l8Psf] ju{sf] ;+/If0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu sfg'gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg]5Æ eGg] Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] p2]Zoaf6 lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] @)%% df ePsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wgaf6 dlxnfx¿sf nflu ;]jf k|j]zsf] pd]/sf] xb $) jif{ sfod u/]sf], dlxnf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu ^ dlxgfsf] dfq k/LIf0f sfn sfod u/]sf], Ps jif{ sd cjlwdf a9'jfsf] pDDf]jf/ x'g kfpg] Joj:yf;Dd u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ o; Joj:yfaf6 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;a} gful/sx¿sf] ;dfg k|ltlglwTjsf] l:ylt l;h{gfdf pNn]Vo pknlJw xfl;n x'g ;s]g .

g]kfnsf] åGå Joj:yfkgsf] lgldQ @)^# ;fndf ePsf] lj:t[t zflGt ;Ddmf}tfdf æ/fHosf] ;dfj]zL, nf]stflGqs / cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf ug]{Æ s'/f pNn]v u/L ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGtnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f $ df g]kfn /fHonfO{ ;dfj]zL /fHosf] ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf], wf/f @! df æcfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL ;d'bfo, pTkLl8t ju{, u/La ls;fg / dhb'/nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xs x'g]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf, wf/f ## df æd'n'ssf] /fHo ;+/rgfsf ;a} cËx¿df dw]zL, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dlxnf, dhb"/, ls;fg, ckfË, lk5l8Psf ju{ / If]q ;a}nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] cfwf/df ;xefuL u/fpg]Æ eGg] ;d]tsf Joj:yf u/L ljljwtf Joj:yfkgnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f #%-!)_ df ælzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, vfB ;Dk|e'tf / /f]huf/Ldf lglZrt ;dosf] nflu cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf u/L cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kdf lk5l8Psf, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, blnt nufot ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo tyf u/LaLsf] /]vfd'lgsf dhb'/ ls;fgsf] pTyfg ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# -#_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf ædlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL jf ls;fg, dhb'/ jf cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] lk5l8Psf] ju{ jf afns, j[4 tyf ckfË jf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ¿kn] czQm JolQmsf] ;+/If0f, ;zlQms/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu sfg'gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg]5Æ eGg] ePsf] Joj:yfn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df ¿kfGt/0f ug{sf nflu ;+j}wflgs cfwf/ v8f u/]sf] kfOG5 .

ljljwtf Joj:yfkgn] s'g} klg axfgfdf gful/sx¿ aLr clwsf/sf] ljt/0fdf c;dfgtf ug{ kfOFb}g eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 . ljljwtfk"0f{ ;dfhdf /fHosf gLltx¿sf] sfof{Gjog / hgtf / /fHo aLr ;DaGw ;]t'sf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf x/]s ;+oGq / cj;/x¿df cf}lrTok"0f{ tj/n] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ h¿/L 5 . oBlk ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL lg0f{o ubf{ k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf, ;dfgtf / bL3{sfnLg k|efjsf ljifodf ;f]Rg cfjZos 5 .

ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf ljleGg tl/sf jf cfofdx¿ x'g ;Sb5g\ . ;sf/fTds lje]b, cf/If0f, ;zlQms/0f, k'gM;+/rgf tyf cf/If0fsf] :yfgLos/0f Pj+ ;r]tgf sfo{qmdx¿, lzIff If]qdf nufgL cflb o:tf s]xL tl/sf x'g\ . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGtsf] cEof;sf] yfngL pko{'Qm dfWod dWo] cf/If0fsf] dfWodaf6 ePsf] kfOG5 .

345

cf/If0f ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] Pp6f ;zQm pkfo xf] . o;n] lglZrt sf]6fleq lglZrt ju{ jf ;d"xsf] dfq k|ltlglwTj / ;xeflutf /xg] k|aGw ub{5 . 5f]6f] cjlwleq} sdhf]/, lk5l8Psf ju{sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lhnf] / k|efjsf/L dfWodsf ¿kdf cf/If0fnfO{ lng] ul/G5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( df @)^$ ;fndf bf]>f] ;+zf]]wg u/L bkmf & -&_ df lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] k}+tfnL; k|ltzt kb 5'6\ofO{ ;f] k|ltztnfO{ ztk|ltzt dfgL ;f] dWo] dlxnfnfO{ t]QL; k|ltzt, cflbjf;L÷hghfltnfO{ ;QfO; k|ltzt, dw]zLnfO{ afO{; k|ltzt, blntnfO{ gf} k|ltzt, ckfËnfO{ kfFr k|ltzt / lk5l8Psf] If]qnfO{ rf/ k|ltzt kb 5'6\ofO{ ;f]xL ;d"xleqs} pDd]bjf/x¿ aLr k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ kbk"lt{ ul/g] Joj:yf u/L ljljwtf Joj:yfkgnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf ePsf] Joj:yfnfO{ /fHosf cGo ;fj{hlgs If]qdf ;d]t sfof{Gjog ug{sf] nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, k|x/L lgodfjnL, ;z:q k|x/L an lgodfjnL, ;}lgs lgodfjnL, Joj:yflksf–;+;b\ ;]jfsf sd{rf/L;DaGwL lgodfjnL, :jf:Yo ;]jf lgodfjnL nufotsf P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf ;d]t ;+zf]wg u/L tt\tt\ ;]jfdf dlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw];L, blnt, ckfË, lk5l8Psf] If]qsf] kx'FrnfO{ ;'lglZrt ub}{ ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] dfWodaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf ;a} If]qdf ;a} hft, hflt, ju{, If]q, lnË / ;d'bfosf] pkl:yltnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|of; ePsf] kfOG5 . ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{sf nflu 5'§} sfg'gsf] cfjZostf af]w u/L ;dfj]zL ;DaGwL ljw]ossf] ;d]t d:of}bf ul/Psf] 5 . t/ /fhgLlts ;xdlt x'g g;Sbf Tof] ljw]os cufl8 a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g .

;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu cjnDag ul/Psf] cf/If0f k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjogdf s]xL hl6ntf ;d]t b]vf k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf ;d"xsf] 7f]; kl/efiff, tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0f / ax':t/df cf/If0f h:tf ljifosf jf/] cem :ki6 x'g cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fy} cf/If0f gLltsf] lg/Gt/tf slt;Dd /xg] / ;fj{hlgs afx]ssf cGo If]qdf o:tf] cf/If0f s] s;/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ eGg] ljifon] klg Tolts} ;/f]sf/ /fVb5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkgnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOP kZrft\ cfly{s jif{ @)^*÷^( sf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lgsflnPsf] tYofÍnfO{ dfq} cWoog ubf{ klg ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] pkfoåf/f ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;a} If]q / ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] l:ylt sfod ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] b]lvG5 . ;f] tYofÍnfO{ tnsf] tflnsfaf6 b]vfOPsf] 5 .

s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf cGtjf{tf{df pkl:yt / l;kmfl/z ;+Vof -;dfj]zL ;d"x _ cfly{s jif{ @)^*÷)^(

ljj/0f dlxnf cflbjf;L÷ hghflt

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hDdf

cGtjf{tf{df pkl:yt ;+Vof

!!* *@ ^) #$ @) !* ##@

s"n pkl:yt k|ltzt

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l;kmfl/z ePsf] ;+Vof

&# %% #( @@ !! * @)*

s"n l;kmfl/z k|ltzt

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;|f]tM nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] lqkGgf}+ jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)^*÷)^(

346

If]qLo lgb]{zgfno / c~rn sfof{noaf6 cGtjf{tf{df pkl:yt / l;kmfl/z ;+Vof

-;dfj]zL ;d"x_ cf=j= @)^*÷)^(

ljj/0f dlxnf cflbjf;L÷ hghflt

dw]zL blnt ckfË lk5l8Psf] If]q

hDdf

cGtjf{tf{df pkl:yt ;+Vof

%() %&* #(^ @)% (! &! !(#!

hDdf pkl:yltsf cfwf/df k|ltztdf

#) #) @) !! % $ !))

l;kmfl/z ePsf] ;+Vof @&( @@% !&# && @( @@ *)% hDdf l;kmfl/zsf cfwf/df k|ltzt

#% @* @! ( $ # !))

;|f]tM nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] lqkGgf}+ jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)^*÷)^(

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwdf ;Daf]wg x'g'kg]{ ljifox¿ g]kfnn] ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cEof; klxn]b]lvg} ub}{ cfP tfklg sfg'gL Joj:yfåf/f lglb{i6 u/L cjnDag u/]sf] w]/} ePsf] 5}g . lghfdtL ;]jfdf o;sf] k|of]u ePsf] olt 5f]6f] cjlwdf o;sf ;sf/fTds Pj+ gsf/fTds k|efjx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;fGble{s gx'g klg ;S5 . oBlk o; ;DaGwL jt{dfg cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f / eljZosf] cf+sng ubf{ b]xfosf ljifodf ;fdlos ax; / 5nkmn x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� ;fj{hlgs ;]jf;DaGwL b/aGbL l;h{gf, lgo'lQm, ;¿jf, a9'jf, cjsfz, j[lQ k|0ffnL, nufotsf ;a} ljifodf cf/If0f tyf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cfjZostf kg]{ gkg]{ < kg]{ eP slt cjlw;Dd o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] <

� of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t Pj+ ;dtfd"ns / ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fo'Qm ;fj{hlgs lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] :yfkgf / ljsf;df ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;¢fGtsf] cjnDag s'g xb / ;Ldf;Dd ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] <

� cf/If0f ubf{ hfthfltsf] ;d"xx¿ dWo] s]xL hfthfltx¿af6 dfq ;dfj]zL sf]6fdf k|j]z kfPsf]n] Go"g kFx'r x'g] hfthfltx¿nfO{ s;/L ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|s[ofdf Nofpg] <

� cf/If0fsf] gLltaf6 ;DalGwt hfthfltsf ;e|fGtx¿n] g} kx'Fr / pknAw ;'ljwf pkof]u ug]{ ljutsf] cg'ejaf6 k|i6 ePsf]n] tNnf] tKsfsf JolQm tyf kl/jf/x¿sf] xsdf cf/If0faf6 s;/L nfe k'Ug;S5, ;f]sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ ;j{:jLs[t cf}hf/sf] ljsf; s;/L ug]{ <

� hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g] u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljsf; ug{ cfjZos ;ª\u7g, ;+/rgf / hgzlQm Joj:yfkgdf ;dfj]zL gLltn] kfg{ ;Sg] gsf/.Tds k|efjnfO{ s;/L Go"gLs/0f ug]{ <

347

� hgtfk|lt lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL sd{rf/L ;+oGqsf] ljsf; / Joj:yfkg ug{ ;/sf/sf] lglDt s'zn Pj+ ;Ifd hgzlQm pknAw u/fpg cf/If0fsf] gLlt slQsf] ;fGble{s x'g] <

� ;fj{hlgs If]qdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ff / dgf]jn pRr /fvL ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ / k|efjsfl/tf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|of]u slQsf] ;fGble{s x'g] <

� /fhgLlts ¿kdf k|efljt eP/ ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL ul/g] k6s] lg0f{o / l;kmfl/;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL sfg'gdf ;dfj]z ubf{ To;sf] bL3{sfnLg k|efj s:tf] x'g] <

ljBdfg sfg'gL Joj:yfaf6 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf k/]sf k|efjx¿ g]kfnn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf k|f/De ul/Psf] cf/If0f tyf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cEof;n] s]xL ;sf/fTds / s]xL gsf/fTds k|efjx¿ k/]sf] / kg{ ;Sg] dxz'z ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;DaGwL d'Vo a'Fbfx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ lrq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

;sf/fTds kIfx¿

� ;f/e"t ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag ul/Psf] .

� jlxis/0f, lje]b / c;dfgtfsf] cGTo ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] ljZjf; lnOPsf] .

� ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf jl~rt ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu cj;/sf] l;h{gf u/]sf] .

� ;fdflhs Gofosf] k|j4{gsf nflu ;dfg cj;/sf] l;h{gf ePsf] .

� cfly{s, ;fdflhs ¿kdf lk5l8Psf sdhf]/ ju{sf] :t/f]Ggltsf] nflu ;3fp k'Ug] jftfj/0f tof/ ePsf] .

� ;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfd"ns zf;g Joj:yf :yflkt ug{sf] nflu jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/]sf] .

� ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ljleGg If]qdf ljljwtf b]lvPsf], ;fj{hlgs ;]jf qmdzM ;dfj]zL x'Fb} uPsf] .

� zf;g k4ltdf ckgTjsf] efjgfsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug] ck]Iff lnOPsf] .

gsf/fTds kIfx¿

� ;dfg aLr c;dfg Jojxf/ x'g] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ePsf] tyf Pp6} JolQmn] PseGbf a9L k6s o:tf] ;'ljwf k|fKt u/L cGo sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ffdf gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] .

� Ps} ;ª\u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ km/s–km/s Jojxf/ ul/bf sd{rf/L aLr n3'tfefifsf] ljsf;, nIo k|lt pbf;Lgtf, ;fd"lxs efjgfsf] sdL tyf ;fd"lxs pQ/bfloTjk|lt pk]Iffefj /x]sf] .

348

� ljz]if Jofj;flos ;Lk / Ifdtf rflxg] kbsf nflu ;d]t cf/If0f ul/bf k]zfut bIftf / Joj;flos s';ntfdf c;/ kg{ ;Sg] b]lvPsf] .

� ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf of]Uotf k|0ffnL (Meritocracy) sf] :yfkgf ug]{ ljifo / n}lËs ;dtf / ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cjnDag tyf ;]jfdf u'0ffTdstf sfod ug{] ljifodf ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ s7LgfO{ x'g] b]lvPsf] .

� ;fj{hlgs sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf ;dtf sfod ug]{ / ;]jfx¿ aLrsf] pTk|]/0ffnfO{ Ps¿ktf sfod ug]{ ljifo r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] .

� s]Gb| / :yfgLo :t/sf] sd{rf/L egf{df ;dfj]zL ;jfndf Pp6} gLlt nfu" ug{ vf]lhgfn] :yfgLo txsf kbk"tL{ k|lqmofx¿ ljjfbf:kb x'g'sf ;fy} ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;¢fGt ljk/Lt ePsf] .

� /fHon] ;dfj]zL sfg'g jgfpbf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf ju{, If]q, lnË, ;Dk|bfo / hfthflt nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{df xfnsf] k|of]u hftLo ¿kdf a9L s]lGb|t ePsf]n] o;sf] gsf/fTds k|efj a9\g ;Sg] vt/f /x]sf] .

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ lghfdtL lstfavfgfdf /x]sf] clen]vsf cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf dlxnf ;xeflutf >]0fLut ¿kdf ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;Gtf]ifhgs cj:yf b]lvb}g . To;}u/L blnt, hghflt, cflbjf;L lk5l8Psf] ju{sf ;DaGwdf lghfdtL ;]jf / :yfgLo ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cflwsfl/s tYofÍ kfpg klg sl7g cj:yf 5 . olt x'Fbf x'b} klg :yfgLo ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] dfq ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;dfj]zL l;¢fGt cg'¿k sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkgdf s]xL ;sf/fTds pknlAwx¿ xfl;n ePsf] b]lvG5g\ .

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf dlxnf tyf cGo lk5l8Psf ju{sf] ;xeflutf cToGt Go"g /x]sf] ljBdfg cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{ oyf{ydf nf]stflGqs / ;dfj]zL agfpg /fli6«o :t/df g} cf/If0f gLlt Nofpg cfjZos 5 eg] :yfgLo txn] cfˆgf] If]qsf] uxgtf, cfjZostf / ;3gtfsf] cfwf/df pko'Qm gLlt cjnDag u/L o;nfO{ :yflkt ug'{ h¿/L b]lvG5 . o;sf] lglDt clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0f / cf/If0fsf] :yfgLos/0f k"j{zt{ x'g'kb{5 . /fHo Joj:yfsf] x/]s tx / If]qdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf nflu ;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL xfn;Dd ePsf gLltut / sfg'gL Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ n}lËs ;dtf clej[l4 / ;dfj]zL sd{rf/L k|zf;g lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu ;fj{hlgs sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf lgDg adf]lhd Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos 5 .

� s'g} vf; k|s[ltsf] sfo{sf] nflu dlxnf pDd]b\jf/n] dfq k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] u/L kb tf]Sg ;Sg] .

� l/Qm kbdf v'nf k|ltof]lutfåf/f kbk"lt{sf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{ dlxnf, blnt / tf]lsP adf]lhdsf cflbjf;L hghfltnfO{ ## k|ltzt;Dd kb ;+Vof 5'6\ofpg'kg]{ . o:tf] ;+Vof If]qut, lhNnfut / :yfgLo lgsfout ¿kdf km/s–km/s x'g ;Sg] .

� s]jn hflt jf hghflt jf dlxnf ePsf] dfq cfwf/df cf/If0f lbg] gLltaf6 To; ju{sf Creamy layer n] dfq kmfObf kfpg] cj:yf cfpg] x'bf cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf

349

dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+ssf] l:ylt ;d]tsf lgwf{l/t ;"rssf] cfwf/df nlIft ;d"xnfO{ ;LdfGt ju{, ;'ljwf jl~rt ju{, pRr ju{df ljefhg u/L cf/If0f kfpg] ju{sf] klxrfg ug]{ .

� cf/If0fsf] ;'ljwf lbFbf al9 cj;/af6 jl~rt (Theory of Multiple Disadvantage) ePsf] cj:yf klxrfg u/L To; cg';f/ cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf ug{ o;sf] lglDt cf/If0f gLlt nfu" ug'{ k"j{ jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf ;d"xsf] :ki6 kl/efiff / tYofÍ tof/ ug'{ kg]{ .

� dlxnf jf lk5l8Psf] ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] cj;/ h'6fpg s]jn cf/If0fsf] gLlt dfq cjnDag gu/L cGo ;a} If]qdf nfu" ug]{ u/L gLltut ;'wf/ / sfg'gx¿sf] th'{df, ;+zf]wg jf kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{ .

� lghfdtL ;]jfdf cf/If0fsf] k|fjwfgsf] Pp6f dfq p2]Zo lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg]] elgPsf] / o;sf] kl/df0ffTds nIo lgwf{/0f gu/]sf]n] slxn] ;Dd s'g ju{sf] nflu slt k|ltzt ;xeflutf ePdf ;]jf ;dfj]zL x'g] xf] osLg ug'{sf ;fy} Pp6} ;do ;Ldfn] ;a} ju{, If]q, lnË / hfthfltsf nflu sfd u5{ ub}{g ljZn]if0f u/L ;f]xL cg'¿k ug'{ kg]{ .

� cf/If0fsf] kbdf pDd]bjf/ aGg kfpg] u/L P]gn] /fv]sf] cfwf/ cfly{s tyf ;dflhs ¿kn] lk5l8Psf] ju{ / If]qsf] jf/]df JolQmut tyf ;fd"lxs¿kdf ljjfb x'g] u/]sf]n] pko'Qm ;"rs / dfkb08 :ki6 ug]{ .

� cf/If0f tkm{ 5'6\ofPsf kbx¿df ;dfg kbdf Pp6} JolQmn] lnË, hflt, If]q h:tf Ps eGbf a9L cf/If0fsf lj1fkgx¿df efu lng kfpg] k|fjwfgn] ubf{ Pp6} JolQm Ps eGbf w}/} kbx¿sf] nflu pDd]bjf/ ePsf] / x'g kfpg] cj:yfaf6 bf]xf]/f] kmfObfsf] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf]n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf /x];Dd Ps k6s dfq o:tf] ;'ljwf pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] u/L :ki6 sfg'gL Joj:yf ug]{ .

� nf]s ;]jf cfof]u Pj+ cGo ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 cf/If0f tkm{sf ;dfj]zL kbx¿df s'g} klg pDd]bjf/ ;kmn gePsf] egL k6s–k6s lj1fkg ul/g' ;fy} Go"g k|lt:kwf{ / Go"gtd c+s ;d]t k|fKt gu/]sf h:tf pbfx/0fx¿n] of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ v'Nnf r'gf}tL lbg'sf] ;fy} nlIft ju{sf pDd]b\jf/x¿df k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej[l4sf sfo{qmd ;d]t ;~rfng ub}{ cf/lIft kbx¿df ;d]t Go"gtd k|lt:kwL{ ;+Vof tf]Sg] ;f] cg'¿k gePdf jf o:tf kbdf s'g} JolQm ;kmn x'g g;s]df tL kbx¿df ;a}n] k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] u/L Jojl:yt ug{' pko'Qm x'g] .

� ljleGg ;/sf/L ;]jfdf ;]jfsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ cf/If0fsf] lsl;d, cf/If0fsf txx¿ km/s–km/s x'g pko'Qm x'g] .

� cf/If0fnfO{ ;]jf k|j]zdf dfq ;Lldt u/L j[lQ k|0ffnL / j[lQ ljsf;df To:tf jl~rt ;d"xnfO{ ;Ifd agfpg k|ltikwf{Tds Ifdtfdf x|f; gcfpg] u/L ;sf/fTds lje]bsf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug]{ .

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� Ps 3/af6 Ps JolQm, Ps txdf cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / o;/L cf/If0f ubf{ ;DalGwt If]q / ju{sf aLrdf klg cfly{s , ;fdflhs cfwf/df juL{s/0f u/L ljleGg ju{ / ;d'bfonfO{ k|fyldstfsf] gLlt cjnDag ug]{ .

� ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ;DaGwdf k|zf;sLo cbfntn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf hf/L u/]sf] lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z -p4jk|;fb bfxfn lj?4 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;d]t, @)&)_ adf]lhdsf] Joj:yf nfu" ug]{ u/fpg] .

� bL3{sfndf ;dfj]zL ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g lgdf{0fsf nflu cf/If0f eGbf lzIff, tflnd, Ifdtf ljsf; h:tf ;zlQms/0f sfo{qmd dfkm{t k|lt:kwf{Tds lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg] .

pk;+xf/ ;fdflhs åGå / k|lt:kwf{sf] cGTo u/L ;dfhsf k|To]s gful/sx¿sf] klxrfg / dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ /fHosf] k|To]s ultljlwdf ;a}sf] ;dfg / ;xh kx'Frsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu ljljwtf Joj:yfkg cfjZos 5 . ljljwtf Joj:yfkgdf ;a} hft, hflt, ju{, If]q / ;d'bfosf] 1fg, ;Lk, bIftf, d"No / dfGotfsf] ;+of]hgsf] l:ylt l;h{gf x'g] / o;af6 ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf ;d]t j[l4 x'g ;Sg] cj:yf x'G5 . t;y{ o;nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{sf] nflu ljleGg pkfox¿dWo] pko'Qm pkfosf] vf]hL x'g' rflxF ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . cf/If0fsf] dfWodaf6 dfq ljljwtf Joj:yfkgnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg'' eGbf ;zlQms/0fsf ljljw pkfox¿ h:t} ;r]tgf / ;zlQms/0fsf dfWodaf6 Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{, ;sf/fTds efjgf ljsf; x'g] vfnsf ;"rgf / hfgsf/Lsf] Jofks k|rf/k|;f/ u/L nlIft ju{;Dd o;sf] lj:tf/ ug]{ tflnd÷k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yfåf/f Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ h:tf dfWodaf6 /fHo ;+oGqdf k5fl8 k/]sf jf k5fl8 kfl/Psf hft, hflt, ju{, ;d'bfo / If]qsf gful/ssf] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf ;dfg kx'Fr / k|j]zsf] l:ylt l;h{gf ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

g]kfndf ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] ;zQm dfWodsf] ¿kdf cf/If0f Joj:yfnfO{ cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 . ef/tdf ;d]t cf/If0fsf] dfWodaf6 ljljwtf Joj:yfkgnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOP klg ToxfF o;sf cGo pkfox¿sf] vf]hL klg z'¿ ePsf] kfOG5 . Psftkm{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] dfWodaf6 lglZrt ;d"xx¿ aLr dfq k|lt:kwf{ u/fpFbf To;n] u'0f:t/df lu/fj6 cfpg], o;n] bIftfsf] :t/ 36fpg] / lglZrt ;d'bfosf pkNnf] ju{n] dfq o;sf] nfe lng ;Sg] / jf:tljs ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf] ju{ emg\ k|efljt x'g ;Sg] vt/f x'G5 eGg] ts{ lnOPsf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ o;nfO{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf, k5fl8 kfl/Psf ;d"xnfO{ d"nwf/df Nofpg] k|efjsf/L sbdsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 . oL b'j} ts{ cf–cfkm\gf 7fpFdf plrt cg'lrt x'g ;S5g\ . oyfy{tfnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut ubf{ ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] ¿kdf cf/If0fsf] dfWodnfO{ lglZrt ;dosf] nflu dfq k|of]u ug'{ plrt x'g hfg] x'G5 . bL3{sfnLg ;f]r / gLlt ljgf cf/If0fsf] dfWodnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] Psdfq cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf cjnDag ubf{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/df x|f; cfpg] bIftfdf k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] x'G5 . k|fljlws If]qdf cf/If0f eGbf ;zlQms/0f / cGo If]q tTsfn cf/If0f ePklg bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf Ifdtf ljsf;sf] gLlt cjnDag ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] u'0f:t/df ;Demf}tfsf] l:ylt Pj+ Ifdtfdf x«f;sf] l:ylt l;h{gf gug{]] / /fHodf ;dGoflos

351

jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L ;fdflhs PstfnfO{ dha't agfpg] cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] k|of]u ul/g' k5{ .

352

kl/R5]b – !*

sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgog / ;'wf/

k[i7e"ld æ6«]8 o'lgogÆ cfkm\gf ;b:ox¿sf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs kIfsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu ;fd"lxs ¿kdf k|of; ug]{, /f]huf/Ldf ;+nUg JolQmx¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;'/Iff u/L /f]huf/bftf;Fu sd{rf/L sfdbf/sf] tna / sfo{jftfj/0fsf] af/]df s'/f ug]{, sfdbf/ / sd{rf/Lsf] ;femf lxtsf] ;'/Iff / ;Dj4{g ug{] tyf /f]huf/bftf / sfdbf/aLrsf] ;DaGwsf] lgodg ug]{ / cfkmgf ;b:osf] dfu ;Daf]wg u/fpg] ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf a'lemG5 . ;du|df sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx¿n] cfkm\gf] xs / lxt /Iffsf] nflu :yfkgf u/]sf] ;ª\u7g 6«]8 o'lgog xf] . o;b]lvafx]s cGo k|of]hgsf nflu :yflkt ;ª\u7g 6«]8 o'lgogsf] kl/efiffdf kb}{g . o; s'/fsf] k'li6 lghfdtL ;]jfafx]s cGo ;]jfdf nfu" x'g] u/L ag]sf] 6«]8 o'lgog P]g, @)$( n] u/]sf] 5 . o; P]gsf] k|:tfjgfdf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Jofj;flos tyf k];fut xslxtsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Dj4{g ug{sf nflu 6«]8 o'lgog btf{ / ;~rfng ug{ of] P]g ag]sf] eGg] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o:t} lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( df ePsf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wgn] klg lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] xs / lxtnfO{ ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug]{ sfo{s} nflu lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;ª\u7gnfO{ 6«]8 o'lgogsf] dfGotf lbOPsf] egL kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 .

;Ifd ;ª\u7g / JolQmn] st{Jo / Ifdtfsf] s'/f ug]{ / c;Ifdn] clwsf/sf] dfq s'/f ug]{ k4ltn] ck]lIft glthf lbg ;Sb}g . lghfdtL ;]jfdf sd{rf/L o'lgogsf] cjwf/0ff dof{lbt sfdsf] l;4fGt -Decent Work Principle_ df cfwfl/t x'g] / o; cGtu{t >ldssf] clwsf/ ;'/If0f, sfo{df pGglt / a9f]Q/L, ;fdflhs ;+/If0f / ;fdflhs ;Djfb kb{5g\ . k|f/Dedf 6«]8

353

o'lgogsf] cjwf/0ff vf;u/L Hofnf dhb"/L ug]{ >lds -Blue Colour Worker_ sf xsdf cfslif{t x'g] u/L pgLx¿sf] k]zfut ;'/Iff / :jf:Yosf] ;Dj]bgzLntf, >d zf]if0fsf] ;Defjgf Pjd\ sfdsf cfwf/df Hofnfsf nflu ;f}bfjfhL / ;fdflhs ;'/If0f ;'lglZrt ug{ ljsf; ePsf] xf] . kl5 o;nfO{ k]zfut ljifout If]qdf ;d]t cjnDag ug{ yflnof] .

vf;u/]/ 6«]8 o'lgog zAb cf}Bf]lus Pj+ Jofkfl/s k|lti7fg;Fu hf]l8g] ub{5 . oBlk o;sf] ;DaGw cGo If]q;Fu klg /xg] u/]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf o; zAbnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfleq klg k|of]u ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf leqsf ;ª\3 ;+:yfnfO{ 6«]8 o'lgogsf] ;+1f lbO{ tb\g'¿k o;sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|rng z'¿ ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ klg lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( df ePsf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wgn] 6«]8 o'lgog u7g ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] o'lgog u7g ubf{ ljleGg Joj:yfsf] kfngf ug'{kg]{, lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf sfof{no k|d'v eO{ sfd ug'{kg]{ /fhkqflÍt sd{rf/Lafx]s /fhkqflÍt t[tLo >]0fL jf ;f] eGbf d'lgsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] cfkm\gf] k]zfut xslxtsf nflu /fli6«o:t/sf] lghfdtL sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogx¿ u7g u/L ;b:otf lng;Sg], lghfdtL sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogx¿sf] btf{ >d ljefudf ul/g'kg]{, o'lgogx¿n] 5gf}6 u/]sf kbflwsf/Lx¿ /x]sf] Ps lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgog u7g x'g], lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] o:tf] cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgogn] lhNnf:t/, ljefuLo:t/ / /fli6«o:t/df cfkm\gf] k]zfut dfux¿ ;DalGwt lgsfodf k|:t't u/L ;fdflhs ;+jfb / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ug{ kfpg] / o:tf] cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgog u7g gePsf] cj:yfdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf 6«]8 o'lgog ;ª\3x¿n] cfk;df ;xdtL u/L ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( df ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( df ePsf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wg kZrft lghfdtL ;]jfdf ax'n o'lgogsf] cEof; eO{/x]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/fsf cfwf/df o:tf] lghfdtL sd{rf/L o''lgogsf] u7g x'g] u/]sf] 5 . logn] cfkm"nfO{ Pp6f k];fut ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf eGbf klg /fhgLlts bnsf] eft[ ;ª\u7gsf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jfdf xfn o:tf sl/j ;ft j6f sd{rf/L o'lgog cl:tTjdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . pgLx¿n] cfcfkmgf] o'lgogdf lglZrt ;b:o ;+Vof /x]sf] bfjL ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . t/ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( cg';f/ sfo{fno k|d'vdf /x]sf] t[tLo >]0fLsf] sd{rf/L o'lgogsf] ;b:o x'g kfpb}gg\ . To;/L g} lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) cg';f/ s'g} klg lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] Ps} k6s Ps eGbf a9L 6«]8 o'lgogsf] ;b:otf lng klg ;Sb}g . csf]{tkm{ ;b:otf lng;Sg] s}of} sd{rf/L s'g} klg o'lgogdf cfa4 gePsf klg 5g\ . t/ pgLx¿n] bfjL u/] cg';f/sf] ;+Vof hf]8\g] xf] eg] d'n'sdf sfo{/t lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;+VofeGbf s}of}F u'0ff a9L x'g] b]lvG5 . To:t} ;b:otf z'Ns o'lgoglkR5] km/skm/s /x]sf] kfOG5 . cfa4tfsf] xsdf lghfdtL sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogx¿nfO{ dxf;ª\3 u7g ug]{, To;sf] ;b:o aGg], cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3 jf dxf;ª\3sf] ;b:o aGg] jf cfkm\gf] ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{ clwsf/ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( n] k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o; P]gdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] /fli6«o:t/sf 6«]8 o'lgogx¿ / cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx¿af6 cfkm\gf sfo{If]q cg's"nsf :yfgdf ;¿jfsf] dfu ePdf ;¿jf ul/lbg' kg]{ Joj:yf klg ul/Psf] 5 .

sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgog :yfkgfsf nflu ePsf k|of; s'g} klg ;ª\3 ;+:yfsf] ;b:o;Dd aGg gkfOg] cj:yfaf6 nfdf] ;do;Dd u'lh|Psf] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ cfh 6«]8 o'lgog u7g ug{ kfpg];Ddsf] sfg'gL clwsf/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

354

6«]8 o'lgog ;DaGwL o:tf] clwsf/ k|fKt ug]{ ;DaGwdf ljutdf ePsf k|of;x¿nfO{ ;+lIfKt ¿kdf k|:t't ul/g' ;fGble{s x'g] b]lvG5 . @))* ;fndf clvn g]kfn Go"g j}tlgs sd{rf/L ;ª\u7g gfdsf] ;ª\u7gsf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . t/ To;sf] cl:tTj slxn];Dd /x]sf] lyof] eGg] b]lvb}g . To:t} kl5 nfu" ePsf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!#, lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)!# / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)@! n] klg ;/sf/af6 :jLs[lt gkfPsf] ;+:yfsf] ;b:otf lng jl~rt u/]sf] lyof] . sd{rf/Lx¿sf ;ª\3 ;ª\u7gnfO{ k~rfot sfne/ ;/sf/n] :jLs[lt lbg] cj:yf g} lyPg .

@)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng kZrft\ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( hf/L ul/of] . o; P]g cg';f/ g]kfn lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;ª\u7gsf] :yfkgf eof] . t/ pQm P]gdf Pp6f dfq lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;ª\u7g /xg] Joj:yf lyof] . oBlk ;/sf/n] pQm sfg'gL Joj:yfljk/Lt csf]{ ;ª\3nfO{ ;d]t dfGotf lbof] . To;kl5 k/]sf] d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 Pp6fdfq ;ª\u7g /xg] egL l;4fGt;d]t k|ltkfbg eof] . tTkZrft\ sfg'gtM Pp6f ;ª\u7g / Jojxf/df b'O{j6f ;ª\u7gsf] cl:tTj /xFb} cfof] . @)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngdf lghfdtL 6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/sf]] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ k|lt1f ul/Psf] lyof] . To; cg'¿k hgcfGbf]ngkl5 k'g:yf{lkt k|ltlglw;efn] ;'/Iff ;]jfdf sfo{/t /fi6«;]js, /f=k=k|yd >]0fL / ;f]eGbf pRr txsf /fi6«;]js / Joj:yfksLo sfo{ ug'{kg]{ sfof{no k|d'vafx]s lghfdtL sd{rf/Lnufotsf ;Dk"0f{ k]zfsdL{x¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7gsf] dxf;lGw cg';f/sf] 6]«8 o'lgogsf cfwf/e"t clwsf/x¿ k|bfg ug]{ h¿/L ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] k|:tfj kfl/t u¥of]] . tb\g'¿k >d P]g / 6]«8 o'lgog P]gdf tTsfn cfjZos sfg'gL Joj:yf ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ lgb]{z klg u/\of] . o;eGbf cufl8 g} g]kfn lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;ª\u7gn] zfxL zf;gsf] ;dodf lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;ª\u7gnfO{ vf/]h u/L ljifout ;ª\u7g agfpg] u/L hf/L ul/Psf] lghfdtL ;]jf -bf]>f] ;+zf]wg_ cWofb]zlj¿4df cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7g ;dIf d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] lyof] . pQm d'2fdf lg0f{o ub}{ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7gsf] ;DalGwt ;ldltn] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cGo lghL If]qdf sfo{/t sfdbf/ ;/x g} ;ª\u7g :jtGqtf /xg] :ki6 kf/\of] . plNnlvt k[i7e'lddf hgcfGbf]ngkl5 ag]sf] ;/sf/n] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ 6]«8 o'lgog clwsf/ k|Tofe"t u/L cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7gsf] dfGotfnfO{ ;+:yfut u/L lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgodfjnLdf kl/jt{g u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgog u7g ;DaGwL ljBdfg sfg'gL Joj:yf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( df ePsf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wgaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf ax'n 6«]8 o'lgogsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ljBdfg sfg'gL Joj:yf cg';f/ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 6«]8 o'lgognfO{ 6«]8 o'lgog P]g cg';f/ :yflkt 6«]8 o'lgog ;/x agfO{ btf{ k|lqmof lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . h; cg';f/ btf{sf] nflu lgj]bgdf sDtLdf @) lhNnfsf kfFr xhf/ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] x:tfIf/ x'g'kb{5 . sd{rf/L o'lgogdf sfof{no k|d'v / /fhkqflÍt låtLo >]0fL jf ;f]eGbf dflyNnf] kbsf sd{rf/L ;fd]n x'g kfpb}gg\ . lgj]bgsf] ;fydf ljwfg;d]t ;+nUg u/L o'lgog btf{sf] lgj]bg >d ljefusf] dxflgb]{zs;dIf k]; ul/g'kb{5 . o; k|sf/ k]; ePsf] lgj]bgdf cfjZos 5fglag u/L ljefun] !% lbgleqdf lghfdtL 6«]8 o'lgog btf{ u/L k|df0fkq lbg'kb{5 . o;/L /fli6«o :t/df btf{ ePsf] o'lgogn] lhNnf jf ljefuLo :t/df cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;ldlt agfpg ;S5g\ . t/ /fli6«o :t/sf] o'lgog;Fu cfa4 geO{ lhNnf jf ljefuLo :t/df g} o'lgog agfpg rfxg] sfdbf/ sd{rf/Ln] >d

355

sfof{nodf ;DalGwt lhNnf jf ljefudf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] @) k|ltztsf] ;dy{g k|fKt u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . o; k|sf/ btf{ ePsf] /fli6«o jf lhNnf jf ljefuLo :t/sf] o'lgogn] k|To]s $÷$ jif{df gjLs/0f u/fpg'kb{5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] 6«]8 o'lgogx¿n] cfkm\gf] ljwfg agfpg] :jtGq x}l;ot /fVb5g\ . d"ne"t Joj:yf ljwfgdf ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 . o'lgogsf] ljwfgdf gfd, 7]ufgf, sfo{;ldlt u7g ljlw, a9Ldf $ jif{;Dd dfq kbfjlw /xg] Joj:yf, ;b:otf ;DaGwL Joj:yf, kbflwsf/L ;+Vof / lgjf{rg ljlw, cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj kfl/t u/L x6fpg] Joj:yf, o'lgogsf] sf]if / n]vfk/LIf0f;DaGwL Joj:yf, clwj]zg tyf sfo{;ldltx¿sf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/, ljwfg ;+zf]wg k|lqmof, lj36g;DaGwL Joj:yf / lj36g ePdf ;DklQ tyf bfloTj;DaGwL Joj:yf, cflwsfl/s o'lgogdf k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] / lkmtf{ af]nfpg] Joj:yfh:tf cfjZos Joj:yfx¿ /flvg'kb{5 . plNnlvt Joj:yfaf6 o'lgogn] cfkm"nfO{ nf]stflGqs agfpg' kb{5 . P]gn] sd{rf/L o'lgog o;sf ;b:ox¿sf] lgoGq0fdf /xg] Joj:yfsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 .

sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfg'gtM :jLsf/ u/L Jojxf/df ;~rfngdf cfO;s] tfklg o;df ;'wf/sf k|z:t If]qx¿ 5g\ . 6«]8 o'lgogsf] dfGotf / ;~rfngaf6 sd{rf/Lsf] xs lxtdf clej[l4 ePsf] / o;n] hgtfdf k'¥ofpg' kg]{ ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ePsf] k'i6L eO;s]sf] 5}g . 6«]8 o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Ln] yk clwsf/ / ;'ljwfdfq dfu ug]{, ;/sf/n] o;nfO{ emGem6 7fGg] k|j[lQ b]vf k/]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;dIf d'2f klg k/]/ km};nf ePsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;ª\u7g /fHo ;+rfngsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;+oGq ePsf], ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf gLltx¿, ;/sf/sf sfo{of]hgf / sfo{ k4ltx¿ gful/sx¿nfO{ b}lgs ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿, ;/sf/sf efjL of]hgf tyf /0fgLltx¿ ;a}sf] sfo{Gjog ug]{ sfd d"n ¿kdf lghfdtL ;ª\u7gsf] ePsf]n] of] ;ª\u7gnfO{ s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yfsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] lglZrt / ;Lldt p2]Zo ePsf] k|lti7fg ;/x / oxfF sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] e"ldsfnfO{ To:tf k|lti7fgdf sfd ug]{ >lds jf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] e"ldsf ;/x dfgL s'g} cd's 6«]8 o'lgogsf] kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] c;Lldt / clgolGqt clwsf/ x'g' Jofjxfl/s / cf}lrTok"0f{ gb]lvg'sf ;fy} ;¿jfaf6 k/]sf] dsf{sf] ;DaGwdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( adf]lhdsf] j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ cjnDag gu/L ckl/kSj cj:yfdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qdf k|j]z gkfOg] u/L ldlt @)^*.*.^ df ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 km};nf ;d]t eO{;s]sf] b]lvG5 -ljGb]Zj/ k|;fb k]6n lj= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno ;d]t, @)^^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )*%*÷@)^^_ .

cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgogsf] Joj:yf cGo If]qdf o'lgogx¿sf] lgjf{rg u/L ax'dt k|fKt o'lgognfO{ cflwsfl/s o'lgog 3f]if0ff ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ cËLsf/ u/L lgjf{rg ug{ tof/L eO/x]sf] 5 . t/ lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cËLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf s]Gb| / ljefuLo jf lhNnf:t/ u/L cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgogsf] b'O{ tx /xG5g\ . s]Gb|Lo:t/df @! ;b:o / ljefuLo÷lhNnf:t/df !! ;b:o /xG5g\ . h;cg';f/ b]ze/L g} Ps}k6s lgjf{rg ug]{ / h'g o'lgogn] s]Gb|÷lhNnf÷ljefuLo :t/df hlt k|ltzt dt kfpF5 ;f]xL cfwf/df s]Gb|÷lhNnf÷ljefuLo :t/df o'lgog u7g x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L g} lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod !!&s df k|fKt dtsf] cfwf/df s'g kbdf s'g o'lgogsf] k|ltlglw /xg] eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf;d]t ul/Psf] 5 .

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sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogsf] sfo{If]q lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf lgodfjnL cg';f/ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] 6«]8 o'lgogn] sd{rf/Lsf] xs / lxtsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g u/L lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L / ultzLn agfpg], e]nf, tflnd, k|lzIf0f, uf]i7Lnufotsf] /rgfTds / l;h{gfTds sfo{ ug]{, 6«]8 o'lgog dxf;ª\3 / cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3 jf dxf;ª\3df cfa4 x'g], lghfdtL ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ ;Nnfx / ;'emfj lbg] / sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff, ;'ljwf, j[lQ ljsf;, Jofj;flos ;'/Iffh:tf xslxt ;DaGwL ljifodf ;fdflhs ;+jfb / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ug]{ h:tf clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ kfpF5 .

sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogsf] ;sf/fTds kIf 6«]8 o'lgogsf] d'Vo p2]Zo sd{rf/Lsf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ xf] . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf klg oxL p2]Zo kl/k"lt{sf] nflu o;sf] cEof; ul/Psf] 5 . sfg'g cg';f/ 6«]8 o'lgognfO{ sd{rf/Lsf] xslxt ;+/If0f Pj+ ;Dj4{g u/L lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ /rgfTds ;'emfj lbg] / ;xof]u k'/ofpg] lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkPsf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ltgnfO{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] nflu e]nf, tflnd, k|lzIf0f, uf]i7L ug]{ h:tf sfo{lhDd]jf/L klg tf]lsPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] klg lghfdtL ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'g lgdf{0f ubf{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgogaf6 ;Nnfx / ;'emfj lng;Sg] k|fjwfg lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf /x]sf] 5 .

sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogsf] ;/sf/fTds kIfsf ;DaGwdf x]bf{ sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogx¿n] g]kfn ;/sf/ / lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf aLrdf ;Dks{ ;]t'sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ . logLx¿n] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf u'gf;fx¿nfO{ phfu/ ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff / xslxtsf] ;+/If0fdf bjfj ;d"xsf ¿kdf sfd u/]sf 5g\ . sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogx¿n] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] ;Gbe{df sd{rf/Lsf] tkm{af6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/n] klg k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] nflu cfof]hgf u/]sf] 5nkmn sfo{qmddf o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ cfdGq0f ug{] u/]sf] 5 . sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogx¿n] ;/sf/sf] kl/jt{g;Fu} ;¿jf ug]{ unt k/Dk/fnfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ ;r]t u/fpg yfn]sf 5g\ . sd{rf/L xslxtsf] ;+/If0fsf] ;DaGwdf r]tgf hfu[t u/fpg a]nfa]nfdf uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/, k|lzIf0f cflbsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o'lgogx¿n] /Qmbfgdfkm{t dfgjLo ;]jfdf ;xof]u k'/ofpg] k/Dk/f a;fn]sf 5g\ . o'lgogx¿n] sfo{;Dkfbg / cg'ejsf] d"NofÍgåf/f a9'jf ePsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;dfof]hgdf ;xof]u k'/ofPsf 5g\ . sd{rf/Lsf] lgod;Ddt\ 9+un] ;¿jf x'g'kg]{ kIfdf cfjfh p7fpg] u/]sf 5g\ . o'lgogx¿n] ljB't cfof]hgfx¿df Ps dxLgfsf] tna a/fa/sf] /sd nufgL ug{ sd{rf/LnfO{ ;xdt u/fPsf 5g\ . sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogx¿sf] kxndf lghfdtL c:ktfnsf] :yfkgf eO{ ;+rfngdf cfPsf] 5 . sd{rf/Lsf] tna, eQfnufotsf ;'ljwfsf] j[l4 ug{ cfjfh p7fpg] u/]sf 5g\ . zflGt ;'/Iffsf] e/kbf]{ Joj:yf u/L sd{rf/Lsf] JolQmut ;'/Iffsf] nflu cfjfh p7fpg] u/]sf 5g\ . sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogx¿sf] kxndf l;+xb/jf/l:yt ljleGg lgsfox¿df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfjthfjt ug{ kl/jxgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿df ;r]tgfsf] clej[l4 ePsf] 5 . pgLx¿ pkNnf txsf sd{rf/L;dIf :ki6 ¿kdf cfkm\gf hfoh s'/fx¿ /fVg ;Sg] Ifdtfjfg ePsf 5g . sfof{no k|d'vnfO{ p;sf] sfo{lhDd]jf/L OdfGbfl/k"j{s jxg ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] u/]sf 5g\ . Pstf g} zlQm ePsf]n] o'lgog cjwf/0ffsf] sfof{Gjogn] sd{rf/Lsf]

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dgf]jn a9fPsf] 5 . o'lgogn] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;xof]u k'/ofPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgod ;+zf]wg ug{df ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u k'/ofPsf 5g\ .

cGo b]zsf] cEof; sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogsf ;Gbe{df ljleGg b]zx¿df km/s–km/s Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . blIf0f sf]l/ofsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;ª\u7g :jtGqtf / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhLsf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L blIf0f clkm|sfsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;fd"lxs 6«]8 o'lgognfO{ ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ug{ kfpg] u/L clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 . ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL / sfdbf/x¿n] ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] u/L hfkfgsf] ;+ljwfgn] clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L O6fnL / a|flhnsf] ;+ljwfgn] klg ljlwjt\ ¿kdf btf{ ePsf] o'lgognfO{ sfg'gL dfGotf k|bfg u/L ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ug{ kfpg] u/L cfjZos 6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . ef/tdf 6«]8 o'lgog P]g adf]lhd 6«]8 o'lgog ;Da4 ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ kfOg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . 6«]8 o'lgogsf] btf{, gjLs/0f, lqmofsnfk cflb sfo{x¿nfO{ o;} P]gn] lgodg ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . hd{gLdf sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf ;t{ adf]lhd o'lgogsf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] u/L sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L dn]l;ofdf ToxfFsf] 6«]8 o'lgot P]gn] >d ;DaGwdf ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhL / ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{ cfjZos Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; P]gn] 6«]8 o'lgog ;DaGwdf lj:t[t Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ljleGg d'n'ssf] cWoogaf6 6«]8 o'lgogsf] ;Gbe{df >ldssf nflu ljz]if / sd{rf/Lsf nflu Pp6} lsl;dsf] geO{ ljifout k|s[ltsf] cnu–cnu o'lgogsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogsf ;d:of / r'gf}tL g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogsf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/]/ o;sf] cl:tTjnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] u7g, ;+rfng, Joj:yfkg cflbsf nflu lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf cfjZos Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . k|zf;lgs ;'wf/sf nflu /rgfTds / l;h{gzLn sfo{ ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy o;sf] u7g ePsf] b]lvG5 . ljBdfg sfg'gL Joj:yfn] cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgogsf] u7g x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ To; cg';f/ cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgog u7g x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . h;sf] sf/0f Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf ax'n o'lgogsf] cEof; eO{/x]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf 6«]8 o'lgogsf] sfo{If]q lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . t/ ljBdfg 6«]8 o'lgogx¿af6 lgwf{l/t sfo{If]q cg';f/sf] lhDd]jf/L jxg x'g;s]sf] kfOb}g . sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogn] d'n'sdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{df ;xof]u k'/ofpg'kg]{df logLx¿ /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/fsf] cfwf/df ljeQm eO{ ltgsf efQ[ ;ª\u7gsf ¿kdf lqmofzLn x'gk'u]sf 5g\ . h;sf sf/0f o'lgogsf] :yfkgf sfnb]lv g} sd{rf/L o'lgog;Da4 ljleGg ;d:of / r'gf}tL b]vfkb}}{ cfPsf] kfOG5 . 6«]8 o'lgogx¿ bnLo cfwf/df ljeflht x'Fbf sd{rf/Lsf] lxt k|a4{gdf k|efjsf/L sfd x'g g;s]sf] eGg] ;d]t /x]sf] 5 .

sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Ldfly sd{rf/Lsf] ;¿jfdf dfq s]lGb|t ePsf 5g\ eGg] cf/f]k nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . o'lgogx¿ /fhgLlts bnsf eft[ ;ª\u7gsf] ¿kdf /x]sfn] bnLo ;]jfdf dfq nfu]sf 5g\ eGg] cfdwf/0ff ag]sf] 5 . sd{rf/L o'lgog kbLo pQ/bfloTj jxg ug{ gkg]{ zlQm s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsl;t x'+b} uPsfn] k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx x'g g;s]sf] xf] eGg] 7DofO{ ;]jfu|fxLsf] /x]sf] kfOG5 . a]nfa]nfdf ceb| / cdof{lbt Jojxf/ k|bz{g x'gyfNof]

358

eg]/ sd{rf/L j[Qdf lrGtf JoQm ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . sfof{nosf] x/]s sfo{;Dkfbgdf o'lgogn] cfkmgf] ;+nUgtf vf]h]sfn] zL3| sfo{;Dkfbgdf c;/ k/]sf] egL sfof{no k|d'vx¿sf] egfO{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . a]nfa]nfdf cfb]zsf] >[ª\vnfdf cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] / cg'zf;gxLgtf a9fpg] sf/stTjsf] ¿kdf b]vfkg{ yfn]sf] egL ;DalGwt kIfn] lrGtf JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] cgfjZos ;Tsf/sf] ck]Iff ug]{ u/]sf] sf/0f k|zf;lgs d"No dfGotf x|f;f]Gd'v x'b} hfg yfn]sf]df lrGtf JoQm ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . sd{rf/Lsf] ;¿jf / a9'jfsf] nflu o'lgognfO{ k|of]u ug'{kg]{ l:yltsf] ;[hgf ePsf]n] ;dfgfGt/ k|zf;g ;+rfng ug{ pBt /x]sf] eGg] cf/f]k klg nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . o'lgogx¿ /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/fsf cfwf/df ljeQm x'gyfn]sfn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k"jf{u|xL aGb} uPsf]df lrGtf JoQm ul/Psf]] 5 . o:t} o'lgogdf cfa4 ePsf sf/0f dftxtsf ;xfos sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ sfd nufpg sl7gfO{ pTkGg x'gyfn]sf]df lrGtf JoQm ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . sfof{no k|d'vx¿ a]nfa]nfdf o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lsf] ceb| Jojxf/ ;xg ug'{ k/]sf] pbfx/0fn] o'lgogx¿ c/fhstftkm{ pGd'v x'Fb} uPsf] eGg] ;d]t 5 . o'lgogsf] x:tIf]k, bjfj / k|efjdf ;¿jf, a9'jf cflb x'g] u/]sf] egL ;/f]sf/jfnfn] lrGtf JoQm ug{ u/]sf 5g\ . 6«]8 o'lgogx¿ sd{rf/Lsf] kmhL{ x:tfIf/ u/]/ btf{ ePsf 5g\ eGg] ;Gbe{df rrf{ kl/rrf{ rNg] u/]sf] 5 . o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] kbLo sfd ug{ ;lhnf] xf];\ eg]/ ;/sf/n] k|To]s o'lgogsf s]Gb|Lo :t/sf cWoIfnufot % hgf kbflwsf/LnfO{ o'lgogsf] kbfjlw e/sf nflu ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] cltl/Qm ;d"xdf ;¿jf ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . t/ pgLx¿ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf sfo{/t g/xL cGoq} cfsif{s elgPsf sfof{nodf sfo{/t /xg] u/]sf l6Kk0fLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o'lgogx¿ cnucnu ¿kdf sfd ug{ ;xh 7fGg] / ;/sf/ ;qmd0fsfnLg /fhgLlts Joj:yfkgdf g} Jo:t x'+bf b'a} kIfsf] Wofg cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgog u7gtkm{ k'Ug g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgogsf ;DaGwdf P]gdf ul/Psf] k|fjwfgnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ To;nfO{ ;dfg'kfltstfsf cfwf/df u7g u/fpg] ;f]rfO{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ /fhgLlts cf:yfsf cfwf/df u7g ePsf o'lgogx¿n] o; k|sf/sf] Joj:yf ePsf] o'lgogdf sfd ug{;Sg] b]lvb}g . bf]xf]/f] e"ldsfsf sf/0f 6]«8 o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx¿af6 k|jfx x'g] ;]jf k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . vf;u/]/ ;/sf/ glhssf o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] ;¿jfdf c3f]lift e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ u/]sf] egL pgLx¿pk/ tLtf] l6Kk0fL x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

;'wf/sf If]q lghfdtL ;]jfdf k]zfut ljljwtf ePsfn] k]zfut lxt / ;'/Iff, j[lQ ljsf;, sfo{k|s[lt / sfo{ jftfj/0f, Joj:yfksLo Joj:yf cflb km/s km/s x'Fbf ;fdfGoLs[t cjwf/0ff cg';f/sf] ;fdfGo 6«]8 o"lgog -General Trade Union_ pko'Qm x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotf /x]sf]n] cGo d'n'sdf k]zfut ljlzi6tfsf] cfwf/df cnu–cnu 6«]8 o'lgogx¿ lqmofzLn /x]sf] kfOG5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf sd{rf/L o'lgogsf] Joj:yfn] /fhgLlts/0fsf] gsf/fTds k|efj kg]{, k]zfut ;Dj]bgzLntfsf] cefj x'g], sd{rf/L o'lgogsf] j}wtf -Legitimacy_ sdhf]/ x'g] tyf lghfdtL ;]jf / ;du| ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] gLltut ;'wf/df sd}dfq rf;f] / ;/f]sf/ /fVg] k|j[lQ /xg] sf/0fn] ubf{ k]zfut o'lgogsf] cfjZostfnfO{ af]w u/L ;f] cg';f/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k]zfut ljlzi6tfsf cfwf/df sd{rf/L o'lgogsf] Joj:yfn] k]zfut xslxt ;+/If0f, k]zfut ljsf; / k]zfut of]ubfg ;fy{s x'g] dflgG5 . lghfdtL ;]jfk|ltsf] cf:yf, st{Jo, cfjZostf / ;Ifdtfdf /fhgLlts jf cGo ljrf/wf/f k|ltljlDat x'g' /fd|f] gx'g]

359

ePsfn] k]zfut o'lgogsf] cfjZostf ePsf] xf] . ldq/fi6« ef/tdf lghfdtL ;]jf tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf o'lgogx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"NofÍg ubf{ ;d]t of] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 .

k]zfut lxtsf] nflu ;Ël7t x'g kfpg] cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] /Iff ub}{ t6:y ¿kdf o'lgog ;~rfng ug]{ tkm{ clek|]l/t ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgogsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/L o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Ln] Ps sfo{sfn eGbf a9L cjlw o'lgogsf] sfo{ ;ldltdf /xg gkfpg] Joj:yf ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 . x/]s b'O{ jif{df o'lgogdf cfa4 sd{rf/Lsf] gfdfjnL gjLs/0f u/L k|sflzt ug]{ / lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg Pp6f dfq sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgog /xg] u/L P]gdf cfjZos Joj:yf ug{ klg ;lsg] b]lvG5 . k|zf;lgs k'g{;+/rgf;Fu} 6«]8 o'lgogsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ klg Jojl:yt ug'{ kb{5 .

pk;+xf/ lghfdtL sd{rf/L o'lgogx¿af6 cfkm\gf ;b:ox¿sf] ;zlQms/0f, cfTdljZjf; / r]tgf hfu[t u/fpg] sfo{x¿ s]xL xb;Dd ePsf 5g\ . sd{rf/Lsf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ ;Dj4{gsf nflu cfkmgf cfjfhx¿ p7fPsf 5g\ . lghfdtL k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] nflu cfjZos k|of;x¿ u/]sf 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgod th'{df, ;+zf]wg cflbdf ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u klg k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . o'lgogx¿n] lgjf{x u/]sf o:tf ;sf/fTds e"ldsf gePsf xf]Ogg\ . ;fy;fy} lghfdtL sd{rf/L o'lgogx¿ ;d:of / r'gf}tLljxLg eg] cjZo 5}gg\ . o'lgog;Da4 ;d:of / r'gf}tL yk x'+b} uPsf 5g\ . o;sf] zL3| ;dfwfgsf nflu o;k|lt ;/sf/ / o'lgog b'a} kIfsf] Wofg hfg' lgtfGt h¿/L 5 . b'a} kIf k|rlnt sfg'gsf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ zAb / dd{cg'¿k k|of]udf Nofpg k|of;/t /xg' kb{5 . vf;u/]/ o'lgogx¿ cfkmgf] k]zfut d"No / dfGotfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L P]gdf pNn]v eP cg';f/sf] cfkmgf] sfo{If]qdf dfq s]lGb|t /xg'kb{5 . o; kl/j]zdf ljleGg pkfox¿dfkm{t lghfdtL sd{rf/L o'lgogx¿nfO{ lgoldt / Jojl:yt u/fpg cfjZos ePsf] 5 .

sd{rf/L o'lgogsf] ljsNk eg]sf] ;Ifd sd{rf/L o'lgog g} xf] eGg] d"n efjgfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L g]kfnsf lghfdtL sd{rf/L o'lgogx¿nfO{ k]zfut b[li6n] ;Ifd, sfo{d"ns ¿kdf lgZkIf /fhgLlts ¿kdf t6:y / sfo{;Dkfbg k|lt k|lta4 t'Nofpgsf nflu a[xQ cWoog u/L lglZrt u'¿of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . h;df /0fgLlts ;'wf/, pko'Qm / kof{Kt sfg'gL Joj:yf, ;+:yfut / k]zfut Ifdtf ljsf; Pjd\ Jojxfl/s ;'wf/nfO{ Jojl:yt / of]hgfa4 ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ u/L hgd'vL agfpg, sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]jn clej[l4 ug{ / c;n sfo{ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu cfk;L 5nkmn, ljrf/ ljd;{ u/L ;'emfj lbg / ;d;fdlos ljifox¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgogsf cWoIf / dxf;lrj;d]t cGo ;DalGwt ljleGg lgsfox¿sf kbflwsf/L ;b:o /xg] u/L sd{rf/L ;DaGw ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . t/ o;nfO{ sfo{¿k lbg ;lsPsf] cj:yf 5}g\ . olb o; k|fjwfgnfO{ sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] eP lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+rfng / Joj:yfkgdf s]xL ;'dw'/ ;DaGw ljsl;t x'g;SbYof] . cflwsfl/s 6]«8 o'lgogsf] u7g gePsf] sf/0f of] ;ldltn] sfo{¿k lng g;s]sf] eGg] /x]sfn] cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgog u7g ug{ o;sf] zL3| lgjf{rg x'g'kb{5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( df lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgogsf] u7g u/L To;sf cWoIf / dxf;lrjnfO{ dfq ;/sf/n] u7g ug]{ ljleGg ;ldltx¿df ;dfj]z u/fOg] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf]n] o; k|fjwfgnfO{ zL3| sfof{Gjogdf

360

Nofpg cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( cg';f/ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] o'lgog sd{rf/Lsf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;f}bfafhL ug]{ clwsf/;lxt u7g ul/g] ePsf]n] o'lgog oxL ljifodf dfq s]lGb|t x'g' pko'Qm x'G5 . o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] cfkm\gf] Jojxf/ / ;f]rfOdf kl/jt{g u/L o;nfO{ dof{lbt ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/L lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ cg'zfl;t / dof{lbt agfpg], sfof{nosf] sfo{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;Dkfbg ug{sf nflu o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;f]rfO{ / sfo{z}nLdf kl/jt{g ug]{ / o'lgogsf] ;sf/fTds e"ldsfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f Pj+ ltgaf6 x'g;Sg] unt Jojxf/sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu ljBdfg sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf] kof{Kttfsf] cWoog u/L cfjZostf cg';f/ sfg'gL Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . o'lgognufot l;+uf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf c;n sfo{;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg g]kfn ;/sf/ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] o'lgog tyf k|zf;g lj1;Fu cfjZos 5nkmn u/L sd{rf/L o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lsf] cfrf/;+lxtf agfO{ nfu" ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Jofj;flostfnfO{ ;jf]{k/L /fVgsf] nflu xfn b]vfk/]sf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ u/L 6«]8 o'lgog ;DaGwdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgoddf ;+zf]wg ug]{ tkm{ cfjZos kxn x'g'kb{5 . o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;sf/fTds ;f]rfO{, b[li6sf]0f / dfgl;stfsf] ljsf; dfkm{t ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhLnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'NofO{ pQ/bfoL lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsf; ;a}sf] ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo x'g'kb{5 . 6«]8 o'lgogx¿nfO{ d'n'sdf ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ ;zQm dfWodsf] ¿kdf kl/rflnt ug]{ / clwsf/sf] b'¿kof]u clwsf/ s6f}tLsf] sf/s;d]t aGg ;Sg] oyfy{nfO{ x/xd]zf x]Ssf /fvL cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt sfg'gL clwsf/sf] cfTd;+odtfk"j{s k|of]u ug]{ tkm{ sd{rf/L o'lgogx¿ ;hu x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogsf] :j:y Jojxf/af6 g} o;sf] cf}lrTo, dxTj / cfjZostf emNsg] x'Fbf ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] Jojxf/ b]vfpg' kg]{ ;fy} sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogx¿df /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] k[i7kf]if0f geO{ /fHok|lt lhDd]jf/ x'g'k5{ eGg] cg'e"lt lbg /fhgLlts bnx¿ o; ;DaGwdf Pp6} ljrf/ / b[li6sf]0fsf] ;fy k|:t't x'g'kg]{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf 5 . cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7gsf] dfGotfsf] kl/lwleq /xL dof{lbt sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogsf] ljsf; ug{ ljBdfg sfg'gdf cfjZos ;+zf]wg u/L :j:y cEof;sf] ljsf; ug]{ tkm{ Wofg hfg'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . ;du|df cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgogsf] cfjlws lgjf{rg, 6«]8 o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] lgdf{0f, hg/n 6«]8 o'lgog eGbf ljifout 6«]8 o'lgogsf] Joj:yf, /fhgLlts ;+/If0f Pjd\ ;+nUgtfaf6 d'Qm 6«\]8 o'lgogsf] Joj:yf, ;]jfk|ltsf] lhDd]jf/L lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;d]tsf Joj:yfåf/f sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogsf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ Jojl:yt / lgoldt ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

361

kl/R5]b – !(

k|zf;sLo ;'wf/sf ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt

k[i7e"ld d'n'ssf] /fli6«o Pstf, cv08tf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf Pjd\ /fli6«o lxtsf] ;+/If0f, ;d[l4, cfly{s ljsf; / ;'zf;gsf lglDt k//fi6« ;DaGw dxTjk\"0f{ kIf xf] . /fli6«o :jfy{ x/]s d\'n\'ssf] ;jf{lws dxTjsf] ljifo ePsfn] ;f]xL cg\'¿ksf] k//fi6« gLlt lgdf{0f / cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf] ;~rfng cfjZos x\'G5 . ljZjdf klxnf] / bf];|f] ljZjo'4af6 o"/f]kdf cfPsf] ljgf;, o"/f]ksf] k'glgd{f0fdf cd]l/sfn] NofPsf] a[xt of]hgf / zLto'4sf] z'¿jft Pj+ To;sf] cGTo;Fu} @) cf}+ ztfAbLdf ljZj /fhgLltdf b'/ufdL dxTjsf kl/jt{gx¿ cfPsf 5g\ . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; lj:tf/sf ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o Pj+ If]qLo ;ª\u7gx¿sf] :yfkgfn] klg cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwdf ljljwtf yk]sf] 5 . @! cf}+ ztfAbL;Dd cfOk'Ubf cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf If]qdf @) cf}+ ztfAbLdf b]lvPsf /fhgLlts ptf/r9fj, kl/jt{gdf gofF ;Gbe{, ljifo / gofF kfqx¿ ;d]t ylkPsf 5g\ . Psflt/ Hofb} ;fgf, sl7g e"–cjl:ylt Pj+ sdhf]/ cy{tGq ePsf d'n'sx¿n] ;d]t cGt/f{li6«o hutdf cfˆgf] ;fj{ef}d klxrfg sfod ug{;Sg] lbzfdf ;d]t cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf If]qx¿ lj:tf/ ePsf 5g\ eg] csf{lt/ oftfoft tyf ;~rf/ If]qdf ePsf rdTsf/L ljsf; / vf;u/L nufgL Pj+ Jofkf/sf] ljZjJofkLs/0fn] 7"nf / zlQmzfnL d'n'sx¿ ;d]t c¿sf ;d:ofaf6 ck|efljt /xg g;Sg] oyfy{ :yflkt ePsf] 5 .

/fHosf] gLlt lgd{f0fdf cGt/f{li6«o bft[ ;+:yf, gful/s ;dfh tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf h:tf lgsfox¿sf] k|efj / cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf If]qdf b]vfk/]sf dfgj hfltsf ;femf rf;f]sf

362

ljifox¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] lbzfdf u}/ /fHo If]qsf lgsfox¿sf] k|lt:kw{fTds e"ldsf a9\b} uPsf]5 . /fHo–/fHo aLrsf] ;DaGw / ;'ema'emn] dfq ;d;fdlos ljZj ;DaGwnfO{ lbzfaf]w ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . /fHo–/fHo aLrsf] ;DaGwdf /fhgLlt, s"6gLlt jf cGo ljifon] eGbf klg cfly{s ljifox¿n] dxTj kfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf cfPsf] ce"tk"j{ ljsf; ;d]tn] ub{f k/Dk/fut s"6gLlt ;~rfngsf tf}/tl/sf / ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ tbg'¿k ;zQm agfpg' clgjfo{ ePsf] 5 . b'O{ ljZj o'4 / zLto'4 ;d]tsf] cGTo kl5 cfPsf] ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] nx/n] ljZj cy{tGqdf Jofks kl/jt{g NofPsf] kl/k|]Iodf /fHon] cfˆgf] cl:tTj / klxrfg /Iffsf ;fy} /fhgLlts l:y/tf, ljsf; / cfly{s ;Dj[l4sf nflu glhssf] l5d]sL;Fu dfq} xf]Og ef}uf]lns ¿kdf w]/} 6f9f /x]sf /fi6«x¿;Fu klg cfk;L ;DaGw dhj't agfO /fVg h¿/L ePsf] 5 .

ljZj cy{tGqdf cfPsf] pbf/ cfly{s gLlt, ljZjJofkLs/0f, Jofkf/sf km/flsnf If]q, dfgj clwsf/, lghL If]q tyf gful/s ;dfhsf] a9\bf] e"ldsfsf ;fy} /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s If]qdf cf–cfˆgf d'n'snfO{ ;d[l4 tyf cfw'lgsLs/0ftkm{ cufl8 a9fpg] lbzfdf 7"nf–;fgf, wgL–u/La ;a} d'n'sn] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf ljljw kf6fx¿nfO{ pkof]udf Nofpg] u/]sf 5g\ . :jtGq, ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg / ;d[4 /fi6«sf] cl:tTj / klxrfgdf cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / of] ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{ d'n'sx¿n] ckgfpg] ljb]z gLltn] cxd e"ldsf v]Ng] u/]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf] lj:tf/ ljZj tyf Plzofdf cfPsf] e";fdl/s ¿kfGt/0f / cy{tGqdf cfPsf] Aofks kl/jt{gsf ;fy} cfGtl/s r]tgfdf j[l4 / ljsf;sf] cfjZostf af]wsf] k|efj g]kfn h:tf e"kl/j]li7t Pj+ cltsd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿df kg{' :jfefljs} xf] .

g]kfnsf] k//fi6« ;DaGw g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f x'g'eGbf cufl8b]lv g} afXo hut;Fu g]kfnsf] ;Dks{ / ;DaGw z'¿ ePsf] P]ltxfl;s b:tfj]hx¿af6 k|i6} b]Vg ;lsG5 . ;;fgf /fHox¿nfO{ PsLs[t ub{} cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] lgd{f0f ug{] /fhf k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxsf] cleofg Pj+ zf;g ;~rfng ;DaGwL pgsf lbJof]kb]zx¿df plNnlvt ljb]z gLlt g]kfnsf] k//fi6« ;DaGwsf] k|f¿k lgd{f0fsf] yfngLdf dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . PsLs/0f kl5 g]kfnsf] afXo hut;Fusf] ;DaGw ljleGg /fhgLlts r/0fx¿ kf/ ub{} xfnsf] cj:yfdf cfOk'u]sf] 5 . klxnf] / bf];|f] ljZjo'4, ef]6 tyf cË|]hl;tsf] o'4, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] ;b:otf k|flKt, zLto'4sf] ;dflKt kZrft afXo hutdf cfPsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf ;fdlos k|efjx¿ g]kfnsf] k//fi6« ;DaGwdf klg k/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljZj cy{tGqsf] ljsf; / :yfloTjdf pNn]Vo e"ldsf lgj{fx ug{] b'O{ l5d]sL d'n'sx¿n] cjnDag ug{] /fhgLlts Pj+ cfly{s ljifosf] :jfefljs k|efj ;d]t hl6n e"–/fhgLlts cj:yf ePsf] g]kfnsf] k//fi6« ;DaGwsf cfofdx¿df kg{] u/]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf cfwf/x¿ sd ljsl;t / sd zlQmzfnL d'n'sn] t'ngfTds ¿kdf ljZj kl/l:yltnfO{ cfkm" cg's"n lgd{f0f ug{] eGbf ablnFbf] kl/l:yltdf cfTd;Ddfgk"j{s /fli6«o lxtsf] ;+/If0f / clwsflws k|j4{g ug{]tkm{ s]lG›t x'g'kg{] cfjZostf /xG5 . k//fi6« gLltsf] ljifo eg]sf] ;b}j b]zsf] e"/fhgLlts cj:yf / cfGtl/s Ifdtfsf] jf:tljs w/ftnLo oyfy{df cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 . b"/b[li6k"j{s ckl/jt{gLo / ultzLn tTjx¿sf] pTs[i6 Jofjxfl/s ;Gt'ng sfod ub{} klxrfg ul/Psf /fli6«o lxtsf d"ne"t kIfx¿sf] ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g ug{]tkm{ cfˆgf]

363

cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwnfO{ lj:tf/ ub{} nUg' kg{] x'G5 . ;dsfnLg ljZjsf cGt/f{li6«o, If]qLo tyf låkIfLo kl/l:yltx¿ cg'¿k /fli6«o lxt k|j4{gsfnflu k//fi6« gLltnfO{ pko'Qm tj/n] kl/dfh{g tyf ;dfof]hg ub{} n}hfg' lgSs} hl6n ljifo xf] . To;} cg'¿k g]kfnn] klg cfˆgf] /fli6«o lxt ;+/If0f tyf k|j{4gdf cl3 a9g' kg]{ cj:yf 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg'gx¿, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] j8fkq, k~rzLnsf l;4fGt, c;+nUg cfGbf]ng, g]kfnn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf cGt/f{li6«o Pj+ If]qLo ;lGw ;Demf}tf Pj+ JoQm u/]sf k|lta4tfx¿ g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf cfwf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . ;d:ofx¿sf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg, ljZj zflGt, Gofo / ;dfgtf, ;fgf / e"kl/j]li7t /fi6«x¿n] ef]Ug'k/]sf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg, l5d]sL ldq /fi6«x¿;Fusf] d}qLk"0f{ ;DaGw / ;xof]u nufotsf ljifox¿ ;d]t g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf cfwf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] hl6n Pj+ ;Dj]bgzLn ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, l5d]sL ldq/fi6«x¿sf] ;'/Iff ;Dj]bgzLntf Pj+ rf;f], /fi6«sf] ljsf;df l5d]sL Pj+ cGo d'n'sx¿ tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]u / ;dy{g, clt sd ljsl;t d'n'ssf] ;"rLaf6 d'n'snfO{ ljsl;t tkm{ pGd'v u/fpg, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;x;|flAb ljsf; nIo k"/f ug]{ / u/LaLsf] cGTo u/L g]kfnsf] cfly{s b'/fj:yfsf] cGTo u/L cGt/f{li6«o hutdf cfkm\gf] ;fj{ef}d 5ljnfO{ yk prfOdf k'¥ofpg] /fli6«o ck]Iffsf] ;+of]hg u/L kf/:kl/s nfesf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf cfwf/x¿nfO{ kl/kSstf, ;'ema'em Pj+ Jofj;flos tj/n] sfo{fGjogdf Nofpg' jf~5gLo 5 .

g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf p2]Zox¿ lj=;+= @))& ;fnsf] kl/jt{g kZrft g]kfnn] clËsf/ u/]sf] k//fi6« gLltsf] af/]df ;+ljwfgdf g} ljz]if ¿kdf pNn]v ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . h;cg';f/ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& sf] wf/f !@ n] g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf] ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6«o zflGt / ;'/Iff a9fpg], /fi6«x¿sf aLr Gofo / ;Ddfgk"0f{ ;DaGw sfod ug]{, ;+ul7t /fi6«x¿sf] k/:k/ ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6«o lgod / ;lGw, aGwgk|lt cfb/ a9fpg], cGt/f{li6«o emu8f dWo:yåf/f lg0f{o u/fpg k|f]T;fxg lbg] eGg] h:tf Joj:yf u/L g]kfnsf] k//fi6« ;DaGwsf] p2]Zo lgb]{z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% df k//fi6« gLltsf ;DaGwdf s'g} vf; Joj:yf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvFb}g . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( sf] wf/f !( sf] pkwf/f -^_ df æ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] d"ne"t dfGotf tyf c;+nUgtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag u/L g]kfnnfO{ zflGt If]q agfpg] k|of; ug'{ === k//fi6« gLltsf] nIo x'g]5Æ eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @% sf] pkwf/f -%_ n] b]zsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf / :jtGqtfnfO{ sfod /fvL cGt/f{li6«o hutdf /fli6«o ;Ddfgsf] clej[l4 ug]{ lbzfdf /fHosf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw lgb]{lzt x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf ug'{sf ;fy} ;f] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @^ sf] pkwf/f -!%_ / -!^_ df /fHosf] gLlt cGtu{t ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] j8fkq, c;+nUgtf, k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt, cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g / ljZj zflGtsf] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt ;~rfng x'g] / l5d]sL ldq /fi6«x¿ / ;+;f/sf ;a} d'n'sx¿ l;t cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pjd\ cGo If]qdf ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df ;xof]ufTds ;';DaGw sfod u/L g]kfndf zflGtnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfsf] cfwf/df ;+:yfut ub}{ hfg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{ 5 eGg] Joj:yf u/L k//fi6« gLltsf] p2]Zo / ;~rfngsf ;DaGwdf ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;}u/L /fli6«o :jfy{sf ljifodf k|lts"n c;/ k'Ug] u/L ;lGw ;Demf}tf gxf];\ eGg]] clek|fon] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@^ df ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bgsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .

364

k//fi6« gLltsf ;DaGwdf @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] ;d]t lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ca aGg] gofF ;+ljwfgdf klg k//fi6« gLlt / cGt/fli6«o ;DaGw ;~rfngsf ;DaGwdf ljz]if Joj:yf x'g' cfjZos 5 .

cGt/f{li6«o hutdf g]kfnsf] klxrfg / 5ljnfO{ pRr /fVg] lbzfdf g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf ljifox¿ lqmofzLn x'g' kb{5 . g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwnfO{ cem Jofks / /fi6«sf] lxtdf pkof]u ug{] lbzfdf g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt lgDg p2]Zoaf6 lgb{]lzt x'g' cfjZos b]lvG5 M–

� g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] /Iff, ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ /fhgLlts :jtGqtf sfod /fVg] .

� cGt/f{li6«o hutdf g]kfnsf] 5lj, :jfledfg / ;DdfgnfO{ clej[l4 ub{} ljZj zflGt, dfgjclwsf/, cfly{s ljsf; / ;fdflhs k|ultsf ljifodf ljZj ;d'bfo;Fu} ldn]/ sfo{ ug{] .

� /fi6«sf] lbuf] ljsf;, Gofo / ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs k|ultsf] lbzfdf cu|;/ x'b}+ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hLjg:t/nfO{ ;'wf/ ug{] lbzfdf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u / ;b\efj h'6fpg] .

� ljZjJofkLs/0fn] v8f u/]sf] r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ub{} To;af6 l;h{gf ePsf cj;/x¿nfO{ al9 eGbf al9 pkof]u u/L /fi6«sf] cfly{s ;Dj[l4nfO{ k|Tofe"t ug{] .

� b]zdf zflGt ;'/Iff / cdgrog sfod ug{] lbzfdf If]qLo ;xof]u / cGt/f{li6«o ;b\efj h'6fpg] .

� ljZj cy{tGq / ljZjahf/nfO{ e"kl/j]li7t tyf cNkljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] lxt cg's"n agfpg ;dwf/0ff /fVg] cGo /fi6«;Fu ;xsfo{ ug{], ljz]if gLlt tof/ ug]{ / ljZjsf] zflGt k|of;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

k//fi6« dGqfnosf] jt{dfg ;fË7lgs Pj+ hgzlQmsf] cj:yf k//fi6« gLlt sfo{fGjogsf] d'Vo lgsfo k//fi6« dGqfno xf] . o;nfO{ Psftkm{ Jofj;flos, bIf Pj+ dfgj ;+;fwg tyf cfjZos ;fwg ;|f]tn] ;DkGg agfpg' ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ of] ;+:yf afXo d'n's;Fu x'g] ;Dks{sf nflu g]kfnsf] cg'xf/ ;d]t ePsfn] o;nfO{ u'0ffTds, do{flbt, ljjfb/lxt / Jofj;flos¿kdf ;jn agfpg' cTofjZos /x]sf] 5 . o;/L k//fi6« gLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfosf ¿kdf k//fi6« dGqfno / ljleGg b]zdf /fhb"tfjf;, :yfoL lgof]u / dxfjfl0fHob"tfjf; u/L xfn #@ lgof]ux¿ /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf g]kfnLx¿sf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{] k|d'v p2]Zoaf6 :yflkt dWok"j{ nufot sltko b]zsf lgof]ux¿df ;fwg ;|f]tsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 cToGt c;xh cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 . clwsf+z lgof]ux¿df /fhb"t ;lxt tLg hgfsf] b/aGbLsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/L Pj+ cGo k|of]hgsf nflu ljb]z hfg] g]kfnLx¿sf] ;+Vofdf pNn]Vo j[l4 eO{ tL g]kfnLx¿sf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ljleGg b]zx¿df g]kfnL lgof]ux¿sf] lj:tf/ ckl/xfo{ eP tfklg lgof]ux¿ cfjZostfn] lgb{]z u/] cg'¿k vf]Ng ;lsPsf] b]lvGg . k//fi6« dGqfnosf] jt{dfg ;fË7lgs ;+/rgf / hgzlQmsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ u/L g]kfn;Fu bf}To ;DaGw :yfkgf ePsf /fi6«x¿sf] ;+Vof sl/j !$) k'lu;s]sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf sfod ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

365

g]kfnL /fxbfgLnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg'¿k agfpg'kg{] ePsfn] d]lzg l/8]jn /fxbfgL hf/L ug{ hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf ePsfn] ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu ljut jif{x¿df /fxbfgL ljefu cGtu{t s]xL b/aGbL l;h{gf ePsf] ePklg g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf] lj:tf/sf cg'kftdf x'g'kg{] k//fi6« dGqfnosf] Ifdtf lj:tf/ cem x'g ;s]sf] b]lvGg . dGqfnosf] Ps} dxfzfvfn] w]/} eGbf w]/} b]z;Fusf] ;DaGwsf ljljw kIfx¿nfO{ x]g{'kg{] jfWofTds cj:yf 5 . k//fi6« dGqfnon] sf7df8f}+ l:yt s"6gLlts ;d'bfo, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yfx¿;Fusf] ;dGjo / pgLx¿sf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;dodf g} ;xL 9+un] ;Daf]wg u/L cGt/fli6«o hutdf g]kfnsf] ;sf/fTds 5lj sfod ug{ ljBdfg b/aGbLsf] k'g/fjnf]sg x'g'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .

cfly{s s"6gLlt / k//fi6« dGqfnosf] e"ldsf ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf /f0ff zf;gsf] nfdf] sfnv08sf] cGTo / k|hftGqsf] z'¿jft;Fu} g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / cfly{s ljsf;sf] dfu{ k|z:t ug{] sfo{sf] yfngL eof] . k|hftGqsf] cfudg;Fu} g]kfnnfO{ låkIfLo Pj+ ax'kIfLo ;xfotf k|fKt x'g] qmd;Fu} cfly{s lx;fan] ljZj ;d'bfo;Fu g]kfnsf] ;DaGw km/flsnf] aGb} uof] . d'n'sdf JofKt ljsf;sf k"j{fwf/x¿sf] k"0f{ cefj, u/LaL, clzIff / k5f}6]kgsf afjh"b cGt/f{li6«o hutdf cfˆgf] :jtGq klxrfg sfod /fVb} ljsf;sf k"j{fwf/x¿ tof/ ug{] tyf b]zdf lj1fg k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, 1fg / ;f]r xfl;n ug{] p2]Zosf ;fy cGt/f{li6«o hut;Dd k'uL cfkm"nfO{ :yflkt u/fpg] qmddf g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df ;g\ !(%) sf] bzs dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

gofF /fhgLlts kl/j]zaf6 cufl8 a9]sf] e"kl/j]li7t d'n's g]kfn z'¿sf jif{x¿df ef/tLo ;xof]u / ef/t;Fusf] Jofkf/df s]lG›t x'g'kg{] cj:yf /Xof] . l5d]sL d'n's ef/taf6 k|fKt ;xof]u g]kfnsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf nflu pNn]Vo ;d]t /Xof] . To;}u/L ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:otf, ck|mf]–Plzog sGkm/]G;df ;xeflutf, c;+nUgtfsf] cfGbf]ngdf ;lqmotf Pj+ a]nfot, ;f]leot ;+3, cd]l/sf, rLg Pj+ cGo d'n'sx¿;Fu bf}To ;DaGw :yfkgf nufotsf 36gfqmd g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf] Oltxf;df o; bzssf pNn]Vo 36gfx¿ x'g\ . ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsdf y'k|} d'n's;Fu g]kfnsf] bf}To ;DaGw :yfkgf ePaf6 g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fsf nflu ;d]t dfu{ k|z:t x'g uof] . s"6gLlts ;DaGw lj:tf/;Fu} g]kfnsf] ljsf;df låkIfLo Pj+ ax'kIfLo cfly{s ;xof]u h'6\g] qmd a9b} uof] eg] g]kfnL pTkfbgsf nflu gofF gofF ahf/ uGtJox¿sf] vf]hL sfo{ klg ;'¿ eof] . Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fdf ckgfOPsf ljlwx¿n] g} jf:tjdf g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;, s"6gLltsf] cjwf/0ffsf] z'¿jft, ljsf; / k|fyldstf lgw{f/0fdf Pp6f gofF df]8 k|bfg u¥of] . ;g\ &) sf] bzsaf6} b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx¿df lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf x'g yfNof] / o;n] b]zsf] cfly{s ultljlwx¿sf] j[l4df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg z'¿ u¥of] . l5d]sL ldq /fi6« rLgn] g]kfn;Fu s"6gLlts ;DaGw :yfkgf eP nut} g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k¥'ofpg z'¿ u¥of] .

cGt/f{li6«o hutdf /fi6«sf] lxt k|j4{g ug{ tyf b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u h'6fpg Pj+ Jofkf/sf If]qx¿sf] lj:tf/ / k|j4{g ug{sf nflu ljleGg b]zdf g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf;x¿ :yfkgf / kl/rfng ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ &) sf] bzssf] cGtlt/ Jofkf/, ko{6g, ljb]zL ;+o'Qm nufgL, ahf/ cg';Gwfg, lghL If]qsf Jofkfl/s k|d08nsf] e|d0fsf nflu lgof]ux¿sf] ;xof]u / ;dGjo, Jofkf/ d]nfsf] cfof]hgfdf ;xeflutf, k|j4{gfTds

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sfo{qmdx¿sf] cfof]hgf h:tf ljifodf lgof]ux¿n] v]Ng'kg{] e"ldsf ;DaGwdf tof/ ul/Psf] lgb{]lzsf cfly{s ljsf; s"6gLltsf] lj:tf/ / ljljwLs/0fsf b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf ljleGg d'n'sx¿;Fu ;+o'Qm cfly{s cfof]hgfsf] u7g ug{] sfo{ ;d]tsf] z'¿jft eof] . ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf] ;+nUgtfdf ul7t oL cfof]hgfx¿sf] k|efj g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df ldl>t /Xof] . ;g\ !(() sf] ljZjJofkL ¿kdf cfPsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kl5 cfly{s ljsf;sf Ph]G8fx¿n] cem ltj|tf kfpg yfn] . ljZjJofkLs/0f, lghLs/0f / pbf/Ls/0fn] NofPsf] cfly{s kl/jt{gsf nx/n] g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts Pj+ cfly{s If]qdf Aofks k|efj kf¥of] . ljZjJofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:otf k|flKt kl5 v'nf cy{tGqsf] k|efj lj:tf/ eof] . kmn:j¿k g]kfnn] cfˆgf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwdf cfly{s s"6gLltsf] ;+nUgtf k//fi6« gLltsf] dxTjk"0f{ cËsf] ¿kdf cf}krfl/s ¿kdf cËLsf/ ug{ z'¿ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfly{s s"6gLlt cGtu{tsf ultljlwx¿sf nflu ;g\ @))* b]lv x'g nfu]sf] ah]6 Joj:yfn] o;df yk an k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .

cGt/f{li6«o s"6gLlt ;~rfngdf cfly{s kIfsf] dxTj Jofks x'b} uO/x]sf] 5 . ljZj cy{tGqdf b]vfk/]sf] pbf/ cfly{s gLlt, v'Nnf ahf/, ljZjJofkLs/0f, lghL If]q tyf gful/s ;dfhsf] a9\bf] e"ldsfnfO{ cfTd;ft ub{} b]znfO{ cfly{s ;d[l4 tyf cfw'lgsLs/0ftkm{ cufl8 a9fpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . ljZjsf] o; abln+bf] kl/j]zdf g]kfnnfO{ ljZj dfglrqdf Ps :jtGq, ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg / cfly{s¿kdf ;d[4 d'n'ssf ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ cfly{s s"6gLltsf] cxd\ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 .

d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s ¿kfGt/0f / ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf] lgldQ cfly{s s"6gLltsf dfWodaf6 cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] ;xof]u / ;d{yg h'6fpFb} Jofkf/, ko{6g, nufgL, /f]huf/ tyf k|ljlwsf] k|j{4g ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ d'n'ssf] ;du| k//fi6« gLlt ;~rfngsf] dxTjk"0f{ cËsf¿kdf lnPsf] b]lvG5 . ljutdf k/Dk/fut s"6gLlts ;DaGw kl/rfngdf dfq ;Lldt /x]sf] g]kfnsf] s"6gLltnfO{ cfly{s s"6gLlt canDag;Fu} cGt/f{li6«o, If]qLo Pj+ låkIfLo :t/df ;d]t cem km/flsnf] Pj+ ;'b[9 agfpb} nUg'kg{] cfjZostf 5 . Ps bzs nfdf] åGåkZrftsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g;Fu} g]kfnsf] bL3{sfnLg zflGt, k'gMlgd{f0f / k'gM:yfkgfsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o If]qaf6 k|fKt ;xof]u / ;dy{g b]zsf] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu cToGt dxTjk"0f{ /xg] sf/0f j}b]lzs ;DaGwsf ;Gbe{, kfq, k|ljlw / ljifox¿df cfPsf kl/jt{g tyf ultzLn e"d08nLs/0f, If]qLo ;ª\u7gx¿sf] ljsf; Pj+ låkIfLo ;DaGwsf dxTjk"0f{ kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]6]/ d'n'ssf] cfly{s lxt cg's"n s"6gLlt ;~rfngsf nflu uDeL/ u[xsfo{ u/L ;f]xL cg'¿k s"6gLlts ;+oGqx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] kl/rfng ug{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf b]vfk/]sf]5 .

cfly{s s"6gLlt -ljsf; s"6gLlt_sf] dfWodaf6 Jofkf/, nufgL, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f, cfly{s ;xof]u, ko{6g k|j4{g, j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg, g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿sf >d uGtJonfO{ ;'/lIft / e/kbf]{ agfpg] cflb sfo{df d'n'sleqsf cGo ;DalGwt If]qut lgsfosf cltl/Qm k//fi6« dGqfno / ljb]zl:yt s"6gLlts lgof]ux¿n] cxd e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . k//fi6« dGqfno / ljb]zl:yt s"6gLlts lgof]ux¿nfO{ Jofj;flos / ;fwg;|f]t ;DkGg gagfP;Dd cfly{s s"6gLltsf dfWodaf6 b]znfO{ ;d[4 agfpg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt ;fy{s x'g ;Sb}g . d'n'sdf JofKt u/LaL, j]/f]huf/L / k5f}6]kg x6fpg / ljsf;sf /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o nIox¿ xfl;n ug{ lghL If]q / u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿;Fusf]

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;xsfo{nfO{ cem ;+ul7t Pj+ k|efjsf/L agfO{ o; lbzfdf cfly{s s"6gLltsf] sfo{fGjog ug{' cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu ;}4flGts Pj+ Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf k//fi6« dGqfno tyf ;Da4 ;/sf/L Pj+ cGo lgsfox¿ aLrsf] k|efjsf/L ;dGjo / ;xof]u sfod ug{' cfjZos 5 .

g]kfnsf] cfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ lbzfaf]w ug{, cfly{s s"6gLltsf] ;fdlos / If]qut ¿kdf lj:t[t cWoog tyf ljZn]if0f u/L k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ lj=;+= @)%# ;fndf p4jb]j e§sf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t cfof]un] lbPsf] k|ltj]bg / @)%( ;fndf 8f= a›Lk|;fb >]i7sf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t gLlt cWoog ;d"x (Policy Study Group) n] k|:t't u/]sf] ;'emfj tyf ljZn]if0f, @)^# ;fndf d'/f/L/fh zd{fsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t pRr:t/Lo k//fi6« gLlt ;DaGwL sfo{bnsf k|ltj]bg Pjd\ @)^* ;fndf Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / dfgj clwsf/ ;ldltn] g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt ;DaGwdf lj1x¿af6 tof/ u/]sf] lj:t[t k|ltj]bgdf k|:t't ljifoj:t' / ;'emfjx¿n] g]kfnsf] k//fi6« ;DaGw / cfly{s s"6gLltsf If]qdf ;'wf/ ug{ rfNg'kg{] cfjZos sbdx¿sf] km]xl/:t k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ . oL k|ltj]bgx¿sf ;fy} /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf cfPsf] kl/j{tgnfO{ dWogh/ ub{} k//fi6« dGqfnosf] ljBdfg Jofj;flos Ifdtf / ljz]if1tfnfO{ clwstd pkof]u ub{} yk k|j4{g ;d]t ug{] /0fgLlt agfpg' cfjZos ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿n] cfly{s s"6gLlt k|j{4g ug{ ;Sg] If]q, cfwf/ / of]ubfgsf] ;d'lrt klxrfg / ljZn]if0f u/L pgLx¿sf] ;fwg, >f]t, ;Lk / IfdtfnfO{ /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] ljsf;df pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] 7f]; /0fgLlt agfO{ sfo{fGjog ug{] ljifonfO{ dxTjsf ;fy x]g{' cfjZos ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L cfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ ljBdfg ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿sf] k"0f{ ¿kdf pkof]u ub{} d'n'ssf] cfGtl/s jftfj/0fnfO{ Joj;fod'vL tyf nufgL d}qL agfpb} n}hfg' klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} vf; vf; d'n's, If]q tyf ljifo s]lG›t eP/ cfly{s s"6gLltsf cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg /0fgLltx¿ th{'df ug{' pko'Qm b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] lxtsf ljifodf låkIfLo, If]qLo / ax'kIfLo ;DaGw tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;ª\u7gx¿nfO{ lqmofzLn / ;'b[9 ug{ k//fi6« gLlt tyf cfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ k|d'v dfWodsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{' cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . ljb]zl:yt g]kfnL s"6gLlts lgof]ux¿sf] ;dofg's"n ;ª\u7gfTds Pj+ ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f, Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf ;fwg ;|f]t ;DkGg agfpg' klg Tolts} cfjZos 5 .

k//fi6« dGqfno Pj+ lgof]ux¿sf] ;+:yfut ;'wf/ cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf ljljw If]qdf b]vfk/]sf gofF cfofdx¿, lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf If]qdf cfPsf] ce"tk"j{ kl/jt{g / l5d]sL d'n'sx¿n] xfl;n u/]sf] b|"t cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ b[li6ut ub{} g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltnfO{ kl/jlt{t ljZj kl/j]z;Fu ;dfof]hg u/L g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf d'2fx¿nfO{ kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg k//fi6« gLlt ;~rfngsf] k|d'v lhDd]jf/ lgsfo k//fi6« dGqfno / o; cGtu{tsf ljb]z l:yt g]kfnL lgof]ux¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf Jofj;flos lx;fjn] kl/rfng ug{' cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf nflu dGqfno / lgof]ux¿df ;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L ;fwg;|f]tn] ;DkGg agfpg' kg{] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf 5 .

kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf] cleGg cË alg;s]sf] cfly{s Pjd\ s"6gLltnfO{ ;}4flGts ¿kdf cjnDag ul/Psf] ePklg o;nfO{ Jofjxfl/s cEof;df k|efjsf/L agfpg g;lsPsf] cj:yf 5 . o;nfO{ k|efjsf/L / s'zn ¿kdf kl/rfng ug{ rfNg'kg{] sbdx¿sf ;DaGwdf ;do–;dodf cWoog u/L k|ltj]bgx¿ dfkm{t ;d]t ;'emfOPsf] b]lvG5 . k|fKt

368

;'emfjx¿ dWo] s]xL ;'emfjx¿ cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw, cGo d'n'sx¿sf Joj:yf / k|rng ;d]tnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ eg] sltko ;'emfjx¿df cfGtl/s /fhgLltsf ljifox¿ ;d]t k|ltljlDat ePsf] kfOG5 . ;a} k|ltj]bgx¿n] g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltnfO{ ;dofg's"n, cy{k"0f{, k|efjsf/L / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg k//fi6« dGqfno / cGt/utsf lgof]ux¿nfO{ Jofj;flos, do{flbt, k|lta4, Pj+ ;fwg ;|f]tn] ;Dkg agfpg'kg{], sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] tflnd, ;Lk tyf bIftf ljsf; ug{'kg{] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ tfklg k|ltj]bgx¿n] k|:t't u/]sf ;'emfjx¿ dWo] yf]/} dfq sfo{fGjg x'g ;s]sf] b]lvG5 .

kl5Nnf jif{x¿df j}b]lzs /f]huf/L, cWoog Pj+ cGo ljljw k|of]hgsf nflu ljb]z hfg] g]kfnLx¿sf] ;+Vofdf cfPsf] tLa| a9f]Q/L;Fu} ljb]zL e"lddf g]kfnLx¿sf ;d:ofx¿ klg cfsflzb} uPsf] ;Gbe{df cfjZostfcg';f/ g]kfnL lgof]ux¿sf] :yfkgf u/L g]kfnLx¿nfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{] Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf g]kfnsf] ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug{] sfo{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfnsf] eGbf 5f]6f] Oltxf; ePsf blIf0f Pl;ofsf sltko d'n'sx¿n] cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf cfˆgf] s"6gLlts Pj+ cfly{s ;DaGw lj:tf/ x]t' ljZjsf w]/} b]zx¿df cfjf;Lo s"6gLlts lgof]ux¿sf] :yfkgf ul/;Sbf klg g]kfnn] kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] u/L cfˆgf] s"6gLlts pkl:ylt b]vfpg cem} ;s]sf] kfOb}g . o;sf ;fy} g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt ;~rfngdf ;+nUg ;+:yfut ;+oGqx¿ k//fi6« dGqfno, s"6gLlts lgof]ux¿, dxfjfl0fHob"tfjf;x¿ Pjd\ k//fi6« dfldnf cWoog k|lti7fgnfO{ ;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L ;fwg;|f]t ;DkGg agfP/ k//fi6« ;DaGw / b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df cem of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Sg] u/L ;'b[9 ug{' cfjZos 5 .

g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf x/]s ljifox¿ k//fi6« dGqfnosf] Psåf/ dfkm{t ug{'kg{] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . of] cGt/f{li6«o :t/df :yflkt k|rng klg xf] . To;sf nflu k//fi6« dGqfnosf] ljBdfg ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgfdf lj:tf/, cfGtl/s hgzlQmsf] Jofj;flosLs/0f / Ifdtf ljsf;, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pRrtd pkof]u, cfjZos ;fwg >f]tsf] k|jGw, lgof]usf] ;+/rgf Pj+ ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f, lgof]udf yk hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf, /fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf /0fgLlts dxTjsf cfwf/df gofF lgof]ux¿sf] :yfkgf ub{} hfg] gLlt lng' cfjZos ePsf]5 . ;]jf lgj[Q ePsf cg'ejL k//fi6« If]qsf hgzlQmsf] ;d['lrt pkof]usf af/]df klg ljz]if k|of; ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf /x]sf] !)–!@ j6f lgof]ux¿nfO{ kl/rfng ug{] u/L :jLs[t ;fgf] cfsf/sf] k//fi6« dGqfnosf] b/aGbL ;+/rgfaf6 xfn sfod #@ j6f lgof]ux¿ / a9\bf] lhDd]jf/L ;lxtsf] k//fi6« dGqfno ;~rfng ug{'kb{f dGqfno / sltko lgof]ux¿df hgzlQmsf] cj:yf cko{fKt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;ª\u7g / Joj:yfkg ;j{]If0fn] p7fPsf ljifox¿ h:t}M k//fi6« ;]jf P]gsf] th{'df, k//fi6« dGqfno / lgof]ux¿sf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f, k|ljlwsf] ;fdlos k|of]u, Jofj;flos hgzlQmsf] ljsf; tyf Ifdtf clej[l4 cflb kIfx¿ g]kfnsf] s"6gLlt / k//fi6« ;DaGwsf] k|efjsf/L ;~rfngsf nflu geO{ gx'g] cfwf/e"t kIfx¿ ePsf]n] o;sf] bLuf] ljsf; / :yfloTjdf Wofg k'Ug' h¿/L b]lvG5 .

sfo{af]em, sfo{If]q / lhDd]jf/Lsf cfwf/df k//fi6« dGqfnosf] xfnsf] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf ;fgf] / cko{fKt ePsfn] dGqfno / cGt/utsf lgof]ux¿sf nflu bL3{sfnLg sfo{of]hgf / sfo{ljefhgsf] cfjZostf vl8\sPsf] 5 . dGqfnosf] nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfof{Gjog of]hgf ePsf] 5'§} /0fgLlts of]hgf th'{df ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . dGqfnosf] ljleGg :yfgx¿df

369

cfˆg} ;DklQ hUuf / ejgx¿ eP tfklg ljljw sf/0fx¿n] dGqfno k6s–k6s :yfgfGt/0fsf] cj:yfaf6 u'lh|g' k/]sf] b]lvG5 . Psftkm{ ljb]z l:yt g]kfnL lgof]ux¿sf nflu cfˆg} ;DklQ Joj:yf ug{] tkm{ ljutdf ePsf k|of;x¿ ;fy{s x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ eg] csf]{tkm{ lgof]ux¿ ;w} cfjZos cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwg / hgzlQm cefjn] ;d]t b]z ljsf;sf Ph]08fx¿ k|j4{g ug{] sfo{df ;Ifd x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ .

!= ;ª\u7g ;'b[9Ls/0fsf ;DaGwdf

k//fi6« dGqfnonfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / cfly{s ljsf;sf ljljw If]qdf ;3g ¿kdf ;+nUg eO kl/0ffdd'vL sfo{;Dkfbg ug{] lbzfdf ;dofg's"n ;+:yfut ;'wf/ ub{} ;|f]t ;fwgo'Qm agfpg' h¿/L b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu ;j{k|yd tLg rf/ bzs cufl8sf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] u/L :yfkgf ul/Psf] dGqfnosf] ;fË7lgs ;+/rgfnfO{ k'gM ;+/rgf u/L jf:tljs cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{' cfjZos b]lvG5 . k//fi6« dGqfnodf k//fi6« gLltsf ;DaGwdf cWoog tyf ljZn]if0f ug{], gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿ agfpg], cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]zdf cfpg] kl/jt{g / tL kl/jt{gaf6 lng ;lsg] kmfObf, b]vfkg{] r'gf}tLx¿ tyf ltgsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; nufotsf ljifox¿df cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{] ;+:yfut Joj:yf ug{' klg Tolts} cfjZos /x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf ;DaGwdf :ki6 lbzf lgb{]z ug{] / o;sf] ;~rfng ug{] ;+oGq k//fi6« dGqfno / dftxtsf g]kfnL lgof]ux¿sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf j[l4 ug{] ljifo klg Tolts} 68sf/f] /x]sf] 5 . @! cf}+ ztfAbLsf r'gf}tL x¿nfO{ ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] bIf s"6gLlts ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf, ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf ljsf; ug{'sf ;fy} Jofj;flostf, bIftf / k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg ljleGg d'n'sx¿n] cjnDag u/]sf cEof;x¿nfO{ ;d]t cWoog / ljZn]if0f u/L cfTd;ft ug{'kb{5 .

k//fi6« ;]jfdf k|j]z ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;Lk / Ifdtf clej[l4 ;DaGwL :jb]z Pj+ ljb]zdf ;3g tflnd tyf ;fdlos cWoog e|d0fx¿ dfkm{t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] bIftf Pj+ Jofj;flos Ifdtf a9fpg' h¿/L 5 . o;sf nflu k//fi6« dGqfnosf] ;ª\u7g ;'b[9Ls/0f ;DaGwdf lgDg sfo{x¿ x'g' cfjZos b]lvG5 M

� cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf If]qdf b]lvPsf] ce"tk"j{ kl/jt{g tyf /fli6«o /fhgLlt / k|fyldstfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g ;Fu} /fli6«o lxtsf] k|j4{g ug{] lbzfdf b]zsf] k//fi6« gLlt lgd{f0f / ;~rfngsf] d'Vo ;+oGq k//fi6« dGqfnonfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg] tkm{ ljrf/ ul/g'kg{] .

� b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf; / cGt/f{li6«o hutdf /fli6«o 5ljnfO{ pRr /fVg] lbzfdf kl/rflnt k//fi6« gLlt tyf sfo{qmd / ultljlwx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L tyf kl/0ffdd'vL 9+un] ;~rfng ug{] sfo{df ;Da4 ;a} ;/sf/L tyf cGo lgsfosf] ;dGjofTds ;xof]u k|fKt ug{sf nflu k//fi6« dGqfnonfO{ ;'b[9 ug{'kg{] .

� s'g} klg lgsfosf nflu d"Nojfg ;fwg >f]t eg]sf] hgzlQm g} xf] . ;ª\u7gdf hgzlQmsf] clwstd ljsf; / pkof]u ug{ pko'Qm jftfj/0fsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . k//fi6« ;]jfdf sfo{/t s"6gLlts sd{rf/Lsf sfdsf] k|s[lt cGo ;]jf eGbf k|i6 ¿kdf leGg / ljlzi6 k|sf/sf] x'g] x'Fbf k//fi6« ;]jfnfO{

370

Jofj;flos agfpg' ckl/xfo{ b]lvG5 . h;n] ubf{ o; ;]jfsf] sd{rf/Lx¿df k]zfk|ltsf] lgi7f, ;dk{0f, / k|lta4tf clej[l4 eO{ b]zsf] k//fi6« gLlt tyf s"6gLltsf] k|efjsf/L ;~rfngdf yk an k'Ug hfg]5 .

� cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / s"6gLlt ;~rfngsf If]qdf k|d'v e"ldsf lgj{fx ug{ ;/sf/sf] s]G›Lo lgsfosf ¿kdf :yflkt k//fi6« dGqfnosf] ljlzi6 sfo{k|s[lt tyf cGt/f{li6«o k|rngsf sf/0f dGqfnosf] ljlzi6 klxrfg, k]zfut ljlzi6Ls/0f tyf Jofj;flostf :yflkt ub{} b]zsf] k//fi6« gLlt tyf s"6gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L, cy{k"0f{ tyf kl/0ffdd'vL 9+uaf6 ;~rfng ug{ / k//fi6« ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿df pRr dgf]an sfod ub{} k]zfk|ltsf] lgi7f, ;dk{0fefj / k|lta4tf sfod ug{ k//fi6« ;]jf ;~rfng ;DaGwL ljz]if sfg'gsf] th{'df / sfo{fGjog ug{'kg{] .

� k//fi6« ;]jf Ps ljlzi6Ls[t ;]jf ePsf] / o;df sfo{/t sd{rf/Ldf k]zfut bIftf, Jofj;flostf / ljz]if1tfsf] cfjZostf kg{] x'Fbf k//fi6« ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{] clws[t :t/ ;fy} /fhkqcg+lst sd{rf/Lx¿ nfO{ ;]jfsf nflu ;'xfFpbf] cnUu} kf7oqmdsf] ljsf; u/L lgo'lQmsf cfwf/x¿sf] lgw{f/0f u/L nfu" ug{'kg{] . ;fy} ;]jfdf k|j]z ul/;s]sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] k]zfut bIftf / ljz]if1tf clej[l4sf nflu :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL tflnd / cjnf]sg of cWoog e|d0fsf] Joj:yf ug{'kg{] .

� ljBdfg cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]zdf b]vfk/]sf r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ / gofF cj;/x¿nfO{ /fli6«o lxtdf pkof]u ug{ ;fË7lgs ;+/rgfdf ;'b[9Ls/0f / lj:tf/, bIf tyf Jofj;flos /fhb"tx¿sf] 5gf}6 tyf lgo'lQm / s'zn tyf bIf hgzlQmsf] ljsf; u/L k//fi6« dGqfnonfO{ ;an, ;'b[9 tyf ;Ifd agfpg'kg{] .

� sf7df8f}+l:yt ljleGg d'n'ssf s"6gLlts lgof]ux¿ Pj+ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 nufotsf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3;+:yfsf k|d'v Pj+ k|ltlglwx¿n] g]kfnL clwsf/L Pjd\ /fli6«o hLjgsf dxTjk"0f{ JolQmTjx¿;Fu ug{] e]63f6nfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg] ;DaGwdf k//fi6« dGqfnon] @)^* ;fndf s"6gLlts cfrf/;+lxtf hf/L u/L e]6x¿ do{fbf cg's"n agfpg] k|of; u/]sf] b]lvFbf cfrf/;+lxtfdf kl/dfh{g u/L To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog / cg'udgsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

@ lgof]ux¿sf] sfo{ ;'b[9 / k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;DaGwdf

k/Dk/fut s"6gLlts sfo{ ;~rfng ug{] lgsfox¿sf ¿kdf /x]sf lgof]ux¿sf] sfo{If]q /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o hutdf cfPsf /fhgLlts, cfly{s, tyf lj1fg / k|ljlwsf If]qdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gx¿;Fu} km/fsLnf] / ax'cfoflds x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] cfˆgf] cfjZostf, cf}lrTo / IfdtfnfO{ ljrf/ u/]/ ljleGg b]zx¿df s"6gLlts lgof]ux¿sf] :yfkgf ub{} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . kl5Nnf jif{x¿df j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] qmddf ljb]z hfg] g]kfnLx¿sf] ;+Vofdf cfPsf] cToflws j[l4 ;Fu} j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf g]kfnLx¿sf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0f ug{] / pgLx¿nfO{ cfOkg{] ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{] p2]Zon] g]kfnL lgof]ux¿sf] lj:tf/ tyf :yfkgf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL

371

lgof]ux¿nfO{ ;'b[9 / k|efjsf/L agfpb} cfjZos ;fwg ;|f]tsf] pko'Qm Joj:yf u/L cGo sfo{x¿sf cltl/Qm lgDg sfo{x¿df lgof]ux¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg' kb{5 M–

� lgof]ux¿n] g]kfn / ;DalGwt d'n'sx¿sf] lxtdf k|of]u x'g ;Sg] cfly{s ;"rfÍ / ultljlwx¿af/] pknAw tYof+snfO{ cBfjlws agfO{ ;"rgf ;Íng ug{] .

� lgof]ux¿n] cfkm" ;xk|dfl0ft cfjf;Lo Pj+ u}/ cfjf;Lo d'n'sx¿df ;/sf/L cflwsfl/s ;Dks{df /xL låkIfLo ;DaGw dha't agfpg lqmofzLn /xg] .

� lgof]u /x]sf d'n'sx¿af6 clwsflws nufgL / ko{6s leq\ofpg] nufotsf cj;/x¿af/] hfgsf/L lnO{ k|ltj]bg ug{] .

� lgof]u /x]sf d'n'sx¿df cfof]hgf x'g] Jofkf/ d]nf, ko{6g d]nf tyf Joj;foL, nufgLst{fx¿, 6«fen tyf 6'/ ck/]6/x¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fO{ ko{6g, Jofkf/ Pj+ nufgL k|j4{gsf sfo{x¿ ug{] .

� ;~rf/sf] e"ldsf Jofks eO{/x]sf] ;Gbe{df lgof]u /x]sf d'n'ssf kqsf/, ;~rf/sdL{, ldl8of xfp;x¿;Fu ;DaGw :yfkgf u/L g]kfnsf] lxt k|j4{gsf sfo{df pkof]u ug{] .

� lgof]u /x]sf d'n'ssf ljleGg lxt ;d"xx¿ (Interest groups) tyf cGo k|efjzfnL ;d"x;Fu glhssf] ;Dks{ sfod u/L pgLx¿nfO{ b]zsf] lxtdf nufpg lqmofzLn /xg] .

� j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf ljb]zdf uPsf] g]kfnL gful/sx¿sf] clen]v /fvL pgLx¿sf kL/ds{f ;dfwfg ug{ cfjZos kxn ug{] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefun] ;dod} g]kfnL lgof]ux¿nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf g]kfnLx¿sf] ljj/0f pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ug{] . /f]huf/bftf d'n'sdf /x]sf g]kfnLx¿sf ;d:of, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;DaGwdf Tof] d'n'ssf] sfg'gL Joj:yf / g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿sf] cj:yf ;d]tsf ljifodf k|ltj]bg u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ do{flbt, cg'dfgof]Uo / e/kbf]{ agfpg] lbzfdf efjL of]hgf to ug{ lgof]un] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng'kg{] .

� g]kfn ;/sf/ sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( n] tf]s]sf] k//fi6« dGqfnosf] sfo{If]qdf g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th{'df, sfo{fGjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg klxnf] sfo{sf ¿kdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\\_ n] kfl/t u/]sf] zf;sLo ;'wf/ Ph]08f, @)^( df ;d]t cfkm" dftxtsf lgsfox¿sf] cg'udg, d"NofÍg / lg/LIf0f ug{] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . k//fi6« dGqfnon] cfkm" cGtu{tsf :jb]zleq /x]sf /fxbfgL ljefu, cltly ;Tsf/ ljefu / jL/u~hl:yt ;Dks{ sfo{fnosf] cg'udg, d"NofÍg / lg/LIf0f ug{'kg{] bfloTjsf ;fy;fy} ljb]zl:yt g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf;, :yfoL lgof]u / sG;'n]6 hg/n Pj+ cj}tlgs sG;'n]6 hg/nsf] ;d]t cfjlws¿kdf cg'udg, lg/LIf0f / d"NofÍg ug{' ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . To;sf nflu k//fi6« dGqfnodf

372

gLlt, of]hgf, cg'udg tyf cg';Gwfgsf ;DaGwdf ljz]if Joj:yf u/L :yfoL ¿kdf :jb]zleq /x]sf ljefu / sfo{fnox¿sf] / ljb]zl:yt g]kfnL lgof]ux¿sf] lgoldt lg/LIf0f, cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug{] Joj:yf u/L sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/ / ;]jfu|fxLx¿nfO{ k|bfg ug{] ;]jfdf ;'udtf / ;/ntf Nofpg cfjZos b]lvG5

# /fxbfgL ljefu / d]lzg l/8]jn tyf cGo /fxbfgL ;DaGwdf

ljb]z ofqfsf] dxTjk"0f{ 8s'd]G6sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] /fxbfgLnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o xjfO{ p8\8og ;ª\u7g [International Civil Aviation Organization -(ICAO)] n] Joj:yf u/]sf] dfkb08 cg';f/ agfpg] k|lta4tf cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;g\ @)!) b]lv d]l;g\ l/8]an /fxbfgL Joj:yf nfu" u/]sf] 5 . /fxbfgL hf/L ug{sf nflu rflxg] Ps dfq e/kbf{] sfuhft gful/stfdf plNnlvt ljj/0fnfO{ gful/stf hf/L ug{] lgsfon] k|dfl0ft u/] kZrft ljleGg cfjZos r/0fx¿ kf/ ub{} /fxbfgL hf/L ul/g] / d]lzg l/8]jn /fxbfgL hf/L ug{] sfo{sf] yfngLdf s]G›Lo /fxbfgL sfo{fnosf] ¿kdf :yflkt of] lgsfonfO{ sfdsf] rfk, Joj:yfkg / ;a} lhNnfx¿;Fu ug{'kg{] ;Dks{ / ;dGjonfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ ;xh ;]jf k|bfg ug{] p2]Zon] /fxbfgL ljefusf ¿kdf :yflkt ul/Psf] 5 . sltko d'n'sx¿n] O–kf;kf]6{ ;d]t hf/L ug{ yfln;s]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf g]kfnL /fxbfgLnfO{ klg O{–kf;kf]6{ df n}hfg] tkm{ k|of; x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

d]lzg l/8]jn /fxbfgL hf/L x'g' k"j{ hf/L ePsf x:tlnlvt /fxbfgLx¿ cem} 7"nf] ;+Vofdf gful/sx¿sf] xftdf /x]sf] / tL /fxbfgLx¿nfO{ hlt ;Sbf] rf8f] d]lzg l/8]jn /fxbfgLn] lj:yflkt ug{' cfjZos 5 . d]lzg l/8]jn /fxbfgL hf/L ePkl5 x:t lnlvt / d]lzg l/8]jn /fxbfgL u/L b'a} k|sf/sf /fxbfgLsf] k|of]usf sf/0f ljb]zsf cWofudg ljGb'x¿df emGem6 x'g] u/]sf] cj:yf Psflt/ 5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ x:tlnlvt /fxbfgLdf kmf]6f] kl/jt{g u/L u}/ g]kfnLx¿n] /fxbfgLsf] k|of]u ug{] k|j[lQ a9\b} uPsfn] o;sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu klg zL3| x:t lnlvt /fxbfgLx¿nfO{ d]l;g l/8]an /fxbfgLn] lj:yflkt ug{' cfjZos ePsf] 5 . hf/L eO{;s]sf /fxbfgLx¿df kmf]6f] kl/jt{g u/L x'g] k|of]uaf6 u}/ sfg'gL / ;'/Iff vt/f ;DaGwL sfo{sf] lgu/fgL Pj+ lgoGq0f ug{ u[x dGqfno / /fxbfgL ljefun] cfk;L ;dGjodf sfo{ ug{' cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . xfnsf] d]l;g l/8]an /fxbfgLnfO{ O–kf;kf]6{df n}hfg / ahf/df /x]sf x:t lnlvt /fxbfgLx¿nfO{ oyf;Dej l56f] lvRgsf] nflu /fxbfgL ljefunfO{ ;fwg ;|f]t ;DkGg agfpg' cfjZos 5 . /fxbfgL ljefudf df}h'bf /x]sf] b/aGbL ;+/rgfdf sfo{bnn] ldlt @)^(÷!!÷@$ df a'emfPsf] k//fi6« dGqfno / cGtu{tsf /fhb"tfjf;, sG;'n]6 hg/n, ljefu / sfo{fnox¿sf] Joj:yfkg ;j{]If0f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf b/aGbLx¿ Joj:yf ug{' ;d;fdlos b]lvG5 . To;}u/L /fxbfgL ljt/0fnfO{ ;/n, ;xh, l56f] 5l/tf] / k|efjsf/L agfpg /fxbfgL ljt/0f ;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ ljs]lGb|t ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .

$ sG;'n/ ;]jf ;DaGwL

sG;'n/ ;]jf ;]jfu|fxLx¿;Fu k|ToIf ;Dks{df /xL ;]jf k|bfg ug{] sfo{ xf] . sG;'n/ zfvf :yfkgf x'Fbf sfd cToGt ;Lldt / vf;u/L sf7df8f}+l:yt s"6gLlts

373

lgof]ux¿sf] s"6gLlts pGd'lQm / ;'ljwfsf ljifox¿df s]lG›t /x]sf]df j}b]lzs /f]huf/L, cWoog Pj+ cGo sfdsf nflu g]kfnLx¿ ljb]z hfg] qmd a9];Fu} To; zfvfsf] sfd tyf e"ldsfdf kl/jt{g cfpg'sf ;fy} sfddf cToflws rfk b]lvG5 . vf;u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/L;Fu ;DalGwt zj, vf]h tnf;, p4f/, Ifltk"lt{ /sd pknAw u/fpg kxn, ljleGg sf/0fn] ljb]z hfg] g]kfnLx¿sf] gful/stf kl/Tofu, k|x/L k|ltj]bg tyf sfuhftx¿sf] cflwsfl/stf, clws[t jf/]zgfdf nufot ljifox¿, cË k|Tof/f]k0f, cWoog cWofkgsf nflu l;kmfl/zx¿, g]kfnL gful/sx¿n] ljb]zdf k7fpg] sfuhftx¿sf] k|df0fLs/0f, ;/sf/L dgf]gogdf le;f l;kmfl/z Pj+ g]kfnl:yt ljb]zL s"6gLlts lgof]ux¿, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo Ph]G;Lx¿ nufot cGo ljb]zL ;+3 ;+:yfx¿nfO{ s"6gLlts pGd'lQm tyf ;'ljwfx¿ k|bfg ug{] nufotsf sfo{x¿ ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

sG;'n/ zfvfn] cfkm"n] ljt/0f ug]{ ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;/n, ;xh ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Frdf k'¥ofpg ljb]zl:yt g]kfnL lgof]ux¿, g]kfn ;/sf/sf cGo ljleGg lgsfo;Fu / g]kfnl:yt ljb]zL s"6gLlts lgof]ux¿, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo Ph]G;Lx¿ nufot cGo ljb]zL ;+3 ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ e/kbf]{ / ljZj;gLo agfpgsf ;fy} ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|s[ofnfO{ kf/bzL{, do{flbt / cg'zfl;t agfpg] lhDd]jf/L /x]sf] 5 . sG;'n/;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{x¿ ljz]if lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{'kg{] vfnsf Pjd\ ;+j]bgzLn k|s[ltsf klg 5g\ . sfo{af]em Pjd\ sfdsf] k|s[lt tyf ;Dj]bgzLntf ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L o; lsl;dsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ljefusf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/L dfgj tyf cGo ;fwg ;|f]t ;DkGg agfO j}b]lzs /f]huf/L / cGo ljljw sfo{df uPsf Pjd\ hfg] g]kfnL gful/sx¿ / sf7df8f}+ l:yt s"6gLlts lgof]u Pj+ cGo ;+3 ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/b} cfPsf] ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' cfjZos 5 . sG;'n/ sfo{fnoaf6 k|bfg ul/g] oL ;]jfx¿ ;]jf k|bfgsf] lx;fjn] dxTjk"0f{ / ;+j]bgzLn sfo{x¿ ePsfn] sG;'n/ zfvfnfO{ ;fwg ;|f]to'Qm / ;'ljwf ;DkGg agfO sG;'n/ ;]jf ljefusf ¿kdf la:tf/ u/L ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' cfjZos 5 .

% k//fi6« dfldnf k|lti7fg;DaGwL

g]kfnsf] k//fi6« ;DaGw / k//fi6« gLltsf ljljw kIfx¿sf ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfjx¿ lbg], k//fi6« ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;]jf k|j]zsf avtb]lv ;]jfsf ljleGg r/0fx¿df dGqfnosf] cfjZostfcg';f/ tflnd k|bfg ug{], k//fi6« dfldnfsf ljljw ljifo / If]qdf cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{] p2]Zoaf6 k//fi6« dfldnf cWoog k|lti7fgsf] u7g ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|hftGqsf] k'g:{yfkgf kl5 :yfkgf ePsf oL k|lti7fgsf sfo{x¿df lgof]udf sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg hfg] lgof]u k|d'v tyf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ tflnd Pj+ cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{], k//fi6« ;DaGwsf ;fdfGo / ljifout If]qdf 5nkmn, ;]ldgf/ / cGt/lqmof ;~rfng ug{], ;d;fdlos ljifodf ljZn]if0f, rrf{ / ;'emfj lbg], g]kfnsf] k//fi6« ;DaGw / cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf ;fGble{s ljifox¿ ;d]6]/ k|sfzgx¿ lgsfNg], j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf If]qdf b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx¿ Pj+ r'gf}tLx¿ ;fdgf ug{ cfjZos sbdx¿sf ;DaGwdf cGt/lqmofx¿ u/L ;/sf/nfO{ /fo ;Nnfx lbg] s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ . o;nfO{ k//fi6«,

374

;'/Iff, cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts s"6gLltsf] æThink Tank" sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

o:tf k|lti7fg u7gsf] p2]Zo / eO{/x]sf sfo{x¿sf] ;dLIffaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o:tf k|lti7fg :yfkgfsf] p2]Zo cg'¿k sfo{ ug{ ;fwg ;|f]w nufotsf ljljw sf/0fn] ub{f ;kmn x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;du|df x]b{f k//fi6« dGqfnosf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ tflnd Pj+ cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{] d'Vo lgsfo k//fi6« dfldnf cWoog k|lti7fgnfO{ ;fwg >f]t ;DkGg agfO{ Jofj;flos cfjZostf cg'¿k s"6gLlts sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ljz]if1x¿af6 k|lzIf0f lbnfpg] d"n ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{' cfjZos ePsf] 5 . To:t} k//fi6« gLlt ;~rfngsf qmddf cleGg eO{ cfpg] ;'/Iff ;DaGwL ljifo ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6L o;sf] k'gu{7g x'g klg Tolts} cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .

^ k//fi6« ;]jfdf sd{rf/Lsf] k|j]z / cGo Joj:yf ;DaGwdf

k//fi6« ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{]x¿sf nflu cfjZos 1fgnfO{ ;d]6\g] k|sf/sf] kf7Øqmd th{'df ug{'kg{] cfjZostf 5 . ;+;f/sf ;a} d'n'sx¿n] k//fi6« ;]jfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f / Joj;foLs ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/sf If]qdf sfo{ ul//x]sf 5g\ / g]kfnn] klg k//fi6« ;]jfnfO{ Jofj;flos / ;'b[9 agfpg] tkm{ ;dod} sbd rfNg' cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu ;]jf k|j]zsf] z'¿ ljGb'af6 g} cfjZos Joj:yf ub{} hfg' kg]{ x'G5 . To:t} k//fi6« ;]jfdf ljleGg ljifosf] hgzlQm cfjZos kg{] ePsf]n] To:tf ljljwtf ;'lglZrt x'g] u/L of]Uotf lgw{f/0f x'g' cfjZos 5 .

lj=;+= @)^$ ;fndf g]kfn k//fi6« ;]jfsf] u7g eO{ ;]jfnfO{ ljlzi6Ls/0f / Jofj;flos agfpg] k|of; eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df cfly{s s"6gLltsf lglZrt pkIf]qx¿nfO{ ;d]6L k//fi6« ;]jf leq} ;d"x u7g ug{' bL3{sfnLg lx;fjn] pko'Qm x'g;S5 . To;f] ePdf ;d"xdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Ln] nfdf] ;do;Dd ToxL If]qdf sfd u/L cg'ej / ljz]if1tf xfl;n ug{] / ;DalGwt If]qdf nfdf] ;do;Dd of]ubfg k'/ofpg ;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g hfG5 . sltko d'n'sx¿n] o; kIfdf “Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade” (MOFAIT) :yfkgf u/L ;kmn ;dGjofTds pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf] cg'ej dgg ug{' klg pkof]uL x'g] b]lvG5 .

& /fhb"t / :yfoL k|ltlglw lgo'lQm ;DaGwdf

cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw tyf s"6gLlts If]qdf g]kfnsf] e"ldsf / k//fi6« dGqfnodf ug{'kg{] ;+:yfut ;'wf/x¿ / Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf ul7t cfof]ux¿sf k|ltj]bgdf g]kfnsf] s"6gLlts If]qnfO{ Jofj;flos, bIf, k|efjsf/L agfpg] ljifodf ljleGg ;'emfjx¿ k]z u/]sf] eP tfklg sfo{fGjog kIf ;w}+ lkmtnf] /xg] u/]sf] 5 . k|rlnt cGt/f{li6«o cEof;n] s] k|i6\ofPsf] b]lvG5 eg] Jofj;flos s"6gLlts cg'ej / bIftfo'Qm JolQm jftf{ / ;Djfbsf låkIfLo, If]qLo Pj+ ax'kIfLo d~rx¿df lglZrt ¿kdf ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ ;Sb5 . t;y{ o;k|sf/sf sfo{x¿sf] lhDd]jf/L lbO{ k]zfut cg'ej, sfo{ut bIftf, ljz]if1tf, jftf{ tyf ;Demf}tf ;Lk ePsf JolQmx¿sf] 5gf}6 tyf lgo'lQm ug{'kb{5 . o;sf nflu cGttf]uTjf s"6gLlts If]qdf lgo'lQm s"6gLlts ;]jf leqsf sd{rf/Lx¿af6} x'g ;Sg' ptd ljsNk ePsf] oyfy{ dgg u/L To:tf] l:ylt Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf xfl;n gx'Fbf;Dd /fhb"t tyf :yfoL

375

k|ltlglwsf] lgo'Qm ub{f ;/sf/ ;+j]bgzLn eO{ cGt/f{li6«o hutdf g]kfnsf] 5lj pRr /fVg ;Sg] k]zfut bIftf ePsf JolQmx¿ dWo]af6} lgo'lQm ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 . s"6gLlts lgo'lQmsf] ;DaGwdf l5d]sL d'n's ef/t / kfls:tfgsf] pbfx/0f / cg'ejaf6 klg kf7 l;s]/ s"6gLlts lgo'lQm / sfo{s'zntfnfO clej[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 . /fhb"t lgo'lQmsf] ljifonfO{ do{flbt / Jofj;flos agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf dxz'z u/L ljut jif{x¿df ;/sf/n] s"6gLlts sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ /fhb"t nufotsf kbdf slDtdf %) k|ltzt lgo'Qm ug{] ;DaGwL ;}4flGts lg0f{o ul/;s]sf] ;Gbe{df s"6gLlts sd{rf/Lx¿ (Career diplomats) af6 a9L eGbf a9L lgo'lQm ug{] / k//fi6« ;]jfsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / lj:tf/ ;Fu} lgo'lQmsf] k|ltztdf qmdzM j[l4 ub{} hfg] Joj:yf ug{' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

jf:tjdf, Hofb} sd s"6gLlts hgzlQm x'g] x'gfn] g]kfnL lgof]udf /fhb"t jf :yfoL k|ltlglwsf] lgo'lQm x'Fbf ToxfF l:yt sd{rf/Lx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ of]Uotf / cg'ejn] dfu{bz{g ug{ ;Sg] / lgh /fhb"t÷:yfoL k|ltlglw :jod\ yk k"0f{sfnLg clws[t ;/x sfd ug]{ lsl;dsf] x'Fbf hgzlQm a9]sf] dxz'z u/fpg ;Sg] u/L pDd]b\jf/ rog ug{' kg{] cfjZostf x'G5 . yf]/} dfq s"6gLlts sd{rf/L ePsf lgof]udf lgoldt ;f/e"t sfo{ ug{ ;d]t ;b}j ;xof]uL geO{ sfd ug{ g;Sg] JolQm lgof]u k|d'v lgo'Qm ePdf lgof]udf af]em ylkPsf] dfq geO{ sfo{ bIftfdf lzlyntf / ;':ttf cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . ctM o:tf cg'ejaf6} kf7 l;s]/ cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / s"6gLltsf] If]qdf nfdf] cg'ej ;FufnL;s]sf] g]kfnn] cGo b]zx¿sf b[i6fGt ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L cg'ej l;4 s"6gLlt1x¿nfO{ ;f] lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ug{' pko'Qm x'g]5 . cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / s"6gLlts ;DaGw ;~rfngsf If]qdf b]vfk/]sf gofF cfofdx¿ tyf b]zdf ePsf] P]ltxfl;s kl/jt{g;Fu} b]zsf] k//fi6« gLlt tyf s"6gLlts ;DaGw ;~rfngsf] sfo{nfO{ cem} a9L Jofj;flos, k|efjsf/L tyf kl/0ffdd'vL agfO{ b]zsf] ;fdflhs cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fsf] sfo{ef/ k"/f ug{] lbzfdf kl/rflnt ug{] Wo]osf ;fy k//fi6« ;]jfsf] 5'6} u7g ePsf] xf] .

b]zsf] cGt/f{li6«o 5ljnfO{ ;d]t pRr agfO{ /fVg xfnsf] ljBdfg /fhgLlts efua08fsf cfwf/df /fhb"t lgo'lQm ug{] k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ u/L k]zfut bIftf, sfo{s'zntf, cWoog cg'ej / ljz]if1tfsf] cfwf/df 5gf}6 tyf lgo'lQm u/L g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / s"6gLlts ;~rfngsf] If]qnfO{ bnLo /fhgLlts x:tIf]k / bafjaf6 6f9f /fvL Jofj;flostf tyf k]zfut ljlzi6tf k|j{4g ug{] tkm{ lgb{]lzt ug{ ;DalGwt ;a} kIf uDeL/ x'g' cfjZos b]lvG5 . /fhb"t tyf :yfoL k|ltlglw /fhgLlts efuj08fdf hf];'s}nfO{ klg lgo'lQm ug]{ sfo{ s"6gLlts dof{bf;Ët gx'g] sf/0f o;df ;'wf/ u/L lglZrt dfkb08 agfpg' h¿/L 5 . /fhb"t Pjd\ lgof]u k|d'vsf] ¿kdf lgo'Qm x'g] clwsf/LnfO{ lghn] ug'{kg]{ jflif{s sfo{tflnsf / nIo -Target_ ;d]t lbg' kg]{ / ck]lIft glthf xfl;n gug]{nfO{ lkmtf{ af]nfpg], s"6gLlts ;]jf eGbf aflx/af6 lgo'Qm x'g] /fhb"tdf kbsf dof{bfnfO{ g;'xfpg] JolQm sbflk k7fpg gx'g], ljz]iftM d'Vo ;lrj, jfl0fHo ;lrj, cy{ ;lrj h:tf s"6gLlts If]q;Fu ghLsaf6 ;DalGwt /xL sfd ul/;s]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ k7fpg] gLlt cjnDag u/]df s"6gLlts ;]jfsf] dof{bf /fvL b]zsf] lxt k|j{4g ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

376

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sfo{ ;~rfngdf kl/kSjtf Nofpg, sfd k|ltsf] lgi7f / u'0f:t/nfO{ sfod /fVg tyf k]zfut ljz]if1tf / ljlzi6tf xfl;n ug{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] tflnd / k|lzIf0fsf] 7"nf] dxTj x'G5 . k/fi6« dGqfno / ljb]zl:yt lgof]ux¿sf sfd sfo{jfxLx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg] sfo{df /x]sf] d'Vo sdhf]/L g} hgzlQmnfO{ cfjZos k|lzIf0f / cled'vLs/0fsf] sdL /xg' xf] . cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / cfly{s s"6gLltsf] ;}4flGts Pj+ Jofjxfl/s kIfsf ;DaGwdf k//fi6« dfldnf cWoog k|lti7fgaf6 nlIft hgzlQmnfO{ tflnd tyf cled'vLs/0f k|bfg ul/b} cfPsf] eP tfklg lgsfout ;dGjosf] cefj / k//fi6« dGqfnosf] ;Lldt ;fwg ;|f]taf6 ;f] sfo{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;~rfng x'g ;s]sf] b]lvGg . ljb]zl:yt g]kfnL lgof]udf sfo{/t s"6gLlts sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ g]kfnsf] >d, ko{6g, jfl0fHo, cy{ / pBf]u nufotsf ljifox¿ / ;f] ;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gsf ljifodf cfjZos tflnd, sfo{If]qsf] cjnf]sg tyf cGo 1fg / ;Lk k|bfg ug{'sf ;fy} ;dGjosf] dxTjsf af/]df cjut u/fpg' klg Tolts} cfjZos /x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnL lgof]ux¿n] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] bf}/fgdf >d, ko{6g, jfl0fHo, cy{ / pBf]u nufotsf ljifox¿ k|fyldstfsf ;fy x]g{'kg{] ePsfn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf lgsfox¿ / k//fi6« dGqfno tyf cGtu{tsf lgof]ux¿ aLr Jojl:yt ;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf] jftfj/0f :yfkgf ug{ ;lsPdf sfo{x¿df x'g] bf]xf]/f]kgf, cGt/f{li6«o hutdf /flvg] Ps} ljifodf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf aLr aflemg] ljrf/x¿ / lg0f{o k|s[ofdf cfpg ;Sg] cGof]nnfO{ ;d]t cGt ug{ ;xh x'g] b]lvG5 .

k//fi6« gLlt lgdf{0fsf] cfjZostf k//fi6«÷ljb]z gLlt eg]sf] s'g}klg b]zsf] cfGtl/s gLltsf] lj:tfl/t ¿k eGbf a9L xf] . cfˆgf] ljb]z gLlt tof/ ub{f sltko ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿n] k|To]s ljb]zL ldq /fi6«x¿;Fu / cfkm" ;b:o /x]sf] ;+3 ;ª\u7gx¿;Fu cfˆgf] d'n'sn] p7fpg ;Sg] kmfObfdf s]lG›t eO{ låkIfLo lxt lj:tf/ ug{] gLlt to u/]sf x'G5g\ . g]kfnn] xfn;Dd ldq/fi6«x¿;Fusf] ;DaGw, If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;ª\u7gx¿;Fusf] ;DaGwnfO{ k/Dk/fut ¿kdf kl/rfng ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o:tf /fi6« / ;ª\u7gx¿;Fusf] ;DaGw lj:tf/df g]kfnn] xfl;n ug{;Sg] pknlAwnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ljlzi6Ls[t, t'ngfTds / k|ltikwf{Tds If]qdf 7f]; gLlt lgd{f0f u/L :ki6 dfu{ lgb{]z ;lxt s"6gLlts ;DaGwnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg'kg{] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

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377

g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf cfwf/ / p2]Zox¿ ;Daf]wg ug{] lbzfdf lgb{]lzt eO{ ;fdlos k//fi6« gLlt th{'df cfhsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ljb]z gLlt ;+nUg x'g] If]qdf klg k//fi6« dGqfnosf] ;+nUgtf j]u/} 5nkmn x'g] u/]sf sltko b[i6fGtx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o; k|sf/sf cEof;x¿af6 k//fi6« dGqfno sdhf]/ x'g] eGbf klg /fHo sdhf]/ x'g] ePsfn] ljb]z gLlt;Fu ;+Da4 x'g] x/]s ljifodf k//fi6« dGqfnosf] ;+nUgtf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsof] eg] klg k//fi6« gLltsf] th{'df / ;~rfngdf o;n] 7"nf] of]Ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Sg] b]lvG5 . gofF aGg] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;d]t g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / k//fi6« gLltsf ljifox¿nO{ lj:t[t¿kdf ;dfj]z ug{' cfjZos 5 . ;fy} s"6gLlts cfrf/;+lxtfsf dxTjk"0f{ ljifox¿nfO{ klg ;+ljwfgdf g} k|ltljlDat ug{' pko'Qm b]lvG5 . o;}u/L nfdf] ;do;Dd k//fi6« ;]jfdf cfkm"nfO{ ;dk{0f u/]sf jl/i7 s"6gLlt1x¿nfO{ /fHon] k//fi6« gLlt th{'dfdf jf s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf pxfFx¿sf] cg'ejnfO{ pkof]u ug{] ;+:yfut Joj:yf ug{' klg Tolts} pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf ;DaGwdf g]kfnn] ljb]zL ldq/fi6«x¿ Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o d~rx¿df ug{] sltko ;lGw ;Demf}tf Pj+ ;dembf/Lx¿df ug{] x:tfIf/af6 bfloTjsf] >[hgf x'g] x'Fbf ;lGw ;Demf}tf ug'{k"j{ To; ;DaGwdf ug'{kg]{ tof/Lsf;fy cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfodf k|:t't x'g ;Sg' k5{ . To;f] gubf{ To;af6 l;h{gf x'g] bfloTj / lhDd]jf/Lsf sf/0f b]z leq / aflx/ ;d]t s]xL c;lhnf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿sf] cg'df]bg ug{ /fhgLlts txaf6 ;lqmotf b]vfOg] t/ ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿sf] sfo{fGjogdf cfpg] sl7gfOx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg g;lsPsf] oyfy{tf ;a}sf ;fd' k|i6 5 . k/f/i6« dGqfnosf] hfgsf/Ldf gNofO{, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljlwjt k"j{ :jLs[lt ;d]t glnO{ ljb]zL d'n's jf lgsfo;Fu ljleGg lgsfox¿n] ug{] ;Demf}tf tyf ;dembf/Lx¿nfO{ kl5 dlGqkl/ifb\\af6 cg'df]bg u/fpg] k|j[lQx¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ . o; k|sf/sf cEof;x¿nfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg' ckl/xfo{ eO;s]sf] 5 . o; ljifodf k//fi6« dGqfnosf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;qmLo agfO{ ;Da4 ;a} lgsfox¿n] ljb]zL ldq/fi6«x¿ Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o d~rx¿df ug{] ;lGw, ;Demf}tf tyf ;dembf/Lx¿ ug{' k"j{ clgjfo{¿kdf k//fi6« dGqfno;Fu ;dGjo ug{] kl/kf6L a;fNg' cfjZos 5 .

g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o hutdf ljutb]lv g} ub{} cfPsf ;lGw, ;Demf}tf / ;dembf/Lx¿ tyf sfg'gx¿sf] jt{dfgdf ;fGble{stf / cfjZostf ;d]tsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{'kg{] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . sfg'g Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿sf] sfo{fGjgsf] s'g} klg r/0fdf k//fi6« dGqfnosf] ;+nUgtf cfjZos kg{] k|sf/sf sfg'gx¿sf] lgd{f0f ub{f dGqfno / sfg'g ;Da4 lgsfox¿ aLr oy]i6 k/fdz{ u/]/ dfq sfg'g lgd{f0f ug{] kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; ug{' cTofjZos ePsf] 5 . ;lGw ;Demf}tf Pj+ ;dembf/Lx¿df x:tfIf/ ug{'k"j{ o;sf k|fljlws ;DefJotfx¿, l;h{gf x'g] bfloTj, jxg ug{;Sg] Ifdtf / x:tfIf/af6 g]kfnnfO{ k'Ug] kmfObfx¿sf ;DaGwdf lj:t[t¿kdf ljrf/ ug{' cfjZos /x]sf] eP tfklg x:tfIf/ ug{'nfO{ g} pknlAw dfGg] k|rng /x]sf] x'bf o;df uDeL/ x'g' cfjZos 5 . cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;+emf}tf tyf ;dembf/L ug]{ ljifodf sfg'g dGqfno / k//fi6« dGqfnosf] ;dGjofTds ;xsfo{ cToGt h¿/L b]lvG5 . k//fi6« dGqfnosf] cGt/fli6«o sfg'g dxfzfvfdf sfg'g ;d"xsf] ;x;lrj /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg ;s]df k//fi6« dGqfnonfO{ cem ;xof]u k'Ug ;S5 .

378

k//fi6« dGqfnonfO{ cfˆg} ejg;lxt ;|f]t ;fwg ;DkGg agfpg' kg]{ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf cfˆg} / cltly ;Tsf/ ljefusf gfddf y'k|} :yfgdf 3/ hUufx¿ ePsf] eP tfklg k//fi6« dGqfno :yfoL ¿kdf cfˆgf] ejgdf /x]sf] b]lvGg . kl/0ffdtM dxTjk"0f{ sfuhftx¿sf] ;+/If0f Pj+ clen]v Joj:yfkg cToGt s7Lg ePsf] 5 . ljut @% jif{sf] cjlwdf k//fi6« dGqfno $ k6s ;Dd sfo{fno ;g'{k/]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd k//fi6« dGqfno /x]sf] zLtn lgjf;df /fi6«klt sfo{fno :yfkgf ePkl5 k//fi6« dGqfnonfO{ gf/fo0flx6L l:yt b/jf/ ;Fu|xfnosf] ejgdf s]xL ;do /flvPsf] / ToxfFaf6 dGqfnonfO{ l;+xb/af/ kl/;/ leq xfnsf] :yfgdf ;fl/Psf] 5 . gf/fo0flx6Ldf /fxbfgL ljefu /x]sf] 5 . cy{ dGqfnosf ;Lldt dxfzfvf jf OsfO{ /fVg] kl/sNkgfdf lgd{f0f ePsf] xfnsf] ejgdf dGqfnonfO{ s7Lgtd 9+un] rnfOPsf] cj:yf 5 . gLlt lgd{f0f txsf clws[tx¿sf nflu sf]7fx¿ Joj:yfkg ug{ s7Lg ePsf] 5 eg] zfvfx¿ rnfpgsf nflu So"ljsn :yfg ;'ne ePsf] 5}g . b/jf/ ;Fu|xfnon] cfˆgf] a[xQ/ of]hgf cGt/ut xfn /fxbfgL ljefu /x]sf] :yfgnfO{ klg ;d]6]sf] / ;f] ljefu cGoq :yfgfGt/0f ul/lbg ;Fu|xfno k|zf;g\af6 cg'/f]w eO{ cfPsf] 5 . sG;'n/ ;]jf k|bfg ug{] hg ;/f]sf/sf] csf]{ lgsfo sG;'n/ zfvfnfO{ gf/fo0flx6Laf6 lqk'/]Zj/ l:yt dGqfnosf] cfˆg} ejgdf ;fl/Psf] 5 . o;/L k//fi6« dGqfnosf cleGg lgsfox¿ :yfgfefjn] ub{f ljleGg tLg ckfos :yfgx¿df /fVg'k/]sf] b]lvG5 . lqk'/]Zj/df /x]sf] sG;'n/ zfvf ePsf] :yfgaf6 s/Lj !%) dL6/sf] b'/Ldf dGqfnos} c¿ yk hUuf /x]sf] 5 . ;f] dWo] Psdf k//fi6« dfldnf cWoog k|lti7fg /x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{ :yfgdf lghL cfjf;sf] ¿kdf nfdf] ;dob]lv k|of]u ePsf] kfOPsf]n] xfn;fn} vfln ul/Psf] cj:yf 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;a} dGqfnox¿ l;+xb/jf/ l:yt s]G›Lo ;lrjfnodf :yfgfGt/0f ug{] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt adf]lhd l;+xb/af/ xftfleq k//fi6« dGqfnosf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{] u/L ejg lgd{f0f ug{' cfjZos 5 eg] lqk'/]Zj/df k|ToIftM ;]jf k|bfos lgsfo /fxbfgL ljefu tyf sG;'n/ ;]jf sfo{fnonfO{ Jojl:yt ug{] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r /fvL ;]jfu|fxLx¿nfO{ kfos kbf]{ 9+un] ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] ;]jfd'vL sfo{fnox¿sf cfˆg} ejgx¿ agfpg] tkm{ uDeL/ kxn x'g' cfjZos 5 . k//fi6«;Fu ;DalGwt dxTjk"0f{ P]ltxfl;s clen]vx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt, ;'/lIft, j}1flgs / sDKo'6/fOh8 lsl;daf6 ;'/lIft ejgdf /fVg' Tolts} cfjZos 5 .

k//fi6« dGqfno / ljleGg lgsfox¿ aLrsf] ;dGjo ljb]z gLltsf] ;~rfngdf cfjZos /fli6«o ;dGjosf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s s"6gLltsf] lhDd]jf/ lgsfo k//fi6« dGqfno ePtf klg kl5Nnf jif{x¿df låkIfLo Pj+ ax'kIfLo jft{fx¿df k//fi6« dGqfnosf] hfgsf/L ljgf g} ;/sf/L ;xeflutf x'g] cj:yf ;d]t b]lvPsf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf k|j[lQx¿nfO{ ;'wfb{} PsLs[t /fli6«o gLlt agfO /fi6«n] cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ug{] ;xeflutf jf jfXo b'lgof;Fu x'g] jft{f / 5nkmnx¿sf ;DaGwdf k//fi6« dGqfno;Fusf] ;dGjodf ug{' cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqfno / cGo lgsfox¿n] k//fi6« dGqfno / lgof]ux¿nfO{ cfly{s s"6gLltsf] cleGg cËsf ¿kdf lnO ;f]xL cg';f/sf] ;dGjo :yfkgf u/L sfo{ ug{' cfjZos 5 . ;fy}, k//fi6« dGqfno / ;/sf/sf cGo lgsfox¿sf] ljb]z dfldnf;Fu ;DalGwt ljifosf] sfo{ ug{] k|ltlglw ;+:yf ePsf]n] ;Da4 dGqfno / lgsfox¿n] k//fi6« dGqfno;Fusf] ;xsfo{sf] ;+oGqnfO{{ e/kbf]{ / Jojl:yt agfpg' cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . k//fi6« dGqfno / >d ;xrf/L lgo'Qm u/L k7fpg] >d tyf

379

/f]huf/ dGqfnoaLr >d ;xrf/Lsf] sfo{If]q / clwsf/sf ljifodf ljjfb b]lvG5 . >d ;xrf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQmsf ljifos P]gdf /fhb"t / >d ;xrf/LaLr s'g} ljifodf ljjfb ePdf >d ;xrf/Lsf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g]5 eGg] h:tf Joj:yfn] cem ljjfb aNemfpg] b]lvFbf o;df k'g/fjnf]sg x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

o:t} pbfx/0f gf]6/L klAns ;DaGwL P]g, lgod, ;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g / lgodfjnL, u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;DaGwL P]g / lgod cflb ;d]tdf kfOG5 . o;}n] oL sfg'gdf ;d]t k'g/fjnf]sgsf] cfjZostf 5 . To;}n] k//fi6« dGqfnosf] k|ltlglwTj / sfo{If]q leq kg{] ljifox¿df P]g sfg'gx¿sf] lgd{f0f ub{f ;Da4 lgsfox¿n] k//fi6« dGqfno;Fu ;dGjo ug{] kl/kf6LnfO{ nfu" ug{] Joj:yf x'g'kg{] b]lvG5 .

g]kfnn] ljleGg d'n'sdf /fhb"tfjf;, sG;'n]6 hg/n / sG;'n]6sf] :yfkgf u/L ;]jf lj:tf/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df ;fs{sf ;b:o /fi6«x¿ dflNbE;, e"6fg / ckmuflg:tfgdf g]kfnn] cfjf;Lo /fhb"tfjf; :yfkgf u/L s"6gLlts k|ltlglwTj oyfzL3| ug{' ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5. To;}u/L aL; xhf/ eGbf a9L ;+Vofdf g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿ sfo{/t /x]sf n]jgfg, O/fs h:tf d'n'sx¿df g]kfnn] ;fgf ¿kdf ePklg s"6gLlts lgof]u ;~rfng ug{' / ljZj vfB tyf s[lif ;ª\u7gsf] k|wfg sfo{fno /x]sf] /fi6« O6nL / g]kfnLx¿sf] ;+Vof clej[l4 eO{/xsf] :k]g / dWo Pl;ofsf] s'g} Ps b]zdf cfjf;Lo g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf; :yfkgf ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] kxn sbdL lng cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} u0ftGq ef/tsf] d'DaO{, ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] Go"of]s{ tyf hgjfbL u0ftGq rLgsf] ;+3fO{df g]kfnL dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; :yfkgf ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] lg0f{o u/L sfo{ cl3 a9fpg cfjZos ePsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfly{s tyf k|zf;lgs b[li6n] cfjf;Lo /fhb"tfjf; :yfkgf ug{ at{dfg l:yltdf sl7g ePsf d'n'sx¿df cj}tlgs jfl0fHob"tfjf; :yfkgf u/L g]kfnLsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ko{6g ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] tkm{ uDeL/ ¿kdf ;f]Rg'kg{] b]lvG5 .

s"6gLlts ;d'bfo Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw Pj+ g]kfn e|d0f ug{] cltlyx¿;Fu ug{] e]63f6 nufot cGo ljifox¿nfO{ do{flbt, Jojl:yt / ;dGjofTds agfpg' cfjZos dx;'; u/L k//fi6« dGqfnosf] kxndf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 hf/L ePsf] s"6gLlts cfrf/;+lxtf, @)^* sf] k|efjsf/L sfo{fGjog ug{'kg{] ePsfn] o;df ;a} dGqfno tyf lgsfox¿sf] ;dGjofTds ;xof]usf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . of] s"6gLlts cfrf/;+lxtf xfn d"ntM g]kfn ;/sf/sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu nfu" ePsf] b]lvPsfn] o;df cfjZos ;+;f]wg u/L o;sf] If]qnfO{ Jofks agfO ljb]zL /fhb"t jf /fhgLlts JolQmn] g]kfnsf ;fj{hlgs lhDd]jf/L lnO;s]sf /fhgLlts If]qsf JolQmx¿;Fu ul/g] e]63f6nfO{ klg Jojl:yt / do{flbt /fVg /fhgLlts txdf ;d]t o;sf] k|efjsf/L sfo{fGjog ug{] tkm{ kxn x'g' cfjZos 5 . To;}u/L ljleGg b]zsf cj}tlgs b"tx¿sf] clen]v cBfjlws u/L s'6gLlts lgof]u Pjd\ cj}tlgs jfl0fHo b"tx¿nfO{ k|fKt pGd'lQm / ;'ljwfsf] b'¿kof]u x'g gkfpg] u/L k|efjsf/L clen]v /fVg] / lgoldt ¿kdf cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

pk;+xf/ cGt/f{li6«o hutdf /fli6«o klxrfg / pkl:ylt sfod /fvL cfk;L ;xof]u, ;b\efj / ;DaGw ljsf; ug]{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdf k//fi6« ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . d'n'ssf] cfGtl/s zlQm, rfxgf / klxrfgsf] afXo k|:t'lt k//fi6« gLlt xf] . /fi6«sf] p2]Zo / To:tf] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ ckgfOg] dfWodsf] ;du|tf k//fi6« gLltsf cGtj{:t' x'g\ . d'n'ssf] /fi6«o lxt, p2]Zo, nIo, cfsf+Iff

380

/ cfjZostf k|fKt ug]{ ;Gbe{df k//fi6« gLlt s]lGb|t x'g' kb{5 . k//fi6« gLlt /fli6«o lxtnfO{ ;jf]{kl/ /fvL d'n'ssf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, k|fs[lts tyf cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]z / kl/l:yltsf cfwf/df th'{df ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . cfw'lgs o'udf b]lvPsf] lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] rdTsf/L ljsf;, dfgj clwsf/sf gjLgtd\ lrGtg, hg;fª\vLo kl/jt{g, ax'/fli6«o lgudx¿sf] pbo, e"–d08nLs/0f h:tf ljleGg l:yltx¿sf] k[i7e"lddf d'n'ssf] cfkm\gf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, /fli6«o Pstf / /fli6«o :jfy{sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug{ Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o hutdf Gofo / ;dtf sfod ug]{ lbzfdf lqmofzLn x'g ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] k//fi6« gLlt th'{df ug'{ kb{5 .

ljZj dfglrqdf cfhsf sltko ljsl;t d'n'sx¿ pklgj]zsf] l:yltaf6 u'lh|/xFbf klg g]kfn slxn] s;}sf] pklgj]z geO{ Ps :jtGq / ;fj{ef}d d'n'ssf] ¿kdf :jtGq klxrfg agfPsf] /fi6« xf] . ljleGg d'n'sn] g]kfnk|lt cf–cfkm\gf] lglxt :jfy{ kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] e"ldsf lj:tf/ ug{ ;Sg] l:yltnfO{ ;dodf g} a'emL cfkm\gf] cl:tTj / klxrfgsf] lglDt ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] k//fi6« gLlt clVtof/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 . g]kfnn] d'n'ssf] /fli6«o :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}ldstfsf] ;+/If0f, ef}uflns cv08tfsf] /Iff, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkq, cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g, ljZj zflGt / dfgjclwsf/k|ltsf] k|lta4tf, c;+nUgtf, zflGtk"0f{ ;x–cl:tTj, k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt h:tf dfGotfsf] cjnDagåf/f ;a} /fi6«;Fu kf/:kl/s lxt, ;Ddfg / ;xof]ufTds ;DaGw tyf l5d]sLx¿;Fu plrt / ;Gt'lnt Jojxf/åf/f ;'dw'/ ;DaGwsf] ljsf; u/L d'n'snfO{ ljZj ;d'bfodf cfkm\gf] pRr 5lj;lxtsf] klxrfg agfpg] p2]Zosf ;fy k//fi6« gLltsf] ;~rfng x'g'kb{5 . o;}u/L ;d[4 d'n's lgdf{0fsf lglDt cfly{s Pjd\ ljsf; s"6gLlt j}b]lzs /f]huf/ / ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf;df ;d]t lj:tf/ u/L zflGt / Gofosf] ;'lglZrttfåf/f ljZj;DaGw ljsf; ug]{ k//fi6« gLlt cfjZos 5 . g]kfndf cjl:yt cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yfx¿n] /fi6«sf] ljsf;df s] s:tf] of]ubfg ul//x]sf 5g\, ltgsf] d"NofÍg / cg'udg cfjZos 5 . /fHok|lt jkmfbf/ gful/s ljsf; ug{ / k//fi6,« ;'/Iff / ;+:s[lt h:tf ;+j]bgzLn If]qx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;/f]sf/jfnf ;a} ;r]t x'g'kb{5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] k|of]u nufotsf ljifodf ul/g] ;lGw ;+emf}tfsf] cg'df]bg ug]{ ;DaGwdf ljBdfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !%^ sf] Joj:yf /fli6«o :jfy{sf] ;+/If0fdf dxTjk"0f{ x'g ;Sg] x'Fbf gofF ;+ljwfgdf ;d]t To:tf Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg' cfjZos 5 . o; k[i7e"lddf cGt/f{li6«o /fhgLlt e"d08nLs[t /fhgLltdf ¿kfGt/0f ePsfn] g]kfnL /fHo nufot ;dfhsf ;a} stf{x¿nfO{ k|lt:kwL{ / /fli6«o :jfy{ cg'¿k pGd'v u/fPdf k//fi6« gLlt ;kmn x'g ;S5 . j}b]lzs ;xfotf /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf] If]qdf k|of]u u/L /fHosf] cfly{s cfwf/sf] ;jnLs/0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df j}b]lzs ;xfotf ;DaGwdf :ki6 gLlt agfpg' h¿/L 5 . If]qLo ;xof]usf] If]q h:t}M hn>f]t, hnjfo' kl/jt{g, cfk|jf;g, Jofkf/ / cGo /fli6«o hf]lvdx¿ Go"g ug{ lg/f]wfTds gLltx¿ af/] ;f]r /fVg' cfjZos 5 . g]kfnL gful/sx¿df k//fi6« gLltsf] ljifodf Jofks r]tgfsf] lj:tf/ ePsfn] pgLx¿sf] ljrf/ / hgdt ;Íng ug{ ægful/s s"6gLltÆ af/] a/fa/ 5nkmn / ax; u/L /fli6«o r]tgfsf] clej[l4 ug'{ cfjZos 5 . d'n'ssf] :jfledfg / klxrfgsf;fy ;d[4 d'n's lgdf{0fsf] cleofgdf g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltnfO{ cy{k"0f{ / k|efjsf/L agfpg k//fi6« dGqfnosf] ljBdfg ;fË7lgs ;+/rgf, gLlt / sfg'gL Joj:yf nufotsf ljleGg kIfdf ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf 5 .

381

kl/R5]b – @)

;'/Iff;DaGwL Joj:yf

k[i7e"ld d'n'ssf] cl:tTj / ;'/Iff, gful/s ;'/Iff Pjd\ c;n zf;gsf] lglDt alnof] ;'/Iff Joj:yf cfjZos x'G5 . ;fdfGotofM gful/s ;'/Iff eGg' 8/, eo / cefjaf6 d'Qm x'g' xf] . ;'/Iff Joj:yf sdhf]/ ePdf To;n] ;dfhsf cf};t gful/snfO{ c;/ kf5{ . lsgls pgLx¿;Fu cfkm\gf] /Iff ug]{ Ifdtf / ;|f]t x'Fb}g . ;'b[9 ;dfh / gful/s ;'/Iff cGt/;DalGwt ljifo x'g\ . Pp6f ljgf csf{sf] cl:tTj x'Fb}g . gful/ssf] cfGtl/s ;'/Iff tyf ;du| d'n'ssf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;jf{lws dxTjsf] ljifo xf] . cfw'lgs ;dodf /fhgLlts, cfly{s, s"6gLlts zlQmsf] -Soft Power_ k|of]uåf/f /fHosf] hLjg / cl:tTj arfO/fVg] dxTjk"0f{ ljifo /fli6«o ;'/Iff xf] . ablnFbf] d"No / oyfy{nfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} ;'/Iffsf r'gf}tLnfO{ JolQmut, ;d"xut, /fli6«o, If]qLo / cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf juL{s/0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

/fli6«o ;'/Iff l;4fGt -National Security Doctrine_ n] /fHosf] ;'/Iffsf p2]Zox¿, /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt / /0fgLltx¿, To;nfO{ ;fy{s agfpg] lgsfo / ;fwgx¿ kl/eflift u/]sf] x'G5 . cfw'lgs o'udf /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] bfo/f lj:tf/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . bf]>f] ljZjo'4 kZrft ;}lgs, /fhgLlts, s"6gLlts, cfly{s, jftfj/0fLo / zlQmsf] ;du|tfnfO{ /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] cy{df lng k'luPsf] 5 . bf]>f] ljZjo'4k"j{ /fli6«o ;Ldfgf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf / cv08tfsf] ;+/If0fdf dfq ;Lldt /x]sf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff bf]>f] ljZjo'4 kZrft gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, jftfj/0fdf k/]sf] k|efj, ;Ël7t ck/fwsf] ;~hfn, dfgj clwsf/sf] ljifo nufot cfGtl/s / jfXo hf]lvdnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;'/Iffsf ljleGg kIfx¿ h:t} …Hard Power' df ;}lgs / …Soft Power' df /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pjd\ jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff h:tf Jofks kIf;Fu /fli6«o

382

;'/Iffsf] ljifo ufFl;Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jfy{nfO{ ljleGg lsl;dn] juL{s/0f ug'{ jf~5gLo x'G5 M cl:tTj ;Fu ;DalGwt -Survival_ :jfy{, dxTjk"0f{ :jfy{x¿ h'g cv08tf / afXo x:tIf]k;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\ -vital_ , cfly{s / cGo ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt :jfy{x¿ -major_ / bL3{sfnLg c;/;Fu ;DalGwt h:t}M k|jf;L g]kfnL / cfk|jf;g -Peripheral Interests_ df /x]sf g]kfnLsf] lxtsf] ;+/If0f /fli6«o :jfy{sf k|d'v kIf x'g\ .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;g\ !(($ sf] k|ltj]bgn] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] ljifo leq /fHosf] ;'/Iffdfq geO{ JolQmsf] ;'/Iffdf ;d]t s]lGb|t x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o; k|ltj]bgn] JolQmsf] dfgj ;'/Iffsf] lglDt cfly{s ;'/Iff, vfB ;'/Iff, :jf:Yo ;'/Iff, jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff, JolQmut ;'/Iff, ;d"xut ;'/Iff, /fhgLlts ;'/Iff h:tf ljleGg ljifox¿sf] klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . clgolGqt¿kdf x'g] hg;+Vof j[l4, cfly{s cj:yfdf c;dfgtf, cTolws dfqfdf cGt/f{li6«o cfk|jf;g, jftfj/0fLo ljgf;, cGt/f{li6«o cftÍjfb, nfu" cf}ifw h:tf ;Ël7t ck/fw ;d]tsf sf/0fn] dfgj ;'/Iffdf vt/f >[hgf ug{ ;Sb5 . o:tf sfo{ / ultljlwnfO{ ;dodf g} lgoGq0f ug{ /fHo ;kmn gePdf cfGtl/s slrËn / åGåsf] e'Fj/Ldf d'n's kg{;Sg] ;Defjgfx¿ /xG5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df g]kfnn] klg /fli6«o ;'/Iffleq dfgj ;'/Iffsf] ljifonfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] bfo/fnfO{ lj:tf/ ug{' cfjZos eO;s]sf] 5 .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] @))@ sf] k|ltj]bgn] ;'/Iff lgsfosf] ;~rfngsf ;DaGwdf lglZrt dfGotf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ ;'/Iffjndfly gful/s lgoGq0f x'g'kg]{, ;'/Iff jnx¿ /fhgLlts ¿kdf t6:y /xg'kg]{, ;'/Iffjnx¿n] sfg'gL zf;g, nf]stGq / dfgjclwsf/sf cfwf/e"t dfGotfsf] kl/lwleq /xL sfd ug'{kg]{, ;'/Iffjnx¿ hjfkmb]xL / lhDd]jf/ x'g'kg]{, ;'/Iffjnx¿ /fli6«o ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ tyf zÍ6 / ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf ;3fpg' kg]{, ;'/Iffjn /fli6«o :jfy{k|lt ;dlk{t eO{ cg'zfl;t zlQmsf] ¿kdf /xg'kg]{ h:tf ljifox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf ljifox¿nfO{ blIf0f clk|msf nufotsf d'n'sx¿n] cfkm\gf ;+ljwfgdf g} pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

cfw'lgs o'udf /fHosf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / cv08tf arfO{ /fVg] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] k/Dk/fut dfGotfdf cGo ljifox¿ klg ylkb+} goFf /fli6«o ;'/Iff cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . cGt//fHo åGådfq /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] ljifo geO{ cfGtl/s åGå, jftfj/0fLo tyf ;fdflhs åGå, /f;folgs / h}ljs xftxltof/sf] xf]8jfhL, cft+sjfb / jlxIf{]qLo ;Ël7t ck/fwh:tf ljifox¿n] /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf k|efj kfg]{ sf/0f /fi6«sf] cv08tf dfq} /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] ljifo geO{ jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff / dfgj ;'/Iff;d]tsf ljifo klg /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] bfo/fleq k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . lxdfnL If]qdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] kf/]sf] k|efj, s[lif, pBf]u, vfg]kfgL, l;+rfO{, ljB'tdf eljiodf kg]{ k|efj, nufot dfgjclwsf/sf] Jofks pNNf3+gsf sf/0fn] klg /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf k|lts"n k|efj k'¥ofPsf] 5 . s'g}klg d'n'sn] cfkm\gf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt to ubf{ d'n'ssf] e"/fhgLlt, e"d08nLs/0fsf] k|efj, /fli6«o lxt, If]qLo cv08tf, jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'nt, dfgjclwsf/ / dfgj ;'/Iffh:tf ljifonfO{ dWogh/ u/L /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf vt/f pTkGGf x'g glbg] lg/f]wfTds /f]syfdsf pkfox¿, cg';GWffg / k|lt/Iffsf ;f+u7lgs 9fFrf / ;+oGq lgdf{0fsf cfwf/x¿, ;'/Iff lgsfox¿sf] ;dGjosf] ;+oGq / ;+s6sfnLg Pjd\ cfkt\sfnLg Joj:yfkg, ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo / oftfoft, ;Ldf ;'/Iff / cGt/f{li6«o ;'/Iffh:tf ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ljifox¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg sdhf]/

383

ePdf nf]stGq, ljsf; / zflGtsf bfo/fx¿ cfkm} v'lDrg yfNb5g\ / afXo nufgLdf k|lts"n k|efj kb{5 .

s'g}klg d'n'ssf] /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf cfGtl/s / afXo vt/fx¿ /xg ;Sb5g\ . /fli6«o ;'/Iff h:tf] ;Dj]bgzLn ljifodf /fHo ;dod} rgfvf] eO{ r'gf}tL / vt/fsf] klxrfg u/L To;sf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0fsf lglDt /fli6«o ;'/Iff;DaGwL gLlt / /0fgLltsf] lgdf{0f, cfjZos ;+/rgfsf] :yfkgf / To;sf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . g]kfn gofF /fhgLlts k|0ffnL;lxt /fHosf] k'g/;+/rgfsf] cleofgdf h'6]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf /fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg] jf vt/fsf If]qx¿sf] klxrfg ug'{kg]{ vf;u/L cfly{s ljkGgtfsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g;Sg] ljb|f]xnfO{ cf+sng u/L ;fdflhs Gofo / ljt/0fd'vL Gofosf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] Joj:yf nfu" ug]{, ljBdfg juL{o, hftLo tyf If]qLo ;d:ofx¿nfO{ Gofof]lrt lsl;dn] ;Daf]wg u/L /fli6«o Pstfdf ;a} hfthflt, ;d'bfo, ju{ / If]qsf hgtfnfO{ cfa4 ug]{, /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] b[li6sf]0fn] v'nf ;LdfgfnfO{ lgolGqt / Jojl:yt ug]{, cGt/b]zLo ck/fwsf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0fdf plrt sbdx¿ rfNg], cftÍjfbsf lj¿4 n8\g] /0fgLlt tof/ ug]{, Gofof]lrt ¿kdf /fli6«o ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] afF8kmfF8 / k|of]usf] gLlt cjnDag ug]{, jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0fdf pRr ;ts{tf ckgfO{ jftfj/0fLo x|f;sf] l:yltdf ;'wf/ ug]{, hg;+Vof tyf a;fO{ ;/fO{nfO{ Jojl:yt ub}{ zx/Ls/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ j}1flgs / Jojl:yt ug{], ;Ldf ljjfb / z/0ffyL{ ;d:ofnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf dfGo l;4fGt / cfk;L ;DaGwnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ ;b\efjk"0f{ lsl;daf6 /fli6«o lxt cg'¿k ;dfwfg ug]{, /fli6«o lxt lj¿4 sfo{ ug]{ u}//fHo If]q nufot hf] ;'s}af6 ;~rflnt x'g] ultljlwnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ h:tf sfo{x¿ u/L /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf cfGtl/s / jfWo k|efj / vt/fx¿ /f]Sg] ;DaGwdf ljz]if Joj:yfx¿ x'g' cfjZos 5 .

g]kfndf /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;'b[9 ug{ :yflkt ;'/Iff lgsfox¿ ! g]kfnL ;]gf

/fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg lgsfon] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o; ;Gbe{df /fli6«o ;]gfn] cfGtl/s tyf afXo cfqmd0f ;d]taf6 /fi6«sf] ;'/Iff ug'{kg]{ sfo{nfO{ k|fyldsLs/0fdf /fVg' kb{5 . o;}u/L oL lgsfox¿sf aLr ;dGjo / PsLs[t lgb]{zg lbg sfo{sfl/0fL k|d'vsf] cWoIftfdf u[x, /Iff dGqfnosf dGqLx¿ ;d]t /x]sf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] ;+/rgf cfjZos dflgG5 . o:tf ;+/rgfdf sltko d'n'sx¿n] k//fi6« / cy{ dGqLnfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

s'g} klg d'n'ssf] /fli6«o ;]gfn] cfGtl/s ljv08g tyf afXo cfqmd0f ;d]taf6 /fi6«sf] ;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ u5{ . ;]gfsf] ;~rfng / lgoGq0fsf ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf s]xL dfGotfx¿sf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . To; ;DaGwdf sltko d'n'sx¿n] ;+ljwfgåf/f g} ;]gf ;~rfng / lgoGq0fsf ;DaGwdf /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ h:tf] ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . d'n'ssf] /fli6«o ;]gfsf] ;~rfng / lgoGq0fsf lglDt rLg, ef/t, cd]l/sf, a]nfot h:tf sltko d'n'sx¿n] /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ h:tf] ljz]if ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ sfo{sf/L0fL clwsf/ lglxt gful/s ;/sf/ k|d'vsf] cwLgdf /xG5 . d'n'ssf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff sfod /fVg / ;]gfnfO{ ;dGjo, lgoGq0f / k|efjsf/L ;~rfngsf nflu

384

lgb]{zg lbg' /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] p2]Zo b]lvG5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;lrjfnosf] ;d]t Joj:yf ul/G5 . cd]l/sfdf /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf]] g]t[Tj sfo{sf/L k|d'vn] ug]{ ub{5g\ . /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] ;lrjfnosf] g]t[Tj ;'/Iff lj1sf] ¿kdf lgo'Qm ePsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;Nnfxsf/n] ub{5g\ . ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;'/Iff lj1x¿ ;d]t kl/ifb\df /xg] Joj:yf 5 . ef/tdf sfo{sf/L lg0f{o adf]lhd k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf /Iff, k//fi6«, u[x / cy{ dGqL tyf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] pkfWoIf ;d]t ;b:osf] ¿kdf /xg] /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] Joj:yf 5 . o; kl/ifb\sf] ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgf leq /0fgLlts gLlt lgdf{qL ;d"x, /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;Nnfxsf/ af]8{ / ;+o'Qm cg';Gwfg ;ldltsf] Joj:yf 5 . g]kfndf lj=;+= @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;~rfng / k|of]u k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf u7g x'g] /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df ul/g] Joj:yf u¥of] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] o; Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ dxTjk"0f{ ;'/Iff ;DaGwL gLlt th'{df ug]{ / ;]gfsf] ;~rfng / lgoGq0fsf] l;kmfl/; ug]{ lgsfo ePsfn] o;sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf lglDt ;Nnfxsf/ af]8{ u7g u/L o:tf] af]8{df k//fi6«, ;'/Iff / åGå ljz]if1x¿ klg /xg] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsPdf kl/ifb\sf] sfd sf/jfxL cem k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !$$ / ;}lgs P]g,@)^# sf] Joj:yf adf]lhd x'g] sfg'gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] cfTd;ft u/]sf] l;4fGt adf]lhd ;}lgs P]g, @)^# df ;d;fdlos ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf 5 .

/fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\nfO{ /fi6«sf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, If]qLo cv08tf, gful/ssf] ;'/Iff, cGt/f{li6«o lgof]u, cfktsfnLg p4f/ sfo{, ljz]if cj:yfdf cfGtl/s ;'/Iffs]f lhDd]jf/L, /fi6« lgdf{0fsf ljleGg kIfdf ;xeflutf u/fpg] u/L ;]gfnfO{ kl/rfng ug]{ ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; k[i7e"lddf g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf / /fli6«o Pstfsf] ;+/If0f tyf /fi6«nfO{ afXo cfqmd0faf6 ;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{ lhDd]jf/Lsf cltl/Qm ljWj+;fTds sfo{x¿ x'g glbg, /fli6«o lxt ljkl/tsf sfo{x¿ x'gaf6 /f]Sg, cftÍsf/L sfo{x¿sf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0f, d"n['ssf dxTjk"0f{ ;Dj]bgzLn :yfgx¿sf] ;'/Iff ug{, k|sf]kdf p4f/sf] sfo{ ug{, jftfj/0f tyf /fli6«o ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ug{, ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg, k//fi6« gLlt cGtu{t ;/sf/sf] p2]ZonfO{ ;fsf/ kfg]{ ;DalGwt sfo{x¿, cfd hgtfnfO{ cf0fljs, h}ljs tyf /f;folgs o'4sf] k|of]uaf6 pTkGg x'g] vt/faf6 hf]ufpg ;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{ pkfox¿, g]kfnsf cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf If]qdf /fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ ljljw ultljlwsf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0f ug]{ h:tf ljleGg If]qdf g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ kl/rfng ug]{ ;DaGwdf :ki6 ;+j}wflgs Pjd\ sfg'gL Joj:yf cfjZos 5 .

@ g]kfn k|x/L

g]kfn k|x/L d'n'ssf] cfGtl/s ;'/Iff / zflGt sfod ug{ :yfkgf ul/Psf] dxTjk"0f{ ;'/Iff jn xf] . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f / ;f] kl5sf] ;dodf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] nflu k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] sf]6jfn / pd/fjh:tf b:tfx¿ v8f u/]sf lyP . h+uaxfb'/sf]

385

pbokl5 kxf8df ldlnl;of, t/fOsf ljleGg efudf nK6gsf] sdf08df k|x/L rf}sL / rf}sLbf/sf] Joj:yf, To;}u/L rGb|zDz]/n] ;g\ !()*÷)( df k|x/Ldf ;'wf/sf] cleofg rfn]sf] b]lvG5 . /f0fsfnsf] cGTokl5 o; ;ª\u7gdf g]kfnL ;]gf, @))& ;fnsf] :jtGq ;]gfgL -la|l6; Ol08ofsf] ;}lgs k[i6e"ld ePsf_, lghfdtL / k|x/L sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;dfof]hg ul/of] -g]kfn k|x/Lsf] Oltxf;, @)%@_ . ljutdf k'ln;;DAfGwL ;gb, ;jfn, cfb]zaf6 ;~rflnt k|x/Lsf OsfOx¿ @))& ;fnb]lvsf] ;qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfd} a'r sldzgsf] cfwf/df @)!@ ;fndf k|x/L P]g hf/L ul/of], h'g tTsfnLg la|l6; Ol08ofsf] ef/tLo k|x/L P]g, (Indijn Police Act, 1861) sf] a9L k|efj /x]sf] 5 . xfn;Dd of] P]g kfFrf} k6s ;+zf]wg eO{;s]sf] eP klg cemklg ;dofg's"n x'g ;s]sf] gb]+lvbf ;+zf]wgsf] lgtfGt cfjZos b]lvG5 .

;fwf/0ftof k|x/Lsf] sfo{x¿df– -!_ ck/fw cg';Gwfgtkm{ M ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]gsf] cg';"rL–! cGtu{tsf / cGo k|rlnt sfg'gn] tf]lsPsf u/L ^)÷&) eGbf a9L d'2fx¿sf] ck/fw cg';Gwfg / lgoGq0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5, -@_ zflGt ;'/Iff, le8 tyf bËf lgoGq0ftkm{ lj/f]w, aGb, x8\tfnsf] cj:yfdf zflGt ;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{, -#_ g]kfne/ 6«flkms Joj:yfkg ldnfpg], -$_ sf7df8f}+ nufot ljleGg ljdfg:ynsf] ;'/Iff ug]{, -%_ dxTjk"0f{ JolQm, cfjf; / cGo :yfgx¿sf] ;'/Iff lbg], -^_ ko{6s tyf ;fd'bflos k|x/L dfkm{t ljb]zL ko{6ssf] ;'/Iff, hgtf;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L gful/s ;'/Iff, ck/fw lgoGq0f, cg';GWffg / ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug]{, / -&_ dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ;]jf s]Gb|af6 pgLx¿sf] xs lxtsf] ;'/Iff / ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ -*_ k|fs[lts k|sf]k tyf p¢f/ Joj:yfkgdf sfo{ ug]{, -(_ jg tyf kof{j/0f ;+/If0fdf ;DalGwt lgsfox¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg], o;sf cltl/Qm lgjf{rg ;'/Iffnuoft cGo k|rlnt sfg'g / ;do ;dodf ;/sf/åf/f lgb]{z ul/Psf sfo{x¿ klg k|x/Ln] jxg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . k|x/Lsf] ;du| sfo{df gful/s ;'/Iff;DaGwL ;]jfd"ns sfo{x¿, sfg'g sfof{Gjog / zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod /x]sf] 5 . df}h'bf Joj:yfcg';f/ k|x/L dxflg/LIfs k|d'v/xg] k|wfg sfof{no / o; cGtu{t dxfgu/Lo, If]qLo, c~rn, lhNnf, :yfgLo rf}sL:t/sf OsfOx¿, ;z:q k|x/L u0f, 6«flkms k|x/L cflb /x]sf 5g\ eg] k|x/L k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg, tflnd s]Gb|, c:ktfn nufotsf lgsfox¿ 5g\ .

d'n'ssf] cfGtl/s zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod /fVg / ck/fwsf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0fdf k|x/L] ;ª\u7gsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . ;fdfGotof d'n'ssf] k|lt/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{ ;]gfaf6 x'g] / cfGtl/s zflGt ;'Joj:yf k|x/Laf6 x'g] u/L ;]gf / k|x/Lsf] sfo{ / e"ldsf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . cfw'lgs /fHo Joj:yfdf kmf}hbf/L sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog ug{] cyf{t\ ck/fwsf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0fsf] sfo{ ug{] lhDd]jf/L k|x/LnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] x'G5 . cfw'lgs nf]stflGqs Joj:yfdf k|x/L ;]jfsf] d'Vo p2]Zo ck/fwsf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0f ug'{, ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg ug'{, ;dfhdf zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod ug'{, gful/ssf] hLp Hofg / ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff k|bfg ug'{ / sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn k|x/L d'n'ssf] cfGtl/s ;'/Iff / zflGt Joj:yf sfod ug{ :yfkgf ul/Psf] ;'/Iff an xf] . lj=;+= @)!@ ;fndf hf/L u/]sf] k|x/L P]g tyf k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( adf]lhd g]kfn k|x/L ;~rflnt 5 . k|x/Lsf] e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/LnfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg ljBdfg P]g sfg'gdf ;'wf/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ablnFbf] kl/l:yltdf g]kfn k|x/LnfO{ b]zsf] cfGtl/s zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod ug{,

386

ck/fwsf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0f ug{, cGt/f{li6«o ck/flws tyf cftÍsf/L ultljlw lgoGq0f ug{, ljlzi6 JolQmx¿sf] ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{, ljleGg k|sf]kaf6 x'g] hgwgsf] Ifltsf] Go"gLs/0f, /f]syfd / p4f/ ug{, ;jf/L ;fwgx¿sf] ;'rf¿ ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ug]{ h:tf sfo{x¿ ;'lDkg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf lglDt k|x/L ;ª\u7gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg, ;|f]t ;fwg;lxt k|x/L hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf clej[l4, Jofj;flos ;ª\u7gsf] ¿kdf k|x/L ;]jfsf] ¿kfGt/0f, ;Ifd / of]Uo JolQm k|x/L ;ª\u7gdf k|j]z ug{ u/fpg ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] cfslif{t Joj:yfsf] sfg'gL k|Tofe"lt, j[lQ ljsf;sf] :ki6 vfsf, lgo'lQm / ;¿jf a9'jfsf] kf/bzL{k"0f{ Joj:yf x'g' cfjZos 5 .

#= ;z:q k|x/L jn

ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sx¿df ;]gf / k|x/L afx]ssf] cw{ ;}lgs k|s[ltsf] ;'/Iff jn u7g ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . cw{ ;}lgs k|s[ltsf ;ª\u7gx¿df ;z:q k|x/L jn, eG;f/ ;'/Iff jn, ;Ldf /Ifs jn, s]Gb|Lo cf}Bf]lus jn h:tf ljleGg :j¿ksf ;'/Iff jnx¿sf] u7g ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . cw{ ;}lgs k|s[ltsf ;'/Iff jnx¿n] d"ntM ;Ldf lgoGq0f, b+uf lgoGq0f, k|fs[lts k|sf]k, cfktsfnLg kl/l:yltdf cfGtl/s ;'/Iff, dxTjk"0f{ JolQm / ;Dj]bgzLn If]q / lgsfox¿sf] ljz]if ;+/If0f ug]{ h:tf sfo{x¿ ug]{ u/L lhDd]jf/L tf]Sg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf klg lj=;+= @)%& ;fnb]lv t];|f] ;'/Iff jnsf] ¿kdf ;z:q k|x/L jnsf] u7g ePsf] 5 . ;z:q k|x/L P]g, @)%* n] ;z:q k|x/Lsf] lhDd]jf/Ldf ;z:q ;+3if{ lgoGq0f ug]{, cftÍsf/L ultljlw lgoGq0f ug]{, b+uf–lgoGq0f ug]{, b}jL k|sf]kdf p4f/sf] sfo{ug]{, ;Ldf ;'/Iff ug]{, ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf ejg, ef}lts ;+/rgf, dxTjk"0f{ :ynsf] ;'/Iff ug]{ h:tf ljifox¿ tf]lsPsf 5g\ . ;z:q k|x/L dxflg/LIfs k|d'v /xg] ;z:q k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no, k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg, If]qLo :t/df jflxgL, tflnd s]Gb|, c~rndf u0f / cGo sltko lhNnfsf ;Ldfjlt{ If]qx¿df ljleGg PsfO{ :yfkgf ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn k|x/L / ;z:q k|x/L aLrsf ;DaGw, sfo{ / tLgn] ug'{kg]{ sltko lhDd]jf/Lsf ljifodf s]xL ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf] a'lemPsf] 5 . :ki6 sfo{ ljefhgåf/f of] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

$= /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefu

/fHo ;~rfng tyf /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] nflu u'Ktr/ ;]jfnfO{ kl/rfng ug{ k|flrg sfnb]lv g} rlncfPsf] b]lvG5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff, cft+ssf/L ultljlw, ;Ël7t ck/fw lgoGq0f cflbsf] nflu ljZjsf ;a} b]zx¿n] u'Ktr/ ;]jf (Intelligence Service) sf] Joj:yf b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ æ;'/Iff ;]jfs}Æ Ps k|d'v cËsf] ¿kdf dflgG5 . o; ;+:yfn] s"6gLlts, /Iff;DaGwL afXo tyf cfGtl/s vt/f, hf]lvd;DaGwL ;"rgf ;Íng, d"NofÍg, ljZn]if0f, PsLs/0f, JofVof tyf k"jf{g'dfg :jtGq ¿kdf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . u'Ktr/ ;+:yfx¿sf] d'Vo sfo{x¿df -!_ /0fgLlts ;"rgf ;Íng ug'{ (Strategic Intelligence), -@_ sfo{ut ;"rgf ;Íng ug'{ (Tactical Intelligence), / -#_ cGo ljljw k|s[ltsf ;"rgf ;Íng u/L k|lt hf;';L (Counter-espionage) ug'{ ;d]t /x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf ;"rgfx¿ k//fi6«, /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ck/flwsnufotsf x'g ;Sb5g\ . cGt/f{li6«o cft+Íjfb, nfu' cf}ifw cf];f/k;f/, t:s/L, ;Ël7t ck/fw / u}/

387

sfg'gL a;fO{;/fOaf6 cfGtl/s ;'/Iffdf pTkGg gofF r'gf}tL tyf vt/fx¿nsf] af/]df ;"rgf cfbg k|bfg ug'{ kg]{ h:tf sfo{x¿ o; lgsfoleq kg]{ b]lvG5 .

/fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefusf] ljlwjt\ z'¿jft eg] lj=;+= @))* ;fndf ;]G6«n OG6]lnh]G; Ao'/f]sf] gfdaf6 ePsf] kfOG5 . jt{dfg g]kfn k|x/L ;ª\u7gnfO{ ljqmd ;Djt\ @)!@ ;fn -;g\ !(%%_ df k'g{u7g ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] u'Ktr/;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ ;f] Ao"/f]nfO{ klg k|x/L ;ª\u7gs} ck/fw cg';Gwfg ljefudf ;dfj]z u/L pQm ljefuaf6 u'Ktr/sf] ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . tt\kZrft lj+;+ @)!# ;fndf ;/sf/n] o;nfO{ k|x/L ;]jfaf6 5'6\ofO{ g]kfn u'Ktr/ ljefu gfdfs/0f u/]tfklg g]kfn k|x/Lsf s]xL clws[tx¿sf] ;xof]uaf6 lj=;+= @)!% ;fnb]lv ljlwjt\ sfo{ ;~rfng u/]sf] kfOG5 . lj=;+ @)!& ;fndf k'g k|x/L k|wfg sfof{nocGtu{t g} /fvL u'Ktr/ ;]jf ;~rfng u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] ljsf;sf] qmddf lj ;+= @)@) ;fndf g]kfn u'Ktr/ ljefunfO{ k|x/L k|wfg sfof{noaf6 5'6\ofO{ u[x dGqfno dftxt Ps 5'6\6} lgsfo u/fOPsf] lyof] . o;sf] ;]jf, zt{, P]g, lgod rflx+ Psfw s'/fafx]s c¿ ;a} k|x/L ;]jf h:t} sfod /flvPsf] lyof] . lj=;+ @)$) ;fndf u'Ktr/ ;]jfsf] gfd kl/jt{g u/L g]kfn hg;Dks{ k|wfg sfof{no /flvof] . la=;+ @)$@ ;fndf o; ;+:yfsf] gfd kl/jt{g u/L /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefu sfod ul/of] . la=;+= @)$@ ;fndf ;/sf/n] o; ;+:yfnfO{ k|x/L ;]jfaf6 k[ys agfO{ ljz]if ;]jf P]gsf] th'{df u/L ;~rfng ul/of] . tt\kZrft @)$$ ;fndf ljz]if ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)$$ hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . ljutdf g]kfn k|x/L tkm{s} s]xL clws[tx¿ /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefusf] k|d'v ePsf lyP . /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefudf @)#) ;fnb]lv otf ;fwf/0ftof g]kfn k|x/Laf6 :yfgfGt/0f gul/P tfklg @)%@ ;fndf g]kfn k|x/Lsf gfoj dxflg/LIfsnfO{ pQm ljefusf] k|d'v kbdf kbf]Gglt u/L kb:yfkg ul/Psf] lyof] .

o;/L ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sdf /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;]jfleq u'Ktr/ ;]jf -Intelligence Service_ ;d]tsf] Joj:yf b]lvG5 . o:tf ;]jfx¿sf] d'Vo sfo{ /fli6«o :jfy{ / /Iff;DaGwL ;"rgf ;Íng / ljZn]if0f u/L ;/sf/nfO{ pknAw u/fpg' xf] . cd]l/sfdf o:tf] ;ª\u7gsf] ¿kdf s]Gb|Lo cg';Gwfg lgsfo -CIA: Central Investigation Agency_, ef/tdf Intelligence Bureau Research and Analysis WingM RAW, a]nfotdf u'Ktr/ ;]jf -Secret Intelligence Service_ h:tf lgsfox¿ b]lvG5g . o:tf ;ª\u7gx¿sf] d'Vo sfd eg]sf] ;"rgf ;Íng / ljZn]if0f ug'{ g} xf] . g]kfndf /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf cfpg ;Sg] ;Defljt vt/fx¿sf af/]df k"j{ ;"rgf ;Íng ug]{, To;sf] ljZn]if0f u/L ;/sf/nfO{ pknAw u/fpg ;Sg] k|efjsf/L lgsfosf] ¿kdf sfd ug{ /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefusf] k'g/;+/rgf ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .

;'wf/sf If]q g]kfnn] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] ljljw If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt / k|lt/Iff gLlt tof/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o;/L ;'/Iff gLlt lgdf{0f ubf{ d"ntM d'n'ssf] klxrfg tyf cl:tTjsf] ;'/Iff, gful/s ;'/Iff, cfly{s ;'/Iff, g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf] ;'/Iff, /fli6«o ;|f]t tyf jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff h:tf ljleGg kIfnfO{ ;d]6\g' h¿/L 5 . o;}u/L k|lt/Iff gLlt lgdf{0f ubf{ g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf / /fli6«o Pstfsf] ;+/If0f u/L ;d[4 d'n's lgdf{0f ug]{ p2]Zo ;lxtsf] jftfj/0f >[hgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . /fli6«o ;Ddfg, k|lti7f / 5lj a9fpg]

388

lsl;daf6 /fhgLlts, s"6gLlts, ;'/Iff nufotsf ;DalGwt ;a}sf] Wofg To;tkm{ s]lGb|t x'g] gLlt cjnDag ug'{k5{ . /fli6«o lxt / :jfy{nfO{ ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug]{ u/L j}b]lzs gLltsf] th'{df / ;DaGwsf] ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o;}u/L ;'/Iff lgsfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 / ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] lglDt b]xfosf] ;'wf/ h¿/L 5 M–

!= g]kfnL ;]gfdf ;'wf/

nf]stflGqs d'n'sn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] ;]gfsf] ;+rfng, lgoGq0f / Joj:yfkgsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfnfO{ ;+ljwfgdf g} :ki6 pNn]v u/L g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] dxTk"0f{ c+usf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ b]xfosf] ;'wf/ ug]{ M

/Iff dGqfno

nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotf cg';f/ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg ug{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] cfGtl/s ;ª\u7gsf] sfo{ k|ltljlDat x'g] u/L /Iff dGqfnosf] ;fË7lgs 9fFrfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ / ;}lgs;DaGwL 1fg xfl;n u/]sf lj1x¿;d]t /xg] u/L /Iff dGqfnosf] b/aGbL k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ b]lvG5 .

/fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\

g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{, ;Ílnt ;'/Iff ;"rgfsf] ljZn]if0f / k|jfx ug]{, ;'/Iff Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug]{, xftxltof/ k|of]usf] dfkb08 th'{df ug]{, gofF xltof/af6 ;';HhLt ug{ k/]df cg';Gwfg u/L ;Nnfx lbg], ;'/Iff gLlt th'{df ug]{, ;'/Iff If]qdf ePsf k|ultx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf u/L /fli6«o cfjZostf cg';f/ ;Nnfx lbg], cg';Gwfg ug]{ / g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|of]u, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkgsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbg] u/L /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] sfo{–If]q lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] u7g b]xfo cg';f/ ug'{ pko'Qm x'g]5 M–

/fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] u7g k|wfgdGqL– cWoIf pk–k|wfgdGqL– ;b:o cy{ dGqL– ;b:o /Iff dGqL– ;b:o u[x dGqL– ;b:o /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;lrj– ;b:o ;lrj cfdlGqt ;b:ox¿ dGqL, k//fi6«– ;b:o /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf– ;b:o k|wfg ;]gfklt– ;b:o cGo ljlzi6 kbflwsf/Lx¿– ;b:o -cfjZostf cg';f/_

cGo nf]stflGqs d'n'sx¿, cd]l/sf / a]nfotdf cEof; ul/P ;/x g]kfnsf] kl/j]znfO{ ;'xfpg] u/L k|:tfj ul/Psf] . pQm b]zx¿df Joint Chief of

Defence Staff /xg] k|fjwfg ePsf]df g]kfnsf] df}lns l:yltnfO{ b[li6ut u/L k|wfg ;]gfklt, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf ;d]tnfO{ cfdlGqt ;b:odf /fVg] k|:tfj ul/Psf] .

389

/fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\–;'/Iff ;Nnfxsf/ af]8{

/fli6«o ;'/Iff ;lrj– cWoIf

k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no x]g]{ ljlzi6 >]0fLsf ;lrj– ;b:o

/Iff ;lrj– ;b:o

u[x ;lrj– ;b:o

s[lif ;lrj– ;b:o

:jf:y ;lrj– ;b:o

cy{ ;lrj– ;b:o

anflws[t, g]kfnL ;]gf– ;b:o

k|x/L dxflg/LIfs, g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L k|d'v

/ /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefu k|d'v– ;b:o

g]kfnL ;]gfn] b]xfosf sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] u/L pko'Qm ;+Vofdf ;fË7lgs ;'wf/ ug]{ M

!= jfXo cfqmd0fsf] cj:yfdf k|lt/IffTds o'4 n8\g ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ;}lgs ;ª\u7gsf] lgdf{0f / cfw'lgs xftxltof/sf] k|aGw .

@= b]zdf cfGtl/s ljv08g x'g] l:ylt cfOk/]df ljv08g x'gaf6 /f]Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; .

#= cGt/f{li6«o zflGt :yfkgf sfo{df lg/Gt/tf lbg] .

$= k|s[lt ;+/If0f .

%= ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf ;lqmo e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] pks/0f;lxtsf] ;+Vof /;ª\u7gsf] lgdf{0f .

^= ljsf; lgdf{0f .

&= k|ljlw / zLk;lxtsf] OG6]lnh]G;\ ;ª\u7gsf] ljsf; .

dfgj ;'/Iff

dfgj ;'/Iff cg'e"ltsf] ljifo xf] ;fy} ;'/Iff k|bfg ug'{ kg]{ kIf klg xf] . o;sf] lgldQ /fHon] ug{;Sg] vfB, :jf:Yo, JolQmut, ;fd"lxs, /fhgLlts, cfly{s / jftfj/0f ;'/Iffsf] /0fgLlt /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] agfpg] / ;DalGwt dGqfno / ljefux¿n] o;sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

� g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] cfTd;ft u/]sf] l;4fGtsf] k[i7e"lddf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ ;}lgs P]g, @)^# / ;}lgs ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)^( df ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L ;]gfsf] ;+/rgfut ;'wf/, ;]gfnfO{ cem k]zfut ¿kdf ;'b[9 agfpg, gful/s–;]gf ;DaGw ;'wf/ ug{, k|wfg ;]gfktLnfO{ g]kfnL

dfgj ;'/Iff ;d]l6g' kg]{ ePsf]n] of] ;+/rgfsf] k|:tfj ul/Psf], /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;lrj ;}lgs If]qdf ljlzi6 1fg cg'ej k|fKt lj1x¿ dWo]af6 /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgo'Qm ug]{

390

;]gfsf] Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/Lsf ;DaGwdf :ki6 sfg'gL Joj:yf ug{, ;]gfsf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf b[li6n] uf]Ko /fVg' kg]{ afx]ssf sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfO{ Joj:yfkgsf ljljw kIfdf lgikIftfsf] clej[l4 ug{, ;+;bLo ko{j]If0fsf Joj:yfx¿ Jojl:yt ug{, ;}lgs hgzlQmsf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4sf lglDt 5gf}6, k|lzIf0f, j[lQljsf;, pTk|]/0ff / lgj[lQe/0f k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug{, :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf k|lzIf0f / cEof; Joj:yfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{, /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt, /Iff gLlt / /0fgLlt tyf ;}Go l;4fGtsf dfGotfsf cfwf/df ;fdYo{o'Qm /fli6«o :j¿ksf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;ª\u7gsf] ljsf;sf] lglDt ;]gfsf] ;fË7lgs :j¿k, ;}lgs sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf] cfo Joosf] ;fj{hlgs/0f / Joj:yfkgsf] ljsf;, u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgsf] ;+oGq lgdf{0f / lgoGq0f, dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug]{ h:tf ljleGg ;d;fdlos kIfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L ;}lgs P]gdf ;+zf]wg / ;'wf/ ug]{ .

� g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Joj:yfkgsf] ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/ / /Iff dGqfnoaf6 lg0f{o x'g] ljifodf ;dGjo / ;xhLs/0f ug{, gLltut Joj:yfsf] ;'wf/, ljleGg dGqfnox¿;Fu ;dGjo ug]{ ;DaGwdf /0fgLltsf] klxrfg / k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f, P]g sfg'gsf] ;'wf/sf] klxrfgsf] lglDt /Iff dGqfno / ;]gfsf] aLrdf ;DaGw :yflkt ug{ k|:tfljt ;'/Iff ;Nnfxsf/ af]8{nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf kl/rfng ug]{, ;'/Iff ljz]if1x¿sf] ;Nnfxsf/sf] ¿kdf ;]jf lng /Iff dGqfnon] /f]i6/ tof/ u/L To;sf cfwf/df cfjZstfg';f/ k/fdz{ ;]jf lng] Joj:yf h:tf s'/fx¿sf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ .

� ;}lgs ;]jfnfO{ ljlzi6Ls/0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf] lglDt ljleGg ;d"xx¿sf] Joj:yf u/L ltgsf] Jo:yfkg / ;+rfngsf] lglDt ljleGg lgodfjnLx¿ th'{df u/L nfu" ug]{{, xfn cEof;df /x]sf] kbfjlw yk ug]{ Joj:yfsf] ;§f lgo'lQmsf] ;dodf g} ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lsf] kbfjlw lglZrt ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

� ;}lgs ;]jfdf ;dfhsf of]Uo / ;Ifd JolQmnfO{ cfslif{t u/L g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ k|ltikwL{ / ;Ifd ;ª\u7gsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ ;}lgs ;]jfnfO{ cfslif{t ;]jfsf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/fpg clek|]l/t ug]{ cg'¿ksf] sfg'gL Joj:yf, lgo'lQm, ;¿jf, a9'jf, ;'ljwf / j[lQ ljsf;sf] ;'lglZrttf, ;]gfdf lgo'lQmsf] k|lqmofnfO{ ljZj;gLo / lgikIf agfpg nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] u/L cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{, o;}u/L ;}lgs ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] kbfjlwsf ;DaGwdf ef/t, kfls:tfg, >Ln+sf nufotsf d'n'sn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;}lgs P]gdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L nfu" ug]{ .

� ;}lgs ;]jfleq ;]gfsf] cg'zf;g sfod /fVg nf]stflGqs d'n'sx¿n] cfTd;ft u/]sf l;4fGtnfO{ P]g sfg'gdf Joj:yf u/L To;sf] pNn+3gdf sf/jfxL ug{ ;}lgs Gofo k|0ffnLsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfnfO{ ;dflxt ug]{ u/L ljBdfg P]g sfg'gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{, o;/L P]g sfg'gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ ;}lgs Gofo k|0ffnLsf] d"n p2]Zo ;}lgs ;]jfdf cg'zf;g sfod u/L sfg'gsf] pNn+3g ug]{nfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd ;hfo ug'{ /x]sf]n] xTof, hj/h:tL s/0fL / e|i6frf/sf] cleof]usf] d'2f ;fdfGo cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/df /xg] / ;f] afx]s ;}lgs;Fu

391

;DalGwt ck/fwsf] If]qflwsf/ ;}lgs cbfntnfO{ x'g'kg]{, ;}lgs cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf / ljefuLo sf/jfxL pk/sf] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/ ;}lgs ljz]if cbfntnfO{ tf]lsg' kg]{, ;}lgs Gofo k|0ffnLdf l56f] / 5l/tf] ¿kdf sfo{ ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] ;/n / ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlwsf] Joj:yf ug]{, o;}u/L ljefuLo sf/jfxL ul/g] / ;}lgs cbfntaf6 ;'gjfO{ x'g] s;"/nfO{ sfg'gåf/f g} :ki6 juL{s/0f ug]{, ;}lgs P]g cGtu{tsf s;"/sf ;DaGwdf ;}lgs JolQmnfO{ sf/jfxL ug{ ;}lgs cbfntx¿nfO{ blIf0f clkm|sf, ci6«]lnof, Sofgf8fsf] Joj:yf h:t} :yfoL k|s[ltsf] ;}lgs cbfnt u7g ug]{ / ;f] cbfntn] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg ;}lgs ljz]if cbfnt / ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf nfUg] Joj:yf ug]{, ;}lgs cbfntsf] cWoIf / ;b:ox¿df sfg'gL z}lIfs k[i7e"ld ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ tf]Sg] Joj:yf ug]{, ljz]if1 ;b:osf] xsdf ljlzi6 >]0fLaf6 lgj[Q clwsf/Lx¿ dWo]af6 sfg'gåf/f g} ;]jfzt{ ;'lglZrt u/L tf]Sg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� g]kfnL ;]gfdf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf lglDt kmf}hsf] nflu pko'Qm jf;:yfg, cfjf; u[x, sfof{no ejgsf] Joj:yf, tflnd s]Gb|sf] ef}lts lgdf{0f / ;'wf/, hgzlQmsf] plrt Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;fË7lgs ;'b[9Ls/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0f, cfw'lgs xftxltof/sf] aGbf]a:tL, ;}Go ;fdu|Lsf] pTkfbg ug{ sf/vfgfsf] :yfkgf / lj:tf/, hldgL kl/jxg Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu yk e]Osn -uf8Lx¿_ sf] Joj:yf, lkmS; ljËaf6 kmf}hnfO{ cf];f/ k;f/ ug]{, aGbf]a:tLsf ;fdfg 9'jfgL ug]{, vf]h tyf p4f/ ck/]zgx¿ ;~rfng ug{ x]lnsK6/ / lkmS:8 lj+u xjfOhxfhsf] plrt Joj:yf, kmf}hnfO{ l56f] eGbf l56f] kl/rfng ug'{kbf{ d]sgfOH8 OGkm]G6«L a6flnogx¿sf] Joj:yf, ;]gfsf] ck/]zg Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug{ ;le{n]G; OlSjkd]G6x¿sf] plrt aGbf]j:t, d]l8sn Ifdtfdf clej[l4 h:tf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf If]qdf ;'wf/ x'g'kg]{, o;}u/L gLltut Joj:yfdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3 k|0ffnL cGtu{t pRr txsf] lgo'lQmdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|ltlglw v6fpFbf k//fi6« dGqfno dfkm{t x'g'kg]{, g]kfnL ;]gfdf ;sn bhf{sf ;}lgs JolQmx¿nfO{ lbOPsf] @)%$ ;fnsf] tnadfg cg';f/sf] ljleGg lsl;dsf] eQfx¿ a9\bf] dxFuL / c;Gt'lnt ahf/ efpnfO{ b[li6ut u/L k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g'kg]{, o;/L k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ ;l~rt 3/ ljbfsf] e'QmfgL k|lqmofdf ;d]t k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{, g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f u/L ;Ifd hgzlQmsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] ah]6 Joj:yf, Ifdtf clej[l4 / j[lQ ljsf;sf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'kg]{ .

� ;]gfsf] u'0ffTds bIftfdf j[l4df hf]8 lbg], o;sf nflu ;]gfnfO{ sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] sfddf afx]s cGo sfddf gnufO{ ;]gfsf] OGkm]G6«L, ef}lts ljsf; -OlGhlgol/ª_, xjfO{ ljefu -Po/ kmf];{_ tyf :jf:y -d]l8sn_ / l;Ugn Pjd\ hg;Dks{ -klAns l/n];g_ If]qnfO{ dha't agfO{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] 5lj j[l4 ug]{ .

� l5d]sL /fi6« ef/t / a+unfb]zdf eP ;/x g]kfnL ;]gfsf] sNof0fsf/L sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg /fHon] g]kfndf pTkfbg x'g] ;fdfgsf] cfGtl/s z'Ns ldgfxf u/L ;}lgs xftfleq SoflG6g ;~rfngsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

392

@= g]kfn k|x/Ldf ;'wf/

� ljZjsf sltko d'n'ssf] ;+ljwfgdf g} k|x/L ;ª\u7gsf ;DaGwdf s]xL Joj:yfx¿ pNn]v ug]{ k|rng /x]sf] ;Gbe{df k|x/L ;]jfsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgdf s]xL s'/f pNn]v u/L k|x/L ;ª\u7gsf] bfloTjnfO{ :ki6 ug]{ Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ .

� g]kfn k|x/Ldf ;'wf/sf] nflu– Joj:yflksf jf ;+;bn] jflif{s ¿kdf sfd sf/jfxLx¿sf] lg/LIf0f / d"NofÍg ug]{ -o:tf] Joj:yf a]nfotsf] k|x/L ;ª\u7gx¿df /x]sf] 5_, ;dofg's"n k|lzIf0f, dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, ljlwsf] zf;g ;~rfngdf hf]8 lbg], ;fd'bflos k|x/Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{, lgjf{lrt Joj:yflksfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g], cfGtl/s zflGt ;'/Iffdf hg;xeflutf h'6fpg], k|x/Lk|lt hgljZjf; clej[l4 u/fO{ hgtf / k|x/Lsf] ;xeflutfdf ck/fw kQf nufpg], lgoGq0f ug]{ / ;d'bfonfO{ a9L ;'/lIft u/fpg], k|x/Lsf ;a} ;]jf :yfgLo ;d'bfodf k'¥ofpg], Gofosf cGo If]qx¿;Fu ;Dks{ / ;dGjo ljsf; ug]{, /fhgLlts/0f x'gaf6 k|x/LnfO{ hf]ufO{ pgLx¿sf] sfd / lhDd]jf/Ldf To;sf] k|efj kg{ glbg] / k|x/L ;+/rgfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L /0fgLlts Joj:yfkgsf] nflu Ifdtf clej[l4 u/fpg] cflb If]qdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ .

� Kf|x/L an -k'ln; kmf];{_ nfO{ k|x/L ;]jfsf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ k|x/Lsf] g]t[Tj txb]lv hg;d"xdf vl6g] k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{z}nL cfkm}df kl/jt{g ug]{ u'0ffTds ;]jf, ldtJooLtfk"0f{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ / ;dosf] kl/jt{g;Fu} sfd st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L pQ/bfloTj axg ug{;Sg] agfpg' kg]{, k|x/L sfo{df hg;xeflutf (Police-People Partnership) sf nflu hgck]Iffsf cfwf/x¿ (People's Expectations) ;+sng, ljZn]if0f / ;f] cg's"n gLlt lgdf{0f Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug]{ kl/kf6L a;fNg' kg]{ .

� Gf]kfn k|x/Lsf] ;ª\u7gfTds :j¿k s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo:t/ ufpF;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . Df'n'ssf] ;x/Ls/0f / u|fdL0f kl/j]znfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L /fHo ;ª\3Lo 9fFrfdf uPkl5 s]–s:tf] k|s[ltsf] k|x/L ;+/rgf aGg'kg]{ xf] ;f] cg's"n x'g] u/L k|x/L P]g, lgod, ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g tyf lgodfjnL, :yfgLo k|zf;g tyf dxfgu/Lo k|x/L ;d]tdf k'g/fjnf]sg x'g' cfjZos 5 . k|x/Lsf] ;+/rgf ljsf; ubf{ u[xdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf aGg] cg'udg ;ldltsf] ;'kl/j]If0fdf /xg] Joj:yfnfO{ a9L kf/bzL{ ug{ s]Gb|Lo ;'/Iff ;ldltdf ;'/Iff lj1x¿sf] ;d]t ;xeflutf u/fpg] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; x'g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . d'n'ssf] ;x/Ls/0fnfO{ b[li6ut u/L dxfgu/Lo / u|fdL0f k|x/L ;+/rgfsf] ljsf; ul/g' kb{5 / ;d'bfo txb]lv g} k|x/L ;+/rgfdf hg;xeflutfnfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{ n}hfg] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . dxfgu/Lo k|x/LnfO{ sfg'gL clwsf/;lxt ;zQm u/fOg' kg]{ x'G5 .

� Kf|x/L ;ª\u7gsf] k'g{;+/rgf ubf{ gLlt lgdf{0f tx -k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no_, ;'kl/j]If0f / cg'udg tx -dxfgu/Lo k|x/L, If]qLo k|x/L sfof{no_, k|lzIf0f

393

;]jf tx -tflnd s]Gb| / k|x/L c:ktfn tyf k|fljlws ;d"x_ / sfg'g sfof{Gjog tx -lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no_ k|ToIf ;]jf tyf ;d'bfodf zflGt;'/Iffsf] nflu ;]jf ljlzi6Ls/0f;lxt Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no, k|x/L rf}sL, ;fd'bflos k|x/L ;ª\u7gsf] k'g/;+/rgf ul/g' kb{5 . o;f] ul/Fbf dxfgu/Lo, ;x/L If]q, lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{sf] ef}uf]lns l:ylt, hg;+Vof, ck/fw lgoGq0fsf] cj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL tb\g'¿ksf] hgzlQmsf] ljsf; / sfo{of]hgf nfu" ug]{ u/L ;ª\u7g lgdf{0f ug]{ / c~rn txnfO{ vf/]h ug]{ .

� g]kfn k|x/Ldf k|x/L kl/r/b]lv k|x/L dxflg/LIfs;Dd sl/a ^& xhf/ df}h'bf hgzlQm /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k|x/L hgzlQmnfO{ a9L lhDd]jf/, pQ/bfoL / ;]jfk|bfos u/fpg, pTk|]/0ff, kf/blz{k"0f{ j[lQ tyf g]t[Tj ljsf;, ;]jf;'ljwfsf] k|Tofe"lt, Joj:yfksLo ;Lk, ;d"x Joj:yfkg (Team Management) ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sf}zn cflb af/]df k|lzIf0f / cg'lzIf0fsf sfo{x¿ lgoldt ¿kdf lbnfOg' kg]{ .

� Gf]kfn k|x/Lsf] ;a} txsf k|x/L sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] l;¢fGt / dfWodaf6 ul/g'kb{5 . blIf0f Pl;ofsf] ef/t, kfls:tfg, >Ln+sf, a+unfb]z cflb d'n'sx¿df k|x/L ;]jfsf clws[tx¿ / lghfdtL ;]jfsf clws[tx¿sf] gofF lgo'lQm ToxfFsf] nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 Ps}k6s lnlvt k/LIff lng] Joj:yf b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ef/tsf] ;ª\3Lo nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ef/tLo k|zf;lgs ;]jf, ef/tLo k|x/L ;]jf, ef/tLo k//fi6« ;]jf cflbsf /fhkqflÍt clws[tx¿sf] lgo'lQm Pp6} lj1fkgåf/f x'g] Joj:yf 5 . k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g]dWo] k|zf;g ;]jfdf of]Uo x'g] k|zf;gtkm{ / k|x/L ;]jfdf of]Uo x'g] k|x/Ltkm{ kb:yfkg x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . lgo'lQm x'gf;fy ;a} ;]jfsf k|lzIffyL{x¿ ;'¿sf] # dlxgf Ps} k|lzIf0f s]Gb|df tflnd k|fKt u5{g\ . To;kl5 cf–cfˆgf ;]jf k|lti7fgx¿df tflnd lnO{ kb:yfkg x'g] k|0ffnL /x]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ;a} ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cjsfz pd]/ ^) jif{ k'u]kl5 dfq x'g] ub{5 . To;}u/L ef/tsf k|To]s /fHodf k|fGtLo nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 /fHosf lghfdtL / k|x/L sd{rf/Lx¿sf] gofF lgo'lQmsf nflu lnlvt k/LIff lng] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f]xL k|0ffnL adf]lhd g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/Lan / /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefusf clws[tx¿sf] gofF lgo'lQm nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 lnlvt k/LIff lng] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . o;af6 gofF lgo'lQmdf /fhgLlts x:tIf]k jf eg;'g x'g] u'Ghfo;\ /xFb}g . o;f] ul/Pdf 5'§f–5'§} ;]jf cfof]u u7g ul//xg' cfjZos kb}{g . a¿ nf]s;]jf cfof]udf ;'/Iff If]qsf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;d]t k|ltlglwTj u/fpg cfjZos x'G5 . o;/L k|x/L ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt ljBdfg P]g sfg'gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L egf{, ;¿jf, a9'jf, cjsfzsf ;DaGwdf P]gåf/f :ki6 Joj:yf ug]{ .

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394

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� k|x/L ;]jf leq ljlzi6Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L ;f]xL cg'¿k Ifdtf clej[l¢ ub}{ ;an / ;Ifd ;ª\u7gsf] ¿kdf k|x/L ;]jfnfO{ :yflkt ug{ k|x/L ;]jfdf sfg'gåf/f g} ljleGg ;d"x / pk;d"xsf] u7g ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

� ;'/Iff lgsfox¿sf aLr sltko ljifodf sfo{If]qsf] bf]xf]/f]kgn] lhDd]jf/Ldf k|efjsfl/tf vl:sg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sfo{If]qsf] :ki6 ;LdfÍg u/L Pp6} sfd b'O{j6f lgsfonfO{ glbg] :ki6 Joj:yf ug]{ .

� sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf dxfgu/Lo ;'/IffnfO{ nlIft u/L nfu" ul/Psf] dxfgu/Lo k|x/LnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;f]xL lsl;dsf] sfg'gL clwsf/ ;lxtsf] cGo k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ ;fy} d'n'ssf d'Vo d'Vo zx/x¿df ;DefJotf cWoog u/L dxfgu/Lo k|x/Lsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ lj:tf/ ub}{ n}hfg],

� ;Lldt tyf hL0f{ ;8s a9\bf] ;jf/L ;fwg, ;jf/L lgod pNn+3g ug]{ k|j[lQ, ;8s cj/f]w, rSsfhfd, cfuhgL, ckof{Kt k|ljlwnufotsf ;d:ofx¿n] 6«flkms Joj:yfkgdf cg]sf}F ;d:of / r'gf}tLnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ 6«flkms Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ljz]if gLlt tyf sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] th'{df u/L nfu" ug'{kg]{ .

� oftfoft Joj:yf ljefu, ;8s ljefu tyf 6«flkms k|x/L nufot ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf] ;dGjodf PsLs[t 6«flkms Joj:yf k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{, k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t oftfoft Pj+ /fhdfu{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{, a9\bf] ;jf/L rfk / oftfoftsf] lj:tf/nfO{ b[li6ut u/L k|ljlwd}qL 6«flkms Joj:yfkg nfu" ug]{ u/L 6«flkms Joj:yfkg gLlt th'{df u/L nfu" ug]{ . /fhdfu{ ;'/Iffsf] d"NofÍg k|0ffnLsf] (Road Safety Audit) sf] ljsf; ug]{ .

� zflGt ;'/Iff tyf ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ k|ljlwo'Qm k|x/L ;]jfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'g' kg]{, k|ljlwd}qL k|x/L ;]jfsf] ljsf;, k|x/L ;ª\u7gsf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ cy{k"0f{ / glthfd'vL agfpg ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg / ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] k|Tofe"lt, k|x/L hgzlQmsf] pRr dgf]an agfO /fVg ;f]xL cg'¿k pTk|]/0ffo'Qm Joj:yfsf] ;'lglZrttf, k|x/Lsf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ ;]jfd'vL, k|efjsf/L, kf/bzL{ Pj+ pQ/bfoL agfpg To;sf] cg'udg, lg/LIf0f, lgb]{zg / sf/jfxLsf lglDt k|x/L dxflg/LIfssf] k|ToIf dftfxtdf /xg] u/L s]Gb|Lo ;'kl/j]If0f OsfO{sf] Joj:yf ug]{, ;f]xLadf]lhd If]qLo÷k|fGtLo, lhNnf / :yfgLo:t/sf] ;'kl/j]If0f / cg'udgsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

� k|x/L clws[t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;¿jfdf rqmLo k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf u/L ;'ud÷b'u{d÷t/fO{÷kxf8÷lxdfn÷gLltlgdf{0f÷kl/rfng÷k|lzIf0f h:tf If]qdf qmdzM ;¿jf ul/g] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ . t/, lhNnf jf ;f]eGbf dflysf

395

k|x/L lgsfox¿sf] k|d'vdf kb:yfkg ul/Fbf pQm :yfgsf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf, ck/fw lgoGq0f, cg';Gwfg h:tf ljifodf ;DalGwt JolQmsf] Ifdtfsf] j:t'ut dfkb08 agfO{ To;sf] cfwf/df ug]{ .

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� hg;+Vof, hg3gTj, ef}uf]lns cj:yf, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, ck/fwsf] dfqf h:tf ljifosf cfwf/df k|x/L b/aGbL lgwf{/0f ug]{, s'g}klg k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ sfg'g adf]lhdsf] sfd afx]s cGo 3/fo;L sfddf nufpg] k|0ffnLnfO{ s8fO{sf ;fy lg¿T;fxg ug]{ .

� ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sdf ;]jflgj[Q k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df s]Gb|b]lv ;fd'bflos :t/;Dd k|x/Lsf] ljleGg sfo{df ;Nnfxsf/ (Consultants) sf] ¿kdf /fVg] k|rng ;d]t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] Joj:yf hfkfg / a]nfotsf k|x/L ;]jfx¿df ;d]t /x]sf] kfOG5 . o; l;4fGtnfO{ k|x/L P]g÷lgoddf ;d]t ;dfj]z ug'{ af~5gLo b]lvg] .

� k|x/L ;]jfdf lgo'lQm, j[lQ ljsf;, a9'jf, ;]jf zt{sf] ;'/Iff h:tf ljifonfO{ P]gåf/f g} ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L k|x/L P]g, @)!@ df ;d;fdlos ;+zf]wg ug]{, o;}u/L u'08fubL{ P]g, /fqLsfnLg Joj;fo ug]{ P]g, ljlzi6 JolQmsf] ;['/Iff ;DaGwL P]g, lghL ;'/Iff Joj;fonfO{ lgoldt ug]{ P]g h:tf ljleGg P]gx¿ oyfzL3| hf/L u/L nfu" ug]{,

� ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sdf lghL cg';Gwfg stf{ -Private detective_ sf] Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] kfOG5 . ck/fw cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL tflnd u/]sf k"j{ ;'/IffsdL{ jf To;;DaGwL s'g} klg JolQm jf JolQmx¿sf] ;+:yfn] lghL¿kdf cg';Gwfg ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] nflu ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g lgoddf ;zf]wg u/L lghL cg';Gwfg k|0ffnLsf] l;4fGtnfO{ ;d]t cjnDag ug]{{ .

� k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ljj/0f lgwf{/0f u/L pQ/bfoL agfpg] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{, ljBdfg sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg k|0ffnLnfO{ j:t'ut, k|efjsf/L tyf p2]Zod"ns agfpg] lsl;daf6 kl/dfh{g ug]{,

� k|x/Lk|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf; / ;DaGw a9fO{/fVg :yfgLo txdf :yfgLo ah]6sf] lglZrt k|ltzt k|x/L ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] lglDt cfjZos kg]{ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf ljlgof]hg ug]{ Joj:yf u/L hgd}qL k|x/L ;]jfsf] ljsf; ug]{,

� k|x/Ldf n}lËs ;dfgtf / sfo{ jftfj/0f ;'wf/ ub}{ dlxnf k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ k|x/L ;]jfsf] d"nwf/df ;dflxt ug]{ gLlt cjnDag u/L s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo :t/;Dd n}lËs ;Dj]bgzLn sfo{gLlt to u/L To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{,

396

� k|x/L sfo{df of]hgfa4 k|x/L kl/rfngsf] gLlt cjnDag u/L gful/s d}qL k|x/L k|zf;gsf] ljsf; ug]{,

� v'nf ;Ldfsf sf/0f a9\bf] cfk/flws ultljlw tyf ;'/Iff r'gf}tLnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ ;Ldf If]qdf ;'/Iff k|0ffnL dha'b agfpg cfjZos k|ljlwx¿ h8fg u/L k|x/Låf/f lgoldt cg'udgsf] Joj:yf ug]{,

� kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ j}1flgsLs/0f tyf cfw'lgsLs/0fsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ pks/0f / ;fwg ;|f]tsf] plrt Joj:yf ug]{, ;fy} ck/fw cg';Gwfg ;]jfnfO{ ljlzi6Ls/0f ug]{, ljleGg lgsfosf aLr s]Gb|Lo txb]lv :yfgLo tx;Dd PsLs[t ck/fw clen]v k|0ffnL -Information Exchange and Networking_ sf] :yfkgf ug]{,

� ck/fwsf] /f]syfd, cg';Gwfg, lgoGq0f, sfg'g sfof{Gjog / cfGtl/s zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod /fVg] sfddf k|x/L ;ª\u7gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg sfo{qmddf cfwfl/t ah]6 ljlgof]hg k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag, ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;, k'/fgf xftxltof/sf] k|lt:yfkg tyf sd 3fts xltof/ vl/b ug{], ;]jfsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f, j}1flgs / k|ljlw d}qL ck/fw cg';Gwfg k|0ffnL / cg';Gwfg k|0ffnLnfO{ cy{k"0f{ agfpg cfjZos kg]{ pks/0fx¿ -Polygraph, DNA Profiling, Cyber Lab, Mobile Forensic Lab_ sf] kof{Kt Joj:yf, k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf ;'/Iff / j[lQ ljsf; h:tf s'/fx¿sf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ .

#= ;z:q k|x/L ansf] ;'wf/

� cw{ ;}lgs k|s[ltsf] ;z:q k|x/L annfO{ ;/sf/sf] s]Gb|Lo ;'/Iff ansf] ¿kdf /fvL /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf b]vfk/]sf ;'/Iff r'gf}tL / ;Dj]bgzLntfsf] cfwf/df ;dofg's"n ;z:q k|x/L ansf] ;fË7lgs k'g;{+/rgf ug]{,

� /fli6«o dxTjsf /fli6«o ;Dkbfsf] ;'/Iff cw{ ;}lgs annfO{ ;'Dkg] gLlt x'g'kg]{, � ;z:q k|x/L annfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f / j}1flgsLs/0f ub}{ ef}lts ;fwg ;|f]t,

cfw'lgs xftxltof/, aGbf]a:tsf ;fdfg / bIf hgzlQmsf] dfWodåf/f ;an / ;Ifd ;ª\u7gsf] ¿kdf ;z:q k|x/L ansf] ljsf; ug]{,

� ;z:q k|x/L annfO{ ljlzi6Ls/0f ug{ ;Ldf ;'/Iff, dfpG6]g jf/km]o/, sfpG6/ OG;/h]G;L P08 h+un jf/km]o/, ljlzi6 JolQm tyf dxTjk"0f{ ;Dkbfsf] ;'/Iff, /fh:j tyf cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff h:Tff sfo{If]qsf cfwf/df ;]jfsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f ug]]{, o;}u/L ;z:q k|x/L ansf] sfo{ k|s[lt cg'¿k ;ª\u7gleq ;]jf ljlzi6Ls[t tyf ;|f]t ;DkGg /]lhd]G6sf] :yfkgf ug]{ ,

� ;z:q k|x/L P]g;Fu cGo k|rlnt P]g sfg'gdf Ps¿ktf, :ki6tf / ;fdGh:otf x'g'kg]{, vf;u/L :yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, ;Ldf ;'/Iff, cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff, ljlzi6 JolQm tyf dxTjk"0f{ k|lti7fgdf ;z:q k|x/L ansf] kl/rfngsf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt sfg'gdf ;d]t ;fdGh:otf ul/g'kg]{, bf]xf]/f] lhDd]jf/Lsf] cGTo ub}{ ;z:q k|x/L an kl/rfngsf] :ki6 gLlt aGg' kg]{,

397

� ;z:q k|x/L andf hgzlQmsf] egf{, ;¿jf, a9'jf / j[lQ ljsf;nfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg'kg]{, nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] bfo/fleq k|efjsf/L¿kdf nfu" ug]{ u/L ;z:q k|x/L ansf] hgzlQm kl/k"lt{sf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, ;z:q k|x/L andf sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] ;'ljwf, j}b]lzs tflnd / k|ltlglwTj ug]{ u/fpg] ;DaGwdf lglZrt dfkb08 agfO{ nfu" ug]{, j[lQljsf; / a9'jf k|0ffnLnfO{ j}1flgs / j:t'k/s agfO{ u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg / k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ljz]if sfg'gL Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ ;fy} ;z:q k|x/L ansf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{ glthfd"ns tyf j}1flgs agfpg O{–ueg]{G; k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{, ;z:q k|x/L ansf] hgzlQmsf] ;]jf zt{ / kbfjlw P]gåf/f g} :ki6 x'g'kg]{ .

$= /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefusf] ;anLs/0f

/fi6«sf] cfGtl/s tyf jfXo ;'/Iffdf x'g;Sg] ;DefJo vt/fx¿sf] ;"rgf ;Íng, k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0f u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ pknAw u/fpg] sfdsf nflu :ki6 sfo{x¿ tf]sL k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ljBdfg /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ k'g;{+/rgf ub}{ ;|f]t ;fwg ;DkGg ;Ifd hgzlQm ePsf] ;ª\u7gsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{,

%= ;'/Iff lgsfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4

� ;'/Iff lgsfodf sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf clej[l¢ ug{ k|lzIf0f s]Gb|x¿sf] :t/ j[l¢ u/L cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] (Centre of Excellence) agfpg],

� Jf}b]lzs tflnd / k|lzIf0fsf ;DaGwdf kf/bzL{k"0f{ dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/L a9L eGbf a9L j}b]lzs tflnd / k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yfsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ .

� Dffgj ;'/Iffsf] If]qdf afnaflnsf, dlxnf, cNk;+Vos, o'jf / Ho]i7 gful/s nufotsf] ;'/Iff Joj:yfnfO{ dha't ug]{ .

� Gf]kfnsf Psrf}yfO{ gful/sx¿ /f]huf/Lsf] vf]hLdf ljb]z hfg afWo 5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] ;'/Iff ug'{ /fHosf] k|d'v st{Jo xf] . pgLx¿dfly x'g] s'g}klg lsl;dsf] cfly{s tyf zf/Ll/s zf]if0f / 7uLsf] ck/fwnfO{ s8fO{sf ;fy sf/jfxL ug]{ ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

^= cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff jnsf] :yfkgf

g]kfndf dxTjk"0f{ :yfg jf ;/sf/L :jfldTj /x]sf] cf}Bf]lus If]qsf nflu xfn;Dd cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff jn (Industrial Security Force) sf] 5'§} :yfkgf eO;s]sf] 5}g . dxTjk"0f{ :yfg, 7'N7"nf ljB't, ;~rf/ kl/of]hgfnufot /fi6« a}+s cflbdf :t/ / cj:yfg';f/ g]kfnL ;]gf, ;z:q k|x/L, k|x/L kx/f u0f / lghL ;'/Iff uf8{x¿ v6fpg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . :jtGq jf åGåsfnLg cj:yf / kl5 ;/sf/L jf lghL cf}Bf]lus If]qx¿df ljleGg ju{, ;d'bfo, ;+3 ;ª\u7g Pj+ ck/flws k|j[lQ ePsf JolQmx¿sf] lgzfgf x'g] u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvPsf] 5 . ef/tdf la|l6;sfnLg cj:yfdf cf}Bf]lus ljjfb P]g (Industrial Disputes Act, 1947) / ef/tLo 6«]8 o'lgog;\ P]g (Indian Trade Unions Act, 1926) åf/f cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . To;jvt k|x/Lsf pRr clwsf/Lx¿ cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff ;Nnfxsf/sf] ¿kdf vl6g] ub{y] . cGo /fHosf :jfldTjdf /x]sf 7'N7"nf cf}Bf]lus If]qx¿df x'g] vt/f, x8\tfn, rf]/L, 8s}tL lgoGq0f

398

tyf ;du| ;'/Iff Joj:yf ldnfpg cfjZos 7fgL ef/t ;/sf/n] 5'6\6} cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff jn (Industrial Security Force) u7g u/]sf] b]lvG5 . kmn:j¿kM s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf cf}Bf]lus If]qsf nflu ;'/Iff Joj:yf ug{ Central Industrial Security Force Bill, 1966 ;bgdf k]z u/L pQm ljw]os December 2, 1968 df kfl/t eO{ /fi6«kltåf/f x:tfIf/ eO{ March 10, 1969 af6 tt\;DaGwL P]g nfu" ePsf] kfOG5 . ToxfFsf] u[x dGqfno cGtu{t /x]sf] of] ;ª\u7g ef/t e/sf d'Vo–d'Vo cf}Bf]lus If]q tyf ljdfg:yn nufot dxTjk"0f{ :yfgx¿df /x]sf 5g\ . o; ;ª\u7gnfO{ cf}Bf]lus If]qleqsf] ;'/Iff, ck/fw lgoGq0f, cg';Gwfg, dfgj tyf k|fs[lts k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ug]{ h:tf dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkPsf] kfOG5 .

g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s åGå, /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, aGb x8tfn, ljikmf]6g, cfuhgL, lkm/f}lt tyf dhb'/ x8\tfn cflbsf sf/0faf6 cf}Bf]lus If]qx¿sf] cj:yf gfh's b]lvG5 . ;f]xL s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL g]kndf Ps cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff jn :yfkgf ug]{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt /x]sf] / o:tf] ;'/Iff jnsf] :yfkgf / v6fpFbf cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /f]huf/L Pj+ /fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L cGo ;'/Iff lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjofTds 9+Ëaf6 sfo{;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf x'g cfjZos b]lvG5 . o;sf lglDt xfnnfO{ cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff jnsf] ¿kdf ;z:q k|x/L ansf] ljifo cGtu{t g} /fvL To;nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" ug{' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

lghL ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ff nfu" ug]{

lghL ;'/Iff;DaGwL ljifo dfgj ;Eotfsf] z'¿jft;Fu} dfu / cfk"lt{sf] l;4fGt h:t} hLp–wgsf] /Iff ug]{ cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ ug{ ljsl;t eP/ cfPsf] P]ltxfl;s lg/Gt/tf xf] . cfh ax'cfoflds k]zf / Joj;fon] vrfvr el/Psf d'n'sx¿df lghL ;'/Iff sDkgLx¿ csNkgLo ¿kdf j[l4 eO/x]sf 5g\ . Jofj;flos If]qdf ;+nUg /xg] cfly{s sf/f]af/sf] s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] lglZrt lx:;fs} k|ltlglw ug]{ k]zfsf] ¿kdf lghL ;'/Iff sDkgLsf] ljsf; x'b} cfPsf] 5 . lghL ;'/Iff ljZjdf cfh h'g cj:yfdf 5 Tof] lgZrog} ljrf/sf] Jofkstf, cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf;, P]ltxfl;s 36gfqmdsf] pkh dfGg' kb{5 . lghL ;'/IffnfO{ c4{k'ln; æQuasi-private Police" eGg] klg ul/G5 . lghL ;'/Iffdf vl6g] ;'/IffsdL{x¿n] klg cGo ;'/Iffsf lgsfox¿sf ;'/IffsdL{ h:t} xftxltof/sf ;fy ;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{ ub{5g\ . To;}n] cd]l/sf nufot ljZjsf ljsl;t b]zx¿df lghL ;'/Iff;DaGwL sfg'gx¿ Private Security Act and Regulations nfu" ePsf 5g\ . cd]l/sf / klZrdL d'n'sx¿df ;/sf/L / lghL k|of;df (Public/Private Joint Initiatives) ;'/Iff jnsf] ;xsfo{af6 gful/ssf] hLpwgsf] ;'/Iff, 7"N7"nf 36gf Pj+ k|fs[lts k|sf]kdf l56f] 5l/tf] p4f/ / ;]jf k|bfg ul/Psf pbfx/0fx¿ kfOG5g\ . cd]l/sfdf ;g\ !(&% df lghL ;'/Iff ;'wf/;DaGwL sfo{bnn] lbPsf] ;'emfjdf ;/sf/L sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo / lghL ;'/Iff sDkgLaLr ;xof]u / ;DaGw /fd|f] x'g'kg]{ s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . ToxfF ;]K6]Da/ !!, @))! df ePsf] cft+ssf/L xdnf kl5 æHomeland Security" ;DaGwL 5'§} sfg"g agfO{ lghL ;'/IffnfO{ cem a9L dha't u/]sf] kfO{G5 . o;}u/L blIf0f clk|msf, lkmlnlkG;, a]nfot, Oh/fon, hd{gL, ef/t cflb d'n'sx¿df o; lsl;dsf ;'/Iff sDkgLx¿ sfo{/t b]lvG5g\ . To;}n] lghL ;'/Iff Joj:yfsf] nflu JolQmut jf

399

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g]kfndf oltv]/ @ ;o %) eGbf a9L lghL ;'/Iff sDkgLx¿ :yfkgf ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/f ;'/Iff Joj;foL ;+3sf] egfO /x]sf] 5 . lghL ;'/IffsdL{x¿ ! nfveGbf a9L ljleGg :yfgdf vl6Psf b]lvG5g\ . /fHosf ;'/Iff lgsfox¿n] lghL ;'/Iff sDkgLx¿;Fu ;dGjofTds 9Ëaf6 sfo{ u/]df gful/s tyf /fi6«sf] ;'/Iffdf cjZo of]ubfg k'Ug ;Sg] x'G5 . o;y{ a[xt ;'/Iff k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/sf] qmddf ;'/Iff lgsfox¿df lgoldt ;dGjofTds e"ldsf v]Ng] Joj:yf ldnfpg ;f]xL cg'¿k cg'udg / ;'kl/j]If0f u7g / ;~rfngsf] nflu lghL ;'/Iff;DaGwL 5'§} ljz]if sfg'g th'{df x'g'kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 .

PsLs[t ;Ldf ;'/Iff k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{

/fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIfsf] ¿kdf ;Ldf ;'/IffnfO{ lnOG5 . /fli6«o ;Ldfsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ låkIfLo jftf{ Pjd\ ;Djfbåf/f alnof k"jf{wf/ ;lxtsf ;Ldf :tDex? /fVg] / To;sf] lgoldt cg'udg ug]{, ;Ldf ;'/Iff / cg'udg ug]{x?nfO{ ;Ldf ;DaGwL ef}uf]lns, P]ltxfl;s Pjd\ ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] 1fg lbg] u/L k|lzlIft ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . To;}u/L s"6gLlts ;]jf, ljdfg:yn, ;Ldf If]qdf vl6g] ;'/Iff lgsfox¿, eG;f/, cWofudg, x'nfs ;]jf, u'Ktr/ Pj+ ;ts{tf s]Gb|, jg tyf jGohGt' ;'/Iff;DaGwL lgsfox¿n] ;Ldf;DaGwL ck/fw / ;Ldf cltqmd0f lgoGq0fdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng'kg{] x'G5 . oL lgsfox¿ aLr ;dGjofTds e"ldsf x'g g;s]sf] v08df gful/ssf] ;'/Iff x'g ;Sb}g . Jofkf/ Joj:yfkgdf sdL cfpF5, ;Ël7t cGt/b]zLo ck/fw / cft+s a9\g ;S5, cj}w xftxltof/ / dfgj a]rlavgdf j[l4 x'G5 / /fh:jdf sdL cfpF5 . To;}n] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] nflu PsLs[t ;Ldf ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg (Integrated Border Management) x'g' h¿/L 5 . ;'/Iff If]qsf] ;'wf/ cGtu{t ;Ldf ;'/Iff;DaGwL b]xfosf s'/fnfO{ ljz]if dxTj lbg'kg]{ x'G5 M–

� ;Ldf If]q / :tDesf] ;+/If0f, /]vb]v, cg'udg Pjd\ cfjlws k|ltj]bg ug]{, � ;Ldf If]qdf x'g] ck/fwsf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0f, � /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf kfg]{ vt/fsf] cf+sng / /f]syfd, � ;Ldf If]qdf cfjt–hfjt ug]{ ;jf/L ;fwgdf lgoGq0f, � cj}w xft xltof/ / dfgj cf];f/k;f/df lgoGq0f, � ;Ldf cltqmd0fdf lgoGq0f, � eG;f/ z'Ns a'emfPsf] jf ga'emfPsf] cg'udg, � lgsf;L k}7f/Lsf] ;fdfgsf] hfFr / cg'udg, � ;'/Iff dxTjk"0f{ j:t', :jf:y, nf]kf]Gd'v hgfj/sf] cfv]6f]kxf/, snf, ;+:s[lt /

k'/ftflTjs j:t' cflbsf] /]vb]v / rf]/L lgsf;Ldf lgoGq0f, � cfpg] hfg] JolQmx¿sf] clen]v Joj:yfkg,

400

� /fh:j clej[l4, � OG6/kf]n jf cGo lgsfoaf6 k|fKt ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df cfk/flws k|j[lQsf JolQm,

cj}w ;/–;fdfg cf];f/ k;f/ ug]{ JolQm cflbnfO{ lgu/fgL ug]{, kqmfp ug]{, � dfgj a]rlavgdf k/]sf kLl8t, z/0ffyL{ cflbsf] nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] sfo{

ug]{, cflb .

;'/Iffsf ljljw kIfdf ;'wf/

� :yfoL zflGt, ;'/Iff / ;'wf/sf k|s[ofdf lghfdtL tyf :yfgLo k|zf;g, ;ts{tf s]Gb|, cWofudg ljefu, eG;f/ ljefu, s"6gLlts If]q, sf/fuf/ Joj:yfkg, lzIf0f ;+:yfnufotsf /fHosf ;+/rgfx¿df ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"ltsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ .

� ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] cu|;/tfdf ljleGg d'n'sdf zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug]{ sfo{df g]kfnL ;]gf, ;z:q an / g]kfn k|x/L v6fpFb} cfPsf]df To:tf ld;g Joj:yfkgsf] nflu cfjZos ;jf/L ;fwg, ;~rf/ ;fwg tyf aGbf]a:tL tyf pks/0fx¿ cnu Joj:yfkg ug]{ ul/cfPsf] Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ u/L /fHosf] Pp6} lgsfoaf6 /fi6« ;ª\3af6 dfu ePsf] avt tTsfn} v6fpg ;Sg] u/L cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|Lx¿ df}hbftdf /xg] Ps s]Gb|Lo e08f/0f sIf (Ware House) sf] Joj:yf ug]{,

� plNnlvt ;'wf/sf If]qsf cltl/Qm :yfoL zflGt, ;'/Iff / ;'wf/sf k|s[ofdf lghfdtL tyf :yfgLo k|zf;g, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|, cWofudg ljefu, eG;f/ ljefu, s"6gLlts If]q, sf/fuf/ Joj:yfkg, lzIf0f ;+:yfnufotsf /fHosf ;+/rgfx¿df ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"ltsf] ;'lglZrttf sfod ug]{ tkm{ ljz]if kxn, k|of; / k|oTg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

401

kl/R5]b – @!

tflnd÷k|lzIf0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf

k[i7e"ld bIf / ;Ifd hgzlQmsf] cefjdf /fHosf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb}g . o;sf lglDt ;do–;dodf tflnd / k|lzIf0fsf dfWodaf6 ;Lk, Ifdtf / Jojxf/df ;'wf/sf] cfjZos x'G5 . tflnd÷k|lzIf0f l;sfO{;Da4 Jojl:yt k|lqmof xf] . o;af6 1fg, ;Lk, k|ljlw cflb k|fKt x'g'sf ;fy} xfl;n ePsf] 1fgdf clej[l4;d]t x'G5 . o;sf cltl/Qm tflndn] cjwf/0ff, Jojxf/, sfo{z}nL / ;+:sf/df ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g;d]t u/fpF5 . tflnd hgzlQmnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ ;Lk, tl/sf / sfo{ljlwjf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg] dfWod xf] . of] hgzlQmnfO{ ;an agfpg] cfwf/ dfq geO{ dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/ klg xf] . tflnd hgzlQmsf] pTk|]/0ffsf] ;fwg klg xf] . tflndn] a[xQ/ If]q ;d]6\g] ub{5 . o; cGtu{t tflnd, uf]i7L, sfo{zfnf, ;]ldgf/, cGt/lqmof, k|lzIf0f, cg'lzIf0f, cWoog e|d0f, cjnf]sg e|d0f cflb kb{5g\ .

;fË7lgs p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf] nflu hLjGt zlQmsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] dfgjLo ;+;fwgnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ ;fwg dflgG5 . o;n] cGo ;|f]t ;fwgnfO{ ult k|bfg ub{5 . ;ª\u7gdf o; k|sf/sf] dxTj /xg] dfgj ;+;fwg ;Ifd, bIf / ;ª\u7gk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'kb{5 . cGoyf ;ª\u7gn] lnPsf] p2]Zo xfl;n x'g ;Qm}g . oBlk ;ª\u7gdf lqmofzLn hgzlQm :jtM ;Ifd, bIf, ;]jfd"ns, pQ/bfoL / pTkfbgd'vL eg] x'g ;Sb}g . o;sf nflu ;ª\u7gn] cfkm\gf gLltut, ;+:yfut, sfg'gL Joj:yfdfkm{t ljljw Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 . dfgj ;+;fwgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ tL ljljw Joj:yfdWo] tflnd÷k|lzIf0f Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ pkfo xf] .

402

of] hgzlQm ljsf; / Joj:yfkgsf] cfwf/ ePsf] ;Gbe{df lg/Gt/ rNg] k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf /xL /xG5 .

tflnd÷k|lzIf0fnfO{ ;]jf k|j]z / ;]jfsfnLg u/L b'O{ k|sf/df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ;]jfdf k|j]z ug]{ gofF hgzlQmnfO{ ;DalGwt ;+:yfsf] d"No, dfGotf, sfo{If]q, sfo{k|s[lt cflbsf jf/]df hfgsf/L lbgsf] nflu ;]jf k|j]z tflnd lbOG5 . gjk|j]zL hgzlQmsf] nflu o;k|sf/sf] tflndsf] cfjZostf kg]{ ub{5 . ;ª\u7gdf sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 ug{, pgLx¿sf] j[lQ ljsf; ug{, pgLx¿nfO{ ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] ;fdYo{jfg t'Nofpg, 1fg / ;LknfO{ cBfjlws u/fO{ /fVgsf nflu lbOg] ljljw tflndnfO{ ;]jfsfnLg tflnd elgG5 . o; tflndn] sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] 1fg / ;LknfO{ cBfjlws u/fO{ JolQmut Pj+ ;fË7lgs p2]Zo xf+l;n ug{df ;xh t'NofpF5 . ;]jfsfndf hgzlQmnfO{ k'gtf{huL, ;Lk clej[l4, k]zfut ljsf;, ;d:of ;dfwfgd"ns, ljifout, ;+:yf;DaGwL tflndb]lv lnP/ ;]jf lgj[Q kl5sf] hLjgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ ;Ddsf ofjt tflnd k|bfg ul/G5 .

tflnd÷k|lzIf0fsf ljleGg ljlw / tl/sfx¿sf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . ljlwsf] cfwf/df tflndnfO{ b'O{ k|sf/df ljeQm ug{ ;lsG5 . sfo{:yndf ul/g] tflnd / sfo{:yn aflx/ ul/g] tflnd . sfo{:yndf ul/g] tflnd sd{rf/Lsf] ;'k/Lj]Ifsx¿åf/f ;DalGwt ljifodf k|bfg ul/G5 . of] ldtJooL x'g'sf ;fy} 5f]6f] ;dodf sfd ;DkGg x'g] ljlw klg xf] . of] ljlw l;sfOsf] k|lqmofdf cfwfl/t /xG5 . ljz]iftM sfo{:yn aflx/ ul/g] tflnd tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx¿n] k|bfg ug]{ ub{5g\ . k|jrg, >Job[io, e"ldsf k|bfg, 5nkmn, cEof;h:tf ljlwx¿dfkm{t o; ljlwcGtu{t tflnd k|bfg ul/G5 . Tfflndsf ljleGg r/0fx¿ x'G5g\ . tL r/0fx¿df Tfflnd cfjZostf klxrfg, tflnd of]hgf lgdf{0f, kf7\oqmd l8hfOg tyf tof/L, tflnd k|bfg / tflndsf] k|efj d"NofÍg kb{5g\ . qmlds¿kdf tL r/0fx¿ k"/f ePkl5 tflndn] k"0f{tf k|fKt ub{5 . cGoyf tflndsf] pkfb]otf k"lt{ x'g ;Qm}g .

tflndn] hgzlQmsf] sfo{Ifdtf / sfo{bIftfdf clej[l4 ub{5 . o;n] sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;'wf/ u/fpF5 . tflndaf6 1fg, ;Lk tyf k|ljlwsf] cBfjlws x'g]x'Fbf hgzlQmsf] k]zfut Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'G5 . tflndn] sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{z}nLdf kl/jt{g u/fpg] x'Fbf kl/jlt{t jftfj/0fdf klg p;n] ;xh¿kdf cfkm\gf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{;Sg] Ifdtf /fVb5 . hgzlQmn] cfkm"nfO{ gofF sfo{If]qcg'¿k ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . sf]/f ;}4flGts 1fg dfq gofF sfo{If]q / sfo{jftfj/0fsf] nflu kof{Kt x'Fb}g . t;y{ hgzlQmdf ;}4flGts / Jofjxfl/s 1fgnfO{ cBfjlws u/fO/xg' h¿/L x'G5 . 1fgnfO{ cBfjlws u/fpg] dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/ tflnd g} xf] . ctM hgzlQmnfO{ lbOg] tflndnfO{ xltof/df wf/ nufpg' ;/x 7flgG5 . h;/L wf/ gnufpFbf xltof/ e'Q] x'+b}hfG5 To;}u/L tflndljgfsf] hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf klg x|f; x'Fb}hfG5 . t;y{ tflnd k|fKt / ck|fKt hgzlQmsf] sfo{s'zntfdf :ki6 ¿kdf leGgtf b]vf kb{5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf tflnd lghfdtL ;]jf b]zsf] :yfoL k|zf;lgs ;+oGq xf] . o;nfO{ :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ;+1f klg lbg] ul/G5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] tNnf] txdf k|j]z u/]sf] hgzlQm kbf]Ggltdfkm{t b]zsf] gLlt lgdf{0f txdf k'Ug] ub{5 . ctM lghfdtL k|zf;gdf sfo{/t hgzlQm cem a9L ;Ifd, bIf / k|efjsf/L x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . hgzlQmnfO{ ;Ifd, bIf agfpg] ljleGg pkfox¿dWo] tflnd

403

klg Ps k|efjsf/L pkfo xf] . ;du| lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ lgodg ug]{ sfg'g lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( tyf lgodfjnL, @)%) xf] . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ a9L ;Ifd, ;'b[9, ;]jfd"ns / pQ/bfoL agfpg ;f] P]g hf/L ul/Psf] s'/f o; P]gsf] k|:tfjgfn] :ki6 u/]sf] 5 . k|:tfjgfdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu P]gdf ljleGg Joj:yf ul/Psf 5g\ . P]gdf ljleGg ;]jf ;d"x tyf pk;d"xx¿sf] u7g u/L lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ lalzi6Ls/0f ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]xL P]gdf ;¿jf, a9'jf, tna, eQf, pkbfg, lgj[lQe/0f, ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff, k'/:sf/, ;hfo cflbsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm sd{rf/LnfO{ ;Ifd agfpgsf nflu cWoog, tflndsf] Joj:yf klg ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't Joj:yfx¿ P]gsf] k|:tfjgfn] lnPsf] p2]Zo kl/k"lt{s} lbzfdf cfPsf Joj:yf x'g\ . g]kfndf lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd lbgsf nflu ljleGg gLltut, ;+:yfut, sfg'gL / ;+/rgfut Joj:yfx¿ ul/Psf 5g\ .

;j{k|yd g]kfndf lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf k|zf;lgs k'gu{7g of]hgf cfof]usf] u7g eof] . o; cfof]u dftxt /xg] u/L u7g ePsf] sfo{bnsf] l;kmfl/;adf]lhd @)!$ ;fndf æOlG:6Ro'6 ckm klAns P8ldlg:6«];gÆsf] :yfkgf eof] . o;n] ;a} txsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu ljleGg tflnd sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{ yfNof] . o;k|sf/ g]kfndf lj=;+= @)!# af6 lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;+:yfut ¿kdf tflnd lbg] k|lqmofsf] yfngL ePsf] kfOG5 . cfly{s jif{ @)!&÷!* df pQm OlG:6Ro'6nfO{ æhgk|zf;g af]8{Ædf ufleof] . uflePsf] Ps jif{kZrft\ g} pQm af]8{nfO{ hgk|zf;g ljefudf ;dfof]hg ul/of] . hgk|zf;g ljefuaf6 /fhkq cglÍt sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu 6fOlkª, ;6{x\ofG8 / clen]v Joj:yfkg cflb ljifox¿df tflnd lbg] ul/GYof] . /fhkqflÍt clws[tx¿sf] xsdf eg] ;]jf k|j]z tflnd lbg] ul/GYof] . o;/L g} cfly{s jif{ @)@!÷@@ df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cGtjf{tf{af6 5gf}6 ePsf /fhkqf+lÍt t[tLo >]0fLsf pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ hgk|zf;g;DaGwL tflnd lbO{ pQL0f{ x'g] pDd]bjf/nfO{ lgo'lQm lbg] kl/kf6Lsf] yfngL ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ o; Joj:yfn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg ;s]g . o;kl5 cfly{s jif{ @)@@÷@# df of]hgf dGqfnocGtu{t s]Gb|Lo k|lzIf0f ljefusf] :yfkgf u/L tflnd lbg] Joj:yf ul/of] . ;fljsdf hgk|zf;g ljefuåf/f ;+rflnt tflnd sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ o; ljefudf x:tfGt/0f ul/of] . cfly{s jif{ @)@$÷@% df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k|zf;g, k|zf;g ;'wf/ tyf tflnd;DaGwL sfo{x¿ ug{sf nflu k|wfgdGqL dftxt /xg] u/L k|zf;g Joj:yf ljefusf] u7g ul/of] .

kmf]8{ kmfpG8];gsf] ;xof]udf lj=;+= @)@& df clfy{s ljsf; tyf k|zf;g s]Gb| :yfkgf eof] . pQm s]Gb|åf/f hgk|zf;gdf Psjif]{ l8Knf]df / g]kfn ;/sf/sf /fhkqf+lÍt låtLo >]0fLsf clws[tx¿nfO{ tLg dlxg] cjlwsf] tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ul/of] . lj=;+= @)## df hgk|zf;g SofDk;sf] :yfkgf eof] . o;kl5 pQm s]Gb|åf/f ;+rflnt hgk|zf;g;DaGwL tflnd aGb eof] . lj=;+= @)#@ df n]vf ;'b[9Ls/0f cfof]hgf nfu" eof] . o; Joj:yfcg'¿k dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{noåf/f n]vf ;d"xsf clws[t tyf ;xfos sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;]jf k|j]z tyf ;]jfsfnLg tflnd k|bfg ug{ yflnof] . @)#& ;fndf /fh:j k|zf;g tflnd s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf eof] . To;kl5 dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{noåf/f tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ u/L ePsf] Joj:yfsf] cGTo eof] . @)#* ;fndf k|zf;g Joj:yf ljefunfO{ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf ¿kfGt/0f ul/of] . o;kl5 klg k|zf;g Joj:yf ljefuåf/f lghfdtL ;]jfsf /fhkqflÍt t[tLo >]0fL / ;f]eGbf dflysf /fhkqflÍt sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lbb}

404

cfPsf] ;]jfsfnLg tflndnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOof] . @)#( ;fndf g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 o; k|sf/sf] tflnd aGb eof] .

lj=;+= @)#&, @)#* / @)#( df qmdzM /fh:j k|zf;g tflnd s]Gb|, Gofo ;]jf tflnd s]Gb| / g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf u/L lghfdtL ;]jfdf tflndsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf] lbzfdf ljz]if kxn ul/of] . o;}u/L @)$) sf] bzssf] z'¿df nf]s ;]jf cfof]uåf/f klg ljleGg ;]jfsf /fhkqflÍt clws[tx¿sf nflu tL; sfo{ lbgsf] sd{rf/L k|zf;g;DaGwL tflnd ;~rfng ug{ yflnof] . t/ kl5 cfP/ o:tf] tflnd lbg] Joj:yfsf] cGt ul/of] . lj=;= @)$^ df lghfdtL ;]jfdf tflndnfO{ kf/bzL{, Jojl:yt Pj+ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg lghfdtL sd{rf/L tflnd gLlt, @)$^ nfu" ul/of] . To:t} k|:t't gLltnfO{ cfjZos kl/dfh{g u/L lghfdtL ;]jf /fli6«o tflnd gLlt, @)%* nfu" ul/of] . o; tflnd gLltn] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] :jb]zL Pj+ j}b]lzs tflnd;DaGwL sfo{gLlt tyf k|lqmofx¿ lgwf{/0f u/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;du| tflndnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 . o;/L g} ljBdfg lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf klg tflnd;DaGwL cfjZos Joj:yfx¿ ul/Psf 5g\ .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf tflnd k|bfos lgsfox¿ /fHon] ljljw k|s[ltsf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdfkm{t hgtfk|ltsf] cfkmgf] bfloTj jxg ug]{ ub{5 . /fHon] o:tf] bfloTj cfkm\gf] ;xsdL{sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] k|zf;lgs ;+oGqdfkm{t k"/f ug]{ ub{5 . g]kfnsf] xsdf o:tf] ;+oGq lghfdtL ;]jf xf] . of] ;+oGq ljljw k|s[ltsf ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ ljlzi6Ls[t hgzlQmx¿sf] ;+of]]hgaf6 lgdf{0f x'g] ub{5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgodn] tbg'¿k lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljljw ;]jf, ;d"xx¿sf] u7g ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;]jfsf] ljlzi6 k|s[ltcg';f/ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 ul/g' cfjZos 7flgG5 . o; k|of]hgsf nflu ;/sf/L :t/df ljleGg tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx¿ :yfkgf ul/Psf 5g\ . To:tf ;+:yfx¿ b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;+:yfx¿n] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf ;fy} cGo ljleGg JolQm tyf ;d"xnfO{ klg k|lzIf0f lbg] u/]sf 5g\ . o;afx]s ljleGg bft[ lgsfox¿ / ;/sf/sf] ;fem]bf/Ldf klg tflnd k|bfg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx¿dWo] clwsf+z ;/sf/L lg0f{oaf6 / s]xL ljz]if P]gåf/f :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg M of] k|lti7fg g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg P]g, @)#( adf]lhd :jfoQ ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;n] g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg ;]jfsf clws[t :t/sf sd{rf/L / pRr txsf k|zf;s Pj+ Joj:yfksx¿nfO{ tflnd k|bfg ug]{ ub{5 . o;sf;fy} o; k|lti7fgn] ;/sf/L ;+:yfg / ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ klg k|zf;g / Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL tflnd k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . tflnd, cg';Gwfg / k/fdz{ o;sf k|d'v sfo{If]q x'g\ .

:yfgLo ljsf; k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg M of] k|lti7fg :yfgLo ljsf; k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg P]g, @)$( adf]lhd :jfoQ ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;n] :yfgLo lgsfo;Fu ;DalGwt sd{rf/L tyf /fhgLlts kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ k|lzIf0f lbg] ub{5 .

/fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fg M of] k|lti7fg /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fg P]g, @)^# adf]lhd Ps cljlR5Gg pQ/flwsf/jfnf :jzfl;t ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o; k|lti7fgn] cbfntsf GofofwLz Pj+ sd{rf/L, sfg'g dGqfno / dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]

405

sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx¿ tyf sfg'g Joj;foL ;d]tsf Gofo If]qsf hgzlQmsf] Jofj;flos sfo{Ifdtf clej[l4sf] nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf] tflnd k|bfg ug]{ ub{5 . o; k|lti7fgn] sfg'g / Gofosf] If]qdf cWoog cg';Gwfg;d]t ub{5 .

sd{rf/L k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg M /fhkq cg+lst sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ tflnd lbg] k|of]hgsf nflu u7g cfb]zåf/f @)^& j}zfv @$ ut] of] k|lti7fg :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . xfn g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgsf] xftfleq /x]sf] of] k|lti7fgn] s]Gb| / lhNnfut ¿kdf ;d]t ;xfos / >]0fLljxLg txsf nflu ;]jfsfnLg ;d]tsf ljleGg tflndx¿ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

/fh:j k|zf;g tflnd s]Gb| M o; s]Gb|n] /fh:j tyf n]vf ;d"xsf sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd k|bfg ug]{ ub{5 . of] k"0f{tof ;/sf/L lgsfosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o; s]Gb|n] clwsf+z tflnd sfo{qmdx¿ s]Gb|Lo:t/df g} ;~rfng u/L s]xL ;Lldt ;+Vofdf 3'lDt tflnd sfo{qmdx¿;d]t ;~rfng ug]{ ub{5 .

Gofo ;]jf tflnd s]Gb| M Gofo ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ tflnd lbgsf nflu of] ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . of] s]Gb| sfg'g tyf Gofo dGqfnodftxt /x]sf] 5 . ;xfos :t/sf sd{rf/LnfO{ If]qLo:Tf/df klg of] s]Gb|n] tflnd k|bfg ub{5 . o; tflnd s]Gb|sf] lhNnf:t/df s'g} zfvf 5}g .

/fli6«o :jf:Yo tflnd s]Gb| M :jf:Yo ;]jftkm{sf sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ o; s]Gb|n] ub{5 .

z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb| M lzIff ;]jfsf clws[t tyf sd{rf/L / lzIfsx¿nfO{ tflnd k|bfg ug{ o; s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . @)^! ;fndf tTsfnLg dfWolds lzIff ljsf; s]Gb|, b"/ lzIff s]Gb| / z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|nfO{ PsLs[t u/L o; s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] .

jg tflnd s]Gb| M jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnosf ljz]ifu/L k|fljlws sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ tflnd k|bfg ug]{ u/L :yfkgf ePsf] o; s]Gb|sf] If]qLo :t/df ;d]t tflnd s]Gb|x¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

k//fi6« dfldnf cWoog k|lti7fg M s"6gLlts ;]jfdf sfd ug]{ s"6gLlt1x¿ tyf k//fi6« ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;DalGwt ljifodf hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zosf ;fy o; k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . o; k|lti7fgn] tflndsf ;fy} ;DalGwt ljifodf cWoog cg';Gwfg;d]t ug]{ ub{5 .

x'nfs k|lzIf0f s]Gb| M x'nfs ;d"xdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k|lzIf0f lbg]u/L o; s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .

cGo tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx¿ M s[lif tflnd lgb]{zgfno, s]Gb|Lo dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; PsfO{ -vfg]kfgL ljefu_, ;xsf/L k|lzIf0f s]Gb|, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u tflnd s]Gb|, cf}Bf]lus Aoj;fo ljsf; s]Gb|, e"ld Joj:yfkg tflnd s]Gb|, kz';]jf tflnd tyf k|;f/ lgb]{zgfno, xf]6n Joj:yfkg tyf ko{6g tflnd s]Gb|, k|fljlws tyf Aofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\, hn pTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f ljefu k|lzIf0f s]Gb|, Jofj;flos ;Lk ljsf; k|lzIf0f lgb]{zgfno, dlxnf ljsf; k|lzIf0f s]Gb| cflb ;+:yfx¿ tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

406

tflnd;DaGwL ljBdfg sfg'gL Pj+ gLltut Joj:yf tflnd÷k|lzIf0fn] d'n'sL k|zf;gnfO{ l56f]5l/tf], ;xh kx'Fr, hgd'vL, hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{, k|efjsf/L Pj+ kl/0ffdd'vL t'Nofpgsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ ;3fp k'¥ofp5 . o; dfGotfnfO{ ckgfpb} lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf lgodfjnLn] tflndsf] dxTjnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . tbg'¿k lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu ljleGg tflndsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] tflndnfO{ lgodg ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf /fli6«o tflnd gLlt, @)%* nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lgodfjnL, @)%) df tflnd;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿ b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ .

-s_ ;lrj jf ;f];/xsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/ x'g /fhkqf+lÍt k|yd >]0fLsf sd{rf/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] pRr:t/Lo Joj:yfkg tflnd;d]t pQL0f{ u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ -bkmf !( -@_ -u__ .

-v_ sfo{Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df x'g] a9'jfdf sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"NofÍg ubf{ tflnd jfkt b'O{ c+s k|bfg ul/g] -bkmf @$ -@_-ª_ .

-u_ ;]jfsfnLg tflndjfkt k|yd, låtLo / t[tLo >]0fLsf] nflu qmdzM @, !=&% / !=% c+s k|bfg ul/g] -bkmf @$3 -%_ .

-3_ lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ tflndsf] c+s lb+bf Ps dlxgf jf ;f] eGbf a9L cjlwsf] ;]jf;+u ;DalGwt ljifosf] ;]jfsfnLg tflnd jfktsf] c+s lbOg] .

-ª_ tflndsf] c+s u0fgf ubf{ h'g >]0fLdf 5+bf tflndsf] nflu dgf]gog ePsf] xf], ;f] c+s ;f]xL >]0fLsf] nflu dfq u0fgf ul/g] .

-r_ Ps dlxgfsf] tflnd eGgfn] tL; sfo{ lbg jf ;f] eGbf a9L cjlwsf] ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt tflndnfO{ hgfpg] -bkmf @$-#_-5_ .

-5_ ;DalGwt dGqfno, cfof]u jf ;lrjfnon] cfkm\gf] dftxtsf sd{rf/LnfO{ cWoog, tflnd jf cWoog e|d0fdf k7fpgsf] nflu ljj/0f k|To]s jif{ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf k7fpg' kg]{, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] klg ;f]sf] nflu ljifout cfwf/df ;+Vof ls6fg u/L /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]udf k7fpg'kg]{ / o:tf] tflnd, cWoog jf cWoog e|d0fsf] cj;/ ;a}nfO{ ;dfg'kflts¿kn] afF8kmfF8 ug{ d'Vo ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf Ps ;ldlt /xg] -bkmf $) -v_ .

-h_ cWoog, tflnd jf cWoog e|d0fsf] lgldQ dgf]gogsf ljleGg cfwf/ tyf k|fyldstfx¿ Tff]lsPsf 5g\ -lgod $(, %)_ .

-em_ cWoog, tflnd jf cWoog e|d0fdf dgf]gog ePsf sd{rf/Ln] hfg'cl3 kms]{/ cfO{ ;]jf ug]{ u/L sa'lnot ug'{kg]{ / kl5 Go"gtd tf]lsPsf] cjlwsf] ;]jf ug}{kg]{, gu/]df ljefuLo ;hfo eO{ /sd;d]t c;'npk/ ul/g] 5 -bkmf $)u, $)3_ .

407

lghfdtL ;]jf /fli6«o tflnd gLlt, @)%* df ePsf Joj:yfx¿ b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ . o; gLltsf k|d'v p2]Zox¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

� sd{rf/Lsf] 1fg, ;Lk, bIftf / Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug'{sf] ;fy} pgLx¿sf] dgf]j[lQdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g NofO{ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;jn, ;Ifd, ;'b[9, ultzLn agfO{ glthfd'vL agfpg] .

� sd{rf/Lsf] k];fut ljlzi6tf / k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/fpg] .

� ljZjsf] abln+bf] kl/l:ylt tyf ljsf;sf gofF r'gf}tLx¿cg'¿k Joj:yfkg ug{ sd{rf/LnfO{ ;Ifd agfpg] .

� ljZj jftfj/0fsf] lrgf/L Pj+ gofF k|ljlw / cfljisf/sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg] .

lghfdtL ;]jf /fli6«o tflnd gLlt, @)%* df plNnlvt d'Vo gLltx¿ b]xfoadf]lhd 5g\ M

� lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/sf nflu hgzlQm ljsf; of]hgf th'{df ul/g]5 . x/]s dGqfnoaf6 dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; of]hgf / j[lQ ljsf; of]hgf tof/ ug{ nufO{ dGqfnodf d'Vo sfd;Fu ;DalGwt ljz]if1tfsf] ljsf; ul/g] .

� v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z ug]{ /f=k= låtLo >]0fL tyf /f=k= k|yd >]0fLsf clws[tx¿nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ;]jf, ;d"x;Fu ;DalGwt :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg] .

� lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] kb:yfkg / ;¿jf lghn] lnPsf] tflndsf] ;b'kof]u x'g] u/L ul/g] . kbf]Ggltsf nflu sDtLdf ! dlxgfsf] tflnd clgjfo{ ug]{ Joj:yf nfu" ul/g] .

� k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)$* sf] k|ltj]bgn] l;kmfl/; u/]cg'';f/ k|To]s dGqfno÷ljefu÷lgsfox¿n] sd{rf/L k|lzIf0fsf nflu ljlgof]lht tna eQfsf] sDtLdf % k|ltzt /sd hgzlQm ljsf;df 5'6\ofOg] Joj:yf ldnfOg] .

� g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jfcGtu{tsf /f=k= t[tLo >]0fLsf clws[tx¿sf nflu nf]s ;]jf cfof]uåf/f k/LIff lnO{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] ;"rLsf pDd]b\jf/x¿nfO{ g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgaf6 ;]jf k|j]z tflnd -cfwf/e"t k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f_ lbPkl5 ;f];d]tsf] cfwf/df clGtd of]Uotfqmdsf] l;kmfl/; nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 ul/g] Joj:yf qmdzM ldnfOg] .

� o;f] ubf{ tflndsf] k/LIff ;~rfng / d"NofÍg nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] :jtGq ¿kdf ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg] .

� ljleGg kb / txdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf nflu pgLx¿sf] sfo{ljj/0f Pj+ cfjZostfcg';f/ cfwf/e"t tflndsf] Joj:yf ul/+b} nlug] .

� df}h'bf tflnd ;+:yfx¿af6 :t/Lo ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL tflnd lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOg] . nfdf] cjlwsf] tflndsf] ;fy–;fy} sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf / sfo{k|s[lt;Fu ldNbf] p2]Zod"ns 5f]6f]5f]6f] k|sf/sf tflnd ;~rfngdf hf]8 lbOg] .

408

� tflnd;DaGwL cg';Gwfgdf hf]8 lbOg] . cfwf/e"t k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f tflndnfO{ ;'b[9 ub}{ eljiodf o;sf] cjlw ! jif{ k'¥ofOg] .

� lghfdtL ;]jfsf /fhkq cglÍt sd{rf/Lsf nflu If]qLo:t/df PsLs[t ¿kdf k|lzIf0f lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOg] .

� g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgnfO{ Joj:yfkg ljsf; s]Gb| / sd{rf/L k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgnfO{ sfof{no Joj:kfg÷;lrjfno ;Lk j[l4 s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g] .

� df}h'bf tflnd ;+:yfx¿sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/df ;'wf/ ub}{ pgLx¿sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;df hf]8 lb+b} tflndsf] ;+VofTds Pj+ u'0ffTds Ifdtfdf j[l4 ul/g'sf ;fy} tflnd ;+:yfdf ;+nUg k|lzIfsx¿sf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ ;dofg's"n :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL cj;/ k|bfg ul/g] .

� k];fljb\ k|lzIf0f hgzlQmdf lglZrt k|ltzt g]kfn ;/sf/nufot ;Da4 If]qaf6 ;d]t clgjfo{¿kdf NofO{ tflnd sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf tflnd ;+:yfx¿n] ahf/df pknAw lj1x¿sf] /f]:6/ /flvg] / ;f]xL cfwf/df pgLx¿nfO{ ;|f]t JolQmsf] ¿kdf k|of]udf NofOg] .

� tflnddf ;+nUg x'g] k|lzIfsx¿sf] of]Uotf / :t/ lgwf{/0f u/L pgLx¿nfO{ tflndk|lt cfsif{0f ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g] .

� ljBdfg tflnd s]Gb|x¿ aLr cGt/;dGjo sfod ub}{ tflnd ;~rfng ubf{ cfkm\gf k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ ljifoj:t' x]/L tflnd cjlwe/ cfjZostf k/] Ps csf{sf] tflnd s]Gb|df vf; ljifosf nflu tflnd lbg k7fOg] .

� k|To]s tLg jif{df ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / ;DalGwt dGqfnosf k|ltlglwx¿ ;+nUg d"Nof+sg 6f]nLaf6 To:tf tflnd ;+:yfx¿sf] d"Nof+sg ul/g] .

� cfjlws of]hgfn] O+lut u/]cg'¿k ;Lkd"ns tflnd k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;fwg ;DkGg t'NofO{ Ifdtfdf j[l4 ug'{sf] ;fy} tflndsf] u'0f:t/ olsg ug{ o;sf] k|df0fLs/0f -Accreditation_ Pp6} ;+:yfaf6 x'g] pko'Qm Joj:yf ldnfOg] .

� sd{rf/Lsf nflu ;]jf k|j]z tflnd, ;]jfsfnLg tflnd, ljz]if tflnd, k'gtf{huL tflnd sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] .

� g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;lrj tyf cGo ljlzi6 >]0fLsf kbflwsf/Lsf nflu k|To]s jif{ ;d;fdlos ljifodf uf]i7L tyf cGtlqm{of sfo{qmdx¿ g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgaf6 ;~rfng ul/g] .

� tflnd ;+:yfx¿af6 k|bfg ub}{ cfO/x]sf] tflnd sfo{qmdsf] kf7\oqmdnfO{ ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g ub}{ n}hfg kf7\oqmdsf] ;dLIff u/L To;sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg / ;DalGwt tflnd ;+:yf ldn]/ ul/g] . ;fy} kf7\oqmd lj1x¿sf] /f]i6/

409

tof/ u/L pgLx¿af6 lgoldt ¿kdf k[i7kf]if0f lnO{ tflnd kf7\oqmdnfO{ cfjZostfg';f/ kl/dfh{g ub}{ nlug] .

� g]kfn ;/sf/, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] tflnd ;dGjo ug]{ s]Gb|Lo lgsfo -Focal Point_ sf] ¿kdf sfo{ ug]{ .

� lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] tflnd;DaGwL l;4fGt tyf kf7\oqmd ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnoaf6 :jLs[t geO{ ;~rfng gul/g] .

� bf]xf]/f]¿kdf rn]sf tflnd sfo{qmdx¿df lgoGq0f ul/g] .

� tflnd lbg] ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;DaGwdf tflnd k|d'vx¿ ;lDdlnt ePsf] a}7s sDtLdf jif{sf] @ k6s ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] cfof]hgf ug]{ .

� ;DalGwt ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw ePsf], ;DalGwt ljifodf :gfts pkflw lnO{ tflndk|fKt u/]sf] jf % jif{sf] sfo{ cg'ej ePsf], Kf|fljlws ;xfos:t/sf nflu ;DalGwt ljifodf :gfts ePsf] / sDtLdf # jif{sf] cg'ej ePsf] jf k|df0fkq:t/sf] ;DalGwt ljifosf] z}lIfs of]Uotf eO{ :jLs[t ;+:yfaf6 tflnd k|fKt u/]sf] / % jif{sf] cg'ej ePsf] JolQmn] dfq k|lzIfssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ kfpg] .

� g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ljleGg ldq/fi6« tyf bft[ ;+:yfx¿af6 k|fKt x'g] j}b]lzs 5fqj[lQ cfjZostfcg';f/sf ljifox¿df a9L ;+Vofdf pknAw u/fpg k|of; ul/g] .

� Tfflndsf] u'0f:t/ / k|of]hg ;fy{stf ;DaGwdf o;sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"NofÍg ul/g] Joj:yf ldnfOg] .

� Tfflnd k|fKt JolQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ePsf] 5 ls 5}g / o;sf] p2]Zo cg's"n ePsf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf k|To]s @ jif{df tflndsf] d"NofÍg ul/g] Joj:yf ldnfOg] .

tflnd÷k|lzIf0f;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ sd{rf/LnfO{ pgLx¿sf] cfjZostfg';f/ tflndsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . sfo{ ljj/0f of]hgf k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog gx'Fbf ;xL ¿kdf tflnd cfjZostfsf] klxrfg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx¿df ePsf] nufgL cg';f/ ltgn] pko'Qm k|ltkmn lbg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . tflnd sfo{;Dkfbg cg's"n eGbf cf}krfl/s / ;}4flGts x'g] u/]sf] 5 . tflndn] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] b[li6sf]0f Jojxf/ / k|j[lQdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg ;s]sf] 5}g . tflndsf] cfjZostf klxrfg, sfo{qmd th'{df / To;sf] sfof{Gjog aLrdf cfjZos ;fd~h:otf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . :jb]zsf] cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ eGbf klg bft[ lgsfosf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ tflnd ;~rfng x'g] u/]sf] 5 . tflnddf :ynut cWoog e|d0fnfO{ sd k|fyldstf lbg] ul/Psf] 5 . clwsf+z tflnd sfo{qmd sf7df8f}+ s]lGb|t x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . ;xfos:t/sf sd{rf/LnfO{ tflndn] ;d]6\g ;s]sf] kfOb}g . tflnd sfo{qmdsf] ;dGjo, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] cj:yf cToGt sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 .

;dfwfgsf pkfox¿

410

� bL3{sfnLg ;f]r, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt, sfo{gLlt, ;+:yfut Joj:yf, Pjd\ pko'Qm cg'udg Pjd\ d"NofÍg Joj:yf plNnlvt ;do;fk]If gofF tflnd gLltsf] th'{df u/L o;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ . o:tf] tflnd gLltdf ljBdfg tflnd gLltsf] ;sf/fTds kIfx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] . gLlt sfof{Gjogdf cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] cGo ljifout gLlt Pjd\ sfg'gdf ;'wf/ ug]{,

� sd{rf/Lsf] 1fg, ;Lk, bIftf Pjd\ Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 u/L ;fË7lgs nIo xfl;n ug{ ;a} sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd k|bfg ug]{ .

� tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx¿sf] ;]jf :yfgLo tx;Dd lj:tf/ ug]{ .

� ;]jfu|fxL d}qL sd{rf/L tof/ ug]]{u/L tflnd k|bfg ug]{ .

;]jf k|j]z tflndnfO{ clgjfo{ ug]{ . tflndnfO{ ;Da4 ;]jf ;d"x, >]0fLdf cfwfl/t ug]{ . ;Da4 kIfx¿sf] ;fem]bf/Ldf tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ . g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgnfO{ pTs[i6 k|lzIfs lgsfosf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ . tflndnfO{ k|ljlwd}qL agfpg] . g]t[Tj d"NofËg ;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg] . jt{dfg / efjL r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf / k|fKt cj;/x¿sf] ;b'kof]u ug{;Sg] u/L gjLgtd\ ljifodf tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ . tflndsf ;DaGwdf :jfoQtf Joj:yfkg, tflnd ;~rfng gD;{df Ps¿ktf, u'0f:t/, k|ef0fLs/0f, kf7\oqmd, ;Djw{g, k|fl1s Pjd\ ef}lts:t/ lgwf{/0f, k|lzIfs Ohfht–kq ljt/0f, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg, cg'bfg ljt/0f, ;dGjo, ;~hfnLs/0f PsLs/0f tyf bf]xf]/f]kgf lgoGq0fsf nflu Ps pko'Qm 5ftf ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . ljBdfg k"jf{wf/ / k|lzIfssf] cfwf/df k|lzIf0f k|bfos ;+:yfsf] juL{s/0f ug]{ . ljifout If]q cg';f/ ;|f]t JolQmx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ u/L o;sf] cfwf/df k|lzIfsx¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{ . tflnd k|fKt hgzlQmsf] ljj/0f s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L lgsfodf k7fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ . sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k"j{ cjsfz tflnd lbg] Joj:yf ug]{ . tflndsf] k|efj d"NofÍg u/L k[i7kf]if0f lnO{ tflndnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ .

tflndnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;+:yfut Joj:yfsf ¿kdf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf leq /xg] u/L ;DalGwt ljefuLo dGqLsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ;Da4 kbflwsf/x¿ ;dfj]z u/L Ps dfgj >f]t ljsf; kl/ifb\ u7g ug]{ . ;du| tflndnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ pQm kl/ifb\sf] lgb]{zgdf /xL sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ u/L ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf ;dGjo, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;ldltsf] u7g ug]{ . plNnlvt kl/ifb\ tyf ;ldltnfO{ tflnd ;DaGwL ljljw sfo{ljj/0f pknAw u/fpg] . /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lsf] nflu Ps jif{sf] cfjf;Lo ;]jf k|j]z tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . :jb]zL Pj+ j}b]lzs tflndsf] cj;/ ;a} sd{rf/LnfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg] . ;zlQms/0f / Ifdtf ljsf; ;DaGwL tflndsf] ;'ljwf :yfgLo tx;Dd lj:tf/ ug]{ . >]0fLut ¿kdf cBfjlws tflndsf] Joj:yf clgjfo{ ¿kdf ug]{ . cË|]hL efiff, sDKo"6/, k|:tfj / k|ltj]bg n]vg ;Lk ljsf; h:tf ljifox¿nfO{ tflndsf] kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z ug]{ .

tflnd;Da4 ljleGg gLltut, ;+:yfut, sfg'gL, ;+/rgfut cflb Joj:yfsf] afjh'b klg tflnd k|efjsf/L l;4 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . tflnd k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg'sf k5fl8 ljleGg sf/0fx¿ lhDd]jf/ /x]sf 5g\ . ljljw ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿sf sf/0f tflndn] ck]lIft glthf lbg g;s]sf] xf] . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf cGo If]qdf h:t} tflndsf] ljifodf klg ;a}eGbf

411

7"nf] ;d:of ljBdfg sfg'gL, gLltut / ;+:yfut Joj:yfsf] lkmtnf] sfof{Gjog g} xf] . tflnd;Da4 ;d:ofnfO{ b]xfoadf]lhd pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

� ljBdfg tflnd gLltdf b]lvPsf sdL sdhf]/Ldf ;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L kl/dflh{t Pj+ kl/is[t ¿ksf] gofF tflnd gLltsf] th'{df Pj+ sfof{Gjog x'g;s]sf] 5}g\ . ljBdfg lghfdtL ;]jf /fli6«o tflnd gLltsf] clwsf+z k|fjwfgx¿ cBlk sfof{Gjogdf cfpg ;s]sf 5}|gg\ .

� tflnd s]jn cf}krfl/stfdf dfq ;Lldt x'gk'u]sf] 5 . ;Lk l;Sg] eGbf a9'jfdf cÍ k|fKt ug]{ p2]Zo ePsf] 5 . tflnd k|bfg ug]{ qmddf tflndsf ;a} r/0fpk/ kof{Kt Wofg k'Ug] u/]sf] 5}g . h;sf] sf/0f tflnd k|efjsf/L l;4 x'g;s]sf] 5}g .

� tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx¿sf] aLrdf cfjZos ;xof]u, cGt/;dGjo, ;fem]bf/L, ;xsfo{ gx'bf tflnddf bf]xf]/f]kg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . oL ;+:yfx¿sf] cfjlws cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Íg klg x'g] u/]sf] 5}g . logn] tflnd;DaGwL k|ltj]bg lgoldt ¿kdf k|:t't ug]{ u/]sf klg 5}gg\ .

� k/Dk/fut kf7\oqmdsf] cfwf/df clwsf+z tflnd sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ cfw'lgs, j}1flgs, Jofjxfl/s / :t/Ls/0f ul/Psf] 5}g .

� ;du| lghfdtL ;]jfsf] hgzlQm ljsf; of]hgf th'{df ul/Psf] 5}g . tbg'¿k dGqfnout ¿kdf dfgj;|f]t ljsf; of]hgf / j[lQ ljsf; of]hgf klg tof/ x'g;s]sf] 5}g\ .

� tflndnfO{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kb:yfkg, ;¿jf, a9'jf, sfo{ljj/0f, cfjZostf, sfo{;Dkfbg / j[lQljsf;;Fu cfa4 ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .

� nf]s ;]jf cfof]uåf/f l;kmfl/; ul/Psf pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ ;]jf k|j]z tflndsf] cfwf/df clGtd of]Uotfqmdsf] l;kmfl/; ug{ / ;]jf k|j]z tflndsf] k/LIff ;~rfng Pj+ d"NofÍg ug{ cfof]u cBlk ;dy{ x'g;s]sf] 5}g\ .

� pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)$* df pNn]v ePcg'¿k /fli6«o dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] u7g gx'bf tflnd sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|efjsf/L ;dGjo, cg'udg / d"NofÍg gx'g'sf ;fy} k|bfg ul/Psf] tflndsf] u'0f:t/ k|df0fLs/0f;d]t x'g;s]sf] 5}g .

� k|lzIfs 5gf}6 ug]{ dfkb08 lgwf{/0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . pgLx¿nfO{ :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL k|lzIf0fsf] ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .

� tflnd gLltdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgnfO{ Joj:yfkg ljsf; s]Gb| / sd{rf/L k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgnfO{ sfof{no Joj:kfg÷;lrjfno ;Lk j[l4sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .

� ;Da4 sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 1fg, ;Lk tyf bIftf clej[l4tkm{eGbf kbf]Gglt k|of]hgsf nflu tL; sfo{ lbgsf] tflnd k|bfg ug]{tkm{ dfq Wofg s]lGb|t ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

412

� tflndsf nflu cToGt Go"g ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/L o;nfO{ sd k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] sf/0f tflnd k|efjsf/L x'g;s]sf] 5}g\ . tflndsf ;xefuL tyf k|lzIfsnfO{ lbOg] cfly{s Pj+ u}/ cfly{s ;'ljwf;DaGwL dfkb08 gaGbf o:tf] ;'ljwfdf Jofks c;dfgtf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 tflndsf] pkof]lutfdf g} k|lts"n c;/ kg{ uO{ ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ckJoo x'g uPsf] 5 .

� tflnd sIffsf] cjlwdf klg Ps¿ktf 5}g -st} #) lbg], st} @ 306fsf] sIff ;~rfng x'G5_ .

� k|foM ;a} tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx¿df ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ;'ljwfsf] sdL 5 . sltko ;+:yfx¿n] ljBdfg ef}lts ;'ljwfsf] k"0f{ ¿kdf pkof]u u/]sf 5}gg\ .

� k|lzIfs / k|lzIffyL{sf] :t/sf] aLrdf cfjZos tfbfTDotf sfod x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k|lzIfssf] ¿kdf ljifolj1sf] ;§f d'Vod'Vo kbdf cf;Lg JolQmnfO{ g} k|fyldstf lbg] k|j[lQ /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

� lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jf lgj[Q hLjgsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{jf/]df kof{Kt ;+Vofdf s'g} tflnd cfof]hgf ug{ ulsPsf] 5}g .

� jt{dfg tflnd gLltn] tflnd rqmnfO{ cjnDag ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . ;]jf k|j]z tflnd ;a} ;]jfsf ;a} >]0fLsf sd{rf/LnfO{ clgjfo{ ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . P]gn] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljleGg ;]jf /xg] Joj:yf u/] tfklg ljBdfg tflnd gLlt eg] k|zf;g ;]jfsf] nflu dfq th"{df ePsf] xf] ls eGg] cfefif lbPsf] 5 .

� ;]jfsfnLg tflnd ;]jfsfn ko{Tg lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/g'kg]{ tflnd xf] . t/ Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf o;nfO{ pkNnf] kbdf a9'jf x'g] k|of]hgsf nflu cÍ k|fKt ug]{ dfWodsf] ¿kdf obfsbf dfq ;~rfng ug{] kl/kf6L a;flnPsf] 5 .

� tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx¿;Fu lj:t[t kf7\oqmd, bIf / cg'ejL k|lzIfs, cfw'lgs k|ljlw Pj+ kf7o;fdu|Lsf] sdL /x]sf] 5 . kf7\oqmddf Jofjxfl/s ljifo ;d]6\g ;lsPsf] 5}g . k|lzIf0fnfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg;Fu cfa4 u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g .

� tflndsf] c;/, k|efj, glthfcflbsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ kl/kf6L a:g ;s]sf] 5}g . tflndsf] cfjZostf klxrfg j:t'ut ¿kdf x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g .

� ;]jfk|j]z tflnddf g} ljljwtf 5 . tflndsf nflu sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]gog ubf{ sfg'gdf ePsf cfwf/x¿nfO{ kfngf ug]{ ul/Psf] 5}g . ;]jf ;d"x lkR5] km/s km/s cfwf/x¿ 5g\ . o;nfO{ ;dfg / Jofks agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g .

� df}h'bf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmdnfO{ clgjfo{ cfjf;Lo k|lzIf0fsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . l;sfOeGbf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmddf ;xefuLn] ug]{ xflh/LnfO{ tflndsf] pknlAw 7fGg] ul/Psf] 5 .

� kf7oqmdnfO{ kl/jlt{t kl/j]z cg's"n agfpg zf]w, cg';Gwfg / ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g .

413

� ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfosf nflu 5'6\ofOg] tnasf] sDtLdf % k|ltzt /sd sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tflnd tyf ljsf;sf] nflu 5'6ofpg] ;'emfj k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)$* n] lbPsf] ePtf klg ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog cBflk x'g;s]sf] 5}g .

;'emfjx¿ ljZjdf cfPsf] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] nx/af6 s'g} klg b]z c5'tf] 5}g . ;"rgfk|ljlwsf] ljsf; klg ToxL ultdf eO{/x]sf] 5 . g]kfn dfq o;sf] c;/ / k|efjaf6 c5'tf] /xg ;Sg] s'/f ePg . oL ljljw sf/0fn] ;/sf/L e"ldsfnfO{ lgodgsf/Laf6 ;xhsf/L e"ldsfdf ¿kfGt/0f ul/g' h¿/L eO{;s]sf] 5 . o; kl/j]zdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ gofF tf}/, tl/sf, 9+u, z}nLaf6 ;~rfng ul/g' kb{5 . o;sf nflu lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ klxNofO{ ;du| lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;do;fk]If ;'wf/ ul/g' cfjZos 5 . o; ;]jfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] ljleGg pkfox¿dWo] tflndnfO{ Ps k|efjsf/L pkfosf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ;j{k|yd ljBdfg tflnd k4ltdf ;'wf/ ul/g' cfjZos x'G5 . ctM g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf tflndsf] ;'wf/sf] nflu b]xfoadf]lhd ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

� pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)$* sf] ;'emfj cg';f/ tflndnfO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu /fli6«o dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; kl/ifb u7g ug]{ . o; kl/ifbn] /fli6«o bL3{sfnLg dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; gLlt, PsLs[t dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; /0fgLlt Pj+ tflnd gLlt th{'df Pj+ nfu" ug]{, u/fpg] .

� ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnonfO{ dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg dGqfnosf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L ;du| tflnd sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;dGjo ug]{ s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ . ljifout dGqfnox¿ dftxt /x]sf k|lzIf0f s]Gb|x¿nfO{ cfjZostf, cf}lrTo, ;+efJotf / sfo{Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ . o;k|sf/ ljleGg ljifout dGqfno dftxt /xg] / lghL :jfldTjdf /xg] ;a} tflnd ;+:yfx¿af6 ;+rflnt tflnd sfo{qmdx¿sf] lgodg, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg dGqfnon] ug]{ .

� ;/sf/L Pj+ lghL If]qsf tflnd s]Gb|x¿sf] dfGotf lgwf{/0f Pj+ u'0f:t/dfkg k|:tfljt dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; kl/ifbsf] gLltut lgb]{zgdf dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yf dGqfnon] ug{] .

� tflnd;DaGwL ljBdfg sfg'g tyf gLltut Joj:yfdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L To;sf] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ . tflnd k|bfos lgsfox¿n] tflnd k|bfg ubf{ tflndsf] cfjZos ljlw, k|lqmof, tl/sf, rqmcflbsf] cjnDag ug]{ . Tfflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx¿sf] ef}lts, ljQLo, ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L tflnd ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos :jfoQtf k|bfg ug]{ .

� dGqfno / ljefusf] zfvfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf tflnd s]Gb|x¿ ljBdfg cj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L x/]s lgsfon] tflnd÷k|lzIf0f egL tflnd÷k|lzIf0fdf slgsf 5/]sf] h:tf] lsl;dn] ah]6 ljlgof]hg Joj:yfsf] cGTo u/L lglZrt lgsfox¿af6 dfq tflnd÷k|lzIf0f ;~rfngsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . -8fnf] k|0ffnLaf6 Pslqt u/L ;~rfng ug]{_

414

� s]Gb|df ;~rfng ul/g] tflnd sfo{qmdnfO{ If]q / lhNnf:t/;Dd ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ug]{ . lghfdtL ;]jf aflx/sf ljz]if1, ;]jfdf axfn /x]sf / ;]jf lgj[Q ePsf 1fg, ;Lk / Jofjxfl/s bIftf ePsf sd{rf/LnfO{ k|lzIfssf] ¿kdf pkof]u ug]{u/L pkoQm dfkb08 tof/ ug]{ .

� k|lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿ / ljZjljBfnosf] cfk;L ;xof]u, ;fem]bf/L / ;xsfo{df ;d]t k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ . tflndnfO{ ;+:yf Pj+ sd{rf/Lsf] p2]Zo, cfjZostf, cf}lrTo, sfo{ljj/0f, sfo{;Dkfbg / sfo{k|s[lt;Fu cfa4 x'g]u/L ;~rfng ug]{ . o;nfO{ ah]6 ;Sg] / a9'jfsf] nflu c+s a6'Ng] p2]Zodf dfq ;Lldt g/fvL p2]Zod"ns, pknlAwd"ns / k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

� tflnd kf7\oqmd, tflnd ;fdu|L, ;dotflnsf, :yfg, ;xefuL, k|lzIfs nufotsf ;a} cfjZos kIfx¿sf] pko'Qm Joj:yfkg u/L ;f]sf] kl/lwdf /x]/ tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ .

� sfg'gdf ePsf] k|fjwfg adf]lhd sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]gog u/L z'¿ lgo'lQm, a9'jf lgo'lQm, kb:yfkg, ;¿jf x'+bf;d]t cfjZostf cg';f/ tflnd k|bfg ug]{ .

� cfjZostfsf cfwf/df Tfflndsf] cjlw, p2]Zo, k|s[lt to u/L ljifout cfwf/df ;]jfsfnLg tflndsf] cjlw lgwf{/0f ug]{ .

� sd{rf/LnfO{ zf;g, k|zf;g, sfg'g, Gofo, Joj:yfkg, cy{tGq, ;fdflhs agf}6, /Lltl:ylt tyf ljsf;;DaGwL gjLgtd ljifodf tflnd lbg] . o;sf cnfjf d'n'ssf] ljljwtf, efiff, ;+:s[lt, /xg ;xg, hLjgz}nL tyf d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs kl/j]znfO{ ;d]t tflnd kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ .

� tflnddf eO/x]sf] bf]xf]/f]kgnfO{ x6fO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf tflnd k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

� ;a} ;/sf/L lgsfon] tflndsf] cfjZostf klxrfg u/L clu|d¿kdf ;DalGwt tflnd s]Gb|df k7fpg] / tflnd s]Gb|x¿n] To;nfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ .

� ;a} k|sf/sf :jb]zL Pj+ j}b]lzs tflndnfO{ sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{k|s[lt, sfo{ljj/0f, sfo{;Dkfbg / j[lQ ljsf;;Fu cfa4 ug]{ / ;"rgfsf] xs cg';f/ kf/bzL{ ug]{ .

� :yfgLo :t/sf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;'ljwf k'/ofpg cfjZostfcg';f/ pkTosfaflx/ 3'DtL tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx¿n] k|efjsf/L¿kdf tflnd ;~rfng ug{ g;Sg] ePdf cGo j}slNks Joj:yf u/L tflnd lbg] .

� tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx¿nfO{ zf]w, cWoog, cg';Gwfg / ljsf;;DaGwL sfddf ;d]t ;+nUg u/fpg] .

� x/]s lgsfon] cfkmgf sd{rf/Lx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] tflndsf] ljj/0f /fVg] / sd{rf/L ;¿jf eO{ /dfgf x'Fbf To:tf] tflndsf] ljj/0f JolQmut kmfOndf ;+nUg u/L k7fpg] .

415

� pRr:t/Lo Joj:yfksx¿n] tflnddf cflh{t 1fg, ;Lk / cjwf/0ffnfO{ jf:tljs sfo{If]qdf pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] u/L cg's"n jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug]{] . k|lzIfsx¿nfO{ klg k|zf;g, ljsf; Pj+ Joj:yfkgsf gofF gofF cjwf/0ffsf] 1fg pknAw u/fpg Ps lglZrt cjlwsf] cGt/fndf lgoldt ¿kdf :jb]zL Pj+ j}b]lzs k'gtf{huL k|lzIf0f lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

� tflnd sfo{qmddf cfjZos ;dGjo ug{sf nflu ;a} ljifout dGqfnodf Ps Ps j6f tflnd PsfO{ v8f ug]{ / To;sf] ;dGjo ;+:yf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u cGtu/ut /fVg] .

� ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nflu ;a} tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx¿nfO{ cfjZos ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/L tflnd ;~rfngsf] nflu kof{Kt :jfoQtf k|bfg ug]{ . cltly k|lzIfsnfO{ cfdlGqt ubf{ z}lIfs, k|lzIf0f tyf cg'ej;DaGwL k[i7e"ld ;d]tdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg] . k|lzIfs / ;xefuLx¿nfO{ lbOg] ;]jf ;'ljwf tyf sIff 3G6L / b}lgs sIff ;+Vofdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug]{ .

� ;a} tx / >]0fLsf sd{rf/Ln] cfjZostf cg';f/ ;a} k|sf/sf tflnd lng'kg]{ u/L gLltdf cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{ .

� x/]s sd{rf/Ln] slDtdf tLg jif{df Pp6f tflnd clgjfo{ k|fKt ug]{ u/L gLltut Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

� ck|fljlwstkm{sf] ;]jf k|j]z tflndsf] cjlw qmdzM a9fpFb} /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf k|j]z tflnd ! jif{sf] agfpg] . k|fljlws tkm{ # dlxgfsf] ;]jf k|j]z tflnd lbg] .

� k//fi6« dfldnf cWoog k|lti7fgnfO{ Diplomatic Staff College, /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgnfO{ Judicial Staff College, :yfgLo ljsf; k|lzIf0f s]Gb|nfO{ Local Governance Staff College sf] ¿kdf Centre for Excellence sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ .

� ;]jf k|j]z tflnd glnO{ kb:yfkg gug]{ . kb:yfkg ubf{ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] of]Uotfqmd / ;]jf k|j]z tflndsf] of]Uotfqmd ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L j:t'ut ¿kdf ug]{ .

� Ps} :t/sf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf k|j]z tyf ;]jfsfnLg tflndsf] :t/, cjlw, ;]jf ;'ljwfdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug]{ .

� k|lzIfssf] pknAwtf / 1fgdf cfwfl/t geO{ k|lzIffyL{nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ljifodf k|lzIf0f s]lGb|t ug]{ .

� k|lzIffyL{x¿sf] l;h{gfTds Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug]{ k|s[ltsf ljifo;d]t tflnddf ;dfj]z ug]{ .

416

� b]zdf ;+3Lotf nfu" ePkl5 u7g x'g] /fHo ;/sf/x¿n] ;xfos tyf >]0fLljxLg sd{rf/Lsf] tflndsf nflu s"n ah]6sf] @Ü -b'O{ k|ltzt_ /sd clgjfo{ ¿kdf 5'6\ofpg' kg]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

� k|To]s lgsfon] cfkm\gf sd{rf/Ldf tflnd dfkm{t cfjZos 1fg, ;Lk / ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f ljsf; ug]{ k|of]hgsf lgldQ s"n k|zf;lgs ah]6sf] Go"gtd %Ü -k|ltzt_ /sd 5'6\ofpg] k/Dk/f a;fNg] .

� tflnd k|bfos lgsfox¿sf] sfo{If]q, sfo{ Ifdtf, sfo{ ;Dkfbg l:ylt, nfut vr{ cflbsf] lj:t[t cWoog u/L k'g/;+/rgf ug]{ . nfut–nfe ljZn]if0faf6 tTsfn cfjZos gb]lvPsf jf cGo ;+:yfdf ufEg ;lsg] k|s[ltsf ;+:yfnfO{ ;f]xL cg';f/ ufEg] / vf/]h ug]{ .

� tflnd k|bfos lgsfox¿df bIf k|lzIfsx¿sf] cefj x'g glbgsf nflu pgLx¿sf lgldQ 5'§} ;]jf zt{, of]Uotf cflbsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / tflnd ;+:yfdf x'g] kb:yfkgf÷;¿jfnfO{ ;hfosf] ¿kdf lnOg] cj:yfsf] cGo ug]{ .

� g]kfn ;/sf/sf] æ;a}sf] nflu tflndÆ gLltsf] ;fy{s sfof{Gjogsf nflu k|To]s sd{rf/LnfO{ lglZrt ;do–cGt/fndf -k|To]s # of $ jif{df_ tflnd k|fKt ug]{} kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

� b]zsf] Joj:yfkg If]qsf] k|d'v tflnd k|bfossf] e"ldsfdf /x]sf] g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgnfO{ zf]w cg';Gwfg Ifdtf ;DkGg Joj:yfkg ljsf; s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ;'b[9 t'Nofpg] .

417

kl/R5]b–@@

;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf k|zf;lgs :j¿k

k[i7e"le ljZjdf zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ k4ltdf ljljwtf /x]sf] 5 . s]xL d'n'sx¿ /fHosf] zlQm ljleGg /fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs PsfO{df ljefhg u/L :jzfl;t dfGotfsf cfwf/df ;ª\3Lotfsf] :j¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . sltko d'n'sx¿ s]Gb|af6 clwsf/ lgIf]k0f u/L Pp6} /fhgLlts PsfO{sf] :j¿kdf PsfTds b]lvG5g\ . ;ª\3fTds Joj:yfdf ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] k|of]u ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ljleGg /fhgLlts PsfO{x¿af6 x'g] ub{5 . ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfdf d'n'snfO{ ljleGg k|fb]lzs PsfO{x¿df ljeflht ul/G5 / k|fb]lzs PsfO{x¿ :jfoQtf / ;'zf;gsf] dfGotfaf6 ;~rflnt x'G5g\ .

k|zf;sLo Joj:yfkgsf] b[li6n] k|f/lDes r/0fdf ;ª\3Lo Joj:yf PsfTds Joj:yf eGbf lgZro g} s]xL hl6n x'G5 . ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfdf s]Gb| / k|b]z PsfO{x¿ aLr clwsf/sf] ljefhgdf :ki6tf ug{ ;lsPg eg] Ps cfk;df clwsf/sf] k|of]unfO{ lnP/ ljjfbx¿ >[hgf x'g k'Ub5g\ . o;}n] ;+ljwfgåf/f g} s]Gb|, k|b]z / :yfgLo lgsfosf clwsf/sf ;"rLx¿ lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf /fHozlQmsf] ljefhg ubf{ d"ntM bf]xf]/f] k4lt -Dualist

Model_ jf PsLs[t k4lt -Integrated Model_s'g lsl;daf6 ug]{ eGg] s'/f klxn] g} lglZrt ul/g' kb{5 . cd]l/sf, Sofgf8f, a|flhn h:tf d'n'sn] s]Gb| / k|b]zsf aLr :ki6 clwsf/sf] ;"rL k[ys–k[ys u/L bf]xf]/f] k4ltsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf 5g\ . blIf0f clk|msf, hd{gL, :k]g, ef/t h:tf d'n'sn] s]xL ljifox¿ s]Gb|sf] ;"rL / s]xL ljifo k|b]zsf] ;"rL /

418

sltko ljifox¿ b'a}sf] ;femf ;"rLsf] ¿kdf /fVg] l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag u/L PsLs[t / cGt/;DalGwt k4ltdf /x]sf 5g\ .

;ª\3Lotf cFufn]sf d'n'sx¿sf] cWoog ubf{ /fHosf] 9fFrf / clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8sf] :j¿kdf ljleGgtf b]lvG5 . To;}u/L ;ª\3Lo :j¿k klg Pp6} k|s[ltsf] 5}g . ;ª\3Lo Joj:yf ckgfpg'sf] p2]Zo klg Pp6} b]lvGg . ;ª\3Lotfsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotf eg]sf] /fHosf] zlQm / clwsf/ s]Gb|df dfq g/xg] l;4fGt xf] . /fHozlQmdf lx:;]bf/Låf/f ;femf ;'zf;g sfod ug'{ ;ª\3Lotfsf] p2]Zo xf] . ;ª\3Lotfsf] ljZj cEof;sf] af/]df cWoog ubf{ s]Gb| / /fHo ;/sf/ aLr zlQmsf] :ki6 ljefhgåf/f cnu–cnu Joj:yf u/L k|ltikwf{d"ns bf]xf]/f] ;ª3Lotf -Duel Federalism_ hf] cd]l/sf h:tf d'n'sn] cEof; ul//x]sf] hl6n :j¿ksf] ;ª\3Lotf Psftkm{ 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ s]Gb| / k|b]z Pjd\ k|b]z–k|b]z Ps csf{df cGt/lge{/ eO{ Ps csf{k|lt ;xof]uL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ hd{gLsf] h:tf] ;xof]ufTds :j¿ksf] ;ª\3Lotf -Co-Operative Federalism_ b]lvG5 . o;}u/L ;a} k|b]zx¿nfO{ ;dfg clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] -Symmetric Federalism_ sf] ;ª\3Lo :j¿k b]lvG5 eg] ;a} k|b]znfO{ ;dfg clwsf/ glbO{ s]xL 36La9L clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf -Asymmetric Federalism_ klg k|rngdf b]lvG5 .

o; k[i7e"lddf cGo d'n'ssf] cg'ej / g]kfnsf] kl/j]znfO{ x]bf{ g]kfnsf] lglDt ;ª\3Lo Joj:yf ckgfpFbf ;xof]ufTds ;ª\3Lotf g} ckgfpg' plrt x'g ;S5 . ;ª\3Lo zf;g Joj:yf ckgfpFbf clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8sf ;DaGwdf :ki6 ljefhg ug{ ;lsPg, ;fdYo{tfnfO{ Vofn} gu/L k|b]zsf] lgwf{/0f ul/of] jf k|b]zsf] j}1flgs ;LdfÍg / k|zf;sLo ;'udtfnfO{ Wofg g} lbOPg eg] ;ª\3Lotf cfkm}df ;d:of aGg ;Sb5 . o;}n] ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfnfO{ cfTd;ft ubf{ s]Gb|, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf aLr clwsf/sf] :ki6 ljefhg, ;|f]t ;fwg kl/rfng / afF8kmfF8sf] plrt Joj:yf, ljjfb pTkGg x'g glbg] / pTkGg ePdf ;dfwfgsf] ljz]if ;+oGq lgdf{0f, ;3+, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] lglDt cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/Lsf] aGbf]j:t, Ps csf{k|ltsf] lge{/tf / ;dGjo h:tf ljleGg kIfnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] :ki6 ¿kdf ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 .

;ª\3Lo Joj:yfdf sd{rf/L k|aGw ;ª\3Lo /fHo Joj:yf ckgfPsf d'n'sx¿df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf d"ne"t kIfx¿ ;+ljwfgdf g} pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . blIf0f clkm|sfsf] ;+ljwfg -wf/f !(%_ n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfx¿ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotfsf cfwf/df ;~rfng x'g], of] ;a} txsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g -s]Gb|, k|b]z, :yfgLo_ df nfu" x'g], ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfng ubf{ Jofj;flos, g}ltstf, ldtJolotf, lgikIftf, :jR5tf, ;dGoflostf, k"jf{u|x/lxttf, hjfkmb]lxtf, pQ/bfloTj, kf/bzL{tf, ;xeflutfd"ns, dfgj ;+zfwgsf] k|a4{g / j[lQ ljsf;df cfwfl/t, of]Uotf j:t'lgi7, :jR5tf / Jofkstfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ s'/f plNnlvt 5 . blIf0f clkm|sfsf] ;+ljwfgn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfdf k|b]zsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/Lsf] egf{, ;¿jf, a9'jf, jvf{;L ;DaGwL Joj:yf k|fb]lzs sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 .

blIf0f clk|msfsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ##,#$,#^ n] sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf ;DaGwdf ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L sd{rf/Lsf ljjfbx¿ x]g{ k|zf;sLo Gofoflws/0fsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ cfTd;ft

419

u/]sf] 5 . dn]lzofdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf ;DaGwdf k|fb]lzs sfg'gn] k|b]zleqsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dn]l;ofsf] ;+ljwfgn] -wf/f !##_ k|b]zsf] cfu|xdf ;ª\3åf/f Ps eGbf a9L k|b]zsf lglDt / s]Gb| ;d]tsf lglDt ;ª\3Lo sfg'gåf/f sd{rf/Lsf] aGbf]j:t ldnfpg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ;DaGwdf ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ ;ª\3 / k|b]zsf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] aGbf]j:t s]Gb|Lo ljwflosL sfg'gåf/f ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . ef/tLo Joj:yfdf s]Gb|Lo ;]jf, k|fb]lzs ;]jf / clvn ef/t ;]jf -All India Service_ u/L tLg lsl;dsf ;]jfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . s]Gb|Lo ;]jf cGtu{t n]vf k/LIf0f / n]vf ;]jf, /fh:j, eG;f/, jg / cGtz'Ns ;]jf, /Iff h:tf ljleGg @( j6f ;]jf 5g\ . k|fb]lzs ;]jf k|fb]lzs sfg'gn] Jojl:yt ub{5 . clvn ef/t ;]jf cGtu{t s]Gb| / k|b]z b'a} txdf vl6g] sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ef/tLo Joj:yfdf k|zf;g / Gofo ;]jf;d]tdf s]Gb| / k|b]zsf lglDt ;femf ;]jf u7g ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] ef/tn] /fli6«o PstfnfO{ alnof] agfpg] p2]Zo cg'¿ksf] sd{rf/Lsf] cGt/ k|b]z tyf s]Gb| / k|b]z aLr :yfgfGt/0fsf] ;d]t Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . sd{rf/L egf{sf lglDt s]Gb| / k|b]zdf ;ª\3Lo nf]s;]jf cfof]u / k|fb]lzs nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L k|b]zsf lglDt klg k|b]zx¿sf] ;xdltaf6 ;+o'Qm ¿kdf Pp6} nf]s;]jf cfof]u u7g ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 .

/fHo k'g/;+/rgfdf lghfdtL ;]jf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] /fHosf] k'g/;+/rgf u/L d'n'snfO{ ;ª\3fTds zf;g Joj:yfdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . d'n's ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfdf ¿kfGt/0f x'Fbf ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f u/L tbg'¿k sd{rf/Lsf] aGbf]j:t ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . d'n'ssf] ;ª\3Lo 9fFrf :ki6 geO{ sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] :j¿k, ;ª\u7g / s]Gb| / k|b]z ;]jfsf] cGt/;DaGw lgSof}{n ug'{ ckl/kSs x'G5 . tyflk /fHo txaf6 o; ;DaGwdf u[xsfo{ eO/fVg' Tolts} cfjZos / ;fGble{s 5 . o; ;DaGwdf k|zf;g k'gM ;+/rgf cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)^& n] k|:tfj u/]sf] b]xfosf] :j¿k leq /xL lgisif{df k'Ug' ;fGble{s g} x'g] b]lvG5 .

:yfgLo lghfdtL ;]jf

Kf|fb]lzs lghfdtL ;]jf

;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf

/fli6«o lghfdtL

lghfdtL ;]jf

cfof]ux¿, ;ldltx¿, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿

420

s= /fli6«o lghfdtL ;]jf

/fli6«o Pstf / cv08tfnfO{ dha't /fVb} /fli6«o l;4fGt, gLlt tyf dfkb08x¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug{, k/:k/ ;fem]bf/L, ;dGjo, cGt/;DaGw, ljZjf;, ;"rgfsf] cfbfg k|bfgsf lglDt, g]t[Tj tyf Ifdtf ljsf; Pj+ k|b]z / s]Gb|aLrsf] sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{ ;dGjo, lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg /fli6«o lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g ug{' pko'Qm b]lvG5 . ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{] d'Vo p2]Zosf ;fy u7g ul/g] /fli6«o lghfdtL ;]jf ;ª\3 tyf k|b]z b'a} txsf nflu ;femf¿kdf u7g x'g] ;]jf xf] . ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg /fli6«o lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf k|lzlIft / cg'ejL k|zf;snfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ ljleGg txsf lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{ ug{] u/L k7fpg / ;ª\3Lo tyf cGt/k|fb]lzs :t/df cfk;L ;xof]u tyf ;b\efjsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ h¿/L x'G5 .

v= ;ª\3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf

;ª\3Lo ;/sf/sf] lgoldt sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ ;ª\3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf u7g ul/g' kg]{ x'G5 . ;ª\3Lo lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;ª\3Lo k|zf;g ;]jf, ;ª\3Lo /fh:j ;]jf, ;ª\3Lo k//fi6« ;]jf, ;ª\3Lo Gofo ;]jf, ;ª\3Lo n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jf, ;ª\3Lo ljljw ;]jf nufot cfjZostf cg';f/ cGo ;]jfx¿ /xg ;S5g\ . o:tf ;]jfx¿sf] k|f/lDes u7g ;femf ;]jfaf6 :yfgfGtl/t x'g] sd{rf/Lx¿af6 x'g' kb{5 / gofF sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm ;ª\3Lo nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/af6 x'g] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

u= k|fb]lzs lghfdtL ;]jf

k|fb]lzs sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog nufotsf cg'¿k k|fb]lzs sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf nflu k|fb]lzs lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g cfjZos x'G5 . k|fb]lzs lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|fb]lzs k|zf;g ;]jf, k|fb]lzs OlGhlgol/Ë ;]jf, k|fb]lzs :jf:Yo ;]jf, k|fb]lzs s[lif ;]jf, k|fb]lzs lzIff ;]jf nufot cfjZostf cg';f/ cGo ;]jfx¿ /xg ;S5g\ . ;ª\3Lo lghfdtL ;]jfdf em}+ o:tf k|fb]lzs ;]jfx¿sf] u7g ;femf ;]jfaf6 :yfgfGtl/t x'g] sd{rf/Lx¿af6 x'g] / gofF sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm k|fb]lzs nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df k|fb]lzs ;/sf/af6 x'g] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

3= :yfgLo lghfdtL ;]jf

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;xof]u ug{ :yfgLo lghfdtL ;]jfdf /xg] k|fljlws sd{rf/Lx¿sf] k|f/lDes Joj:yf eg] k|fb]lzs ;]jfx¿af6} ul/+bf sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg ;xh x'g] b]lvG5 . k|zf;g tyf sfg'g, ;'/Iff tyf lg/LIf0f, of]hgf tyf ljsf;, /fh:j ;+sng / gful/s ;]jf k|bfo h:tf ljifodf cfwfl/t /x]/ :yfgLo lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsf; ug{' pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

;ª\3Lo 9fFrfsf ljleGg txdf u7g ul/g] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] egf{ k|s[ofdf Ps¿ktf sfod u/L Jojl:yt agfpg lgDg ljifox¿nfO{ cfwf/ agfpg' pko'Qm x'g;S5 M–

� lghfdtL ;]jfsf] egf{ / 5gf}6 k|s[ofdf ;/nLs/0f u/L ;a]} txsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df dfq x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ .

421

� /fli6«o / ;ª\3Lo ;]jfsf kbdf ;]jf k|j]zsf nflu d'n'sel/sf gful/sx¿ of]Uo x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo ;]jfsf kbx¿df ;DalGwt k|b]z / :yfgLo jfl;GbfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] Joj:yf ug]{ . cGo k|b]z jf :yfgLo lgsfodf :yfoL a;f]af; ePsf gful/s k|j]z ug{ OR5's eO{ l;kmfl/; ePdf h'g k|b]z jf :yfgLo ;]jfdf k|j]z u/]sf] xf] ToxL+ g} ;]jf/t /xg' kg]{ Joj:yf ug]{] .

� /fli6«o, ;ª\3Lo ;]jfsf kbx¿df lglZrt k|ltzt k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] ;d]t efu lng kfpg] u/L cfGtl/s k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIffaf6 k"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

� lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;du| sfo{;Dkfbg :t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg ;a} txsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf clws[td'vL k|zf;gsf] ljsf; ug]{ gLlt lng] .

;ª\3Lo Joj:yf nfu" ePkl5 u7g ul/g] ljleGg txsf lghfdtL ;]jfx¿df xfn sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f / ;dfof]hg ug{ lgDg cfwf/x¿ cjnDag ug{' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 M–

� ;ª\3Lo ;+ljwfg nfu" ePkl5 jt{dfg lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ xfnsf ;]jf ;d"x oyfjt sfod /fvL ;femf lghfdtL ;]jfdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{, gofF u7g x'g] ;ª\3Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo lghfdtL ;]jfsf ldNbf ;]jf ;d"xdf ;femf ;]jfaf6 sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg ug]{,

� ;femf ;]jfaf6 cGo ;]jfdf ljz]if u/L :yfgLo / k|fGtLo ;]jfdf hfgsf nflu cfsif{s cfwf/x¿ lgwf{/0f ug]{,

� sd{rf/LnfO{ ;fljssf] ;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwfdf km/s gkg]{ Joj:yf ug]{, � ;ª\3Lotf nfu" ePkl5 ljleGg txdf /xg] gofF ;]jfx¿sf] klxrfg / u7g

gx'Gh]n;Dd ;femf ;]jfx¿af6 g} sd{rf/L ljleGg txsf ;/sf/ cGtu{t sfhdf /xg] Joj:yf ug{] .

� /fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf] k|f¿k to ePkl5 /fli6«o, ;ª\3Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo ;]jfdf dfu, cfjZostf, ldtJolotf / pTkfbsTj h:tf kIfx¿nfO{ dgg u/L sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg, ldnfg / ;dfof]hg ug{] .

� sd{rf/LnfO{ ;ª\3Lo, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo ;]jfdWo] s'g ;]jfdf /xg] xf] lglZrt ;do tf]sL 5gf}6sf] cj;/ lbg], sd{rf/Lsf] OR5f, cg'ej, pd]/, Dfft[efiff, u[x k|b]z / sfo{ bIftfnfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ dfgL ;dfof]hg ug{] .

� b/aGbL ldnfg ug{ g;sL a9L x'g] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;femf ;d"xdf /fvL cfjZostf cg';f/ ;ª\3 jf k|b]zdf v6fpg] / cjsfz jf cGo s'g} dfWodaf6 kb l/Qm ePdf :jtM vf/]h ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

� ldnfg kl5 afFsL /xg uPdf To:tf sd{rf/LnfO{ yk ;'ljwf ;lxt :j]lR5s cjsfz of]hgf -Golden Handshake_ nfu" u/L cjsfzsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

422

kl/R5]b–@#

lgisif{ tyf ;'emfjx¿ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g /fHosf] gLlt lgod nfu" ug{] dxTjk"0f{ ;+oGq xf] . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf ;g\ !(^) sf] bzs;Dd æDofS; j]a/Æsf] sd{rf/LtGqLo k4ltsf] g} af]njfnf /x]sf] df !(^* df ;DkGg cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng -Minnowbrook Conference) n] gjLg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g -New Public Administration) sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]kZrft ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;fdflhs k|efjsfl/tf, Jofj;flos bIftf / ahf/k|ltsf] ;Dj]bgzLntfsf] ljifon] dxTj kfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf cfPsf] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ Joj:yfksLo ;'wf/df hf]8 lbPsf] / oxL bzsdf gjLg ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg -New Public Management) k4lt jf Joj:yfkgjfb -Managerialism) sf] k|efj k/]sf] kfOG5 . ;g\ @))) b]lvsf] ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf / ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t /xL ;f]xL cg';f/ ljsl;t x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . To;}u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g cfw'lgstf -Modernism_ af6 gjcfw'lgstf -Neo modernism or Post modernism) tkm{ cu|;/ x'Fb} uPsf] / ljZjJofkstf, gful/ssf] JolQmut :jtGqtf, ;"rgf / ;~rf/ k4ltsf] lj:tf/ / clwstd\ pkof]u, lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] b|'t ljsf;, gful/sdf cfPsf] r]tgf / hfu/0fn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] k/Dk/fut e"ldsfdf kl/jt{g cfO{ ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L Pjd\ sfo{d"ns ;~hfnsf] lqmofzLntf a9]sf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;do ;fk]If / k|efjsf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ljZj;gLo agfpgsf nflu k|zf;lgs ;'wf/ lg/Gt/ k|lqmof xf] . s'g} Ps sfnv08df ul/Psf ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ ;Fw}sf nflu zfZjt x'g ;Sb}gg\ . ;dsfnLg kl/j]zdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g;Fu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/sf k|fyldstfdf ;d]t kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /xG5 . g]kfndf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu ul/Psf ljutsf k|of;x¿sf] klg cf–cfkm\g} k[i7e"ld /

423

k|fyldstf /x]sf] 5 . d'n'sdf ePsf ;+j}wflgs kl/jt{g, zf;g k4ltdf ug'{ kg]{ km]/abn, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL gLltut, sfg'gL, sfo{ljlwut Pjd\ Jojxf/hGo ljifox¿df ug'{ kg]{ ;'wf/ Pjd\ ;ª\3fTds zf;gtkm{ ¿kfGt/0f x''Fbf ckgfpg' kg]{ pkfox¿ ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L kl/jlt{t kl/j]zdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] p2]Zon] o; ;ldltåf/f ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ klxrfg u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfjx¿ tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'wf/ eGg' g} d'Vo–d'Vo ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf Jofj;flos ¿kdf ;Ifd, pTk]|l/t / pRr dgf]jno'Qm, sfo{;Dkfbgo'Qm / ;]jf k|jfx ug{ ;Sg] gful/sk|lt hjfkmb]xL Pj+ e"d08nLo ;Ifdtfsf] :t/ ePsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ljsf; ug'{ g} xf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ax'cfoflds k|efjsfl/tf ck]lIft 5 . g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ljZjJofkLs/0f tyf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f, ;'zf;g, dfgj clwsf/, /fHo k'g/;+/rgf, ;dfj]zLs/0f, gjLg ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg, lghL If]q;Fusf] ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L, ;"rgf / ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, h:tf gjLgtd\ dfGotfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;Ifd aGg'kb{5 . g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf Jofj;flos ;Ifdtf / gful/sk|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj, sfo{;Dkfbg / ;]jfsf] ;+:sf/sf] cefj, sfo{;Dkfbg Joj:yfkg k4ltsf] sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg' kl/jt{g / ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ ;+:yfut / Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf gx'g', /fhgLlt / k|zf;g aLrsf] ;DaGw sfo{d"ns x'g g;Sg', ;dfj]zLs/0f / of]Uotfk|0ffnL aLr tfbfTDotf / ;fd~h:o sfod gx'g', sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQljsf; k"jf{g'dfgof]Uo x'g g;Sg' cflb /x]sf 5g\ . sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg Ifdtf / ;+:sf/ -Performance Culture_ sf] ¿kfGt/0f eGbf ;+/If0f s]lGb|t, /0fgLlts ;'wf/eGbf k|lqmofut ;'wf/ pGd'v, ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L ;Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{eGbf cfkm"leqsf] h6Lntfsf] Joj:yfkgdf s]lGb|t, bft[;d'bfosf] OR5f / bjfjdf -Donor-driven) cfwfl/t, bL3{sfnLg eGbf tfTsfnLg Wo]o k|flKtdf ;Lldt /x]sf] k|ltt x'G5 .

g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf clwsf/ / ;fwg >f]t tyf cj;/sf] s]Gb|Ls/0fn] ubf{ sd{rf/Lx¿ ;]jfs]Gb|df eGbf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf sfof{nox¿df /xg a9L ¿rfpg] k|j[lQ b]lvG5 . kmn:j¿k g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljs]lGb|t eGbf s]Gb|Ls/0ftkm{ pGd'v x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . gful/ssf] glhs eO{ cfwf/e"t ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ lgsfox¿ clwsf/ / ;fwg;|f]t, hgzlQm, :jfoQtf, lg0f{o Ifdtf, dgf]jn / pTk|]/0ff cflbdf sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ . gful/sdf k|ToIf ¿kdf ;]jf lbg] lgsfo / sfo{:yndf sd{rf/L gx'g' / s]Gb|df sfdsf] rfk eGbf a9L ;+Vofdf sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf x'g' h:tf cj:yfn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf x|f; cfPsf] 5 . ;dodfg} uDeL/ gx'g] xf] eg] of] qmd cem a9\g] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf Jofks /fhgLlts/0fsf sf/0f Jofj;flos ¿kdf ;Ifd, gful/sk|lt pQ/bfoL / glthfd"ns ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g g;ls/x]sf] ;DaGwdf To;tkm{ Wofg hfg' h¿/L 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ultzLn / sfo{d"ns t'Nofpg /fli6«o /0fgLlts of]hgf jf u'¿of]hgf ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutfd"ns Pj+ Jofks k/fdz{sf cfwf/df th'{df u/L Jojl:yt / of]hgfa4 kl/rfngsf] ;f]r /fVg' h¿/L 5 . o;df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] /0fgLlts lbzf, ;+/rgfut Joj:yf, k4ltut ;'wf/, sfo{;Dkfbg ;+:sf/, Jofjxfl/s pTs[i6tf h:tf kIfdf tTsfnLg ljsf;fTds / bL3{sfnLg ;'wf/ / ¿kfGt/0fsf] of]hgf

424

cfjZos 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] /0fgLlts ;'wf/ tkm{ hgzlQm ljsf; tyf kl/rfngsf] of]hgf, ;]jf ;DaGwL s]Gb|Lo gLlt tyf ljleGg If]qut /0fgLlts of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ h¿/L 5 . s]Gb|Ls[t ;+/rgfnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls[t ;+/rgfdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L ;]jfd"ns / sfo{;Dkfbgd"ns t'NofOg' kb{5 . ;]jfsf] gLltut txdf sfo{sf/L Ifdtf ;lxtsf] PsLs[t ;+/rgf / txdf sfo{ut txdf Jofj;flos Ifdtf / ljlzi6Ls[t bIftf;lxtsf] ljz]ifLs[t ;]jfsf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf k4ltut ;'wf/df sfo{;Dkfbg k4lt nfu" ug]{, sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t tnj k|0ffnL, ljefuLo k|d'v / sfof{no k|d'vdf sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/sf] Joj:yf, If]qut ljlzi6tf / ljz]if1tfsf] ljsf; / pkof]u ug]{ lsl;dn] ;¿jf / kb:yfkgfsf] Joj:yf, k"j{ cg'dfgof]Uo a9'jf tyf j[lQljsf;–k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjog, 1fg, ;Lk / bIftfsf] ;dofg's"n ljsf; x'g] u/L ;a}n] ;dfg ¿kdf k|lzIf0f kfpg] Joj:yf, sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL, ;dfj]zLs/0f / of]Uotf k|0ffnL aLr ;fd~h:o sfod ug{sf nflu cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t k4lt lgdf{0f, sfo{sf/L g]t[Tj ljsf; h:tf kIfdf ;'wf/ cfjZos 5 . g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] ck]Iff u/] cgs"n tyf ljZjJofkL d"No, dfGotf / :t/ cg';f/sf] t'Nofpg cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\u7gx¿df k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/df sd{rf/LnfO{ sfd ug{ k7fpg] Joj:yf u/L ;Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{ k4ltsf] ;d]t cjnDag cfjZos 5 . ;]jfdf sfo{d"ns ;+:sf/, glthfk|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4, ;sf/fTds ;f]r / k|j[lQsf] ljsf;, sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxgfTds Joj:yf, ;bfrf/ k4ltsf] cjnDag, j:t'ut cfwf/df k'/:sf/ / ;sf/fTds k'i6Ls/0f, cfr/0f / Jojxf/;DaGwL dfkb08 lgdf{0f, pknAw 1fgsf] ;xL Joj:yfkg tyf gjLg 1fgsf] ljsf; u/L gjk|jt{g / ;[hgfTds IfdtfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] Joj:yf x'g' h¿/L 5 .

k|:t't k|ltj]bgdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff / cEof;sf af/]df dfly ljleGg kl/R5]bdf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] cledt Pjd\ ljleGg lgsfox¿af6 k|fKt ;'emfjx¿ ;d]tnfO{ o;df ;d'lrt ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . lj1x¿af6 k|fKt ePsf /rgfTds ;'emfj, l6Kk0fL / ljrf/n] k|ltj]bgnfO{ k"0f{ agfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . k|ltj]bgdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ a9L hjfkmb]xL, glthfd"ns, ;]jfd'vL / ljsf;d}qL agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fvL ;'wf/sf If]q klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf d"ne"t If]qx¿sf] k[i7e"ld, jt{dfg cj:yf, ;d:ofsf] klxrfg / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf ;DaGwdf gLltut ;'emfj ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

;ldltnfO{ lbOPsf] sfof{b]zsf] cwLgdf /xL ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL / hgpQ/bfoL agfpg ljBdfg ;fË7lgs ;+/rgf, sfg'g / gLltut ljifodf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/sf ljifox¿ o;df ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ Jofj;flos, u'0f:t/Lo / ;]jfu|fxLk|lt lhDd]jf/ agfpg ul/g'kg]{ ;+:yfut / hgzlQm ;'wf/sf ljifonfO{ o;df ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jf, j[lQ ljsf;, ;¿jfnfO{ cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg / lgoGq0f k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg] ;DaGwdf jt{dfg sfg'gL Joj:yf / k|lqmofdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf 6«]8 o"lgogsf] e"ldsf / ltgdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/sf ljifox¿ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . b'u{d If]qdf ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ul/g'kg]{ k|lqmof / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg -Diversity Management_ ug{ ckgfpg' kg]{ pkfox¿ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ j:t'ut / j}1flgs agfpg dfkg ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug]{, ;]jf s/f/

425

;DaGwdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ljifox¿nfO{ k|:t't k|ltj]bgdf ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5 . ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿, cg'ejL k|zf;sx¿, ljifout lj1x¿ Pjd\ ;DalGwt If]q / txsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf, k/fdz{, ;'emfj Pjd\ ;xof]udf tof/ ul/Psf] k|:t't k|ltj]bgdf ljBdfg j:t'l:yltsf] ;d'lrt ;dLIff ub{} Jofjxfl/s ;'emfj k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ljifout¿kdf ljleGg zLif{sdf cl3Nnf kl/R5]bx¿df ljifoj:t'sf] ;d'lrt ljZn]if0f ub}{ ;f] If]qdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfjx¿ ;d]t ;d]l6Psf] 5 . o; kl/R5]bdf plNnlvt ;'emfjx¿nfO{ ;+If]kLs/0f u/L b]xfosf ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M–

;'zf;gsf lglDt ;+ljwfgdf g} ;'lglZrt x'g'kg]{ cfwf/e"t ljifox¿ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] dof{bf clej[l4 u/L d'n'sdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;+ljwfgdf g} s]xL cfwf/e"t kIfsf] k|Tofe"lt h¿/L 5 . d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfngsf] nflu dfu{ lgb]{zg ug]{ d"n b:tfj]h ;+ljwfg xf] . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ Jojl:yt ;~rfngsf gLltut Pjd\ cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfx¿ ;+ljwfgaf6 g} ;'lglZrt x'g' pko'Qm x'G5 . To;}n] ;+ljwfgn] g} b]xfosf ljifox¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 M–

s= nf]stGq, gful/s ;jf]{Rrtf, ;'zf;g, sfg'gL zf;g, zlQmsf] k[ysLs/0f, lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ng, :jtGq Gofokflnsf, cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/, k|]; :jtGqtf nufotsf d"No / dfGotf g} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfngsf cfwf/ x'g] ;'lglZrt x'g' kb{5 . ;+j}wflgs d"Nox¿ lqmofzLn x'g ;Sg] u/L zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfngsf ljlw / k|lqmof lgwf{/0f ul/g' kb{5 . /fHosf lgsfox¿ pQ/bfoL, kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xL, cg'dfgof]Uo / sfg'gL zf;gsf dfGotfx¿ k|lt k|lta4 x'g'kg]{ u/L ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt ul/g' kb{5 .

v= pQ/bfoL, lhDd]jf/, hgtfsf] oyfy{ efjgfsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Sg] u/L ljwflosfsf] u7gsf lglDt lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf ;fdlos ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{g cfjZos b]lvG5 . nf]stGqsf] cfwf/zLnfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] cfjlws lgjf{rg :jR5 lgikIf ¿kdf ;DkGg ug{ Pjd\ of]Uo JolQmnfO{ ljwflosfdf rog ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu pDd]b\jf/sf] of]Uotf / cof]Uotfsf] :ki6 dfkb08 ;+ljwfgåf/f g} :ki6 lgwf{/0f ul/g' kb{5 . uDeL/ lsl;dsf kmf}hbf/L ck/fwsf] cleof]udf sfjf{xL ePsf JolQmnfO{ Joj:yflksfdf cfpg gkfpg] u/L ;+ljwfgn] g} /f]s nufpg] u/L :ki6 dfu{bz{g ug'{ pko['Qm x'G5 . lgjf{rgnfO{ ;a}sf] kx'Frof]Uo agfpg lgjf{rg;DaGwL k4lt, k|lqmof ;DalGwt P]g sfg'gdf ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . lgjf{rg dxFuf] ePdf e|i6frf/ a9\g] / cGttM ;'zf;g ;xh gx'g] sf/0f lgjf{rgdf ul/g] cGwfw'Gw vr{ /f]Sg] :ki6 Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .

u= ljutsf k|ltj]bgx¿n] dGqfnosf] ;ª\Vof s6f}tLsf nflu ;'emfj lbPsf ePklg ck]lIft ¿kdf dGqfnosf] ;ª\Vof s6f}tL x'g ;s]sf] 5}g, a¿ qmdzM a9\b} uPsf] cj:yf 5 . of] ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ dGqfno tyf dGqLsf] ;+Vofsf ;DaGwdf ;+j}wflgs Pjd\ ljwflosf lgld{t P]gåf/f :ki6 dfu{bz{g x'g' kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . ljutsf] cg'ejaf6 /fhgLlts efuj08f / ;Qf :jfy{sf cfwf/df /fhgLlts lg0f{oaf6 dGqfnosf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug]{ Pjd\ cfjZos ¿kdf ljgf ljefuLo dGqLx¿ ;d]t lgo'Qm ug]{ ul/Psf] b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% n] ;+ljwfgdf g} dGqLsf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cg'ej Pjd\ cGo sltko d'n'sn] ;d]t

426

;+ljwfg / ljwflosL P]gåf/f g} sfo{kflnsfsf] ;+/rgf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cEof; ;d]tnfO{ pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf lnO{ ;+ljwfgåf/f g} sfo{kflnsfsf] d"ne"t ;+/rgf, ljz]ifu/L dGqfno / dGqLsf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ul/g' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . d'n's ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf ¿kfGt/0f x'Fbf s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ ;d]t 36\g] x'Fbf ;f]xL cg';f/ s]Gb|df ;fgf] ;+Vofsf] dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgn] ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

3= :jtGq / ;Ifd Gofokflnsf nf]stGqsf] cfwf/zLnf xf] . of] ;+j}wflgs kl/kf6Lsf] ;+/Ifs / gful/s xs clwsf/sf] kl/kfns klg xf] . Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu Gofokflnsfsf] ;+/rgfTds Pjd\ lqmofTds :jtGqtfsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g' kb{5 . o;sf nflu GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQm, c;Ifdtf / v/fa cfr/0fsf ;DaGwdf sf/jfxLsf] Joj:yf / ;]jf zt{ ;'ljwfsf] lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;+ljwfgn] cGt/f{li6«o dfGo l;4fGt / d"No dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug'{ kb{5 . ljz]iftM GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQmsf nflu ;+ljwfgåf/f g} j:t'ut ¿kdf d"NofÍg ug{ ;lsg] :ki6 of]Uotf, cfwf/ / dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug{' cfjZos 5 . Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtfsf] k|lts"n x'g ;Sg], cfkm\gf] dgf]ut cfsf+Iff k"/f ug]{, :jfy{sf] åGå -Conflict of Interest_ b]lvg] vfnsf cEof;x¿ x'g g;Sg] u/L ;+ljwfgdf :ki6 cfwf/ lgwf{/0f ul/g' kb{5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz jf k|wfg GofofwZLn] pd]/sf] xbaf6 cjsfz ePkl5 km]/L csf]{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg ;Sg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf /fVg jf~5gLo gx'g] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf cfTd;ft ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

ª= :yfgLo lgsfo ljsf; / nf]stGqsf] cfwf/:tDe xf] . zf;g Joj:yfdf cTolws hg;xeflutf k|a4{g ug]{ cfwf/ :yfgLo lgsfon] k|bfg u/]sf] x'G5 . :yfgLo :t/sf] cfjZostfsf] klxrfg, ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;Íng Pjd\ Joj:yfkg / kl/rfng, :yfgLo ljsf; / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0fsf nflu d'Vo lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ :yflkt ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf nflu :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;+ljwfgdf g} :yfgLo lgsfosf] txut ;+/rgf, lgjf{rg k|0ffnL, u7g, zlQm / clwsf/, kbfjlw, :jfoQtf h:tf ljifox¿ :ki6 ¿kdf ;'lglZrt x'g'kb{5 .

r= ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ug]{ cfwf/ xf] . of] pQ/bfoL, hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{ / lgikIf¿kdf ;~rfng x'g'kb{5 . ;+ljwfg / sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] lhDd]jf/L j:t'ut ¿kdf lgjf{x ug{ cfjZos ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf cfwf/e"t d"Nox¿ -Core Values_ nfO{ ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v u/L ;'zf;g :yfkgf ug]{ cfwf/ k|bfg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . blIf0f clk|msf nufotsf nf]stflGqs d'n'ssf ;+ljwfgx¿n] cjnDag u/]sf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfngsf cfwf/e"t d"Nox¿ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg ;fGble{s x'g ;S5g\ . nf]stflGqs d"No, dfGotf / l;4fGtdf ;dlk{t, Jofj;flos, bIf, ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pRrtd\ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg], ljsf;k|lt k|lta4, :jR5, ;dtfd"ns, k"jf{u|x/lxt, ;xeflutfd"ns, pQ/bfoL, kf/bzL{, j[lQljsf;sf cfwf/x¿n] o'Qm, k|ltlglwd"ns, of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t sfg'gåf/f ;~rflnt, sfo{;Dkfbgdf lgikIf, /fhgLlts ¿kdf t6:y, ;]jfk|lt ;dlk{t, OdfGbf/, j:t'ut ¿kdf lg0f{o ug]{, ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{ Pjd\ k|lti7fk"0f{ ;]jfsf] ¿kdf lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ljsf; ul/g' kg]{ h:tf s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] dof{bf / Jofj;flostfsf] ljsf; u/L gful/sk|lt pQ/bfoL k|zf;gsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;+ljwfgåf/f dfu{bz{g ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

427

5= k|zf;sLo sfd sf/jfxL pk/sf ljjfbsf] ;'g'jfO{ ug{ / k|zf;sLo sfg'gsf] j}wtf k/LIf0f ug{sf nflu ef/t, hd{gL nufotsf sltko b]zx¿n] cEof; u/]sf] k|zf;sLo Gofoflws/0f ;DaGwL cg'ej g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . k|zf;sLo k|s[ltsf ljjfbx¿n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] sfo{af]emdf k/]sf] k|lts"n k|efjn] d'2fsf] lsgf/fdf u/]sf] l9nf;':tL ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L o:tf ljjfbx¿sf] sfjf{xL / lsgf/fsf nflu clwsf/;DkGg k|zf;sLo GofofwLs/0fsf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgåf/f g} ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . Gofoflws/0fdf kb]g kbflwsf/L /fVg] kl/kf6L cGTo u/L Jofj;flos 1fg, ;Lk / cg'ej ePsf :jtGq JolQm lgo'lQm x'g'kb{5 .

h= ;+j}wflgs cË Pjd\ ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿n] cfkm\gf] sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kn] ;Dkfbg ug{sf nflu To:tf lgsfox¿nfO{ ;+/rgfut Pjd\ sfof{Tds :jtGqtfsf ;fy} cfjZos ;|f]t, ;fwg / bIf hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . oL cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg x'g] u/L ;+ljwfgn] ljz]if k|aGw ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . ;+j}wflgs lgsfonfO{ kbflwsf/L ljxLg gx'g] u/L l/Qm x'g' eGbf Ps dlxgf cufl8 kbk"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ nufotsf ljifo ;+ljwfgdf :ki6 ¿kdf ;dfj]z ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

em= d'n's ;ª\3fTds zf;g k4ltdf ¿kfGt/0f x'g] lbzflgb]{z g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;ª\3fTds ;+/rgfdf ¿kfGt/0f x'Fbf df}h'bf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;d]t ;dfof]hg Pjd\ Joj:yfkg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg Pjd\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;+ljwfgn] dfu{bz{s cfwf/x¿ lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . ef/tLo ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #!@, #!# df ul/Psf Joj:yf h:t} cfufdL ;+ljwfgn] df}h'bf sd{rf/LnfO{ ljleGg k|b]z Pjd\ :yfgLo ;/sf/df ;dfof]hg ubf{ pgLx¿n] k|fKt ul//x]sf ;]jf zt{ / ;'ljwfdf dsf{ kg]{ u/L km]/abn gul/g] / ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff ul/g] u/L ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt ul/g' kb{5 .

`= /fli6«o ;'/Iff, k|lt/Iff / j}b]lzs gLlt nufot /fli6«o :jfy{;Fu ufFl;Psf ljifo hf] ;'zf;gsf lglDt ;d]t cfjZos kg]{ dfGotfx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgdf g} ;Daf]wg ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

/fi6«klt / pk/fi6«klt sfof{nosf] ;'b[9Ls/0f d'n'sdf u0ftGq :yflkt ePkl5 :yfkgf ePsf] /fi6«klt sfof{nonfO{ /fi6«kltsf] ;+j}wflgs e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;xh x'g] u/L yk ;'b[9Ls/0f ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;, gofF k|ljlwsf] cjnDag, ;|f]t ;fwg / hgzlQmsf] pknAwtf, hgzlQmsf] bIftf ljsf; h:tf sfo{ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . cGo d'n'sn] u/]sf] cEof; ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L /fi6«klt sfof{nosf] ;lrjfnonfO{ yk ;'b[9 agfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . /fi6«kltsf] sfof{nodf x'g] cf}krfl/s ;df/f]xx¿sf] Joj:yfkg plrt lsl;dn] ug{ ;Sg] u/L ;df/f]x :ynsf] k|aGw / /fi6«kltsf] pko'Qm cfjf; ejg Jojl:yt ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . To;}u/L cd]l/sf nufot sltko d'n'sn] pk–/fi6«kltnfO{ lbPsf] e"ldsf ;d]tsf] cWoog u/L sfo{sf/Lsf] e"ldsfdf k|efj gkg]{ u/L / ;f] kbsf] ul/df / dof{bf ;d]t sfod x'g] u/L ljZjljBfnosf] s'nkltsf] e"ldsf h:tf] lhDd]jf/L lbg] ljifodf k'g/fjnf]sg ug{] . pk/fi6«kltsf] ul/df / k|lti7f cg';f/ ;f] sfof{nosf] sfof{no ejg, cfjf;, ef}lts ;|f]t ;fwg, ;'/Iff / hgzlQmsf] ljz]if k|aGw ug]{ .

428

;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgn] ;'lDkPsf] lhDd]jf/L k|efjsf/L¿kdf ;DkGg ug{sf nflu b]xfosf ;'wf/x¿ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 M–

� ;+j}wflgs lgsfonfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd kbflwsf/L ljxLg x'g glbgsf nflu To:tf] kbflwsf/L cjsfz x'g' eGbf Ps dlxgf cufj} lgo'Qm ug]{ . o:tf] lgo'lQm ubf{ ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag ug]{ ;'lglZrttf x'g'kg]{ . ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿n] ;du| /fHo ;+oGq Pjd\ /fHo zlQmsf] k|of]u ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lsf] sfd sf/jfxLsf] lgu/fgL ug]{ lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] sf/0f To:tf] kbdf lgo'lQm ubf{ ;DalGwt lgsfosf] sfo{k|ltsf] ljifout ;Da4tf, cg'ej, lj1tf, ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf cfh{g u/]sf] Voflt, g}lts cfr/0f, pd]/, g]t[Tj Ifdtf, lgle{stf, ljZj;gLotf Pjd\ /fhgLlts c;+nUgtf / lgikIftf h:tf dfkb08 / zt{x¿ ;+ljwfg / sfg'gdf :ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v u/L ;f] cg'¿k ug]{ u/fpg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'kg]{ .

� ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿nfO{ /fHo ;+oGqsf] lgu/fgL ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] ;Gbe{df tL lgsfox¿sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg k|efjsf/L agfpg Pjd\ ;+:yfut Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf] lglDt tt\ tt\ lgsfosf cf–cfkm\g} hgzlQmsf] aGbf]a:t x'g] lsl;daf6 bL3{sfnLg ;f]r /fvL ;f]xL cg'¿k ljBdfg Joj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ .

� ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf sd{rf/Lsf] 5'6\6} ;]jf agfO{ ljz]if1tf cfjZos kg]{ k|s[ltsf] d'Vo sfo{ ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] lgldQ ;d"x u7g ug'{kg]{, ;+j}wflgs lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] kbk"lt{ 5'6\6} lj1fkgsf] dfWodaf6 ul/g' kg]{ .

� ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] sfo{qmdsf cfwf/df ah]6 agfpg lj1 ;lxtsf] ljz]if ;ldlt agfO{ To;sf] l;kmfl/;df cy{ dGqfnoaf6 ah]6 Joj:yf u/L Joj:yflksf–;+;b\n] :jLs[t ug]{ Joj:yf ug'kg]{, o;/L ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd to ubf{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿sf] sfo{af]emsf] cg'kftdf kof{Kt >f]t, ;fwg / hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

� ;+j}wflgs lgsfon] lbPsf] k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt ;'emfjsf] sfof{Gjogsf] k|ult ljj/0f ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ;do–;dodf ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{, lgb]{zg sfof{Gjog gug]{ kbflwsf/LnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfosf] Joj:yf x'g] s'/fsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{ .

� ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] sfd st{Jo clwsf/ ;DaGwL P]gdf d"ne"t s'/fnfO{ dfq ;d]6L sfo{ljlwut s'/fx¿ nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;DalGwt ;+j}wflgs lgsfon] 5'§} lgod agfO{ nfu" ug{ ;Sg] u/L :jfoQtf k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

!= ;fË7lgs ;+/rgf, sfg'g / gLltut ljifodf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/ ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf ;DaGwL

dGqfnosf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f / cGo ;/sf/L ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf l;h{gf ubf{ b]xfosf ljifox¿df Wofg lbOg' kb{5 .

� dGqfnosf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f / cGo ;/sf/L ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf ;[hgf ubf{ ;j{k|yd ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]q lgwf{/0f ug'{ kb{5 . ljZjJofkLs/0f / lghLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ffn] /fHon] ug]{ sfo{If]qdf NofPsf] ;+s'rgnfO{ ljrf/ ug'{ kb{5 .

429

cyf{t lxhf] ;/sf/ cfkm}+n] ub}{ cfPsf sfdsf If]qx¿ h:tf] pTkfbg / ljt/0f ;DaGwL sfdx¿ cfh lghL If]qn] ;/sf/sf] eGbf ldtJooL / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ug{;Sg] cj:yf 5 . o; lsl;dsf If]qx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ;/sf/n] lgodgsf/L e"ldsf k|efjsf/L agfpg ;s]dfq k'Ug] ePsf] 5 . oxfF;DdsL ljutdf ;/sf/n] g} lhDDff lng'kg]{ dflgPsf lzIff / :jf:Yo h:tf cfwf/e"t If]qdf lgHfL If]qsf] ;+nUgtf lagf /fHon] dfq ;]jf lbg g;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtf /fli6«o oyfy{tf / cfjZostf xf] . o;}n] ;/sf/n] cfKfm\gf] sfo{If]qnfO{ ;f+3'/f] kfb}{ a9\tf lgodgsf/L agfP/ hfg] gLlt lng' kb{5 . ;/sf/sf] cg'udgsf/L e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' k5{ . o;af6 ;/sf/L ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfsf] lj:tf/df sdL cfpg]5 .

� ;/sf/n] :jfoQ ;+:yf lgdf{0f ug]{ gfddf 5'6\6} P]g jf u7g cfb]zåf/f cfof]u, k|lti7fg, kl/ifb\, af]8{ Pj+ ;ldlt nufotsf s]Gb|Lo ;+/rgf cGwfw'Gw¿kdf lj:tf/ ug]{ gLlt lng' x+'b}g . kl5NNff] ;dodf o; lsl;dsf ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfsf] j[l4 x'g] qmd a9\bf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 Ps} lsl;dsf] sfd ug{ ;/sf/L ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf / :jfoQ elgPsf ;+:yfx¿sf] pkl:yltn] sfo{;Dkfbgdf bf]xf]/f]kg / ;]jf k|jfxdf cGof]n l;h{gf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] kl/kf6Lsf] cGTo x'g'k5{ .

� ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f gu/L DfGqfno / sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof j[l4 ug]{ sfd plrt xf]Og . o:f lsl;dsf] ;j]{If0f lagf dGqfnosf] ;+Vof j[l4 / sfo{If]q kl/jt{g ul/g' x'Fb}g . o;af6 l;h{gf x'g] cGo ;fË7lgs ;+/rgf Pj+ k|zf;lgs kbx¿sf] a9f]Q/L, If]qflwsf/sf] ljefhg, ;dGjo / lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf klg oyf]lrt Wofg k'¥ofpg} kb{5 . o;}n] /fhgLlts ;dLs/0fsf nflu eGb} :yflkt k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ eTsfpg] sfd ug'{ x'Fb}g .

� dGqfnosf] ;+Vof dfq a9fpFb}df /f]huf/Lsf] >[hgf eOxfNg], u/LaL lgjf/0f Go"gLs/0f x'g], o'jf, dlxnf / >ldssf] ;zlQms/0f / Ifdtf j[l4 eOxfNg] jf zx/Ls/0f / ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;n] km8\sf] dfg]{ h:tf] l:ylt gx'g] x'Fbf d'n'ssf] oyfy{tf nufotsf ljleGg kIfsf] cWoog ;d]tsf cfwf/df b]xfosf !* j6f eGbf a9L dGqfno sfod x'g' pko'Qm b]lvGg M–

xfn sfod /x]sf DfGqfno

Kf|:tfljt DfGqfno l6Kk0fL

!= k|wfgdGqL tyf DflGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no

!= k|wfgdGqL tyf DflGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no

zflGt tyf k'glg{df0f dGqfnosf] zflGt :yfkgf / åGå Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{ a9L /fhgLlts k|s[ltsf] ePsf]n] k|wfgdGqL sfof{non] ug]{ / åGåsfndf Wj:t ePsf k"jf{wf/x¿ ;DalGwt dGqfno / lgsfox¿n] ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] . xfn sfod /x]sf] zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfno vf/]h ug]{ . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)^( df k|wfgdGqL sfof{nosf] sfoIf]qdf plNnlvt ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfof{no, g]kfn 6«i6sf] sfof{no, u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]if, gofF g]kfn lgdf{0f sf]if ToxfFaf6 x6fO{ qmdzM cy{

430

dGqfno, ;+:s[lt dGqfno, s[lif dGqfno / lgdf{0f dGqfno cGtu{t /fVg] . k|wfgdGqL sfof{nonfO{ cg'udg, ;'kl/j]If0f, lg/LIf0f, lgoGq0f, ;dGjo ug]{ e"ldsf lbOg' kg]{ . dGqfnon] ug]{ vfnsf lhDd]jf/L k|wfgdGqL sfof{nodf /fVg' pko'Qm gx'g] . k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{non] k|efjsf/L¿kdf cg'udg / ;dGjosf] sfd ug]{ .

@= cy{ dGqfno @= cy{ dGqfno oyfjt\

#= pBf]u DfGqfno #= pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ DfGqfno

pBf]u dGqfno / jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf] cfwf/e"t sfo{x¿ Ps} k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] / ljutdf klg oL b'a} dGqfnox¿ Pp6} dGqfnodf /x]sf]n] 5'6\ofpg' cf}lrTo"'0f{ b]lvGg . o; If]qdf lghL If]q ;+nUg x'g] ePsf]n] Pp6} dGqfno sfod u/L lgodgsf/L e"ldsf k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

$= pmhf{ dGqfno $=hn>f]t tyf pmhf{ DfGqfno

pmhf{ dGqfno / l;+rfO{ dGqfnonfO{ Pp6} dGqfno sfod u/L o;sf] gfd hn>f]t tyf pmhf{ dGqfno sfod ug{' g} pko'Qm x'g] . o; eGbf cufl8 klg Pp6} hn>f]t dGqfno /x]sf] lyof] . b]zsf] hn>f]tsf] ax'cfolds pkof]u Pp6} dGqfnoaf6 ug]{ gLlt lnOg' kg]{ .

%= sfg'g, Gofo, :f+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno

%= sfg'g tyf Gofo dGqfno

;+ljwfg;ef / ;+;bLo dfldnf ;DaGwL ljifo sfo{If]qdf /fvL gfdaf6 oL zAb x6fpg] . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cfb]z ;d]tsf cfwf/df sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{no of] dGqfnosf] sfo{If]q leq Nofpg] .

^= s[lif ljsf; dGqfno

^= s[lif, Ef"ld Joj:yfkg tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno

s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno / ;xsf/L tyf u/LaL lgjf/0f DfGqfnonfO{ PsLs/0f u/L s[lif, e"ld Joj:yfkg, tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno sfod ul/g' kg]{ . e"ldsf] oyf]lrt Joj:yfkgnfO{ s[lif ljsf;;Fu cfa4 ug{ ;lsG5 . ul/jL lgjf/0f /fli6«o nIo ePsf]n] ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd cGtu{t o; ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L ;DalGwt If]qut dGqfnoaf6 u/LaL lgjf/0f nIopGd'v sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;dGjodf ubf{ pko'Qm x'G5 . o;}u/L u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]if klg /x]sf]n] o; ;DaGwL 5'6\6} dGqfno /xg' cfjZos gb]lvg] .

&= u[x DfGqfno &= u[x DfGqfno oyfjt\, t/ sfo{ ljefhg lgodfjnLdf plNnlvt tLy{:yfg / tLy{ofqL Pjd\ wfdL{s ljifo, ;fj{hlgs pT;j ;DaGwL ljifo u[x dGqfnoaf6 x6fO{ :f+:s[lt tyf ko{6g dGqfno cGtu{t /fVg' plrt x'g] .

*= k//fi6« DfGqfno *=k//fi6« DfGqfno oyfjt

(=Ef"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno

Vff/]h ug]{ o; dGqfnosf] sfo{If]q s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnodf ;dfof]hg ug]{ e"ldsf] oyf]lrt Joj:yfkg / pkof]uaf6

431

b]zsf] s[lif ljsf; / ;xsfl/tf Pp6} dGqfnoaf6 ug]{ .

!)= ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfno

(= ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfno

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfno /fVg] / xfn 5'6} sfod /x]sf] zx/L ljsf; dGqfnosf] sfd o; dGqfnodf g} ldnfg ul/g' kg]{ . lsgsL zx/L ljsf; ;DaGwL ljifo o; cufl8 klg ef}lts of]hgf dGqfno cGtu{t /x]sf] lyof] . csf]{ tkm{ zx/L ljsf;sf] sfo{ gu/kflnsfx¿n] a9L :jfoQ ¿kdf klg ub}{ cfPsf]n] zx/L ljsf; ;DaGwL 5'§} dGqfno u7g ul/g' cf}lrTok"0f{ gb]lvg] .

!!= Dflxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f DfGqfno

!)= Dflxnf, afnjflnsf, cNk;+Vos tyf ;dfhsNof0f DfGqfno

Dflxnfx¿sf] ;du| cj:yfsf] ;'wf/ / afnaflnsfsf] pTyfg Pj+ ljsf;sf nflu /fHon] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ bfloTj / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3n] dlxnf ;zlQms/0f / afnaflnsf Pjd\ cNk;+Vossf] lxtsf] nflu lbPsf] k|fyldstf ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ o; dGqfnonfO{ sfod} /fVg' pko'Qm xg] .

!@= o'jf tyf v]ns"b DfGqfno

Vff/]h ug]{

o'jf tyf v]ns"b ;DaGwL sfo{If]qnfO{ k'gu{l7t o'jf, /f]huf/ tyf >d DfGqfnodf ;dfof]hg ug{ pko'Qm x'g] .

!#= /Iff DfGqfno !!= /Iff dGqfno oyfjt\

!$= jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfno

!@= jg, e";+/If0f tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno

jftfj/0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnosf] sfo{If]q cGtu{tsf] jftfj/0f ;DjlGw sfo{If]q k'gu{l7t jg, e";+/If0f tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno cGtu{t /fVg] .

!%= jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno

Vff/]h ug]{ pBf]u dGqfnodf ;dfof]hg ug]{ .

!^= Jfftfj/0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno

Vff/]h ug]{ Jfftfj/0f ;DaGwL sfd jg, e";+/If0f tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno / lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ;DaGwL sfd lzIff dGqfno cGtu{t /fVg] .

!&= zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfno

Vff/]h ug]{ zflGt / åGå Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt sfd k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{non] ug]{ / k'glg{df{0fsf] sfd klg k|wfgdGqL sfof{nosf] ;dGjodf ;DalGwt lgsfox¿ dfkm{t ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] Joj:yf u/L 5'§} dGqfno sfod /fVg' gkg]{ .

!*= lzIff dGqfno !#= lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ;DaGwL ljifo lzIff / cWoog cg';Gwfg tyf k|of]u;Fu ;DalGwt ePsfn] o;nfO{ lzIff dGqfnodf ;dfof]hg ug{ pko'Qm x'g] . cfjZostf cg';f/ ljifo cg';f/sf ljefux¿ sfod ug]{ .

!(= >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno

!$= o'jf, /f]huf/ tyf >d DfGqfno

>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnonfO{ k'gu{7g u/L o'jf, /f]huf/ tyf >d DfGqfno sfod ug]{ . o'jf, /f]huf/ / >d Ps cfk;df a9L ;DalGwt 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df o'jfsf] ljifo /f]huf/L;Fu ;DalGwt eP/ p7\g] u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] o'jf, /f]huf/ tyf tyf >d ;DaGwL ljifox¿df Ps} dGqfnoaf6 ;dGjofTds ¿kdf gLlt lgdf{0f / sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ pko'Qm x'G5 . o:tf] v]ns"b ;DaGwL ljifo

432

klg o; dGqfno cGtu{t /fVbf pko'Qm x'G5 . v]ns"b kl/ifb :jfoQ ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf sfo{/t ePsf]n] v]ns"b ;DaGwL ljifosf] nflu cnu dGqfno cfjZos gkg]{ . o; k'gu{l7t dGqfnon] gLltut ljifodf ;dGjo ubf{ k'Ug] .

@)= ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og DfGqfno

!%= ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og DfGqfno

tLy{:yfg, tLy{ofqL / wfld{s ljifo u[x dGqfnosf] sfo{If]qaf6 o; dGqfnosf] sfo{If]q leq kfg]{ .

@!= ;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :YffgLo ljsf; dGqfno

!^= ;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :YffgLo ljsf; dGqfno

oyfjt\ ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf tof/ gx'Fbf;Dd :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] sfd /lx/xG5 . To;kl5 ;ª\3Lo dfldnfdfq /xg] u/L Joj:yf ug]{ .

@@= ;xsf/L tyf u/LaL lgjf/0f dGqfno

Vff/]h ug]{ ;xsf/L ;DaGwL sfo{If]q s[lif dGqfnodf ;dfof]hg ug]{ / u/LaL lgjf/0fsf] sfd /fli6«o nIosf] ¿kdf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]ifsf] ;dGjodf ;DalGwt ;a} dGqfnosf] sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ug]{ .

@#= ;x/L ljsf; DfGqfno

Vff/]h ug]{ zx/L ljsf; dGqfnosf] sfd ef}lts k"jf{wf/ dGqfno cGtu{t g} /fVg pko'Qm x'g] . o; dGqfnodf g} ;x/L ljsf;sf] Kf|fljlws ljz]if1tf /x]sf] 5 . 5'6} dGqfno sfod ul/g' bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf cfjZos gkg]{ .

@$= ;fdfGo Kf|zf;g DfGqfno

Vff/]h ug]{ s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L lgsfosf] ¿kdf lghfdtL ;]jf ;~rfng / Kf|zf;g ;'wf/sf] ljifo k|wfgdGqL sfof{non] x]g]{, ;¿jf ;DaGwL gLltut Joj:yf, cGt/ dGqfno ;dGjo / sfof{Gjogsf nflu d'Vo ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf ;ldlt u7g ug]{, hgzlQm ljsf;, sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxL ;DaGWfL sfdsf] ;dGjo nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ug]{ .

@%= l;+rfO{ dGqfno

vf/]h ug]{ l;+rfO{ dGqfnosf] sfd k'gM k|:tfljt hn>f]t tyf pmhf{ dGqfnodf ;dfof]hg ug]{ .

@^= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno

!&= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno

oyfjt\

@&= :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno

!*=:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno

oyfjt\

;ª\3Lo ;/sf/df /xg] k|:tfljt dGqfnox¿

d'n's ;ª\3fTds ;+/rgfdf hfFbfsf] cj:yfdf lglZrt p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu d'n's e/ zf;g ug]{ s]Gb|Lo txsf] sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/, e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/Ldf w]/} k|efj kg]{ ePsf]n] To;

433

cj:yfdf ;fgf] t/ k|efjsf/L s]Gb|Lo ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . ;f]xL cfwf/df ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf /xg] k|:tfljt dGqfnox¿ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g ;Sg]5g\ M–

qm=;+= DfGqfno sfo{If]q != k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf]

sfo{fno dGqfnox¿sf] sfdsf] ;dGjo / cg'udg, ;du| zf;g Joj:yf ;'wf/sf] ljifo,

@= /Iff DfGqfno :f]gf, /fli6«o ;'/Iff, o'4 / k|lt/Iff, 7"nf xltof/ ;DaGwL ljifo,

#= cy{ dGqfno cy{tGq, s/, /fh:j, ljQLo Pj+ df}lb|s gLlt / j}b]lzs ;xof]u,

$= sfg'g tyf Gofo dGqfno /fli6«o Joj:yflksf, ;a} lsl;dsf /fli6«o sfGf"g, cbfnt, ;+j}wflgs cfof]u ;DaGwL ljifo, cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;+emf}tf

%= k//fi6« dGqfno Jf}b]lzs ;DaGw, s"6gLlts lgof]u, /fxbfgL, le;f, %= :fª\3Lo dfldnf dGqfno ;ª\3Lo dfldnf, ljjfb ;dfwfg, ;dGjo / ;femf

;"rLsf ljifo, &= u[x dGqfno cfGtl/s ;'/Iff, cWofudg s]Gb|Lo k|x/L, /fli6«o u'Ktr/

Pj+ cg';Gwfg, *= dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; dGqfno lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/, ;fdflhs Gofo / ljsf;,

s]Gb|Lo lghfdtL ;]jf Joj:yfkg, (= ko{6g, pBf]u tyf jfl0fHo

dGqfno ko{6g ljsf;, /fli6«o pBf]u / jfl0fHo cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/, af}l4s ;DklQ, gfktf}n,

!)= hn>f]t tyf s[lif dGqfno s]Gb|Lo hnpmhf{ ljsf;, l;rfO{, /fli6«o s[lif ljsf; gLlt / vfB ;'/Iff,

!!= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno ;"rgf, 5fkfvfgf, /]l8of] lk|mSj]G;L, s]Gb|Lo b"/;~rf/,s]Gb|Lo x'nfs,

!@= /fli6«o k"jf{wf/ ljsf; dGqfno s]Gb|Lo ;8s, /]ndfUf{ ljsf;, lj1fg k|ljlw, vfgL pTvgg\, ef}lts ljsf;, cf0fljs pmhf{ .

@= jt{dfg ;Gbe{df dGqfno Pjd\ cGo lgsfox¿df ug'{ kg]{ ;'wf/ o; ;ldltn] dGqfnosf] ;+Vof !* sfod ug'{ kg]{ / ;/sf/sf cGo ;+/rgf k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ dfly g} ;'emfj lbO;s]sf] ;Gbe{df ;f] ;'emfj cg';f/ dGqfnosf] ;+Vof / ;/sf/sf] cGo ;+/rgfx? k'g/fjnf]sg geP;Dd tTsfnsf nflu ljBdfg dGqfno Pjd\ cGo lgsfox?df ug'{ kg]{ ;'wf/sf ljifox?df ;DalGwt dGqfno / ;/f]sf/jfnfx?af6 k|fKt ePsf ;'emfjsf cfwf/df b]xfoadf]lhd ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

!= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{nosf] ljBdfg lhDd]jf/L / sfo{;Dkfbgsf] k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ cfjZos b]lvG5 . l;4fGttM clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0f ug]{ eGg] gLltut b[li6sf]0f ePklg ;a} clwsf/ s]Gb|Ls[t ug{ rfxg] ;f]rn] k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no a9L af]lemnf] agfpg] k|j[lQx¿ /x]sf] 5 . of] sfof{non] ;du| zf;g Joj:yfsf] cg'udg / ;dGjosf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{df sltko dGqfnon] ug'{kg]{ sfo{ ;d]t o;}n] ug'{ k/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;

434

sfof{nosf] sfo{af]em a9L b]lvPsf] x'Fbf dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox¿ ;f]xL dGqfnox¿nfO{ lhDdf lbg] u/L clwsf/sf] lgIf]kLs/0f ug]{ / k|wfgdGqL sfof{non] ljifout dGqfnox¿n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug]{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{, ljB'tLo ;'zf;g k|0ffnLsf] k|a4{g ub}{ o;nfO{ kmf]sn KjfOG6 agfpg cfjZos 5 . o; sfof{non] jflif{s sfo{of]hgf th'{df u/L glthfd"ns Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL nfu" u/L To;sf] cg'udg / ;dLIff ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; ug'{ kb{5 . o; sfof{nonfO{ af]lemnf] agfpg'sf] ;§f dGqfnox¿sf] ;dGjo, lgb]{zg, /]vb]v / lgoGq0fsf] e"ldsfdf a9L s]lGb|t ug]{, gLltut Joj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ lhDdf lbg], k//fi6« gLlt / /fli6«o ;'/Iff Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug]{ / ;'zf;g P]gn] lbPsf] clVtof/Lsf] Jofjxfl/s k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{ cfjZos 5 . cGo d'n'sn] u/]sf] cEof;nfO{ ;d]t cWoog u/L of] sfof{nosf] ;|f]t, ;fwg / hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg u/L yk ;'b[9 t'Nofpg] .

@= cy{ dGqfno

;jn ljQLo / cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf] dfWodaf6 bLuf], km/flsnf] tyf pRrb/sf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n u/L ;du| cy{tGqsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{df cy{ dGqfno s]lGb|t x'g' kb{5 . d'n'ssf] ;dli6ut cfly{s gLltsf] th'{df u/L To;sf] sfof{Gjog Joj:yfkgdf ;lqmo /xg], cfly{s j[l4sf] nflu gjLg ;f]rsf] ;fy} ;an ;ª\u7g agfpg, cfly{s / ljQLo ck/fwsf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0f ug]{ h:tf sfo{åf/f d'n'ssf] cy{tGq alnof] agfpg]tkm{ cy{ dGqfnosf] e"ldsf s]lGb|t x'g'kg]{, /fh:j k|zf;gnfO{ lghfdtL k|zf;g leq} :jfoQ k|s[ltsf] s]Gb|Lo /fh:j af]8{ agfpg] . o;sf nflu ljlzi6 >]0fL ;/xsf JolQmx¿ /xg] u/L af]8{ agfpg' kg]{ . /fh:j k|zf;gnfO{ af]8{ cGtu{t /fvL /fh:j k|zf;gsf] ;+:yfut ;'wf/ ug]{, cfGtl/s /fh:j, eG;f/, ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f h:tf If]qdf alnof] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{, s/bftfnfO{ ;/n ;xh ¿kdf ;]jf k|bfg ug]{, s/, eG;f/ / /fh:j cg';Gwfg sfdnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg eG;f/ P]g / s/ ;Íng Pjd\ cg';GwfgnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{ kg]{ . s/ k|0ffnLnfO{ sd sfuhft -Less Paper_ cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug]{, s/bftf lzIffnfO{ Jofks agfpg], eG;f/ k|zf;gnfO{ eG;f/ hfFrkf; / k|lqmofdf :j–rflnt agfpg], hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf] sfof{Gjog, cfw'lgs pks/0fsf] k|of]usf] Joj:yf ug]{, ofq' hfFrkf;df cfw'lgs k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag, /fh:j r'xfj6 lgoGq0fsf] nflu Online Vehicle Tracking / Monitoring System nfu" ug]{, dGqfno cGt/utsf ljefu;Fu ;"rgfsf] g]6js{ :yfkgf u/L /fh:j kl/rfngsf] sfo{df k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug]{, cfos/ P]g, d"No clej[l4s/, cGtz'Ns P]g, ljb]zL ljlgod -lgoldt ug]{_ P]g, dlb/f P]g nufotsf ljleGg P]g÷lgoddf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/sf ;fy} cfjZos lgb]{lzsf tyf sfo{ljlwx¿ tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{ u/fpg], eG;f/ ljefu tyf eG;f/ sfof{nox¿sf] sfo{k|0ffnL sfo{d'vL agfpg O&M Survey u/L 7"nf eG;f/ sfof{nox¿df /fhkqflÍt k|yd

435

>]0fLsf] clws[t k|d'v /xg] Joj:yf ug]{, /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefusf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] Joj:yf ug]{, s/bftfsf] ;+Vof Go"g /x]sf] lhNnfx¿df sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{nonfO{ cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{non] ug]{ sfo{sf] ;d]t lhDd]jf/L lbg], s/bftfnfO{ ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ ljB'tLo e'QmfgL tyf ljB'tLo a}lÍs k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{, /fh:j k|zf;g tflndnfO{ /fh:j ;DaGwL cWoog / cg';Gwfg ;d]t ug]{ lsl;dsf] Center for Excellence sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ lhDd]jf/L klg cy{ dGqfnodf /fVg pko'Qm x'G5 .

#= pBf]u dGqfno

g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7g (WTO) sf] ;b:o eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf To;sf k|fjwfg adf]lhd ;DalGwt P]g sfg'gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg Pjd\ ;'wf/ ug]{ . gfk tf}n;DaGwL s;"/df z'Ns tyf b08 hl/jfgfsf /sd j[l4 ug]{ . g]kfndf /x]sf gfktf}n tyf u'0f:t/ k|of]uzfnfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] agfpg'sf ;fy} u'0f:t/ ljefunfO{ Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation sf] ;b:o agfpg] . ;a} c~rndf u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n sfof{nox¿ :yfkgf ug]{ . ;ª\u7g k'g;{+/rgf u/L sfo{af]emsf] cfwf/df k|fljlws sd{rf/Lx¿sf] b/aGbL j[l4 ug]{ . ahf/ cg'udg, lg/LIf0f tyf hfFr ljZn]if0f ;]jfsf nflu bIf hgzlQm / ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; u/L cfjZos ;]jf ;'ljwf lbg] u/L ;'wf/ ug]{, pBf]u dGqfno / To; cGtu{tsf ljefu / sfof{nosf] sfo{af]emsf] cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL k'g/fjnf]sg ug{] . cf}Bf]lus af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL 5'§} sfof{no :yfkgf u/L cf}Bf]lus af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Dj4{g ug]{ . nufgLstf{n] k'¥ofpg' kg]{ k|zf;lgs cf}krfl/stfsf ;]jfx¿ Ps} ynf]af6 ;xh¿kdf pknAw u/fpg Psn ;]jf s]Gb|ljGb'sf] :yfkgf x'g'kg]{ .

$= pmhf{ dGqfno

bLuf] pmhf{sf] ljsf;af6 d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;df lta|tf cfpg] ePsfn] /fHon] pmhf{ If]qnfO{ k|fyldstfsf] ;"rLdf /fVg'kg]{, b]zsf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf;sf nflu kof{Kt ljB't cfk"lt{ u/L hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg ;'ne / e/kbf]{ ljB't ;]jf pknAw u/fO{ ljB'tnfO{ lgof{tof]Uo j:t'sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{kg]{, pmhf{ If]qsf] ljsf;df ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf Go"g eO{ lghL If]qdflysf] a9L lge{/tfn] pmhf{ cefjsf] l:ylt >[hgf ePsfn] pmhf{ If]qsf] ljsf;df ljBdfg gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{], pmhf{;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ ljifonfO{ Pp6} dGqfno leq ;dflxt ug{ g;Sbf pmhf{sf] PsLs[t of]hgfsf] cefjn] pmhf{ If]qsf] ;dli6ut ljsf; x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f pmhf{sf] PsLs[t of]hgf nfu" ug'{kg]{, hn;|f]t dGqfnonfO{ pmhf{ dGqfno / l;rfO{ dGqfnodf ljefhg ugf{n] hn;|f]tsf] PsLs[t ljsf;df ;d:of b]lvPsf] sf/0f pmhf{ dGqfno / l;+rfO{ dGqfnonfO{ PsLs[t u/L hn;|f]t tyf pmhf{ dGqfno agfpg' kg]{, j}slNks pmhf{ ;DalGwt 5'§} gLlt / P]g agfpg' kg]{, låkIfLo ljB't Jofkf/sf] nflu ljB't Jofkf/ sDkgLsf] :yfkgf ug]{, /fli6«o ljB't

436

lgodg cfof]u P]g agfO{ nfu" ug]{, ;8s alQsf] nflu ;f}o{ pmhf{ / jfo' pmhf{ k|ljlw pkof]u gLlt / sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{, bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf nf]8;]l8Ë cGTo ug{ 7"nf hnfzoo'Qm jf 7"nf hnljB't cfof]hgf lgdf{0f / ;~rfng ug'{ kg]{, pmhf{ ljsf;sf nflu j}b]lzs nufgL k|a4{gsf] gLlt / sfo{qmd agfO{ nufgL k|a4{g ug]{, nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug]{, ljB't ljsf; ljefusf] k'g/;+/rgf ug'{kg]{, hnljB't cfof]hgf cg'dlt kq ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ u/L kf/bzL{ agfpg], pmhf{ If]qdf /x]sf ljBdfg ;ª\u7gx¿sf] k'g/;+/rgfsf] ;fy} ljBdfg ljB't P]g, @)$( nufotsf sfg'gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ h:tf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ .

%= sfg'g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno

dGqfnosf] gfd k6s–k6s kl/jt{g ul//xg' pko'Qm gePsf] . k|To]s s]Gb|Lo lgsfodf sfg'gsf] Jofj;flos dfgj;|f]t;lxtsf] pko'Qm ;+/rgfsf] ljsf; ug]{ . k|To]s kbsf] :ki6 lhDd]jf/L / ;]jfsf] :t/ dfkgsf cfwf/ to u/L nfu" ug]{ . sfg'g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldltnfO{ ;/sf/L sfuhkq cg'jfbsf] nflu clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ . dGqfnosf] gfd æsfg'g tyf Gofo dGqfnoÆ sfod ug]{ / cfjZostf cg';f/ sfo{If]q jf sfo{ljj/0f dfq x]/km]/ ug{ ;lsg] . cGt/f{li6«o cEof; / ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cfb]z ;d]tsf] cfwf/df sDkgLsf] /lhi6«]zg;DaGwL tyf cWofudg;DaGwL lgsfo sfg'g tyf Gofo dGqfno cGtu{t /fVg' kg]{ . ;fy} k|ltlnlk clwsf/ Pjd\ k]6]06 tyf l8hfOg ;DaGwL sfo{ Pp6} lgsfoaf6 ug]{ u/L af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/;DaGwL lgsfosf] :yfkgf u/L ;f] lgsfonfO{ sfg'g tyf Gofo dGqfno cGtu{t sfod ug]{ . sfo{af]em / sfdsf] uDeL/tfsf cfwf/df ;a} dGqfno, ;lrjfno jf cfof]udf sfg'g zfvfsf] Joj:yf u/L zfvf k|d'vsf] ¿kdf sfg'g ;d"xsf] slDtdf pk;lrj:t/sf] sd{rf/L /xg] Joj:yf ug]{ . dGqfno, ;lrjfno, cfof]u cGtu{tsf] ljefudf sfg'g ;d"xsf] b/aGbL sfod ubf{ ;DalGwt dGqfno, ;lrjfno, cfof]udf /xg] b/aGbL;Fu tfbfTDotf x'g] u/L sfod ug]{ . ljleGg dGqfno, ;lrjfno, cfof]u jf ljefudf Gofo ;]jfsf] b/aGbL sfod ubf{ s:tf k|s[ltsf lgsfodf s'g ;d"xsf] b/aGbL sfod ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf :ki6 dfkb08 agfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] . sfg'gL /fo dfu ug]{ / /fo k|bfg ug]{ ljifo dxfGofoflwjQmf / sfg'g tyf Gofo dGqfnodf ;d]t /x]sf] ;Gbe{df sltko cj:yfdf bf]xf]/f]kgf x'g] ;d]t cj:yf /x]sf]n] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] /fo dfu ubf{ sfg'g tyf Gofo dGqfno dfkm{t dfu ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{, h;af6 sfg'gL /fodf bf]xf]/f]kg gx'g'sf] ;fy} sfg'gL /fodf Ps¿ktf sfod x'g] / clen]v cBfjlws ug{ ;xh x'g] . xfn sfg'gdf k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq jf ;f] ;/xs]f cWofkg gx'g] u/]sf] ;Gbe{df Gofo ;]jfsf /fhkq cglÍt kbdf sfg'g;DaGwL cWoog gu/]sf JolQmx¿ l;kmfl/; x'g] / xfn nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;~rfng ug]{ u/]sf] PsLs[t k/LIff k|0ffnLsf] sf/0fn] Gofo ;]jfdf l;kmfl/; x'g] JolQmx¿n] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] tof/Lsf] ;Gbe{df ;d]t sfg'g;DaGwL cWoog ug'{ gkg]{ ePsf]n] To;/L l;kmfl/; x'g] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbgdf sl7gfO{ kg]{ u/]sf] x'Fbf Gofo ;]jfsf] kbdf l;kmfl/; ePsf /fhkq cglÍt

437

sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf cfwf/e"t ;]jf k|j]z tflnd lbP/ dfq sfo{If]qdf k7fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ . Gofo ;]jfsf /fhkqflÍt t[tLo >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf k|j]z tflndsf] cjlw slDtdf # dlxgfsf] agfpg] . sfg'gL ;xfotf / d'2f lkmtf{sf] ljifodf d'2fsf] k|s[lt cg';f/sf] :ki6 dfkb08;lxtsf] gLltut Joj:yf ug]{ .

^= s[lif ljsf; dGqfno

dGqfnosf] gfd s[lif dGqfno g} /fVg] . dGqfnosf] ;ª\u7g ;/+rgfdf s[lif tyf gLlt dxfzfvf yk ug]{ . cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg dxfzfvf cGtu{t vfB ;'/Iff cg'udg zfvfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . Sjf/]G6fOg ljefu gofF u7g u/L ;a} lhNnf :t/df / ;Ldf gfsfdf ;d]t zfvf v8f ug]{ . dGqfnosf] b/aGbL / hgzlQmsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ . k|To]s s[lif÷kz' ;]jf s]Gb|df Ps Ps j6f gd'gf kmfd{ tyf tflnd s]Gb| :yfkgf u/L sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . s[lif ;]jf, ;d"xdf ;]jf k|j]z ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ s[lif÷e]6g/L sn]h tyf k|fljlws lzIffnox¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L ;]jf ;d"x ;DaGwL nfdf] cjlwsf] Jofjxfl/s tflnd lbg] Joj:yf ug]{ . k|To]s sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu lhDd]jf/L tyf clwsf/;lxtsf] :ki6 sfo{ljj/0f lgwf{/0f ug]{ . ;]jf s]Gb| :t/df cw{jflif{s ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ . kz' :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ cfslids ;]jf cGtu{t /fvL >f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . s[lif tyf kz' ;]jf ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ tflndx¿ ;DalGwt tflnd s]Gb|x¿n] dfq ;+rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ . s[lif If]qdf x'g] nufgLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ s[lif If]qdf ;/sf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L tyf bft[lgsfoaf6 ;d]t Psåf/ k|0ffnLaf6 vr{ ug]{ gLlt nfu" ug]{ . j}b]lzs ;xof]udf ;~rfng x'g] cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;+rfng ug{ ;DalGwt ljefu / dGqfnodf cfof]hgf ;Nnfxsf/ /fVg] Joj:yf u/L k|f]h]S6sf] sfof{no / b/aGbLsf] Joj:yf vf/]h ug]{ gLlt lng] . s[lif tyf kz'k+IfL ahf/ k|a4{g P]g th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] . k|fËfl/s s[lif pkh k|df0fLs/0fsf] lgodgsf] Joj:yf u/L k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0fdf nfUg] z'Ns cg'bfg lbg] Joj:yf ug]{ . s[lif ;]jf;DaGwL 5'§} P]g lgod agfpg] . s[lif e"ldsf] v08Ls/0f /f]sL s[lif pTkfbg j[l4sf] nflu v]tLof]Uo e"ldsf] rSnfaGbL P]g, lgod nfu" ug]{ . vfB :jR5tf gLlt ckgfpg] . u'0f:t/ lgodg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg bL3{sfndf vfB kl/ifb\ u7g ug]{ . s[lif gLltdf ;do;fk]If ;'wf/ ug]{ / h}ljs s[lif gLlt;d]t Nofpg] . o'jf hgzlQmnfO{ s[lif Joj;fodf cfslif{t ug]{ cg's"nsf] gLlt agfpg] . s[lifof]Uo e"lddf zx/Ls/0f /f]Sg] gLlt Nofpg] . k|To]s s[lif ;]jf s]Gb|df gd'gf s[lif kfs{ agfpg] . s[lif / kz'kfngdf ljdfsf] Joj:yf u/L s[ifsnfO{ ;x'lnot lbg] . s[lif / kz';Fu ;DalGwt P]g lgodnfO{ ;do;fk]If agfpg] . kz'kfng gLlt tyf kz' :jf:Yo gLlt th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

&= u[x dGqfno

l;lG8s]6 / sf6]{lnË lgoGq0f, cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf ;'/Iff / cg'udg, cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff Pj+ dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f;DaGwL sfo{x¿ u[x dGqfnosf] sfo{If]qdf

438

;dfa]z ug]{ . k/Dk/fut ¿kdf rlncfPsf] b]jL b]jtfsf] d7dlGb/df k"hfcfhf Joj:yfkg / xh ;DaGwL sfo{ o; dGqfnosf] sfo{If]qaf6 x6fpg] . lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf sfdsf] rfksf] cfwf/df b/aGbL yk ug]{ . cWofudg ljefu cGtu{t cfjZostf cg';f/ cWofudg sfof{no yk ug]{ . sf/fuf/x¿sf] ef}lts cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ . # jf ;f] eGbf a9L lgjf{rg If]q ePsf lhNnfdf /f=k=k|yd >]0fLsf] k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L /xg] u/L lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nox¿sf] :t/f]Gglt ug]{ . u[x k|zf;g lbUbz{g th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] . lhNnf k|zf;gsf] !) jifL{o u'¿of]hgf tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{ . lhNnfsf sfof{no k|d'vx¿n] lhNnf 5f]8g' kbf{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Laf6 :jLs[t lng] Joj:yf ug]{ . u[x k|zf;gdf rf}jL;} 306f v6\g] sd{rf/LnfO z'¿ tnasf] slDtdf @% k|ltzt eQf lbg] . ;'/Iff -;dGjo tyf Joj:yfkg_ P]g, /fli6«o kl/rokq -Joj:yfkg ljt/0f / ;+rfng_ P]g, ;'/Iff ;]jf cfof]u P]gx¿ hf/L ug]{ . :yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, nfu" cf}ifw lgoGq0f P]g nufotsf u[x k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt P]gnfO{ ;do ;fk]If ¿kdf kl/dfh{g ug]{ . 3'DtL ;]jfnfO lg/Gt/tf lbg] . k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] 5gf}6sf] lglZrt dfkb08 agfpg] . gful/stf ljt/0f ;]jfnfO{ cgnfOg ug]{ / o;sf] clen]vnfO{ ;a} lhNnfdf oflGqsLs/0f ug]{, u[x dGqfno cGtu{tsf ;'/Iff lgsfosf sd{rf/Lsf] ljj/0f u[x dGqfnodf ;d]t /fVg] Joj:yf ug]{, b'u{d If]qsf] k'gM juL{s/0f ug]{ . ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf hfFbf cfjZos kg]{ g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L / /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefudf ;do ;fk]If k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ . u[x dGqfno / dftxtsf lgsfox¿n] ;Dkfbg ug]{ lqmofsnfk / k|jfx ug]{ ;]jfsf] jflif{s sfo{of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ . yk lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nox¿df Ifltk"lt{;lxtsf] gful/s j8fkq nfu" ug]{ . lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nox¿nfO{ ef}lts ;|f]t ;fwg ;DkGg agfpg] . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cfb]z ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ Gofo;DaGwL tflnd lbg] Joj:yf k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] . d'2f zfvf;Fu ;DalGwt hgzlQmnfO{ ;d]t Goflos tflnd lbg] k|aGw ug]{ . sf7df8f}+ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nonfO{ ljleGg ;j l8lehgdf ;d]t ljefhg u/L ;]jf ljt/0fnfO{ ljs]lGb|t ug{] .

*= k//fi6« dGqfno

dGqfno, lgof]u tyf dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf;x¿ / k//fi6«« dfldnf cWoog k|lti7fgdf ;fdlos ;+:yfut Pj+ ;ª\u7gfTds ;'wf/ u/L ;fwg ;|f]tn] ;DkGg agfpg] . b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu cfly{s s"6gLlt ;+rfngsf ;+:yfut cfwf/x¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] . s"6gLlt cfrf/;+lxtfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;a} dGqfno tyf lgsfox¿sf] aLr ;dGjofTds ;xof]usf] Joj:yf ug]{ / ;f] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] ;+zf]wg u/L o;sf] If]qnfO{ Jofks agfpg] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] g]kfnLsf] af/]df ;DalGwt b]zdf /x]sf s"6gLlt lgof]un] lg/Gt/ lgu/fgL u/L vf]h, p4f/ / ;xof]u ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ . /fhb"t lgo'lQmdf sDtLdf %)Ü s"6gLlt ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿af6 ug]{ . /fhb"t lgo'lQm kZrft\ ;DalGwt b]zdf hfg' cl3 u}/ s"6gLlt If]qaf6 lgo'Qm JolQmnfO{ s"6gLlt tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . k//fi6««

439

dGqfnonfO{ cfkm\g} ;'ljwf ;DkGg ejg pknAw u/fpg] . ljb]z gLlt ;+rfngdf b]vf k/]sf r'gf}tL / ;f]sf] ;fdgf ug]{ k|sf/sf sfo{qmdx¿ to ug{ ljz]if1x¿sf] ;d"x agfpg] . ljb]z gLlt;Fu ;Da4 x'g] x/]s ljifodf k//fi6«« dGqfnosf] ;+nUgtf ;'lglZrt ug]{ . /fHosf] k//fi6«« gLlt th'{df nufotsf sfddf nfdf] ;do;Dd k//fi6«« ;]jfdf ;dlk{t jl/i7 s"6gLlt1x¿sf] cg'ejnfO{ pkof]u ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ . k//fi6«« dGqfnosf] hfgsf/Ldf gNofO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljlwjt k"j{ :jLs[lt ;d]t glnO{ ljb]zL d'n's jf lgsfo;Fu ljleGg lgsfox¿af6 ;Demf}tf ug]{ k|rngnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ To:tf] ;lGw ;Demf}tf, ;dembf/L ug'{ k"j{ clgjfo{¿kdf k//fi6«« dGqfno;Fu ;dGjo ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; ug]{ . k//fi6«« dGqfnosf] k|ltlglwTj / sfo{If]qleq kg]{ ljifox¿df P]g sfg'gx¿sf] lgdf{0f ubf{ ;Da4 lgsfox¿n] k//fi6«« dGqfno;Fu ;dGjo ug]{ Joj:yf clgjfo{ ¿kdf nfu" ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ . ;fs{ /fi6«x¿ dflNbE;, e'6fg / ckmuflg:tfgdf g]kfnL cfjf;Lo /fhb"tfjf; :yfkgf u/L s"6gLlts k|ltlglwTjsf] oyfzL3| Joj:yf ug]{ . aL;xhf/ eGbf a9L ;+Vofdf g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿ sfo{/t /x]sf b]zx¿df ;d]t s"6gLlts lgof]u ;~rfng ug]{ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfly{s tyf k|zf;lgs b[li6n] cfjf;Lo /fhb"tfjf; :yfkgf ug{ jt{dfg l:yltdf sl7g ePsf d'n'sx¿df cj}tlgs jfl0fHob"tfjf; :yfkgf ug]{ .

(= e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno

Pp6} dGqfno cGtu{t Ps} lsl;dsf] ;]jf ug]{ ljefu÷sfof{nox¿sf] PsLs/0f u/L Psåf/ k|0ffnLaf6 ;]jfk|jfx ug]{, h:tf]M dfnkf]t, e"ld;'wf/, gfkL sfof{nonfO{ Pp6} sfof{no agfpg] . e"ld Joj:yfkg ;d"x u7g ug]{, ;]jf ;d"xdf k|j]z ubf{ e"ld Joj:yfkg ljifo cWoog u/]sf hgzlQmx¿nfO{ ;]jf k|j]z u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] . To:tf hgzlQm tof/ geP;Dd e"ld Joj:yfkgsf] kof{Kt 1fg lbnfpg] u/L tflnd lbnfpg] . dGqfnosf] ;du| ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L ;ª\u7g / b/aGbLsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ . e"ld;DaGwL ;du| ljifonfO{ / ;a} If]qnfO{ ;d]6L ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿sf] ;lqmo ;xof]u, ;dGjo / ;xeflutfåf/f /fli6«o e"–pkof]u gLltnfO{ ;do;fk]If agfpg] / sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] . o;} gLltdf cfwfl/t /x]/ cGo ljifout gLlt, /0fgLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kg]{ . e"ld ;DaGwL ;a} ;"rgf l8lh6n 8f6fsf] ¿kdf /fVg] / o;sf] k|of]u / ;~rfngdf gLltut sfg'gL k|fjwfg dfkm{t Joj:yfkg ug]{ . e"ld;DaGwL P]g, dfnkf]t P]g / hUuf gfkhfFr P]gdf ;do;fk]If ¿kdf ;'wf/ ug]{ . e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgn] hUufwgL / df]xL aLr hUuf afF8kmfF8 ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]df ;dosf] ls6fgL Joj:yfn] o;sf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf]n] o;df ;+zf]wg x'g'kg]{, xbjGbL ;DaGwdf ;d]t ;do;fk]If 7f]; sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L pknAw hUufsf] pkof]u ug]{ u/L ljleGg If]qdf 5l/P/ /x]sf sfg'gL Joj:yfnfO{ ;d]6L PsLs[t e"ld;DaGwL P]g agfO{ nfu" ug]{ .

!)= ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfno

440

dGqfnosf] gfd k6s–k6s km]/jbn x'g] u/]sf] ;Gbe{df dGqfnosf] gfddf :yfloTj x'g'kg]{, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf zx/L ljsf;nfO{ Pp6f dGqfno / gful/s p8\8og / oftfoftnfO{ sfdsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ dGqfnosf] Joj:yfkg ug]{, dGqfnosf] sfd sf/jfxL;Fu ;DalGwt /fli6«o gLlt / ljifout gLltx¿ th'{df u/L nfu" ug'{kg]{, ;8s / oftfoftsf If]qdf ;'wf/sf lglDt ljleGg ;Da4 lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo u/L sfo{qmd th'{df u/L nfu" ug]{, dGqfnosf] cg'udgsf/L / ;xhLs/0f sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg], dGqfnosf] sfo{cg';f/ sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbLsf ;DaGwdf ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{ u/L b/aGbLsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{, jfo';]jf ;d]tnfO{ of] dGqfnodf ;d]6\g] .

ljut b'O{ bzsdf ;8s ljefunfO{ k|fKt x'g] ah]6 tyf sfo{af]emdf ;d]t w]/} g} j[l4 ePsf] x'Fbf s]Gb|df k'n dxfzfvf yk ug]{ / lkmN8 n]endf l8lehg ;8s sfof{nox¿, x]eL OlSjkd]G6 l8lehgx¿ / oflGqs sfof{nox¿ yk ug'{kg]{ . o; ;DaGwdf lj:t[t ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f -O&M Survey_ u/L gofF ;fË7lgs ;+/rgf k|:tfljt u/] adf]lhd x'g'kg]{ .

;8s If]q ljsf;nfO{ b|'t ultdf / bLuf] k|ltkmn k|fKt x'g] u/L cufl8 a9fpg o;;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg gLltx¿nfO{ ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ ul/g' kg]{ . h; cGtu{t /fli6«o oftfoft gLlt, ;8s dd{t ;+ef/ gLlt, u'0f:t/;DaGwL gLlt, ;8s lgdf{0f÷dd{t ;+ef/sf gD{; tyf :6\of08{8x¿sf] klg k'g/fjnf]sg tyf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ . tL dWo] u'0f:t/ ;DaGwL gLlt / ;8s dd{t ;+ef/ gLlt k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ . ljefuleq jftfj/0fLo gLlt tflnd ;DaGwL gLlt cflb klg k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ .

nfut cg'dfg tof/ ug]{, :t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ / u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f u/L hfFrkf; ug]{ k|fljlwsnfO{ ;f] sfo{df pQ/bfoL / lhDd]jf/ agfpg] .

;fj{hlgs lgdf{0fsf] If]qdf ;fj{hlgs v/Lb;DaGwL P]g, lgodfjnL tyf lgb]{lzsfx¿ k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{, ;fj{hlgs v/Lb tyf of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg x'g] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;f] ;DaGwL kof{Kt tflndx¿ lbO{ Project Implementation Cader sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{kg]{, ;8s lgdf{0f÷;+ef/df cfw'lgs ;Lk / k|ljlw nfu" ug{ cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ug'{kg]{, ;8s If]qsf] ljsf;df lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg PPP Pjd\ BOOT Concept nfu" ug{ ;xof]uL jftfj/0f agfpg cfjZos gLlt lgod Pjd\ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ .

;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L ;jf/Lsf] clen]v tyf ;jf/L rfns cg'dlt kqsf] clen]v Jojl:yt ug]{ . cf=j= @)&!÷&@ leq ;jf/L rfns cg'dlt kq tyf ;jf/L btf{ k|df0fkq -JNo" a's_ :df6{ sf8{df hf/L ug]{ . ;jf/L hfFr k|0ffnL -Vehicle Fitness Test Center_ nfO{ j}1flgs agfpg rfn' cf=j= df sf7df8f}+df lgdf{0f ePsf] Vehicle Fitness Test Center ;~rfngdf NofO{ k|b"if0f tyf ;jf/Lsf] oflGqs cj:yf k/LIf0f u/L ;f] sf] cfwf/df af6f] Ohfht lbg] sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ul/g] . b]zsf ljleGg efudf -slDtdf & j6f_ o:tf s]Gb|x¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ . sf7df8f}+ pkTosf leq xfn sfod /x]sf @^) eGbf

441

a9L ¿6x¿nfO{ # txdf juL{s/0f u/L klxnf] txsf] ¿6df !! b]lv !* ld6/, bf];|f] txsf] ¿6df ( b]lv !) ld6/ nDafO{sf tyf t];|f] txsf] ¿6df cGo ;fgf ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;~rfng tyf ;jf/L Joj:yfkg u/L xfnsf] 6«flkms ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ . 6«flkms ;DaGwL hgr]tgf tyf Jofj;flos ;jf/L rfnsx¿nfO{ tflnd÷k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf u/L ;8s b'3{6gf Go"gLs/0f ug]{ . nfdf] ¿6sf uf8Lx¿df clgjfo{ b'O{ ;jf/L rfns /fVg} kg]{ . ;jf/L rfnsx¿nfO{ ^÷^ dlxgfdf k|lzIf0f÷tflnd ck8]6 ug]{ . ;jf/L ;fwgn] dfG5] lsr] df/] jf 3fOt] ckfË kf/]df s8f ;hfosf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ . k};f lt/]/ pGd'lQm kfpg] k|fjwfg x6fpg] . :yfoL 6«fon ;]G6/x¿sf] Joj:yf u/L ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkqsf] k|of]ufTds k/LIffnfO{ kf/bzL{ / Jofjxfl/s agfO{ ;jf/L rfnsx¿sf sf/0faf6 x'g] ;jf/L b'3{6gfnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ . !$ c~rndf o:tf s]Gb|x¿sf] Joj:yf ug{ hUuf Pjd\ ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ . oftfoft Joj:yf ljefusf] k'g;{+/rgf u/L gLlt lgdf{0f, ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L Jo:yfkg Pjd\ cg'udg Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

!!= dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfno

o; dGqfnosf] ;du| sfd sf/jfxLsf] ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL ;d]tsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ . ljBdfg dlxnf ;zlQms/0fsf If]qdf ;xof]u lnO{ cfPsf] ;fdflhs kl/rflnsf / ;Lk ljsf; s]Gb|sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf ;DaGwdf gLltut txdf :ki6 gLlt lng] . s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldltnfO{ afnaflnsf;DaGwL gLltut ;Nnfx tyf lg0f{o ug]{ lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ 5'§} afnaflnsf ljefu :yfkgf ug]{ / lhNnfl:yt lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldltnfO{ afnaflnsf sfof{nodf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ . ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\ lj36g u/L ;dfh sNof0f ljefu v8f ug]{ . h]i7 gful/s :jf:Yo pkrf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ k|s[lt cg';f/ :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno / cGtu{t lgsfoaf6 ;~rfng ug]{ . /fHosf ;a} j[4x¿nfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s hLjg latfpg pko'Qm ljsNk;lxtsf j[4f>dx¿sf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ug]{ . o; dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} P]g lgodnfO{ ;do ;fk]If ¿kdf ;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{g ug]{ . afnaflnsf, h]i7 gful/s, ckfËtf Pj+ clt ;LdfGts[t ju{;Fu ;DalGwt 5'§f 5'§} gLlt agfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] . k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no cGtu{t xfn /x]sf] n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0f OsfO{nfO{ o; dGqfnodf ;dflxt ug]{ . o; dGqfnosf] gofF ejg lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ .

!@= o'jf tyf v]ns"b dGqfno

ljleGg dGqfno tyf lgsfoaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] o'jf;DaGwL sfo{qmdsf] ;dGjo ug]{ lhDd]jf/L o; dGqfnonfO{ lbg] . /fli6«o v]ns"b kl/ifb\ / o; cGtu{tsf ;ldltx¿df bnLos/0f gu/L Jofj;flos JolQm lgo'lQmsf] dfkb08 tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{, j}b]lzs ;xof]u nufot cfly{s ultljlw / ;~rfng k|lqmof kf/bzL{ x'g'kg]{, /fli6«o v]ns"b ;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ug]{ o'jf ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt / lgoldt agfpg lglZrt lgsfodf btf{ / cg'udgsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] . o'jf kl/ifb\sf] u7gsf] nflu sfg'g th'{df ug]{ / ;f] kl/ifb\sf]

442

k|zf;lgs k|d'v g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/L /xg] Joj:yf ug]{ . o'jfsf] pd]/ $) jif{af6 36fP/ #) jif{ sfod ug]{ . v]ns"b ljsf; P]g, @)$* nfO{ kl/dfh{g ug]{ . v]ns"b lgodfjnL / :sfp6 lgodfjnLnfO{ dlGqkl/ifb\\n] :jLs[lt u/L /fhkqdf k|sflzt ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ . ;du| dGqfnosf] ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L dGqfnosf] ;ª\u7g Pj+ hgzlQm Joj:yfkgdf ;d]t kl/dfh{g ug]{ . o'jf tyf v]ns"bsf] sfo{qmdnfO{ If]qLo :t/;Dd lj:tf/ ug{ ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ . /fli6«o v]ns"b kl/ifb\sf] ;ª\u7g / Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L b/aGbL / ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf olsg ug]{ .

!#= /Iff dGqfno

g]kfnsf] bL3{sfnLg /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt tyf k|lt/Iff gLlt agfpg] . g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Joj;foLs/0f, cfw'lgsLs/0f / ;zlQms/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8 a9fpFbf /Iff dGqfno;Fu ;dGjo ug]{ . g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ gful/s ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fdf /xg] u/L sfo{of]hgf agfpg] . g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ gful/sk|lt pQ/bfoL Pj+ nf]stflGqs dfGotf;Ët agfpg] ;Gbe{df /Iff dGqfnosf] e"ldsf ;lqmo agfpg] . /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] e"ldsf ;+:yfuts/0f ug]{ .

!$= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno

g]kfnsf] s"n e"–efusf] $)Ü jg sfod /fVg] /fHosf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf x'g'sf ;fy} jg ;+/If0f tyf cltqmd0fsf] /f]syfddf /fli6«o k|lta4tf x'g'kg]{, jg k}bfjf/sf] cj}w s6fgL tyf lgsf;L, jGohGt'sf] rf]/L lzsf/L h:tf u}/ sfg'gL sfo{sf] ;'/fsL lbg], kqmg ;xof]u ug]{ JolQm / kqmfp ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ hl/jfgf jfktsf] lglZrt /sd k|f]T;fxg :j¿k lbg] . sd{rf/Lsf] kf]zfs jg ;]jfsf lhNnf:t/df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ pko'Qm gx'Fbf ;'wf/ ug]{ . sd{rf/Lsf] ;/sf/L sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf b'3{6gfdf k/L 3fOt] jf la/fdL ePdf pkrf/df nfUg] ;Dk"0f{ /sd ;/sf/n] Joxf]g]{ . jg If]qsf] cWoog cg';Gwfg jg ;]jfleqsf ;a} ;d"xsf nflu plQs} cfjZos ljifo ePsf]n] jg ;]jf leqsf ;d"x ljefhgsf] cj:yf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L hg/n km/]i6«L, km/]i6 l/;r{, :jfon P08 af6/ s~h/e]zg / g]zgn kfs{ P08 jfON8 nfOkm h:tf ;d"xnfO{ PsLs/0f ug]{, jgsf] k|efjsf/L ;+/If0f Pjd\ lgodgsf nflu lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] sfo{If]q lj:tf/ ug]{, u]d:sfp6, jg /Ifs h:tf sd{rf/Lsf] zf/Ll/s tGb'¿:tLsf] nflu ;d]t ljrf/ u/L ;]jf k|j]zsf] pd]/ @) jif{ / cjsfz pd]/ %) jif{ sfod ug]{ . ;fd'bflos jgsf] ;+/If0f / bLuf] pkof]udf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg P]g, lgoddf ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g ug]{ . CITES sf] sfg'g lgdf{0f xflQ;f/ Pjd\ lrl8ofvfgfsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg / jGohGt' ;DaGwL cg';GwfgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{, ;z:q jg /Ifs lgodfjnL adf]lhd :jLs[t lng] u/L ul/Psf] jftfj/0fLo ;]jf z'Nssf] plrt Joj:yfkg u/L ;z:q jg /Ifssf] kbk"lt{ ug]{ / xltof/sf] ;d'lrt Joj:yf ;d]t ug]{ . ;+j]bgzLn If]qsf] jg ;+/If0fsf] ;DaGwdf xfn u7g ePsf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgb]{zgfno / jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnosf] cGt/;DaGw x'g] u/L ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] . jg If]q cltqmd0f u/L j;f]jf; ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ lg¿T;flxt

443

ug{ To:tf cltqmldt If]qdf ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf cGo If]qaf6 k'¥ofOg] ;8s, alQ, kfgL, 6]lnkmf]g h:tf ;'ljwf Pjd\ ef}lts lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿ tTsfn} jGb ug{ kxn ug]{, ljleGg lgsfox¿af6 k"jf{wf/ ljsf; Pjd\ lgdf{0fsf nflu jg If]qsf] hUuf dfu ug]{ k|j[lQ a9\b} uPsfn] To;/L jg If]qsf] hUuf dfu ubf{ j}slNks ljZn]if0f tyf bL3{sfnLg of]hgf cg'¿k eP gePsf] ;d]t ljrf/ u/L jg If]qsf] hUufsf] d"NofÍg u/L Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yfsf] gLlt lgwf{/0f ug]{ .

!%= jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno

pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnonfO{ sfo{ k4ltsf] b[li6n] Pp6} agfpg] . dGqfnosf] ;+/rgfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{, jfl0fHo ;xrf/Lsf] Joj:yfsf] nflu b/aGbL l;h{gf ug]{ . dGqfnox¿;Fu ;DalGwt P]gx¿ h:t}M pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, cfoft lgof{t P]g, lgsf;L k}7f/L P]g, PlG6 8lDkË tyf sfpG6/e]lnË P]g, k|fOe]6 kmd{ /lhi6«]zg P]g÷lgod, g]kfn OG6/df]8n k|flws/0f P]g, k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ tyf Uof; sf/f]af/ P]g h:tf P]g sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg, kl/dfh{g tyf lgdf{0f u/L ;do ;fk]If agfpg] . ahf/ cg'udgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg tTsfn sf/jfxL ug]{ clwsf/;lxtsf] b|"t Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ u/L sfg'gdf ;'wf/ ug]{ . jfl0fHo gLlt / cfk"lt{ gLltnfO{ ;do ;fk]If agfpg'sf ;fy} o;sf] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfo{Gjog ug]{ . cfGtl/s Jofkf/;DaGwL gLlt, /fli6«o pkef]Qmf gLlt, pkef]Qmf ;+:yfx¿sf] lgb]{lzsf th'{df u/L nfu" ug]{ . jfl0fHo k|zf;gsf] sfo{ ug]{ sfof{nox¿df O{–;]jf -ljB'tLo ;]jf_ ;~rfng ug]{, jfl0fHo k|zf;g ;DaGwL ;]jfu|fxLx¿n] web based kmd{ btf{, gjLs/0f, 7fpF;f/L, gfd;f/L h:tf sfo{ ug]{ u/L ;]jfdf ;/ntf / kf/blz{tf sfod ug]{, cfoft lgof{tsf] Ohfht kq hf/L ug]{ sfo{nfO{ O{–;]jfdfkm{t ;~rfng ug]{, ahf/ cg'udgsf] sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg], ;fgfltgf pkef]Qmfsf] lxt lj¿4 sfo{ ug]{nfO{ ;hfo ug]{ clwsf/ lg/LIf0f clws[tnfO{ k|bfg ug'{kg]{, lhNnfx¿df cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg sfof{nosf] lj:tf/ ug]{ . WTO df g]kfnn] ;b:otf k|fKt u/]sf avt ul/Psf] k|lta4tf cg'¿k P]g sfg'gsf] th'{df kl/dfh{g ug'{ kg]{ .

!^= jftfj/0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno

lghfdtL ;]jfleq ;"rgf k|ljlw ;d"x, lj1fg k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f ;d"x u7g ug]{ . o; dGqfnosf] ;du| ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L ;ª\u7g / sd{rf/L b/aGbLsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ . o; dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gx¿M ljB'tLo sf/f]af/ P]g, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, ljB'tLo sf/f]af/ lgodfjnL, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, jftfj/0f ;DaGwL dfkb08 ;d]tnfO{ ;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{g ug]{ . lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]zsf] nflu vf;u/L If]qut 1fg, lj1fg k|ljlw / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] bIftfnfO{ dxTj lbg] . dGqfnosf] k|zf;g / n]vfh:tf lgoldt sfo{x¿sf nflu :yfoL sd{rf/LnfO{ /fVg] Joj:yf ug]{ . lj1fg tyf k|ljlw gLlt / ;"rgf k|ljlw gLltnfO{ ;do ;fk]If agfpg] . jftfj/0f tyf lbuf] ljsf;, cGtl/If k|ljlw,

444

gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ h:tf gLltx¿ agfpg] . xfn cGo dGqfno cGtu{t /x]sf g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefu, vfgL tyf e"–ue{ ljefu, s]Gb|Lo vfB cg';Gwfg ljefu, jg:klt ljefu, k]6«f]lnod cGj]if0f ljefu, e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f ljefunfO{ o; dGqfnosf] If]qflwsf/leq Nofpg] . afudtL ;Eotf PsLs[t ljsf; ;DaGwL pRr:t/Lo ;ldlt / ;jf/L k|b'if0f cg'udg ;ldltnfO{ klg o; dGqfnosf] sfo{If]qdf Nofpg] . ;+/rgfut k'gM ;+/rgf nfu" u/L lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fg P]g, @)$* vf/]h ug]{ . lj1fg tyf k|ljlw gLlt / ;"rgf k|ljlw gLltdf ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ ug]{ . jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf lbuf] ljsf; gLlt, hf]lvdk"0f{ kbfy{ Joj:yfkg gLlt, cGtl/If k|ljlw gLlt, lj1fg k|ljlw tyf gj k|jt{g gLlt, cfO{ 6L P08 cfO{ 6L OgPjn ;le{;]h -IT & IT Enable Services_ gLlt, k|ltef knfog Go"gLs/0f tyf k|ltef k'gk|f{lKt gLlt ;d]tsf gLltx¿ th'{df ug]{, /fHosf] k'g/;+/rgf x'Fbf of] dGqfno s]Gb|sf] dftxtdf /xg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

!&= zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqfno

k'glg{df{0f ;DaGwL sfo{x¿sf] sfdsf] lg/Gt/tf lb+b} cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] sfo{nfO{ cem a9L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;Dkfbg ug{] . ljBdfg /fxt tyf k'g:yfkgf dxfzfvf / åGå Joj:yfkg dxfzfvfnfO{ PsLs[t u/L æ/fxt tyf åGå Joj:yfkg dxfzfvfÆ sfod ug]{ . ljBdfg sfg'g tyf ;~rf/ dxfzfvfnfO{ cfof]u ;ldlt ;dGjo zfvfsf] ;d]t sfo{ lbg] . k|zf;g dxfzfvf cGtu{tsf] j}b]lzs ;xof]u ;dGjo zfvfnfO{ vf/]h ug]{ / of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd ;dGjo zfvf / cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg zfvfnfO{ PsLs[t ug]{ . ;du| sfd / sd{rf/Lsf] ljBdfg cj:yfsf] ;du| d"NofÍg u/L ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L sd{rf/L / sfdsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ . ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf ;a} If]qdf sfd ubf{ zflGt d}qL sfo{qmd dfkm{t ug]{ . zflGt lgdf{0fsf nflu ul/Psf jf ul/g] sfo{x¿ k|lqmofd'vL dfq geO{ glthf pGd"v agfpg] . lx+;f / cGofosf ;|f]tx¿ Go"g ub} n}hfg] . s'g} Pp6f ;ª\u7g Pj+ s]Gb|Lo k|zf;gn] dfq zflGt lgdf{0f k"0f{ x'g ;Dej gePsf] x'Fbf o;sf] nflu ;fd"lxs k|of;sf] nflu o; dGqfnon] ;dGjo ug]{ . ;a} If]qn] ljsf; k|lqmofdf zflGt ;fdflhs ;b\efj k/:k/ ;xof]u k|a4{g ug]{ Pj+ To;nfO{ dha't agfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] . /fxt tyf k'g:{yfkgf ;DaGwL sfg'g agfO{ nfu" ug]{ .

!*= lzIff dGqfno

z}lIfs If]qnfO{ lgoldt, Jojl:yt, dof{lbt / u'0f:t/Lo t'Nofpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] pRr z}lIfs of]Uotf, bIftf, Ifdtf ePsf ljBfnosf lzIfs / ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofksx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ . o:tf lzIfs Pjd\ k|fWofksx¿sf] ;"rL -Roster_ tof/ u/L /fVg] / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf ljleGg If]qdf pxfFx¿sf] ;]jf lng] k/Dk/f a;fNg] . lzIfs / k|fWofksx¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtf tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{ . ljZjljBfno, ljBfno / SofDk;x¿sf] dfgj ;+zfwg, ef}lts Pjd\ Joj:yfksLo kIfx¿sf] ;'wf/ ug]{ . z}lIfs

445

lgsfox¿df /fhgLltnfO{ k|j]z x'g glbO{ oL lgsfox¿nfO{ ljz'4 z}lIfs lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfosf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ . ;Eo, OdfGbf/, g}ltsjfg, kl/>dL gful/s tof/ ug{sf nflu g}lts lzIffdf hf]8 lbg] . d'n'sdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] u/L ;du| lzIff If]qdf ;'wf/ ug]{ . ljBfno lzIff, k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff Pjd\ pRr lzIffsf] nflu 5'§f 5'§} dGqfnosf] Joj:yf u/L tT;DaGwL lzIffnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg] .

u'0f:t/Lo z}lIfs pknlAw xfl;n ug{ x/]s z}lIfs ;qsf nflu ljBfno txdf g} nIf / pknlAw ls6fg u/L sfo{ of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ nufO{ ;f] sf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf nflu s]Gb|b]lv ljBfnotx;Dd ;do ;Ldf ;lxtsf] sfo{ of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ . ljBfno lzIffdf ;'wf/ Nofpg l;sfO ;do j[l4sf nflu z'qmjf/ klg rf/ jh];Dd ljBfnodf k7g kf7g tyf cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{ . ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAwnfO{ lzIfssf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg;Fu cfa4 ug]{ . ljQLo ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ljBfnodf hfg] cg'bfgnfO{ Jojl:yt / kf/bzL{ agfO{ ;|f]tnfO{ glthfd'vL agfpg] . lzIff If]qdf k|fKt x'g] lgoldt ah]6 afx]ssf cGo ah]6x¿nfO{ kf/bzL{ ¿kdf vr{ ug{ To:tf nufgLnfO{ vr{ k|ltj]bgdf :ki6 v'nfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ . lgodfg';f/ cg'dlt glnO ;~rfngdf cfPsf ljBfnox¿nfO{ cljnDa lgodg ug]{ . ;DalGwt lzIfsaf6 ljBfnodf lgoldt ¿kdf k7g kf7g eP gePsf] lgoldt cg'udg u/L clgoldt lzIfsx¿nfO{ lgodfg';f/ sf/jfxL ug]{ . x/]s z}lIfs ;qdf slDtdf b'O{ ;o aL; lbg k7g kf7g x'g] Joj:yf s8fOsf ;fy nfu" ug]{ .

lzIff dGqfnon] lng] 5fqj[lQ;DaGwL k/LIffsf] ljZj;gLotf clej[l4 ug{ lglZrt cfrf/;+lxtf;lxt lj1x¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg], Ps k6s k/LIffdf ;+nUg hgzlQmnfO{ csf]{ k6ssf] k/LIff ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg gu/fpg] . To:tf] k/LIffsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgdf :jR5 5lj ePsf hgzlQm kl/rfng ug]{ . lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfknfO{ cem a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg ;"rgf k|ljlw, ;~rf/ / OG6/g]6sf] clwstd pkof]u ug]{ . ljBfno txsf] kf7\ok':ts oyf;dod} ljBfyL{sf] xftdf k'¥ofpg kf7\ok':ts 5kfO tyf ljt/0fsf nflu hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb|sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ub}{ hfg] / k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/df lghL If]qnfO{ ;d]t ;xefuL u/fpg] . ljBfno zflGt If]q sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog u/L ljBfyL{sf] lgjf{w k7g kf7gsf] clwsf/nfO{ k|Tofe"t ug]{ . lzIfssf] jflif{s tnaL k|ltj]bg clgjfo{ ¿kdf kfl/t ug]{ k|fjwfgnfO{ cem a9L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ . lzIff If]qdf b]lvPsf c;n cEof;nfO{ cg's/0f ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg] / To; If]qdf b]lvPsf lj;Ëltx¿ lgoGq0f ug{ tb\cg'¿ksf] sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L z}lIfs hutnfO{ Jofj;flos / dof{lbt agfpg] . lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt P]g lgod kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ cg's"n x'g] u/L sfof{Gjogdf gcfPsf / eljiodf klg sfof{Gjogdf cfpg] ;Defjgf gePsf k|fjwfgnfO{ x6fO{ gofF lzIff P]g th'{df ug]{ . lzIff dGqfnosf] sfo{ If]qdf cfPsf] lj:tf/ / ;]jfsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f

446

cg';f/ dGqfnosf] k'g;+{/rgf u/L dGqfnob]lv :yfgLo tx;Ddsf] ;fË7lgs ;+/rgf / ;f] cg's"n ef}lts ;fwg, ;|f]t / hgzlQm Joj:yfkg -sd{rf/L b/aGbL k'g/fjnf]sg_ ug]{ . To;}u/L Jofj;flos Pjd\ k|fljlws hgzlQm ljsf;sf nflu bL3{sfnLg Pjd\ cNksfnLg of]hgf th'{df ug]{, k|fljlws If]qsf pRr lzIff lbg] SofDk;x¿nfO{ ;DaGwg lbFbfsf] dfkb08sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{, 5fqj[lQsf] k/LIff ;~rfngnfO{{ ljZjfl;nf] ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ ljz]if ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug]{, of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t ljBfno lzIfs / ljZjljBfnosf lzIfs / lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfwf/e"t ;]jf ;'ljwfdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug]{, c+u|]hL, ul0ft, lj1fg h:tf ljifodf bIf hgzlQm cfslif{t ug]{ u/L ljz]if pTk|]/0ffsf cfwf/x¿ tof/ ug]{, 5fqj[lQdf cWoog u/]sf hgzlQmsf] pkof]u;DaGwL ljz]if gLltut Joj:yf ug]{ .

!( >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno dGqfnosf] sfd / hgzlQmnfO{ ljrf/ u/L ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] sfof{no If]qLo:t/;Dd :yfkgf ug]{ / ljefunfO{ sfo{ ;~rfngdf eGbf cg'udgdf lqmofzLn u/fpg] u/L ;ª\u7gsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ . aL; xhf/ eGbf a9L g]kfnL sfdbf/ /x]sf ljb]zl:yt g]kfnL lgof]ux¿df >d OsfOsf] :yfkgf u/L >d ;xrf/L, sNof0f clws[t / cfjZostf cg';f/ :yfgLo sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . k//fi6«« dGqfno;Fu ;dGjo u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/df ;+nUg g]kfnL >ldsx¿nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/sf] ;]jf k'¥ofpg] . b"tfjf; :yfkgf x'g g;s]sf >d uGtJo d'n'sx¿df ;DalGwt d'n's x]g]{ b"tfjf; dftxt >d OsfO{ /fvL ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ . >d dGqfno / k//fi6«« dGqfnosf aLr sfddf bf]xf]/f]kg gx'g] u/L Psåf/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ bL3{sfnLg gLlt lng' kg]{ . :jb]zdf /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf ug{ dGqfnon] cu|0fL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf x'g] 7uLnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ >d ;xrf/LnfO{ a9L lqmofzLn agfpg] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] o'jfnfO{ ;Lko'Qm tflnd k|bfg u/]/ dfq k7fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ . j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ ;'/lIft / e/kbf]{ agfpg pko'Qm gLlt cjnDag u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ . ljb]zLnfO{ g]kfndf sfd ug]{ Pjd\ :jLs[lt lng] Joj:yfnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg] . jfn >d lg/LIf0f / cg'udg tLa| agfO{ afn >d lgjf/0f ug]{ . ;Lk ljsf; tflnd s]Gb|nfO{ ;+ejt agfO{ /f]huf/L >[hgf d"ns tflnd sfo{qmd >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnosf] 5ftfdf Nofpg] . ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmddf k|efjsf/L :sLd NofP/ ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

@)= ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno

oftfoftsf] ;a} dfWodx¿ / jfo' If]q;d]t ;d]6L PsLs[t oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfno u7g ug]{ . k|flws/0f, ;/sf/L sfof{no / ljsf; ;ldltsf sfddf bf]xf]/f]kg b]lvPsf] / /fHosf] :yfoL k|s[ltsf sfo{ ug{sf] nflu klg ljsf; ;ldlt u7g ug]{ k|rngsf] cGTo u/L o:tf sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/L lgsfonfO{ g} lbg] . o; dGqfno cGtu{tsf ;du| ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L ;ª\u7gsf] k'g;+{/rgf ug]{ . ko{6g / ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL

447

lqmofsnfkx¿ Jojl:yt ug{ 5'§} ko{6g ljefu / ;+:s[lt ljefusf] u7g ug'{kg]{ . ko{6gnfO{ /fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qsf] ¿kdf /fvL lghL If]qsf pBdLx¿nfO{ cfsif{0f ug{sf] nflu /fli6«o gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ . ko{6g k|a4{g, jhf/Ls/0f, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] nflu ko{6g ljsf;sf] 5'§} /0fgLlts of]hgf agfO{ nfu" ug]{ . gofF gofF ko{6g uGtJo :ynsf] klxrfg / k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ . ;fxl;s ko{6g tyf v]ns"b ko{6g ;DaGwdf 5'§} lgodfjnL agfpg] . e/kbf]{ gofF cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] ljsf; ug]{ . xjfO{ oftfoft z'Nssf] lgwf{/0f / gful/s p8\8og k"jf{wf/sf If]qdf ePsf] nufgL lgoGq0f tyf ;xhLs/0fsf] nflu /fli6«o p8\8og af]8{ u7g ug]{ . xjfO{ b'3{6gfsf] 5fgljg / cg';Gwfgsf] nflu cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 adf]lhd :yfoL ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug]{ . ;a} ko{6sLo ultljlwx¿nfO{ sfg'gL bfo/fdf Nofpg ko{6g gLlt / ko{6g;DaGwL sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{g ug]{ . kz'klt If]q ljsf; sf]if / n'lDagL ljsf; sf]ifnufotsf ljsf; ;ldlt / sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;/sf/L kx'Fr sfod /fVg sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] ¿kdf dGqfnoaf6 sd{rf/L v6fpg] . o:tf :jfoQ k|s[ltsf ;+:yfnfO{ p2]Zod"ns ¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{ Jofj;flos 1fg, ;Lk, of]Uotf / bIftf ePsf JolQm rog ug]{ .

d'n'ssf] ;+:s[lt hLjg / ;Eotfsf] kl/rfos xf] / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gåf/f g} /fli6«o klxrfg cfjZos 5 . a9\bf] cfk|jf;g / dfgjLo cfjfudg, klZrdL hutsf] ;f+:s[lts pBf]usf] a9\bf] k|efjn] o'jf k':tfdf /fli6«o–hftLo ;+:s[ltk|ltsf] cg'/fudf Jofks x|f; cfpFb}5 . Psftkm{ gofF k':tfdf x/fpFb} uPsf] /fli6«o ;+:s[lt, efiff, /fli6«o tyf hftLo uf}/jaf]w k|lt cg'/fu hufpg' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ cef}lts nf]s ;+:s[ltsf ;fy} o'ur]tgfsf ljkIfdf /x]sf cu|fXo kIfx¿df kl/dfh{g tyf ¿kfGt/0fsf] r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 . k'/ftflTjs–;f+:s[lts If]qx¿df k'/ftflTjs, wfld{s / /fli6«o dxTjsf cGo ;+/rgf / ltgsf jl/kl/sf If]qdfly a9\bf] cltqmd0f lgoGq0f u/]/ v'nf tyf k|b"if0fd'Qm t'Nofpg] r'gf}tL klg sd dxTjsf] 5}g . t;y{ oL ;a} vfnsf r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf u/L /fli6«o ;+:s[lt / cfkm\gf] klxrfg tyf ;Eotf hf]ufpg ljleGg gLlt tyf sfo{qmd cfjZos b]lvG5 . sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] ;f+:s[lts j}ej ;+/If0f ug{ cfjZos 5, t;y{ jfudtL, lji0f'dtL, ¿b|dtL nufotsf gbLnfO{ k|b"if0fd'Qm /fVg] sfo{of]hgf th'{df u/L To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog cfjZos 5 . b]zsf cg]s efu / e]usf ;+:s[lt tyf ltgsf ljleGg kIfsf] ;j]{If0f ;Íng u/L ljBdfg /fli6«o, hftLo ;+:s[ltsf] cle/]vfÍg of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ . nf]kf]Gd'v ;+:s[ltsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿sf] ;"rLs/0f u/L ltgsf] ;+/If0f ;Dj4{g ;DaGwL qmda4 of]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ . hftLo ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu k|To]s lhNnfdf ;se/ Ps Psj6f ;f+:s[lts u|fd lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{of]hgf to ug]{ . /fli6«o ;~rf/ gLlt cGtu{t ;~rf/ dfWodx¿n] k|sfzg–k|;f/0f ug]{ :yfg / ;dosf] lglZrt k|ltzt If]qLo tyf /fli6«o ;+:s[ltsf] ;Dj4{gdf ;xof]u k'Ug] vfnsf ;fdu|LnfO{ :yfg lbg'kg]{ gLltsf] th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ . ejg lgdf{0f ;+lxtf nfu" ubf{ g]kfnL z}nLsf jf:t'snfsf] pkof]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ / k/Dk/fut z}nLsf]

448

;+/rgf lgdf{0fdf ug]{nfO{ gS;f b:t'/, s/ cflb s'/fdf pko'Qm 5'6 lbP/ cfjZos k|f]T;fxgsf] gLlt cjnDag ug]{ . nf]s tyf zf:qLo uLt, g[To, gfl6sf cflbsf] k/Dk/fnfO{ ko{6g ;xof]uL t'Nofpg lghL If]qsf] ;d]t ;xeflutfdf 8anL gfr k/Dk/fsf] ljsf; ug'{sf ;fy} tLg tf/f eGbf dflysf ;a} xf]6]nx¿df ljb]zL ko{6ssf nflu To:tf ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdsf] k|bz{gLnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug]{ vfnsf] gLlt cjnDag u/L ;+:s[ltnfO{ ko{6g pBf]usf] ;xof]uL If]qsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ub}{ hfg] . o:tf xf]6]nx¿df ;hfj6, vfgkfg / pkxf/ h:tf ljljw s'/fdf g]kfnL pTkfbgsf] k|of]u ug]{nfO{ /fxtsf] Joj:yf u/]/ g]kfnL pTkfbgsf] k|of]u tkm{ k|f]t;fxg ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug]{ . k'/ftflTjs j:t' / ;+/rgf If]qx¿sf] ;+/If0f, ef}lts ;+:s[ltsf k'/ftflTjs ejg, If]q / :ynx¿dflysf] cltqmd0f /f]Sg lglZrt b"/L aflx/ dfq ;+/rgfx¿sf] lgdf{0f, Jofkfl/s, cf}Bf]lus / cGo ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ gkfpg] lgod th'{df u/L k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjfog ug]{ . To:tf If]qx¿df k'/ftflTjs, wfld{s / /fli6«o dxTjsf cGo ;+/rgfx¿ k|i6 b]Vg ;lsg] u/L lglZrt prfOeGbf a9Lsf ;+/rgf lgdf{0fdf /f]s nfufpg] gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ . o;sf nflu To:tf ;+/rgfsf] jl/kl/ lglZrt If]qsf 3/ hUuf clwu|x0f u/]/ To:tf If]qnfO{ v'nf / k|b"if0fd'Qm t'Nofpg cfjZos sfg'g th'{df ug]{ . u'7Lsf hdLg ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg u/L /fli6«o ;+:s[lt, d7dlGb/sf ;fy} k'/ftflTjs :yn, ejg / cGo ;+/rgf ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / ljsf;sf nflu cfGtl/s ;|f]t kl/rfngsf] gLltnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g] . o:tf :ynnfO{ ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/ k|bfg ug{ /fli6«o clen]vfno, k'/ftTj ljefu h:tf ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf j[l4sf nflu cfjZos ;|f]t ljlgof]hg ug]{ . k'/ftflTjs, P]ltxfl;s tyf dfgjzf:qLo dxTjsf :ynx¿sf] ;j]{If0f, pTvgg\, cWoog / ;+/If0fdf k|fyldstf lbg] . /fi6«s} ljleGg /fli6«o, hftLo, If]qLo wfld{s–cfWoflTds If]qx¿sf] ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkg u/]/ cfGtl/s wfld{s ko{6gsf] ljsf; u/L jfXo wfld{s ko{6gnfO{ lg¿T;flxt ub}{ hfg] . wfld{s, eflifs, hftLo ;+:s[lt / ;Eotfsf aLr ;dGjo u/L ;Unf] /fli6«o ;+:s[ltsf] dfgs tof/ ug]{ gLlt tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ . ljBdfg\ hftLo / /fli6«o wfld{s k/Dk/f, ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/f / lrGtg k|0ffnLdf kfOg] o'ufg's"n / ablnFbf] ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf ljZj;Gbe{;Fu cg's"n g/x]sf kIfx¿df cfjZos ;+zf]wg, kl/dfh{g / ¿kfGt/0f sfo{sf cfjZos cWoog / sfo{of]hgf to ug]{ . cfjZos cWoog kZrft ;'wf/ / ;dfofg's"n kl/dfh{g tyf ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ ;xof]u x'g] u/L sd{sf08 ljlwsf] k7g kf7g nufot ljBfno txb]lv g} pko'Qm g}lts tyf ;f+:s[lts kf7\oqmd–kf7\oj:t' ljsl;t ul/Fb} qmlds ¿kdf nfu" ub}{ hfg] gLlt cjnDag ug]{ .

@!= ;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno

:yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] k'g/;+/rgf ug]{ . :yfgLo lgsfosf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu :yfgLo ;]jf P]g hf/L u/L cfjZos sfg'gL Joj:yf ug]{ . /fhwfgLsf] ;'zf;g Pj+ PsLs[t ljsf;sf nflu sf7df8f}+ d]6«f] P]g agfO{ nfu"

449

ug]{ . gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)$% cg';f/ ul7t gu/ ljsf; ;ldltx¿ vf/]h ug]{ . lhNnfl:yt lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nonfO{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] k|fljlws zfvfsf ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ / ljifout lgIf]k0f /0fgLlt cg';f/ l;+rfO{, vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO{, gbL lgoGq0f, ;8s tyf ;8s, k'n, ejg lgdf{0f cflb :yfgLo k"jf{wf/sf] sfo{ lh=lj=;=df lgIf]k0f ug]{ . s0ff{nL c~rn / jl/kl/sf dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+sdf k5fl8 k/]sf lhNnfnfO{ ;d]6L s0ff{nL tyf jl/kl/sf If]q ljsf; k|flws/0f u7g u/L To; If]qsf ;a} sfo{qmdnfO{ PsLs[t ug]{, ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLdf k|b]z tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;+/rgf / sfo{ lhDd]jf/Lsf] cWoog ug]{, ljQLo ;ª\3Lotfsf] cWoog / /fh:j clwsf/ lgwf{/0f ug]{, k|fljlws ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/; adf]lhd gofF gu/kflnsfx¿sf] 3f]if0ff / gu/kflnsfsf] juL{s/0f ug]{, :yfgLo lgsfox¿df glthfd"ns of]hgf cg'udg d"NofÍg k4lt :yflkt ug]{, Go"gtd zt{ / sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg k|0ffnLsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L glthfd"ns / :jd"NofÍgdf cfwfl/t k4ltnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{, ;a} :yfgLo lgsfosf] n]vfk/LIf0f dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{noaf6} x'g] Joj:yf ug]{, k|fljlws sfo{sf] gD;{ u'0f:t/ / dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/L nfu" ug]{, :yfgLo txdf -lhNnf, uf=lj=;= / g=kf=_ u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgsf] pko'Qm ;+:yfut k4lt :yflkt ug]{ . dGqfno / cGtu{tsf lgsfo / OsfO{ ;s];Dd 36fpg] . b'u{d If]q ljsf; ;ldlt cGtu{t ;~rflnt ;a} sfo{qmd lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf lgwf{/0f ug]{ . dGqfnosf] ;du| ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf Pj+ hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ .

@@= ;xsf/L tyf u/LaL lgjf/0f dGqfno

;xsf/Lsf d"No / l;4fGt adf]lhd ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;xsf/Lsf] k|s[lt ePsfn] cnUu} ;ª\u7gfTds ;+oGqsf] ljsf; u/L ;xsf/L ;ª\3;:yfx¿sf] k|a4{g ug]{ . ;xsf/L ljefusf] :t/f]Ggltsf nflu zfvf / b/aGbL yk ug]{ . s]Gb|Lo ;xsf/L k|lzIf0f s]Gb|nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] / % j6f ;xsf/L k|lzIf0f tyf l8lehg sfof{nox¿nfO{ If]qLo :t/sf] tflnd s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ . xfn ;+rfngdf /x]sf kfFrj6f ;xsf/L k|lzIf0f tyf l8lehg sfof{nox¿nfO{ If]qLo :t/sf tflnd s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ . u/LaL lgjf/0fsf] If]qdf ljleGg lgsfox¿af6 eP u/]sf sfo{x¿nfO{ ;dGjo ug]{ Pj+ u/LaL lgjf/0f;DaGwL ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f u/L nfu" ug]{ . u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]if P]gnfO{ ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug]{ . ;xsf/L P]gnfO{ ;do ;fk]If ¿kdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;xsf/Ln] ug]{ jrt tyf C0fnfO{ Jojl:yt u/L x'g;Sg] cfly{s ck/fwnfO{ /f]Sg] . ;dfhsf ;LdfGts[t ju{ / hgtfnfO{ u/LaLsf] /]vfaf6 dfly p7fpg] sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] . ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] sfo{ k|s[lt cg';f/ jrt tyf C0fsf] dfq sf/f]jf/ ug]{ ;+:yfsf] nflu 5'§} P]gsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ . ;xsf/L ljQLo ck/fw lgoGq0fsf] nflu a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL sfg'gdf eP cg';f/sf] sf/jfxL x'g ;Sg] u/L sfg'gsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

450

u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]if / o'jf tyf ;fgf Joj;foL :j/f]huf/ sf]ifnfO{ o; dGqfno dftxt /fVg' kg]{ . o;sf nflu ljBdfg sfg'gdf cfjZos ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ . xfn /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u dftxt /x]sf] u/LaL lgjf/0f If]q x]g]{ zfvf÷dxfzfvf tyf ;f];Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmd, ah]6 hgzlQm o; dGqfnosf] ;+/rgfleq Nofpg' kg]{ . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u cGtu{t -NDBS_ nfO{ o; dGqfnosf] sfo{If]q÷;+/rgf÷TOR df /fVg' kg]{ . u/LaL lgjf/0f ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;~rfng tyf cg'udgsf nflu ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgfdf lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ . o;sf nflu dftxtsf ljefu tyf cfjZos sfof{no / sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg x'g'kg]{ . u/La 3/ kl/jf/ klxrfg / kl/ro kq ljt/0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;lrjfnosf] :yfoL ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgf x'g'kg]{ . sfo{ lhDd]jf/L cg';f/sf] b/aGbL Joj:yfkg ug]{ / sfo{ ;~rfngdf ;lrjfnonfO{ :jfoQtf k|bfg ug]{ . u/Lasf] klxrfg u/L kl/rokq ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ /fli6«o kl/rokq Pjd\ dtbftf kl/rokq;Fu cfa4 u/L PsLs[t¿kdf tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{, kl/rokq k|fKt u/LaLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf] JolQmn] kfpg] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿ ;d]t ;fy;fy} cjnDag u/L nlIft ju{n] dfq nfe lng kfpg] u/L gLltut Joj:yf ug]{ / ;f] sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu k"j{tof/L ug]{ . ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿df klg ;/sf/L ;]jf k|bfg ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

@#= ;x/L ljsf; dGqfno

g]kfndf ;x/Ls/0fsf] tLj| a;fO{ ;/fO{ / zx/L hg;+Vofsf] j[l4 b/ h'g #=$Ü /x]sf] 5, ltgLx¿sf] Jojl:yt, :jR5, :t/Lo j;fO{sf] k|aGw ug'{ clt g} cfjZos 5 . o;}u/L ;kmf :jR5 :t/sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ zx/L k"jf{wf/ ljsf; u/L zx/df a:g] hgtfnfO{ ;]jf ;/n / ;xh ¿kn] pknAw u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . zx/L hg;+Vof / j;fO{ ;/fO{ a9\bf] qmddf /x]sf]n] zx/ tyf ;x/f]Gd'v gu/x¿sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ of]hgfa4 9Ëaf6 ug'{kg]{, Jojl:yt a;f]jf;sf] k|a4{g ub}{ ;'/lIft tyf lskmfotL vfnsf cfjf;x¿ pknAw u/fpg], ;'/lIft lskmfolt / jftfj/0f cg's"n :jb]zL j:t'snf emNsg] vfnsf ejgx¿ lgdf{0f / ljsf; ug]{ h:tf zx/L ljsf; / ejg lgdf{0fsf] gLlt th'{df ug]{ . o; dGqfnosf] ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L ;ª\u7gfTds :j¿k tyf hgzlQmdf kl/dfh{g ug]{ . gf} j6f l8lehg sfof{no / rf/j6f ;j l8lehg sfof{nox¿ yk :yfkgf ug]{ . dGqfnodf Pp6f 5'§} gu/kflnsf tyf gu/f]Gd'v :yfgx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ u/L dxfzfvf agfpg] . /fli6«o uf}/j tyf dxTjsf cfof]hgfsf] sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg 5'§} ;ª\u7gfTds :j¿k lgwf{/0f ug]{ . g]kfndf a9\bf] ;x/Ls/0fsf] rfknfO{ Jojl:yt / ;'ljwfo'Qm agfpg gLlt, P]g, lgoddf ;do ;fk]If kl/dfh{g u/L PsLs[t ¿kdf gLlt lgod tyf P]gx¿ th'{df ug]{ . v]/ uO/x]sf] kfgLsf] pkof]usf] Joj:yf ug{ lgb]{lzsf agfpg] . vfg]kfgL P]g 5'§} agfpg] . ef}lts ljsf; of]hgf tyf 3/ hUuf Joj;fo ;DaGwL P]g th'{df ug]{ . ljsf; Joj:yfkg Pjd\ ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu P]g th'{df ug]{ .

@$= ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno

451

sd{rf/L k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg lgb]{lzsfx¿nfO{ cGt/dGqfno 5nkmnåf/f PsLs[t ¿kdf th'{df ug]{, sd{rf/L pTk|]/0ff Go"g /x]sf] sf/0f o; dGqfnodf sd{rf/Lsf] k|lt:yfkg b/ -Turnover_ pRr /xL ;+:yfut :d/0f -Institutional Memory_ sdhf]/ ePsfn] To;f] x'g glbg] Joj:yf ug]{, cjsfz k|fKt sd{rf/Lsf ;DaGwdf :ki6 gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ . sd{rf/L ;Da4 ljifoj:t'df gLlt jf lg0f{o ubf{ ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu ;d]t ;dGjo u/L sd{rf/L ;"rgf k|0ffnL -PIS_ nfO{ cem a9L Jojl:yt ug]{ . o; dGqfnonfO{ s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L lgsfosf ¿kdf ;'b[9 ug]{ . Joj:yfkg k/LIf0fsf] jt{dfg Joj:yfnfO{ lgoldt, Jojl:yt / yk k|efjsf/L agfpg] . hgzlQm ljsf; ;DaGwL gLltnfO{ ;dfofg's"n kl/dfh{g ug]]{ . 6«]8 o'lgognfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fsf nflu gLltut lgb]{z ug]{ . tflnd gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ . lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ Gofof]lrt ¿kdf cj;/sf] ljt/0f ug]{ . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgd"ns sfo{ ug]{ . sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ff / dgf]jn clej[l4sf nflu sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ . k|zf;g Joj:yf / gLltaf/] cWoog, cg';Gwfg u/fO{ k|fKt ;'emfj tyf lg:sif{nfO{ dGqfnosf] jflif{s sfo{qmdsf] th'{dfsf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lng] Joj:yf ug]{ .

@%= l;+rfO{ dGqfno

pmhf{ / l;+rfO{ dGqfnonfO{ ufeL pmhf{ tyf hn>f]tsf] of]hgf, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ug]{ Pp6f ;an ¿kdf sfd ug{ Pp6} hn>f]t dGqfno agfpg] . dGqfnosf] sfd / hgzlQmsf] ;du| ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ . /fHosf] pmhf{ tyf hn;|f]tsf] pkof]usf] nflu bL3{sfnLg hn;|f]t gLlt agfpg] . k|:tfljt hn>f]t gLlt / l;+rfO gLltnfO{ :jLs[t u/L nfu" ug]{ . hn;|f]t P]g / lgodfjnLdf ;do ;fk]If ¿kdf ;'wf/ ug]{ . l;+rfO{ pknAw u/fpg kfgLsf] ax'pkof]u gLlt agfpg] . vfBfGgdf cfTdlge{/ x'g s[lif dGqfno;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L sfo{ ug]{ . OlGhlgol/ª ;]jf, xfO8«f]nf]hL pk;d"x / d]6«f]nf]hL ;d"xsf] ;]jf ;~rfng lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnoaf6 x'g'kg]{ .

@^= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno

k|;f/0f If]qsf] lgodgsf] nflu ljz]if1tf;lxtsf] k|;f/0f k|flws/0f h:tf lgofds lgsfosf] Joj:yf ug]{ . Ps} k|s[ltsf] sfdnfO{ Pp6} lgsfoaf6 dfq} ;Dkfbg x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ Pj+ PseGbf a9L lgsfo;Fu ;DalGwt sfdsf] ;dGjosf] nflu k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ . x'nfs ;]jf ljefunfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpgsf] nflu xfnsf] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g ug]{ / ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL sfdx¿ yk ug]{ . o;nfO{ jrt j}lÍËsf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ u/L ljz]if Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ . OG6/g]6 ;]jf, 6]nL;]G6/ jf ;d'bfo s]lGb|t, k]k/ kf;{n ;]jf, O–Sofkm] ;+rfngh:tf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ k|ToIf ;]jf k'Ug] sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L lbg] . uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgnfO{ lghL ;~rf/ dfWod;Fu k|ltikwf{ ug{ ;Sg] u/L k'g;+{/rgf u/L cfw'lgsLs/0f ug]{ . /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn

452

6]lnlehgsf] k|;f/0fnfO{ l8lh6nfOH8 u/L b'a} ;+:yfnfO{ ufeL æklAns ;le{;]; a|f]8sfli6Ë skf]{/]zgÆ sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ jf /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] Pp6} ;~rfns ;ldlt agfO{ b'a}sf] 5'§} klxrfg /fvL ;~rfng ug]{ . o;/L 5'§} skf]{/]zg agfpg] bL3{sfnLg nIo lgwf{/0f ug]{ Pp6} ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 sfdsf] yfngL ug]{ . d'b|0f ljefunfO{ k|flws/0fsf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/L lghL If]qaf6 ;+rflnt 5fkfvfgfx¿sf] lgofds lgsfosf ¿kdf :yflkt ug]{ u/L sfg'gL clVtof/L ;lxt sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf :jfoQtf k|fKt x'g] u/L ljz]if sfg'gL Joj:yf ug]{ . ;"rgf ljefunfO{ ;/sf/sf] ;"rgf a}+ssf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug]{ / ;a} ;"rgfx¿ k|jfx ug]{, ljqmL ug]{, clen]vLs/0f ug]{ sfo{x¿ yk ug]{, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnonfO{ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw (ICT) ;DaGwL pRr lgsfosf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ .

cfd;~rf/sf dfWodx¿nfO{ dof{lbt, ;dfhk|lt pQ/bfoL / Jofj;flos agfpg tyf k|]; :jtGqtf / ;DkfbsLo :jtGqtfsf] cEof;nfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg ljBdfg cg'udg k|0ffnL sDhf]/ /x]sf]n] k|]; sfplG;nsf] k'g/;+/rgf u/L cfdgful/snfO{ tYo / ;Todf cfwfl/t ;jn ;';"lrt cfd;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{{, cfd;~rf/sf dfWodx¿nfO{ gful/sk|lt hjfkmb]xL / pQ/bfoL agfpg ljBdfg lgodgsf Joj:yf / k|0ffnLdf Jofks ;'wf/ u/L nf]stflGqs dfGotf cg's"nsf] ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ dfWodx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{, ;~rf/If]qdf lqmofzLn hgzlQmnfO{ bIf, bLuf] / ;'/lIft dxz'z u/fpg d2t k'Ug] lgodg ;+/rgfsf ¿kdf >dhLlj kqsf/ P]gdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] k|]; /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{nosf] :yfkgf x'g'kg]{, ;~rf/sf dfWodx¿sf] btf{, cg'udg h:tf lgodg k|0ffnLx¿nfO{ ljs]lGb|t u/L :yfgLo / ;fd'bflos txdf ;~rf/ dfWodx¿sf] k|a4{g ug{ ;f] lgodg k|0ffnLnfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] txdf k'¥ofpg' kg]{ ;fy} ax'njfbL ;~rf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ ;s]df dfq} oyfy{df hgtfsf] hfGg kfpg] / yfxf kfpg] clwsf/ a9f]Q/L ug{ / kf/bzL{ ;+:sf/ ljsf; ug{ d2t k'Ug] x'gfn] ;~rf/ dfWodx¿sf] lgodg k|0ffnLnfO{ ljs]lGb|t ub}{ ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f ;]jf lgofds lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yfkgf x'g'kg]{ / ;~rf/ dfWoddf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg[' kg]{ h:tf ;'wf/ x'g'kg]{ .

/]l8of] g]kfnsf] cl:tTj / klxrfgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg /]l8of] g]kfnsf] k|;f/0fsf] kx'FrnfO{ lj:tf/ ub}{ ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf /]l8of] g]kfnnfO{ ljsf; ug]{ / /]l8of] g]kfnsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fåf/f xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf ldl8of j]e :6]zgx¿nfO{ qmdzM lj:yflkt ub}{ PkmPd k|ljlwdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L /]l8of] g]kfnsf] k|;f/0f Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug]{, /]l8of] g]kfndf sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] cfsf/df ;d]t k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cf}lrTo / sfo{sf cfwf/df sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] cfsf/df ;d]t k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cf}lrTo / sfo{sf cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL k'g/ljrf/ ug]{ .

;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f ;+:yfx¿nfO{ lgodg ug{ a]Un} ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0f ;DaGwL lgsfosf] :yfkgf ug]{ / To:tf] lgsfo :jtGq / :jfoQ x'g], cfly{s, k|zf;lgs Pjd\ sfo{ljlwut Joj:yfnfO{ P]gåf/f lgwf{/0f ug]{ . ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf ;"rgf kfpg] gful/ssf] df}lns xs k|rng u/fpg]

453

;Gbe{df uf]/vfkqsf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg] . 5'§} P]g -@)!( sf]_ cGtu{t ;~rflnt uf]/vfkqsf ;a} k|sfzgnfO{ e/kbf]{ ;"rgf tyf z}lIfs Pjd\ dgf]/~hgfTds ;fdu|Lsf] cflwsfl/s dfWod agfpg] nIo /fvL sfd ug]{ . ;Djt\ !(%* df k|sfzg z'¿ ePsf] o; cvaf/sf] klxrfg / k[i7e"ldnfO{ /fli6«o lglw dfg]/ ;+/If0f lbg] . uf]/vfkqnfO{ hLjGt ?kdf ultzLn agfpg ;f]xL cg'?ksf] lj1fkg gLlt, ;Lko'Qm bIf hgzlQmsf] ljsf; h:tf s'/fdf ljz]if Wofg lbg] .

/fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt -/f;;_ b]zel/sf :yfgaf6 va/, ;"rgf ;Íng u/L cvaf/, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, cgnfOg ;a}nfO{ tYok/s ;dfrf/sf] d'Vo ;|f]t /x]sf]n] To;nfO{ cfjZos pks/0f / k|lzlIft hgzlQm pknAw u/fpg ;|f]t–;fwgsf] plrt aGbf]a:tsf] Joj:yf ug]{] . ;/sf/L:t/sf ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ sfo{df o;sf] ;xof]u lg/Gt/ lng ;lsg] Joj:yf ldnfpFb} e}/x]sf] P]g kl/dflh{t ug]{] .

@&= :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno

dGqfnosf] k'g;{+/rgf ub}{ dGqfno dftxtsf] ljefu ;fgf] agfpg], sltko dxfzfvf x6fpg] / If]qnfO{ cg'udg nufotsf sfo{df a9L clwsf/ lbg] . :jf:Yo sfof{no / c:ktfnnfO{ 5'§f 5'§} agfpg] . :yfgLo :t/sf :jf:Yo rf}sL :yfgLo lgsfodfkm{t ;~rfng ug]{ . b/aGbL ;+/rgfdf k'gM cWoog u/L clgjfo{ 8fS6/sf]] Joj:yf ug]{ . dGqfnosf] ;du| ¿kdf ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L ;dfg k|s[ltsf sfo{x¿ Pp6} dxfzfvfdf kg]{ u/L ;a} ljefu / dxfzfvfsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ . cf}iflwx¿sf] ljqmL ljt/0fsf] cg'udg ug{ If]qLo:t/df gofF sfof{nox¿ :yfkgf ug]{ . k|To]s lhNnf c:ktfnnfO{ sDtLdf %) a]8sf] agfpg] . c:ktfnx¿df cf}hf/÷pks/0fx¿sf] lgoldt cfk"lt{ / dd{t;Def/sf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ . lhNnf c:ktfnx¿sf] ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L la/fdLsf] rfksf] cfwf/df :t/f]Ggltsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . bL3{sfnLg :jf:Yo gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;d;fdlos agfpg] . If]qLo c:ktfnx¿nfO{ lgMz'Ns cf}iflw cfk"lt{sf] Jo:yf ug]{ . bL3{sfnLg :jf:Yo gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cfo'j]{b lrlsT;f;DaGwL gLlt / j}slNks lrlsT;f;d]tnfO{ ;d]6L PsLs[t gLlt th'{df ug]{ . /fli6«o :jf:Yo ljdf gLlt th'{df ug]{ . cf}iflw nufot :jf:Yo ;fdfu|Lsf] vl/b ubf{ Nofjaf6 u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f u/]/ slDtdf dfkb08 k"/f u/]sf -Wtto-FMP k|fKt_ sDkgLaf6 dfq vl/b ug'{kg]{, cf}iflwx¿sf] Standard Specification agfO{ ;f] cg';f/ dfq vl/b x'g'kg]{ . :t/o'Qm k|of]uzfnfaf6 k/LIf0f u/fO{ u'0f:t/o'Qm cf}iflwdfq ahf/df pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ug]{, vl/b k|lqmof kf/bzL{ x'g'kg]{, cg'udgsf] sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg'kg]{, xfn If]qLo:t/df /x]sf d]l8sn :6f]/df cfw'lgs :t/o'Qm cf}iflw e08f/0f sIfsf] lgdf{0f u/L cf}iflw / cGo :jf:Yo ;fdu|Lsf] e08f/0f / ;xh cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ug]{, b'u{d If]q nufot ljleGg 7fpFdf cfjZos cf}iflwsf] sdL x'g glbg] k|aGw ug]{, lglZrt dfkb08 k|lts"nsf :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿ btf{ gug]{ / dfkb08 ljk/Ltsf] cj:yfdf ltgnfO{

454

sf/jfxL ug]{, lgb]{lzsf agfO{ lghL kmfd]{;LnfO{ c:ktfn kl/;/leq cf}iflw k;n /fVg glbg] Joj:yf ug]{, :jf:Yo If]qdf ;xof]uL bft[ ;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L agfpg pgLx¿sf] sfo{qmd :jf:y ;]jf ljefuaf6 :jLs[t u/fO{ sfddf bf]xf]/f] gx'g] u/L lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{no;Fu ;dGjo u/L ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] 5fqj[ltdf cWoog ug{ uPsf lrlsT;s tyf :jf:ysdL{sf] ;]jfsf af/]df ;+emf}tf adf]lhd k"/f cjlw sfd ug{] u/fpg] Joj:yf ug]{, ;]jf gug]{nfO{ k|rlnt b/ /]6 cg';f/ Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] Joj:yf ug]{, :yfoL d]l8sn clws[tx¿sf] xsdf @ jif{ lxdfnL jf $ jif{ kxf8L jf % jif{ t/fO{sf] :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿df ¿h' xflh/ eO{ sfd u/] kZrft dfq ljz]if of]Uotf k|fKt ug{sf nflu 5fqj[lQdf hfg of]Uo pDd]b\jf/ x'g] Joj:yf ug]{, g]kfn ;/sf/sf :yfoL lrlsT;s tyf :jf:Yo sdL{x¿ cfkm"n] k|j]z u/]sf] tx eGbf Ps tx dflysf] cWoogsf] nflu dfq 5fqj[lQ jf c;fwf/0f ljbf jf cGo ;'ljwf kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ ;f] eGbf dfly cWoog cWofkg u/fO{ ljz]if bIftf ;]jf ;~rfng ug'{ug]{ cj:yfdf dfq ljz]if 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf ug]{, :jf:Yo ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm / a9'jfsf ;DaGwdf tx cg';f/ a9'jf x'g'kg]{ k|To]s txdf # j6f pk tx agfO{ :t/ j[l4sf] Joj:yf ug{ pko'Qm x'g] Joj:yf ug]{, csf]{ txdf kbf]Ggltsf] nflu ;f] txsf] cfjZos of]Uotf eP dfq a9'jf x'g kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{, cGo k|fljlws hgzlQm :qL/f]u, jfn/f]u, Pg]:y]l;of, cyf]{k]l8s cflbdf l8Knf]df cWoog ug]{ Joj:yf u/L lhNnf txdf ljz]if1 :t/Lo ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{, cN6«f;fp08 ;]jf h:tf] ;'Ts]/L ;]jfsf lglDt cg'ejL :6fkm g;{ ;d]tnfO{ tflnd lbO{ k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gb|, :jf:Yo rf}sL ;d]taf6 ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ug]{, a9\bf] u'0f:t/Lo ;]jfsf] dfusf] ;Gbe{df bL3{sfnLg gLltnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} c=g=ld= Ps xhf/ hg;+Vof a/fa/ Ps hgfsf] Joj:yf u/L u'0f:t/Lo vf]k ;]jf, kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;]jf, :jf:Yo ;"rgf ;]jf nufotsf ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg], PsLs[t :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] Joj:yf ug]{ . lghL If]qaf6 ;~rflnt :jf:Yo ;+:yf / :jf:Yo ;DaGwL z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf] ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg k|efjsf/L agfO{ ;]jf ljt/0fsf] lgodg / lgu/fgL ug]{ .

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u d'n'ssf ljleGg k|zf;lgs lgsfox¿dWo] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u ljsf; of]hgfsf] th'{df ug]{ tyf ljsf; gLltx¿ th'{dfdf ;Nnfx lbg] lgsfosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . d'ntM o;n] of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf nflu cNksfnLg, dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] th'{df ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] ljsf;sf If]qx¿, ;+efjgf / cfjZostfx¿sf] klxrfg ug]{, ltgLx¿sf] k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{, >f]t / ;fwgx¿sf] jfF8kmfF8 ug]{, sfo{Gjogsf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo u/L ljsf; of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug]{ s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] ¿kdf sfo{ ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljsf; jx'cfoflds kIf ePsfn] ;fdflhs hghLjg, lzIff, :jf:Yo, jftfj/0f, hLjg z}nLsf] If]qdf cfPsf gofF gofF dfu, cfjZostf tyf dfGotfx¿n] ljsf;sf] gf/fnfO{ emg} km/flsnf] agfpFb} /x]sf] cj:yfdf Psftkm{ of]hgfa4 cfly{s ljsf; Tolts} cfjZos 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ k|efjsf/L /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u x'g' klg h¿/L 5 . o;sf nflu

455

;|f]t, ;fwg, bIf hgzlQm / sfg'gL Joj:yf cfjZos x'G5 . of]hgfdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿df ljz]if1tf / ljlzi6 1fg cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf nflu of]hgf ;d"xnfO{ lqmofzLn u/fO{ bIf hgzlQmsf] ljsf; u/L ljz]if1 PsfO{sf] ¿kdf of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfnosf] ;anLs/0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . ablnFbf] kl/l:yltdf b]xfosf] cfwf/ sf/0faf6 k|efjsf/L /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u aGg' cfjZos b]lvG5 M–

!= /fli6«o ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf / cj;/nfO{ cWoog u/L cNksfnLg, dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg /fli6«o of]hgfx¿sf] th'{df, cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug{,

@= ;dfj]zL Pjd\ ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf nflu /fi6«sf] Ifdtf cg'¿ksf] ;fk]lIft of]hgf th'{df ug{,

#= nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf ljleGg /fhgLlts ljrf/x¿sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g ;Sg] cj:yf ePsfn] ;a} ljrf/x¿nfO{ ;femf cjwf/0ffsf] ¿kdf ljsf; gLltsf] th'{df ug{,

$= /fi6«sf] ;|f]t ;fwgcg'¿k ljifout dGqfnon] ug]{ ljsf; sfo{qmd tyf cfly{s kl/rfngdf ;du| nIf / k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f u/L ljsf;sf] dfu{lrq k|bfg ug{,

%= d'n's ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfdf ¿kfGt/0f x'Fbf d'n'ssf] ;du| ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf] nflu k|fb]lzs ljsf; sfo{qmd / of]hgf sfof{nox¿sf] ;dGjo ug]{ s]Gb|Lo of]hgf lgsfosf] ¿kdf sfo{ ug{ tyf k|fb]lzs of]hgf cfof]unfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{ .

^= /fli6«o Pjd\ If]qLo ;'/Iffsf] If]qdf cfOkg]{ ;Defjgfx¿ ;d]t cf+sng u/L Joj:yfkgsf nflu plrt ;fwg >]t ;lxtsf of]hgf th'{df ug{,

&= k|fs[lts k|sf]k tyf dxfdf/L / cfsl:ds åGå h:tf tTsfn b]vfkg{ ;Sg] cj:yfsf] Joj:yfkg cGt/sfnLg of]hgf th'{df ug{,

*= ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ Pjd\ d'n'ssf] /fli6«o tYofÍsf] Joj:yfkg ug{,

(= ljsf; of]hgf;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg If]qsf lj1 tyf k|a'4 JolQmx¿sf] af}l4s Ifdtfsf] pkof]uåf/f ;du| /fli6«o ;d[l4 xfl;n ug]{ lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{,

!)= /fi6«sf] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/L, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] nufgLnfO{ cfd;~rf/ dfWodsf] ;d]t ;xof]udf /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgfdf PsLs[t ug{,

!!= b]zsf] ljBdfg cfly{s l:yltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;/sf/;dIf ;'wf/sf gLltx¿ l;kmfl/; ug{, ljsf; ;DaGwL ljleGg kIfx¿sf] cWoog / cg';Gwfg u/L nufgLsf ck]lIft k|ltkmn k|If]k0f ug{, ;/sf/sf nIo / p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ cfjZos gLltx¿ agfpg .

d'n'ssf] ljsf;df /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] e"ldsf pNn]vgLo x'Fbf x'Fb} klg /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, ;/sf/sf] l56f] l56f] kl/jt{g, of]hgf cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lsf] rogdf k]zfut lj1tf / bIftfeGbf klg /fhgLlts cf:yfsf sf/0fn] lgo'lQm ug]{ k|j[lQ, u}/ gLltut / ;fdfGo k|zf;sLo k|lqmofsf sf/0f of]hgf cfof]usf] e"ldsf ck]lIft ¿kdf k|efjsf/L x'g

456

;s]sf] b]lvGg . o; cj:yfdf /fli6«o of]hgf cof]unfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg b]xfosf] ;'wf/ cfjZos 5 M–

!= d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf;sf] gLlt lgdf{0f, ah]6 th'{df nufotsf ljleGg sfo{df /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] e"ldsf /xg] s'/fnfO{ s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v u/L /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ug]{,

@ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u sfo{sf/L lg0f{osf cfwf/df ;~rfng x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] b]lvFbf d'n'ssf] ;jf{lË0f ljsf; of]hgf th'{df, cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug]{ s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] ¿kdf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4sf nflu alnof] sfg'gL cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{ ljwflosfaf6} hf/L x'g] sfg'gåf/f ;~rfng x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ / o;/L ljwflosL sfg'gåf/f u7g x'g] Joj:yf ubf{ u7gdf b]xfosf] Joj:yf ug]{ M

-s_ k|wfgdGqL – cWoIf

-v_ g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\\_ af6 lgo'Qm Ps hgf – pkfWoIf

-u_ g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\\_ af6 lgo'Qm slDtdf Ps hgf

dlxnf;lxt ljifout lj1x¿af6 a9Ldf rf/ hgf – ;b:o

-3_ d'Vo ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ – ;b:o

-ª_ cy{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ – ;b:o

-r_ ;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u – ;b:o–;lrj

@=! /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] pkfWoIf / ;b:ox¿sf] lgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] l;kmfl/; ;ldlt u7g ug]{ M

-s_ cy{dGqL – ;+of]hs

-v_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k"j{

pkfWoIf dWo] Ps hgf – ;b:o

-u_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] /fi6« a}+ssf k"j{ ueg{/ dWo] Pshgf – ;b:o

-3_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;b:o–;lrjn] l;kmfl/; ;ldltsf]

;lrj eO{ sfd ug]{ .

@=# l;kmfl/; ;ldltn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/L To;sf] cfwf/df l;kmfl/; ug'{kg]{ M

-s_ z}lIfs of]Uotf

-v_ sfo{ cg'ej / ljlzi6tf

-u_ ;DalGwt If]qdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg Pjd\ pNn]Vo sfo{, cflb .

@=$ /fli6«o of]hgf cof]usf] pkfWoIf / ;b:osf] of]Uotf b]xfo adf]lhd tf]lsg' kg]{ –

457

-s_ cy{zf:q, cfly{s÷ljsf; of]hgf jf ljsf; lgdf{0f ;DaGwL cGo ljifodf slDtdf :gftsf]Q/ tx k"/f u/]sf] / ;/sf/L, lghL, ;fd'bflos jf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdf slDtdf !) jif{sf] sfo{ cg'ej xfl;n u/]sf] .

-v_ pko'{Qm @=$ adf]lhd pkfWoIf / ;b:osf] lgo'lQm ubf{ d'n'ssf] ef}uf]lnstf tyf ;dfj]lztf h:tf l;4fGtnfO{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ .

#= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ P]gåf/f g} :ki6 ug]{ / o;/L sfd st{Jo tf]Sbf kbflwsf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/L, cy{ dGqfno / cGo dGqfno aLrsf] cGt/;DaGw, of]hgf th'{dfsf] ljlw / k|lqmof, cg'udg / d"NofÍgsf k|lqmof / cfwf/x¿ h:tf s'/fx¿ :ki6 ug]{ .

$= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfnonfO{ e2f ;ª\u7g gagfO{ ;lrjfno ;fgf] / sfo{d"ns agfpg], ;lrjfnodf sd ;+Vofdf sd{rf/L /xg] Joj:yf u/L ljifout lj1x¿sf] ;d"x -Panel_ agfO{ k/fdz{ / ;xof]u lng] Joj:yf ug]{ .

%= cfly{s of]hgf tyf tYofÍ ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] ¿kdf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]unfO{ :yflkt ug]{ .

^= d'n's ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g x'g] ;Gbe{df k|fb]lzs of]hgf cfof]u;Fusf] ;DaGwnfO{ sfg'g / ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgfdf ;dfj]z u/L :yfgLo lgsfo;Fusf] sfo{ut Pstf :ki6 ug]{ .

dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{nosf] ;'b[9Ls/0f dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sf]if Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|d'v lhDd]jf/ lgsfo /xL cfPsf] 5 . sf]if Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug]{ qmddf ah]6 sfof{Gjog ug]{, vr{ Joj:yfkg ug]{, cfGtl/s n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s]Gb|Lo cfo—Joosf] n]vf /fVg] / ;du| ;l~rt sf]ifsf] lx;fa /fVg] h:tf sfo{x¿ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . oL ;du| sfo{;Dkfbgsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu gLltut Pj+ sfg'gL Joj:yfdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/x¿ / sd{rf/Lsf b/aGbL, dxfn]vf lg/LIf0f sfof{no / dftxtsf lgsfox¿df ug\'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf Joj:yfx¿ cjnDag ug'{ h¿/L b]lvPsf] 5 .

� lgj[Qe/0f Joj:yfkg sfof{nosf] sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ xfn;Dd s'g} P]g lgodn] lgb]{lzt gu/]sf]n] ;f] ;DaGwL Joj:yf P]g lgoddf ;d]6\g' kg]{, of]ubfgd"ns lgj[Qe/0f Joj:yf nfu" ug'{ kg]{, lgj[Qe/0f Joj:yfkg sfof{noaf6 ;Dkfbg x'Fb} cfPsf] k"hf cfhf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{ ;+:s[lt dGqfno dfkm{t ;Dkfbg x'g] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,

� Treasury Single Account (TSA) nfu" eP kl5 d=n]=lg=sf= / dftxtsf sf]=n]=lg=sf=x¿sf] sfo{ IT Based x'g uPsf]n] df}h\'bf hgzlQmaf6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg x\'g sl7g x'Fb} uPsf]n] ;f]xL cg's"nsf] hgzlQmsf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{,

� lgj[lQe/0f Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{ nufot sfo{af]em / lhDd]jf/L cg\'¿k dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no / dftxtsf sfof{nox¿df cf] P08 Pd ;j]{ u/L b/aGbL lgwf{/0f ug]{,

458

� sf]if Joj:yfkg / cfly{s k|zf;g ;DaGwL sfo{ k|fljlws k|s[ltsf] ePsf]n] n]vf ;d"xdf gLltut txsf] k|j]z ;'lglZrt u/fpg o; cl3 sfod ePsf] n]vf ;d"xdf /f=k=k|yd >]0fL /xg] Joj:yfnfO{ k'gM:yflkt ug]{ ;fy} eljiodf Accrual Accounting tkm{ hfg'kg]{ cj:yfdf lghfdtL ;]jfdf Chjrtered Accountant sf] k|j]z u/fpg CA Degree nfO{ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] z}lIfs of]Uotfdf ;dfj]z ug]{ gLlt lng],

� cfGtl/s n]vf k/LIf0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf] nflu sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqsaf6 ;Dkfbg x'Fb} cfPsf] cfGtl/s n]vf k/LIf0f sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ljefuLo ;+/rgf v8f ug]{ jf 5'§} pk ;d"x u7g u/L ;Dkfbg ug]{ Joj:yfkg ug{],

� ljBdfg ;/sf/L sf/f]af/sf] k|ltj]bg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;\"rgf k|ljlw d}qL / cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] agfpgsf] nflu g]kfn ;fj{hlgs If]q n]vfdfg ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df nfu" ug]{, o;}u/L ;/sf/L n]vfÍg k|lqmofnfO{ ;\"rgf d}qL agfpg sDKo'6/df cfwfl/t ;/sf/L n]vf k|0ffnL ;a} lgsfox¿df nfu" ug]{,

� ;fj{hlgs vr{nfO{ Psn vftfsf]if k|0ffnLdf cfa4 ug{ sf]if Joj:yfkg / n]vfÍg÷k|ltj]bgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ .

/fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f e|i6frf/sf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0f ug]{ ;/sf/sf] bfloTjsf] ljifo ePsfn] k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no cGtu{t /xg] u/L P]gåf/f ;+ljwfg;Ddt x'g] lsl;daf6 /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] sfg'gL Joj:yf, bIf hgzlQm, lj1x¿sf] kl/k"lt{, sfo{af]em cg'¿k hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg, e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f ug]{ lgsfox¿ aLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjo h:tf ljifodf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{, d'n'sdf e|i6frf/nfO{ lgoGq0f / lg¿T;flxt ub}{ ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy :yflkt o; s]Gb|nfO{ cfw'lgs k|ljlwd}qL k|0ffnLdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L ljBdfg ;ª\u7g, ;+/rgf / b/aGbLdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ .

If]qLo sfof{no÷lgb]{zgfnox¿ vf/]h ug]{ /fHo PsfTds 9fFrfdf /xFbfsf] k[i7e"lddf :yfkgf ul/Psf If]qLo :t/sf sfof{nox¿nfO{ ;ª\3fTds ;+/rgfdf hfFbf k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . dGqfnosf] dftxt /xg] u/L Pp6} sfdsf nflu ljefu :t/sf sfof{nox¿ / If]qLo lgb]{zgfnox¿ ;d]t /xgfn] tL lgsfox¿ aLr sfo{ lhDd]jf/Ldf bf]xf]/f]kg / c:ki6tf l;h{gf ePsf] kfO{G5 . o;n] ubf{ tL lgsfox¿sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg :t/df ;d]t gsf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] 5 . sltko ;Gbe{df lhNnfl:yt sfof{non] ;Dkfbg ug'{ kg]{ sfo{sf] cg'udg d"NofÍg dfq ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu ljefu / If]qLo lgb]{zgfnox¿ b'a} lgsfo :yflkt eO{ lqmofzLn /x]sfn] sfo{df bf]xf]/f]kgf b]lvPsf] 5 eg] cg'udg d"NofÍgsf] sfo{ klg k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sbf sltko ;Gbe{df sfddf l/Qmtf ;d]t b]lvPsf] 5 . af]wfy{ sfof{nosf] ¿kdf /x]sf If]qLo txsf sfof{nox¿sf] cf}lrTo gb]lvFbf To:tf sfof{nox¿ vf/]h ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . If]qLo txsf sfof{no vf/]h ubf{ cfjZostf cg';f/ gLltut txsf sd{rf/L s]Gb|df / c¿ sd{rf/L ;]jf ljt/0f ug]{ sfof{nodf k7fpg' pko'Qm x'g] .

l8lehg sfof{nosf] vf/]hL

459

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ clËsf/ ul/;lsPsf] ;Gbe{df lhNnfl:yt ljleGg ljsf; lgdf{0f;Fu ;DalGwt l8lehg sfof{nox¿ vf/]h u/L ;f] sfdsf] lhDdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ lbg] / u}/ ;/sf/L Pjd\ ;fdflhs ;ª\3 ;+:yfsf] btf{ Pjd\ lgodg ug]{ sfo{ ;d]t :yfgLo lgsfo -lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt_nfO{ k|bfg ug]{, l;+rfO{, ;8s, gu/ ljsf;, vfg]kfgL ;d]tsf sfof{nox¿ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt cGtu{t gcfP;Dd PsLs[t k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfof{no :yfkgf ug]{ / ;f]xL sfof{non] PsLs[t¿kdf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] sfo{ ug]{, To:t} s'g}klg sfo{ ug]{ lgoldt ;+/rgf /x]sf] :yfgdf j:t'ut cfwf/ a]u/ ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] sfo{ ug{ kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ lg¿T;flxt u/L :yfoL Pjd\ lgoldt ;+/rgf ePsf 7fFpdf ;f]xL ;+/rgfnfO{ lqmofzLn u/fO{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

tYofÍ ljefusf] ;'b[9Ls/0f tYofÍ ;Íng, ljZn]if0f, Joj:yfkg / k|If]k0f ug]{ lgsfosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefunfO{ :t/f]Gglt ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ cfjZos ;|f]t, ;fwg / hgzlQm pknAw u/fO{ d'n'ssf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs If]qsf cfd gful/snfO{ cfjZos kg]{ gLltut Joj:yf ug{ cg';Gwfgd"ns sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . df}h'bf tYofÍ P]gdf ;d]t k'g/fjnf]sg u/L gjLgtd\ kl/j]znfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] th'{df ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{nonfO{ ;Dks{ dGqfnosf] e"ldsfdf /fvL sfo{;Dkfbgdf of] ljefunfO{ :jfoQtf k|bfg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . To;}n]–

� s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefunfO{ /fli6«o tYofÍ Jo"/f]sf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/L :t/f]Gglt ug]{,

� o; ljefudf tYofÍ Pjd\ cy{zf:q / of]hgf lj1x¿ /xg] u/L k'g;{+/rgf ug]{,

� cfjZostfg';f/ ;|f]t, ;fwg / hgzlQm pknAw u/fpg],

� tYofÍ P]gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L gofF tYofÍ P]g th'{df ug]{,

� sfo{;Dkfbgdf :jfoQtf k|bfg ug]{,

� tYofÍ ;Íng, k|zf]wg, ljZn]if0f / k|If]k0f;DaGwL lgodgsf/L lgsfosf] lhDd]jf/L ;d]t lbg],

� cfly{s of]hgf ;d"xnfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg] .

x'nfs ;]jfsf] sfo{If]q / lhDd]jf/L k'g/fjnf]sg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; tLj| ultdf eO{/x]sf 5 . ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlw -ICT) sf] ljsf; ;Fu;Fu} o;df lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtf / ;lqmotf ;d]t a9\b} uPsf] 5 . xfn x'nfs ;]jf ljefun] ;/sf/L lrÝL kqx¿sf] 8fFs ;]jf ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . ;fdfGo k|s[ltsf ;/sf/L kqx¿ dfq x'nfs dfkm{t hfg] u/]sf 5g\ . lghL If]qåf/f ;~rflnt s'l/o/ ;]jfx¿ ;/sf/L lgsfon] ;d]t k|of]u ug]{ qmd a9\bf] 5 . km\ofS;, Od]n cflbsf] dfWodaf6 ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg eO{/x]sf 5 . oL ;Gbe{df x'nfs ;]jfsf] ljBdfg sfo{If]qdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . x'nfs jrt a}+ssf] k|efjsfl/tf d"NofÍg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . of] If]qdf gofF e"ldsfsf] vf]hL u/L ;ª\u7gk|ltsf] cfsif{0f / sd{rf/Ldf pTk]|/0ff a9fpg ljz]if pkfox¿ cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kb:yfkg / ;¿jfsf nflu ;a}eGbf Go"g k|fyldstfdf kg]{ u/]sf] 5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf x'nfs

460

;]jf ljefusf] sfo{If]q / lhDd]jf/Ldf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{, lghL If]q k|ltiklw{ ePsf sfo{x¿ lghL If]qsf] lhDdfdf lbO{ ;f] sf] lgodgsf] sfo{ ;/sf/n] ug]{ u/L x'nfs ;]jf ljefusf] ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L k'g;{+/rgf ug'{ cfjZos 5 . of] lgsfonfO{ Goflos Pjd\ k|zf;sLo lgsfoaf6 hf/L ePsf Dofb, ;"rgf tfd]n ug]{, km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf b08 hl/jfgf c;'n txl;ndf ;xof]u ug]{ h:tf sfo{df ;d]t k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] sfo{If]qsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cGoqsf cg'ej ;d]tsf cfwf/df k|flws/0f k|s[ltsf] :jfoQ ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf x'nfs ;]jfnfO{ ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

d'b|0f ljefusf] e"ldsfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ ;/sf/L 5fkfvfgfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] d'b|0f ljefunfO{ slxn] ;~rf/ dGqfno / slxn] cy{ dGqfno cGtu{t /fvL sfo{ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] cj:yf b]lvof] . xfn;Dd ul/Psf] cEof;sf] cfwf/df d'b|0f ljefusf] ljBdfg sfo{If]q / lhDd]jf/Lsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;f] ljefunfO{ k|flws/0f k|s[ltsf] :jfoQ lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/L ;/sf/L ;+/If0f d'b|0ffnosf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{, o;sf] :t/f]Gglt u/L k|ljlw / ;|f]t ;fwg ;DkGg agfpg] / ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 ug'{ kg]{ k|sfzg / 5kfO{ ;DaGwL sfo{x¿ ;f] d'b|0ffnoaf6 ug]{ u/L sfg'gL Joj:yf ug]{ / o; ljefunfO{ lghL If]qaf6 ;~rflnt 5fkfvfgfx¿sf] lgofds lgsfosf ¿kdf ;d]t sfo{ ug]{ u/L lhDd]jf/L lbg] .

s]Gb|Lo txl;n sfof{nosf] :t/f]Gglt ;/sf/L :jfldTj / lhDdfdf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQx¿sf] PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t clen]v tof/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . ;/sf/L lhDdfdf /x]sf 3/, hUuf, ;jf/L ;fwg, dxTjk"0f{ ef}lts ;fwg / cGo d"Nojfg pks/0fx¿sf] PsLs[t clen]v /fVgsf nflu s]Gb|Lo txl;n sfof{no;Fu ;d]t ;dGjo ug{ jf ;f]xL lgsfonfO{ s]Gb|Lo clen]v PsfO{ agfpg' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . ;/sf/L afFsL c;'n pk/ ug]{ ;d]tsf lhDd]jf/L /x]sf] s]Gb|Lo txl;n sfof{nonfO{ ;f]xL cg';f/sf] ;+/rgf, hgzlQm, sfo{ljlw / ;|f]t ;fwg pknAw x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . clen]v /fVg ;Dd klg ;d:of k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . c;'n ug'{ kg]{ ;/sf/L afFsLsf] cÍ a9\bf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ;Gbe{df of] lgsfonfO{ s]Gb|Lo :t/sf] sfof{nosf] ¿kdf :t/f]Gglt u/L c¿ lgsfosf] pRr tx;Fu ;xof]u, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ug{ ;Sg] u/L hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu o; sfof{nosf] ;+/rgf / sfo{ljlwdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L o;nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg b]xfosf] ;'wf/ cfjZos 5 M

s= s]Gb|Lo txl;n sfof{no ;DaGwL P]g÷lgodsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ / sfo{;Dkfbgdf :jfoQtf lbg] .

v= sfof{nosf] g]t[Tj ljlzi6 >]0fLsf sd{rf/Ln] ug]{ u/L :t/f]Gglt ug]{ .

u= cw{Goflos lgsfox¿af6 ePsf km};nf adf]lhd nfu]sf] b08 hl/jfgfsf] s]Gb|Lo clen]v /fVg] Pjd\ c;'n txl;nsf] g]t[Tj ug]{ u/L ;f] lgsfonfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbg] .

3= c;'n pk/ x'g' kg]{ a]¿h'sf] ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs u/L c;'n ug{;Sg] clwsf/ ;f] lgsfonfO{ lbg] .

ª= ;/sf/L ;DklQsf] s]Gb|Lo clen]vfnosf] ¿kdf ;d]t sfd ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbg] .

461

;'/Iff lgsfosf] ;'b[9Ls/0f g]kfnn] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] ljljw If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt / k|lt/Iff gLlt tof/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o;/L ;'/Iff gLlt lgdf{0f ubf{ d"ntM d'n'ssf] klxrfg tyf cl:tTjsf] ;'/Iff, gful/s ;'/Iff, cfly{s ;'/Iff, g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf] ;'/Iff, /fli6«o ;|f]t tyf jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff h:tf ljleGg kIfnfO{ ;d]6\g' h¿/L 5 . o;}u/L k|lt/Iff gLlt lgdf{0f ubf{ g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf / /fli6«o Pstfsf] ;+/If0f u/L ;d[4 d'n's lgdf{0f ug]{ p2]Zo ;lxtsf] jftfj/0f >[hgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . /fli6«o ;Ddfg, k|lti7f / 5lj a9fpg] lsl;daf6 /fhgLlts, s"6gLlts, ;'/Iff nufotsf ;DalGwt ;a}sf] Wofg To;tkm{ s]lGb|t x'g] gLlt cjnDag ug'{k5{ . /fli6«o lxt / :jfy{nfO{ ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug]{ u/L j}b]lzs gLltsf] th'{df / ;DaGwsf] ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o;}u/L ;'/Iff lgsfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 / ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] lglDt b]xfosf] ;'wf/ h¿/L 5 M–

!= g]kfnL ;]gfdf ;'wf/

nf]stflGqs d'n'sn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] ;]gfsf] ;+rfng, lgoGq0f / Joj:yfkgsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfnfO{ ;+ljwfgdf g} :ki6 pNn]v u/L g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] dxTk"0f{ c+usf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ b]xfosf] ;'wf/ ug]{ M

/Iff dGqfno

nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotf cg';f/ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg ug{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] cfGtl/s ;ª\u7gsf] sfo{ k|ltljlDat x'g] u/L /Iff dGqfnosf] ;fË7lgs 9fFrfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ / ;}lgs;DaGwL 1fg xfl;n u/]sf lj1x¿;d]t /xg] u/L /Iff dGqfnosf] b/aGbL k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ b]lvG5 .

/fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\

g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{, ;Ílnt ;'/Iff ;"rgfsf] ljZn]if0f / k|jfx ug]{, ;'/Iff Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug]{, xftxltof/ k|of]usf] dfkb08 th'{df ug]{, gofF xltof/af6 ;';HhLt ug{ k/]df cg';Gwfg u/L ;Nnfx lbg], ;'/Iff gLlt th'{df ug]{, ;'/Iff If]qdf ePsf k|ultx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf u/L /fli6«o cfjZostf cg';f/ ;Nnfx lbg], cg';Gwfg ug]{ / g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|of]u, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkgsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbg] u/L /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] sfo{–If]q lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] u7g b]xfo cg';f/ ug'{ pko'Qm x'g]5 M–

/fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] u7g k|wfgdGqL– cWoIf pk–k|wfgdGqL– ;b:o cy{ dGqL– ;b:o /Iff dGqL– ;b:o

cGo nf]stflGqs d'n'sx¿, cd]l/sf / a]nfotdf cEof; ul/P ;/x g]kfnsf] kl/j]znfO{ ;'xfpg] u/L k|:tfj ul/Psf] .

462

u[x dGqL– ;b:o /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;lrj– ;b:o ;lrj cfdlGqt ;b:ox¿ dGqL, k//fi6«– ;b:o /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf– ;b:o k|wfg ;]gfklt– ;b:o cGo ljlzi6 kbflwsf/Lx¿– ;b:o -cfjZostf cg';f/_

/fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\–;'/Iff ;Nnfxsf/ af]8{

/fli6«o ;'/Iff ;lrj– cWoIf k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no x]g]{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf ;lrj– ;b:o /Iff ;lrj– ;b:o u[x ;lrj– ;b:o s[lif ;lrj– ;b:o

:jf:y ;lrj– ;b:o cy{ ;lrj– ;b:o

anflws[t, g]kfnL ;]gf– ;b:o k|x/L dxflg/LIfs, g]kfn ;z:q k|x/L k|d'v /

/fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefu k|d'v– ;b:o

g]kfnL ;]gfn] b]xfosf sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] u/L pko'Qm ;+Vofdf ;fË7lgs ;'wf/ ug]{ M

!= jfXo cfqmd0fsf] cj:yfdf k|lt/IffTds o'4 n8\g ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ;}lgs ;ª\u7gsf] lgdf{0f / cfw'lgs xftxltof/sf] k|aGw .

@= b]zdf cfGtl/s ljv08g x'g] l:ylt cfOk/]df ljv08g x'gaf6 /f]Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; .

#= cGt/f{li6«o zflGt :yfkgf sfo{df lg/Gt/tf lbg] .

$= k|s[lt ;+/If0f .

%= ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf ;lqmo e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] pks/0f;lxtsf] ;+Vof /;ª\u7gsf] lgdf{0f .

^= ljsf; lgdf{0f .

&= k|ljlw / zLk;lxtsf] OG6]lnh]G;\ ;ª\u7gsf] ljsf; .

dfgj ;'/Iff dfgj ;'/Iff cg'e"ltsf] ljifo xf] ;fy} ;'/Iff k|bfg ug'{ kg]{ kIf klg xf] . o;sf] lgldQ /fHon] ug{;Sg] vfB, :jf:Yo, JolQmut, ;fd"lxs, /fhgLlts, cfly{s /

dfgj ;'/Iff ;d]l6g' kg]{ ePsf]n] of] ;+/rgfsf] k|:tfj ul/Psf], /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;lrj ;}lgs If]qdf ljlzi6 1fg cg'ej k|fKt lj1x¿ dWo]af6 /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgo'Qm ug]{

463

jftfj/0f ;'/Iffsf] /0fgLlt /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] agfpg] / ;DalGwt dGqfno / ljefux¿n] o;sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

� g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] cfTd;ft u/]sf] l;4fGtsf] k[i7e"lddf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ ;}lgs P]g, @)^# / ;}lgs ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)^( df ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L ;]gfsf] ;+/rgfut ;'wf/, ;]gfnfO{ cem k]zfut ¿kdf ;'b[9 agfpg, gful/s–;]gf ;DaGw ;'wf/ ug{, k|wfg ;]gfktLnfO{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/Lsf ;DaGwdf :ki6 sfg'gL Joj:yf ug{, ;]gfsf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf b[li6n] uf]Ko /fVg' kg]{ afx]ssf sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfO{ Joj:yfkgsf ljljw kIfdf lgikIftfsf] clej[l4 ug{, ;+;bLo ko{j]If0fsf Joj:yfx¿ Jojl:yt ug{, ;}lgs hgzlQmsf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4sf lglDt 5gf}6, k|lzIf0f, j[lQljsf;, pTk|]/0ff / lgj[lQe/0f k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug{, :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf k|lzIf0f / cEof; Joj:yfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{, /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt, /Iff gLlt / /0fgLlt tyf ;}Go l;4fGtsf dfGotfsf cfwf/df ;fdYo{o'Qm /fli6«o :j¿ksf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;ª\u7gsf] ljsf;sf] lglDt ;]gfsf] ;fË7lgs :j¿k, ;}lgs sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf] cfo Joosf] ;fj{hlgs/0f / Joj:yfkgsf] ljsf;, u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgsf] ;+oGq lgdf{0f / lgoGq0f, dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug]{ h:tf ljleGg ;d;fdlos kIfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L ;}lgs P]gdf ;+zf]wg / ;'wf/ ug]{ .

� g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Joj:yfkgsf] ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/ / /Iff dGqfnoaf6 lg0f{o x'g] ljifodf ;dGjo / ;xhLs/0f ug{, gLltut Joj:yfsf] ;'wf/, ljleGg dGqfnox¿;Fu ;dGjo ug]{ ;DaGwdf /0fgLltsf] klxrfg / k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f, P]g sfg'gsf] ;'wf/sf] klxrfgsf] lglDt /Iff dGqfno / ;]gfsf] aLrdf ;DaGw :yflkt ug{ k|:tfljt ;'/Iff ;Nnfxsf/ af]8{nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf kl/rfng ug]{, ;'/Iff ljz]if1x¿sf] ;Nnfxsf/sf] ¿kdf ;]jf lng /Iff dGqfnon] /f]i6/ tof/ u/L To;sf cfwf/df cfjZstfg';f/ k/fdz{ ;]jf lng] Joj:yf h:tf s'/fx¿sf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ .

� ;}lgs ;]jfnfO{ ljlzi6Ls/0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf] lglDt ljleGg ;d"xx¿sf] Joj:yf u/L ltgsf] Jo:yfkg / ;+rfngsf] lglDt ljleGg lgodfjnLx¿ th'{df u/L nfu" ug]{{, xfn cEof;df /x]sf] kbfjlw yk ug]{ Joj:yfsf] ;§f lgo'lQmsf] ;dodf g} ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lsf] kbfjlw lglZrt ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

� ;}lgs ;]jfdf ;dfhsf of]Uo / ;Ifd JolQmnfO{ cfslif{t u/L g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ k|ltikwL{ / ;Ifd ;ª\u7gsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ ;}lgs ;]jfnfO{ cfslif{t ;]jfsf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/fpg clek|]l/t ug]{ cg'¿ksf] sfg'gL Joj:yf, lgo'lQm, ;¿jf,a9'jf, ;'ljwf / j[lQljsf;sf] ;'lglZrttf, ;]gfdf lgo'lQmsf] k|lqmofnfO{ ljZj;gLo / lgikIf agfpg nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] u/L cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{, o;}u/L ;}lgs ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] kbfjlwsf ;DaGwdf ef/t, kfls:tfg, >Ln+sf nufotsf d'n'sn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;}lgs P]gdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L nfu" ug]{ .

464

� ;}lgs ;]jfleq ;]gfsf] cg'zf;g sfod /fVg nf]stflGqs d'n'sx¿n] cfTd;ft u/]sf l;4fGtnfO{ P]g sfg'gdf Joj:yf u/L To;sf] pNn+3gdf sf/jfxL ug{ ;}lgs Gofo k|0ffnLsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfnfO{ ;dflxt ug]{ u/L ljBdfg P]g sfg'gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{, o;/L P]g sfg'gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ ;}lgs Gofo k|0ffnLsf] d"n p2]Zo ;}lgs ;]jfdf cg'zf;g sfod u/L sfg'gsf] pNn+3g ug]{nfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd ;hfo ug'{ /x]sf]n] xTof, hj/h:tL s/0fL / e|i6frf/sf] cleof]usf] d'2f ;fdfGo cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/df /xg] / ;f] afx]s ;}lgs;Fu ;DalGwt ck/fwsf] If]qflwsf/ ;}lgs cbfntnfO{ x'g'kg]{, ;}lgs cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf / ljefuLo sf/jfxL pk/sf] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/ ;}lgs ljz]if cbfntnfO{ tf]lsg' kg]{, ;}lgs Gofo k|0ffnLdf l56f] / 5l/tf] ¿kdf sfo{ ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] ;/n / ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlwsf] Joj:yf ug]{, o;}u/L ljefuLo sf/jfxL ul/g] / ;}lgs cbfntaf6 ;'gjfO{ x'g] s;"/nfO{ sfg'gåf/f g} :ki6 juL{s/0f ug]{, ;}lgs P]g cGtu{tsf s;"/sf ;DaGwdf ;}lgs JolQmnfO{ sf/jfxL ug{ ;}lgs cbfntx¿nfO{ blIf0f clkm|sf, ci6«]lnof, Sofgf8fsf] Joj:yf h:t} :yfoL k|s[ltsf] ;}lgs cbfnt u7g ug]{ / ;f] cbfntn] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg ;}lgs ljz]if cbfnt / ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf nfUg] Joj:yf ug]{, ;}lgs cbfntsf] cWoIf / ;b:ox¿df sfg'gL z}lIfs k[i7e"ld ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ tf]Sg] Joj:yf ug]{, ljz]if1 ;b:osf] xsdf ljlzi6 >]0fLaf6 lgj[Q clwsf/Lx¿ dWo]af6 sfg'gåf/f g} ;]jfzt{ ;'lglZrt u/L tf]Sg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� g]kfnL ;]gfdf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf lglDt kmf}hsf] nflu pko'Qm jf;:yfg, cfjf; u[x, sfof{no ejgsf] Joj:yf, tflnd s]Gb|sf] ef}lts lgdf{0f / ;'wf/, hgzlQmsf] plrt Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;fË7lgs ;'b[9Ls/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0f, cfw'lgs xftxltof/sf] aGbf]a:tL, ;}Go ;fdu|Lsf] pTkfbg ug{ sf/vfgfsf] :yfkgf / lj:tf/, hldgL kl/jxg Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu yk e]Osn -uf8Lx¿_ sf] Joj:yf, lkmS; ljËaf6 kmf}hnfO{ cf];f/ k;f/ ug]{, aGbf]a:tLsf ;fdfg 9'jfgL ug]{, vf]h tyf p4f/ ck/]zgx¿ ;~rfng ug{ x]lnsK6/ / lkmS:8 lj+u xjfOhxfhsf] plrt Joj:yf, kmf}hnfO{ l56f] eGbf l56f] kl/rfng ug'{kbf{ d]sgfOH8 OGkm]G6«L a6flnogx¿sf] Joj:yf, ;]gfsf] ck/]zg Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug{ ;le{n]G; OlSjkd]G6x¿sf] plrt aGbf]j:t, d]l8sn Ifdtfdf clej[l4 h:tf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf If]qdf ;'wf/ x'g'kg]{, o;}u/L gLltut Joj:yfdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3 k|0ffnL cGtu{t pRr txsf] lgo'lQmdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|ltlglw v6fpFbf k//fi6« dGqfno dfkm{t x'g'kg]{, g]kfnL ;]gfdf ;sn bhf{sf ;}lgs JolQmx¿nfO{ lbOPsf] @)%$ ;fnsf] tnadfg cg';f/sf] ljleGg lsl;dsf] eQfx¿ a9\bf] dxFuL / c;Gt'lnt ahf/ efpnfO{ b[li6ut u/L k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g'kg]{, o;/L k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ ;l~rt 3/ ljbfsf] e'QmfgL k|lqmofdf ;d]t k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{, g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f u/L ;Ifd hgzlQmsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] ah]6 Joj:yf, Ifdtf clej[l4 / j[lQ ljsf;sf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'kg]{ .

465

� ;]gfsf] u'0ffTds bIftfdf j[l4df hf]8 lbg], o;sf nflu ;]gfnfO{ sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] sfddf afx]s cGo sfddf gnufO{ ;]gfsf] OGkm]G6«L, ef}lts ljsf; -OlGhlgol/ª_, xjfO{ ljefu -Po/ kmf];{_ tyf :jf:y -d]l8sn_ / l;Ugn Pjd\ hg;Dks{ -klAns l/n];g_ If]qnfO{ dha't agfO{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] 5lj j[l4 ug]{ .

� l5d]sL /fi6« ef/t / a+unfb]zdf eP ;/x g]kfnL ;]gfsf] sNof0fsf/L sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg /fHon] g]kfndf pTkfbg x'g] ;fdfgsf] cfGtl/s z'Ns ldgfxf u/L ;}lgs xftfleq SoflG6g ;~rfngsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

@= g]kfn k|x/Ldf ;'wf/

� ljZjsf sltko d'n'ssf] ;+ljwfgdf g} k|x/L ;ª\u7gsf ;DaGwdf s]xL Joj:yfx¿ pNn]v ug]{ k|rng /x]sf] ;Gbe{df k|x/L ;]jfsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgdf s]xL s'/f pNn]v u/L k|x/L ;ª\u7gsf] bfloTjnfO{ :ki6 ug]{ Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ .

� g]kfn k|x/Ldf ;'wf/sf] nflu– Joj:yflksf jf ;+;bn] jflif{s ¿kdf sfd sf/jfxLx¿sf] lg/LIf0f / d"NofÍg ug]{ -o:tf] Joj:yf a]nfotsf] k|x/L ;ª\u7gx¿df /x]sf] 5_, ;dofg's"n k|lzIf0f, dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, ljlwsf] zf;g ;~rfngdf hf]8 lbg], ;fd'bflos k|x/Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{, lgjf{lrt Joj:yflksfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g], cfGtl/s zflGt ;'/Iffdf hg;xeflutf h'6fpg], k|x/Lk|lt hgljZjf; clej[l4 u/fO{ hgtf / k|x/Lsf] ;xeflutfdf ck/fw kQf nufpg], lgoGq0f ug]{ / ;d'bfonfO{ a9L ;'/lIft u/fpg], k|x/Lsf ;a} ;]jf :yfgLo ;d'bfodf k'¥ofpg], Gofosf cGo If]qx¿;Fu ;Dks{ / ;dGjo ljsf; ug]{, /fhgLlts/0f x'gaf6 k|x/LnfO{ hf]ufO{ pgLx¿sf] sfd / lhDd]jf/Ldf To;sf] k|efj kg{ glbg] / k|x/L ;+/rgfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L /0fgLlts Joj:yfkgsf] nflu Ifdtf clej[l4 u/fpg] cflb If]qdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ .

� Kf|x/L an -k'ln; kmf];{_ nfO{ k|x/L ;]jfsf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ k|x/Lsf] g]t[Tj txb]lv hg;d"xdf vl6g] k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{z}nL cfkm}df kl/jt{g ug]{ u'0ffTds ;]jf, ldtJooLtfk"0f{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ / ;dosf] kl/jt{g;Fu} sfd st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L pQ/bfloTj axg ug{;Sg] agfpg' kg]{, k|x/L sfo{df hg;xeflutf (Police-People Partnership) sf nflu hgck]Iffsf cfwf/x¿ (People's Expectations) ;+sng, ljZn]if0f / ;f] cg's"n gLlt lgdf{0f Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug]{ kl/kf6L a;fNg' kg]{ .

� Gf]kfn k|x/Lsf] ;ª\u7gfTds :j¿k s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo:t/ ufpF;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . Df'n'ssf] ;x/Ls/0f / u|fdL0f kl/j]znfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L /fHo ;ª\3Lo 9fFrfdf uPkl5 s]–s:tf] k|s[ltsf] k|x/L ;+/rgf aGg'kg]{ xf] ;f] cg's"n x'g] u/L k|x/L P]g, lgod, ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g tyf lgodfjnL, :yfgLo k|zf;g tyf dxfgu/Lo k|x/L ;d]tdf k'g/fjnf]sg x'g' cfjZos 5 . k|x/Lsf] ;+/rgf ljsf; ubf{ u[xdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf aGg] cg'udg ;ldltsf] ;'kl/j]If0fdf /xg]

466

Joj:yfnfO{ a9L kf/bzL{ ug{ s]Gb|Lo ;'/Iff ;ldltdf ;'/Iff lj1x¿sf] ;d]t ;xeflutf u/fpg] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; x'g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . d'n'ssf] ;x/Ls/0fnfO{ b[li6ut u/L dxfgu/Lo / u|fdL0f k|x/L ;+/rgfsf] ljsf; ul/g' kb{5 / ;d'bfo txb]lv g} k|x/L ;+/rgfdf hg;xeflutfnfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{ n}hfg] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . dxfgu/Lo k|x/LnfO{ sfg'gL clwsf/;lxt ;zQm u/fOg' kg]{ x'G5 .

� Kf|x/L ;ª\u7gsf] k'g{;+/rgf ubf{ gLlt lgdf{0f tx -k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no_, ;'kl/j]If0f / cg'udg tx -dxfgu/Lo k|x/L, If]qLo k|x/L sfof{no_, k|lzIf0f ;]jf tx -tflnd s]Gb| / k|x/L c:ktfn tyf k|fljlws ;d"x_ / sfg'g sfof{Gjog tx -lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no_ k|ToIf ;]jf tyf ;d'bfodf zflGt;'/Iffsf] nflu ;]jf ljlzi6Ls/0f;lxt Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no, k|x/L rf}sL, ;fd'bflos k|x/L ;ª\u7gsf] k'g/;+/rgf ul/g' kb{5 . o;f] ul/Fbf dxfgu/Lo, ;x/L If]q, lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{sf] ef}uf]lns l:ylt, hg;+Vof, ck/fw lgoGq0fsf] cj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL tb\g'¿ksf] hgzlQmsf] ljsf; / sfo{of]hgf nfu" ug]{ u/L ;ª\u7g lgdf{0f ug]{ / c~rn txnfO{ vf/]h ug]{ .

� g]kfn k|x/Ldf k|x/L kl/r/b]lv k|x/L dxflg/LIfs;Dd sl/a ^& xhf/ df}h'bf hgzlQm /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k|x/L hgzlQmnfO{ a9L lhDd]jf/, pQ/bfoL / ;]jfk|bfos u/fpg, pTk|]/0ff, kf/blz{k"0f{ j[lQ tyf g]t[Tj ljsf;, ;]jf;'ljwfsf] k|Tofe"lt, Joj:yfksLo ;Lk, ;d"x Joj:yfkg (Team Management) ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sf}zn cflb af/]df k|lzIf0f / cg'lzIf0fsf sfo{x¿ lgoldt ¿kdf lbnfOg' kg]{ .

� Gf]kfn k|x/Lsf] ;a} txsf k|x/L sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] l;¢fGt / dfWodaf6 ul/g'kb{5 . blIf0f Pl;ofsf] ef/t, kfls:tfg, >Ln+sf, a+unfb]z cflb d'n'sx¿df k|x/L ;]jfsf clws[tx¿ / lghfdtL ;]jfsf clws[tx¿sf] gofF lgo'lQm ToxfFsf] nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 Ps}k6s lnlvt k/LIff lng] Joj:yf b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ef/tsf] ;ª\3Lo nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ef/tLo k|zf;lgs ;]jf, ef/tLo k|x/L ;]jf, ef/tLo k//fi6« ;]jf cflbsf /fhkqflÍt clws[tx¿sf] lgo'lQm Pp6} lj1fkgåf/f x'g] Joj:yf 5 . k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g]dWo] k|zf;g ;]jfdf of]Uo x'g] k|zf;gtkm{ / k|x/L ;]jfdf of]Uo x'g] k|x/Ltkm{ kb:yfkg x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . lgo'lQm x'gf;fy ;a} ;]jfsf k|lzIffyL{x¿ ;'¿sf] # dlxgf Ps} k|lzIf0f s]Gb|df tflnd k|fKt u5{g\ . To;kl5 cf–cfˆgf ;]jf k|lti7fgx¿df tflnd lnO{ kb:yfkg x'g] k|0ffnL /x]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ;a} ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cjsfz pd]/ ^) jif{ k'u]kl5 dfq x'g] ub{5 . To;}u/L ef/tsf k|To]s /fHodf k|fGtLo nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 /fHosf lghfdtL / k|x/L sd{rf/Lx¿sf] gofF lgo'lQmsf nflu lnlvt k/LIff lng] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f]xL k|0ffnL adf]lhd g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/Lan / /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefusf clws[tx¿sf] gofF lgo'lQm nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 lnlvt k/LIff lng] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . o;af6 gofF lgo'lQmdf /fhgLlts x:tIf]k jf eg;'g x'g] u'Ghfo;\ /xFb}g . o;f] ul/Pdf 5'§f–5'§} ;]jf

467

cfof]u u7g ul//xg' cfjZos kb}{g . a¿ nf]s;]jf cfof]udf ;'/Iff If]qsf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;d]t k|ltlglwTj u/fpg cfjZos x'G5 . o;/L k|x/L ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt ljBdfg P]g sfg'gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L egf{, ;¿jf, a9'jf, cjsfzsf ;DaGwdf P]gåf/f :ki6 Joj:yf ug]{ .

� ck/fw cg';Gwfg / lgoGq0fsf] nflu k|x/L ;]jfdf cg';Gwfg k|x/Lsf] (Detective Police) Joj:yfnfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos 5 . ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ljlwlj1fg k|of]uzfnfsf] cfjZostf kg]{ sf/0f k|x/Lsf] s]Gb|Lo:t/df ;Lldt /x]sf s]Gb|Lo k|x/L ljlw lj1fg k|of]uzfnf, k|lt cftÍjfb lgb]{zgfno, dlxnf afnaflnsf lgb]{zgfno, s]Gb|Lo k|x/L tflnd :s"n, s]Gb|Lo cg';Gwfg Jo"/f]nfO{ If]qLo, lhNnf tyf Onfsf:t/;Dd ljs]lGb|t u/L ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/g' kg]{ .

� k|x/L ;]jf leq ljlzi6Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L ;f]xL cg'¿k Ifdtf clej[l¢ ub}{ ;an / ;Ifd ;ª\u7gsf] ¿kdf k|x/L ;]jfnfO{ :yflkt ug{ k|x/L ;]jfdf sfg'gåf/f g} ljleGg ;d"x / pk;d"xsf] u7g ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

� ;'/Iff lgsfox¿sf aLr sltko ljifodf sfo{If]qsf] bf]xf]/f]kgn] lhDd]jf/Ldf k|efjsfl/tf vl:sg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sfo{If]qsf] :ki6 ;LdfÍg u/L Pp6} sfd b'O{j6f lgsfonfO{ glbg] :ki6 Joj:yf ug]{ .

� sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf dxfgu/Lo ;'/IffnfO{ nlIft u/L nfu" ul/Psf] dxfgu/Lo k|x/LnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;f]xL lsl;dsf] sfg'gL clwsf/ ;lxtsf] cGo k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ ;fy} d'n'ssf d'Vo d'Vo zx/x¿df ;DefJotf cWoog u/L dxfgu/Lo k|x/Lsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ lj:tf/ ub}{ n}hfg],

� ;Lldt tyf hL0f{ ;8s a9\bf] ;jf/L ;fwg, ;jf/L lgod pNn+3g ug]{ k|j[lQ, ;8s cj/f]w, rSsfhfd, cfuhgL, ckof{Kt k|ljlwnufotsf ;d:ofx¿n] 6«flkms Joj:yfkgdf cg]sf}F ;d:of / r'gf}tLnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ 6«flkms Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ljz]if gLlt tyf sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] th'{df u/L nfu" ug'{kg]{ .

� oftfoft Joj:yf ljefu, ;8s ljefu tyf 6«flkms k|x/L nufot ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf] ;dGjodf PsLs[t 6«flkms Joj:yf k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{, k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t oftfoft Pj+ /fhdfu{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{, a9\bf] ;jf/L rfk / oftfoftsf] lj:tf/nfO{ b[li6ut u/L k|ljlwd}qL 6«flkms Joj:yfkg nfu" ug]{ u/L 6«flkms Joj:yfkg gLlt th'{df u/L nfu" ug]{ . /fhdfu{ ;'/Iffsf] d"NofÍg k|0ffnLsf] (Road Safety Audit) sf] ljsf; ug]{ .

� zflGt ;'/Iff tyf ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ k|ljlwo'Qm k|x/L ;]jfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'g' kg]{, k|ljlwd}qL k|x/L ;]jfsf] ljsf;, k|x/L ;ª\u7gsf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ cy{k"0f{ / glthfd'vL agfpg ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg / ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] k|Tofe"lt, k|x/L hgzlQmsf] pRr dgf]an agfO /fVg ;f]xL cg'¿k pTk|]/0ffo'Qm Joj:yfsf] ;'lglZrttf, k|x/Lsf]

468

sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ ;]jfd'vL, k|efjsf/L, kf/bzL{ Pj+ pQ/bfoL agfpg To;sf] cg'udg, lg/LIf0f, lgb]{zg / sf/jfxLsf lglDt k|x/L dxflg/LIfssf] k|ToIf dftfxtdf /xg] u/L s]Gb|Lo ;'kl/j]If0f OsfO{sf] Joj:yf ug]{, ;f]xLadf]lhd If]qLo÷k|fGtLo, lhNnf / :yfgLo:t/sf] ;'kl/j]If0f / cg'udgsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

� k|x/L clws[t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;¿jfdf rqmLo k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf u/L ;'ud÷b'u{d÷t/fO{÷kxf8÷lxdfn÷gLltlgdf{0f÷kl/rfng÷k|lzIf0f h:tf If]qdf qmdzM ;¿jf ul/g] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ . t/, lhNnf jf ;f]eGbf dflysf k|x/L lgsfox¿sf] k|d'vdf kb:yfkg ul/Fbf pQm :yfgsf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf, ck/fw lgoGq0f, cg';Gwfg h:tf ljifodf ;DalGwt JolQmsf] Ifdtfsf] j:t'ut dfkb08 agfO{ To;sf] cfwf/df ug]{ .

� cfw'lgs ljZjn] ;fd'bflos k|x/Lsf] cjwf/0ffdf d'VotM hg;xeflutfdf ;d:of ;dfwfg / Joj:yfksLo ;'wf/df lglxt /xG5 . of] ljs]lGb|t k|x/L k|0ffnL klg xf] . hgtfs} ;xeflutf / ;lqmotfdf k|x/L ;]jf k|jfx ug{ ;fd'bflos k|x/L ;]jf s]Gb|nfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{ .

� hg;+Vof, hg3gTj, ef}uf]lns cj:yf, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, ck/fwsf] dfqf h:tf ljifosf cfwf/df k|x/L b/aGbL lgwf{/0f ug]{, s'g}klg k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ sfg'g adf]lhdsf] sfd afx]s cGo 3/fo;L sfddf nufpg] k|0ffnLnfO{ s8fO{sf ;fy lg¿T;fxg ug]{ .

� ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sdf ;]jflgj[Q k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df s]Gb|b]lv ;fd'bflos :t/;Dd k|x/Lsf] ljleGg sfo{df ;Nnfxsf/ (Consultants) sf] ¿kdf /fVg] k|rng ;d]t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] Joj:yf hfkfg / a]nfotsf k|x/L ;]jfx¿df ;d]t /x]sf] kfOG5 . o; l;4fGtnfO{ k|x/L P]g÷lgoddf ;d]t ;dfj]z ug'{ af~5gLo b]lvg] .

� k|x/L ;]jfdf lgo'lQm, j[lQ ljsf;, a9'jf, ;]jf zt{sf] ;'/Iff h:tf ljifonfO{ P]gåf/f g} ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L k|x/L P]g, @)!@ df ;d;fdlos ;+zf]wg ug]{, o;}u/L u'08fubL{ P]g, /fqLsfnLg Joj;fo ug]{ P]g, ljlzi6 JolQmsf] ;['/Iff ;DaGwL P]g, lghL ;'/Iff Joj;fonfO{ lgoldt ug]{ P]g h:tf ljleGg P]gx¿ oyfzL3| hf/L u/L nfu" ug]{,

� ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sdf lghL cg';Gwfg stf{ -Private detective_ sf] Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] kfOG5 . ck/fw cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL tflnd u/]sf k"j{ ;'/IffsdL{ jf To;;DaGwL s'g} klg JolQm jf JolQmx¿sf] ;+:yfn] lghL¿kdf cg';Gwfg ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] nflu ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g lgoddf ;zf]wg u/L lghL cg';Gwfg k|0ffnLsf] l;4fGtnfO{ ;d]t cjnDag ug]{{ .

� k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ljj/0f lgwf{/0f u/L pQ/bfoL agfpg] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{, ljBdfg sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg k|0ffnLnfO{ j:t'ut, k|efjsf/L tyf p2]Zod"ns agfpg] lsl;daf6 kl/dfh{g ug]{,

469

� k|x/Lk|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf; / ;DaGw a9fO{/fVg :yfgLo txdf :yfgLo ah]6sf] lglZrt k|ltzt k|x/L ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] lglDt cfjZos kg]{ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf ljlgof]hg ug]{ Joj:yf u/L hgd}qL k|x/L ;]jfsf] ljsf; ug]{,

� k|x/Ldf n}lËs ;dfgtf / sfo{ jftfj/0f ;'wf/ ub}{ dlxnf k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ k|x/L ;]jfsf] d"nwf/df ;dflxt ug]{ gLlt cjnDag u/L s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo :t/;Dd n}lËs ;Dj]bgzLn sfo{gLlt to u/L To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{,

� k|x/L sfo{df of]hgfa4 k|x/L kl/rfngsf] gLlt cjnDag u/L gful/s d}qL k|x/L k|zf;gsf] ljsf; ug]{,

� v'nf ;Ldfsf sf/0f a9\bf] cfk/flws ultljlw tyf ;'/Iff r'gf}tLnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ ;Ldf If]qdf ;'/Iff k|0ffnL dha'b agfpg cfjZos k|ljlwx¿ h8fg u/L k|x/Låf/f lgoldt cg'udgsf] Joj:yf ug]{,

� kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ j}1flgsLs/0f tyf cfw'lgsLs/0fsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ pks/0f / ;fwg ;|f]tsf] plrt Joj:yf ug]{, ;fy} ck/fw cg';Gwfg ;]jfnfO{ ljlzi6Ls/0f ug]{, ljleGg lgsfosf aLr s]Gb|Lo txb]lv :yfgLo tx;Dd PsLs[t ck/fw clen]v k|0ffnL -Information Exchange and Networking_ sf] :yfkgf ug]{,

� ck/fwsf] /f]syfd, cg';Gwfg, lgoGq0f, sfg'g sfof{Gjog / cfGtl/s zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod /fVg] sfddf k|x/L ;ª\u7gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg sfo{qmddf cfwfl/t ah]6 ljlgof]hg k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag, ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;, k'/fgf xftxltof/sf] k|lt:yfkg tyf sd 3fts xltof/ vl/b ug{], ;]jfsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f, j}1flgs / k|ljlw d}qL ck/fw cg';Gwfg k|0ffnL / cg';Gwfg k|0ffnLnfO{ cy{k"0f{ agfpg cfjZos kg]{ pks/0fx¿ -Polygraph, DNA Profiling, Cyber Lab, Mobile Forensic Lab_ sf] kof{Kt Joj:yf, k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf ;'/Iff / j[lQ ljsf; h:tf s'/fx¿sf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ .

#= ;z:q k|x/L ansf] ;'wf/

� cw{ ;}lgs k|s[ltsf] ;z:q k|x/L annfO{ ;/sf/sf] s]Gb|Lo ;'/Iff ansf] ¿kdf /fvL /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf b]vfk/]sf ;'/Iff r'gf}tL / ;Dj]bgzLntfsf] cfwf/df ;dofg's"n ;z:q k|x/L ansf] ;fË7lgs k'g;{+/rgf ug]{,

• /fli6«o dxTjsf /fli6«o ;Dkbfsf] ;'/Iff cw{ ;}lgs annfO{ ;'Dkg] gLlt x'g'kg]{, • ;z:q k|x/L annfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f / j}1flgsLs/0f ub}{ ef}lts ;fwg ;|f]t,

cfw'lgs xftxltof/, aGbf]a:tsf ;fdfg / bIf hgzlQmsf] dfWodåf/f ;an / ;Ifd ;ª\u7gsf] ¿kdf ;z:q k|x/L ansf] ljsf; ug]{,

• ;z:q k|x/L annfO{ ljlzi6Ls/0f ug{ ;Ldf ;'/Iff, dfpG6]g jf/km]o/, sfpG6/ OG;/h]G;L P08 h+un jf/km]o/, ljlzi6 JolQm tyf dxTjk"0f{ ;Dkbfsf] ;'/Iff, /fh:j tyf cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff h:Tff sfo{If]qsf cfwf/df ;]jfsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f

470

ug]]{, o;}u/L ;z:q k|x/L ansf] sfo{ k|s[lt cg'¿k ;ª\u7gleq ;]jf ljlzi6Ls[t tyf ;|f]t ;DkGg /]lhd]G6sf] :yfkgf ug]{ ,

• ;z:q k|x/L P]g;Fu cGo k|rlnt P]g sfg'gdf Ps¿ktf, :ki6tf / ;fdGh:otf x'g'kg]{, vf;u/L :yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, ;Ldf ;'/Iff, cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff, ljlzi6 JolQm tyf dxTjk"0f{ k|lti7fgdf ;z:q k|x/L ansf] kl/rfngsf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt sfg'gdf ;d]t ;fdGh:otf ul/g'kg]{, bf]xf]/f] lhDd]jf/Lsf] cGTo ub}{ ;z:q k|x/L an kl/rfngsf] :ki6 gLlt aGg' kg]{,

• ;z:q k|x/L andf hgzlQmsf] egf{, ;¿jf, a9'jf / j[lQ ljsf;nfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg'kg]{, nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] bfo/fleq k|efjsf/L¿kdf nfu" ug]{ u/L ;z:q k|x/L ansf] hgzlQm kl/k"lt{sf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, ;z:q k|x/L andf sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] ;'ljwf, j}b]lzs tflnd / k|ltlglwTj ug]{ u/fpg] ;DaGwdf lglZrt dfkb08 agfO{ nfu" ug]{, j[lQljsf; / a9'jf k|0ffnLnfO{ j}1flgs / j:t'k/s agfO{ u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg / k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ljz]if sfg'gL Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ ;fy} ;z:q k|x/L ansf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{ glthfd"ns tyf j}1flgs agfpg O{–ueg]{G; k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{, ;z:q k|x/L ansf] hgzlQmsf] ;]jf zt{ / kbfjlw P]gåf/f g} :ki6 x'g'kg]{ .

$= /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefusf] ;anLs/0f

/fi6«sf] cfGtl/s tyf jfXo ;'/Iffdf x'g;Sg] ;DefJo vt/fx¿sf] ;"rgf ;Íng, k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0f u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ pknAw u/fpg] sfdsf nflu :ki6 sfo{x¿ tf]sL k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ljBdfg /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ k'g;{+/rgf ub}{ ;|f]t ;fwg ;DkGg ;Ifd hgzlQm ePsf] ;ª\u7gsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{,

%= ;'/Iff lgsfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4

� ;'/Iff lgsfodf sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf clej[l¢ ug{ k|lzIf0f s]Gb|x¿sf] :t/ j[l¢ u/L cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] (Centre of Excellence) agfpg],

� Jf}b]lzs tflnd / k|lzIf0fsf ;DaGwdf kf/bzL{k"0f{ dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/L a9L eGbf a9L j}b]lzs tflnd / k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yfsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ .

� Dffgj ;'/Iffsf] If]qdf afnaflnsf, dlxnf, cNk;+Vos, o'jf / Ho]i7 gful/s nufotsf] ;'/Iff Joj:yfnfO{ dha't ug]{ .

� Gf]kfnsf Psrf}yfO{ gful/sx¿ /f]huf/Lsf] vf]hLdf ljb]z hfg afWo 5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] ;'/Iff ug'{ /fHosf] k|d'v st{Jo xf] . pgLx¿dfly x'g] s'g}klg lsl;dsf] cfly{s tyf zf/Ll/s zf]if0f / 7uLsf] ck/fwnfO{ s8fO{sf ;fy sf/jfxL ug]{ ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

^= cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff jnsf] :yfkgf

g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s åGå, /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, aGb x8tfn, ljikmf]6g, cfuhgL, lkm/f}lt tyf dhb'/ x8\tfn cflbsf sf/0faf6 cf}Bf]lus If]qx¿sf] cj:yf gfh's b]lvG5 . ;f]xL s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL g]kndf Ps cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff jn :yfkgf ug]{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt /x]sf] / o:tf] ;'/Iff jnsf] :yfkgf / v6fpFbf cfly{s, ;fdflhs,

471

/f]huf/L Pj+ /fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L cGo ;'/Iff lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjofTds 9+Ëaf6 sfo{;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf x'g cfjZos b]lvG5 . o;sf lglDt xfnnfO{ cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff jnsf] ¿kdf ;z:q k|x/L ansf] ljifo cGtu{t g} /fvL To;nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" ug{' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

&= lghL ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ff nfu" ug]{

/fHosf ;'/Iff lgsfox¿n] lghL ;'/Iff sDkgLx¿;Fu ;dGjofTds 9Ëaf6 sfo{ u/]df gful/s tyf /fi6«sf] ;'/Iffdf cjZo of]ubfg k'Ug ;Sg] x'G5 . o;y{ a[xt ;'/Iff k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/sf] qmddf ;'/Iff lgsfox¿df lgoldt ;dGjofTds e"ldsf v]Ng] Joj:yf ldnfpg ;f]xL cg'¿k cg'udg / ;'kl/j]If0f u7g / ;~rfngsf] nflu lghL ;'/Iff;DaGwL 5'§} ljz]if sfg'g th'{df x'g'kg]{ .

*= PsLs[t ;Ldf ;'/Iff k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{

/fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIfsf] ¿kdf ;Ldf ;'/IffnfO{ lnOG5 . /fli6«o ;Ldfsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ låkIfLo jftf{ Pjd\ ;Djfbåf/f alnof :yfoL ;Ldf :tDex? /fVg], To;sf] lgoldt cg'udg ug]{ Pjd\ ;Ldf ;'/Iff / cg'udg ug]{nfO{ ;Ldf ;DaGwL ef}uf]lns, P]ltxfl;s ;lGw, ;Demf}tfsf] 1fg lbg] u/L k|lzlIft ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 . s"6gLlts ;]jf, ljdfg:yn, ;Ldf If]qdf vl6g] ;'/Iff lgsfox¿, eG;f/, cWofudg, x'nfs ;]jf, u'Ktr/ Pj+ ;ts{tf s]Gb|, jg tyf jGohGt' ;'/Iff;DaGwL lgsfox¿n] ;Ldf;DaGwL ck/fw / ;Ldf cltqmd0f lgoGq0fdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng'kg{] x'G5 . oL lgsfox¿ aLr ;dGjofTds e"ldsf x'g g;s]sf] v08df gful/ssf] ;'/Iff x'g ;Sb}g . Jofkf/ Joj:yfkgdf sdL cfpF5, ;Ël7t cGt/b]zLo ck/fw / cft+s a9\g ;S5, cj}w xftxltof/ / dfgj a]rlavgdf j[l4 x'G5 / /fh:jdf sdL cfpF5 . To;}n] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] nflu PsLs[t ;Ldf ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg (Integrated Border Management) x'g' h¿/L 5 . ;'/Iff If]qsf] ;'wf/ cGtu{t ;Ldf ;'/Iff;DaGwL b]xfosf s'/fnfO{ ljz]if dxTj lbg'kg]{ x'G5 M–

� ;Ldf If]q / :tDesf] ;+/If0f, /]vb]v, cg'udg Pjd\ cfjlws k|ltj]bg ug]{, � ;Ldf If]qdf x'g] ck/fwsf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0f, � /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf kfg]{ vt/fsf] cf+sng / /f]syfd, � ;Ldf If]qdf cfjt–hfjt ug]{ ;jf/L ;fwgdf lgoGq0f, � cj}w xft xltof/ / dfgj cf];f/k;f/df lgoGq0f, � ;Ldf cltqmd0fdf lgoGq0f, � eG;f/ z'Ns a'emfPsf] jf ga'emfPsf] cg'udg, � lgsf;L k}7f/Lsf] ;fdfgsf] hfFr / cg'udg, � ;'/Iff dxTjk"0f{ j:t', :jf:y, nf]kf]Gd'v hgfj/sf] cfv]6f]kxf/, snf, ;+:s[lt /

k'/ftflTjs j:t' cflbsf] /]vb]v / rf]/L lgsf;Ldf lgoGq0f, � cfpg] hfg] JolQmx¿sf] clen]v Joj:yfkg, � /fh:j clej[l4, � OG6/kf]n jf cGo lgsfoaf6 k|fKt ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df cfk/flws k|j[lQsf JolQm,

cj}w ;/–;fdfg cf];f/ k;f/ ug]{ JolQm cflbnfO{ lgu/fgL ug]{, kqmfp ug]{,

472

� dfgj a]rlavgdf k/]sf kLl8t, z/0ffyL{ cflbsf] nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] sfo{ ug]{ . cflb .

(= ;'/Iffsf ljljw kIfdf ;'wf/

� :yfoL zflGt, ;'/Iff / ;'wf/sf k|s[ofdf lghfdtL tyf :yfgLo k|zf;g, ;ts{tf s]Gb|, cWofudg ljefu, eG;f/ ljefu, s"6gLlts If]q, sf/fuf/ Joj:yfkg, lzIf0f ;+:yfnufotsf /fHosf ;+/rgfx¿df ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"ltsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ .

� ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] cu|;/tfdf ljleGg d'n'sdf zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug]{ sfo{df g]kfnL ;]gf, ;z:q an / g]kfn k|x/L v6fpFb} cfPsf]df To:tf ld;g Joj:yfkgsf] nflu cfjZos ;jf/L ;fwg, ;~rf/ ;fwg tyf aGbf]a:tL tyf pks/0fx¿ cnu Joj:yfkg ug]{ ul/cfPsf] Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ u/L /fHosf] Pp6} lgsfoaf6 /fi6« ;ª\3af6 dfu ePsf] avt tTsfn} v6fpg ;Sg] u/L cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|Lx¿ df}hbftdf /xg] Ps s]Gb|Lo e08f/0f sIf (Ware House) sf] Joj:yf ug]{,

� plNnlvt ;'wf/sf If]qsf cltl/Qm :yfoL zflGt, ;'/Iff / ;'wf/sf k|s[ofdf lghfdtL tyf :yfgLo k|zf;g, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|, cWofudg ljefu, eG;f/ ljefu, s"6gLlts If]q, sf/fuf/ Joj:yfkg, lzIf0f ;+:yfnufotsf /fHosf ;+/rgfx¿df ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"ltsf] ;'lglZrttf sfod ug]{ tkm{ ljz]if kxn, k|of; / k|oTg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] clwsf/If]qdf k'g/fjnf]sg k|zf;sLo cbfntn] lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿ dfly ePsf] ljefuLo sf/jfxL pk/sf] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] u/]sf] 5 . k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] sfo{If]q leq ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf cGo If]qx¿ h:t}M ljBfno tyf ljZjljBfnosf lzIfs sd{rf/L, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lx¿ tyf k|x/L sd{rf/Lx¿ pk/sf] sf/jfxLsf] ljifo eg] ;d]l6Psf 5}gg\ . cGt/f{li6«o cEof; ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L cGo d'n'sn] u/] h:t} k|zf;sLo cbfnt Joj:yfkgsf nflu 5'§} P]g th'{df u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf ;a} If]qdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ul/Psf] ljefuLo ;hfosf] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] u/L sfo{If]q lj:tf/ ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . sd{rf/Lsf] ;xh kx"Frsf clwsf/ If]q j[l4 x'Fbf k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] ;+Vof ;d]t lj:tf/ ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . ;f] sf nflu b]xfoadf]lhd ug]{ M

� k|zf;sLo cbfnt;DaGwL 5'§} P]g th'{df ug]{,

� k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q lj:tf/ ug]{,

� k|zf;sLo cbfntnfO{ Gofofnosf] ;+/rgfdf ;dfj]z ug]{,

� ;xh kx'Fr sfod ug{ k|zf;sLo cbfntnfO{ k|fb]lzs ¿kdf lj:tf/ ug]{,

� b]xfosf d'2f jf ljifodf ePsf] lg0f{o jf cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/ k|zf;sLo cbfntnfO{ x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ M–

473

-s_ lghfdtL ;]jf, g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf tyf g]kfn Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOPsf] ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg],

-v_ lghfdtL ;]jf, g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf tyf g]kfn Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;]jfdf sfo{/t /fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fL jf ;f] ;/x;Ddsf sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jf ;DaGwL lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg],

-u_ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ eljiodf ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] gf]s/Lsf] lgldQ cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L x6fOPsf] jf eljiodf ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] gf]s/Lsf lgldQ cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L avf{:t ul/Psf] ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] .

-3_ lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] ;¿jf, ;]jfzt{ ;DaGwL ljifo / lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgodsf] JofVof ;DaGwL k|Zg lglxt ePsf] d'2f .

� lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lgo'lQm, kb:yfkg, ;¿jf, kbf]Gglt, sfjf{xL ;d]tsf ljifodf ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l/6 lgj]bgx¿ kg]{ qmd a9\g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . l/6af6 pkrf/ k|fKt ug]{ k|lqmof ;/n klg 5}g . o;n] Gofokflnsfsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;do lng] u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] ;a} k|sf/sf ;]jf zt{;DaGwL sfg'g cg';f/sf u'gf;f] tyf ph'/L ;'Gg] lgsfosf] ¿kdf 5'§} P]gåf/f k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] sfo{If]q k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ k|zf;lgs sfd sf/jfxL pk/sf] u'gf;f] Pjd\ ljjfb lsgf/f ug]{ lgsfosf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� /fh:j GofofwLs/0f, >d cbfnt, C0f c;'nL GofofwLs/0f, C0f c;'nL k'g/fj]bg GofofwLs/0f, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ GofofwLs/0f h:tf cbfnt / GofofwLs/0fx¿sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfngsf nflu ljleGg sfg'gx¿n] leGg leGg Joj:yf u/]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . of] ljifonfO{ Pp6} 5ftf P]gåf/f lgoldt u/L 5l/P/ /x]sf GofofwLs/0fx¿nfO{ Pp6} kl/;/ leq /fVg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

Goflos clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ k|zf;sLo lgsfosf] ;'b[9Ls/0f Goflos clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ k|zf;sLo lgsfosf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ljlw, k|lqmof / z}nLdf Ps¿ktf 5}g . ljleGg P]g tyf lgodfjnLx¿af6 Jojl:yt eO{ Goflos clwsf/x¿sf] ;d]t sfo{ ug]{ oL lgsfon] lglZrt, ljz]if / lglb{i6 kl/l:yltdf d'2fx¿sf] l5gf]kmfgf] ;d]t ub{5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] Goflos sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ ljz]if Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o:tf lgsfosf] clwsf/If]q k'g/fjnf]sg ug{sf nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cfb]zn] lbPsf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd sfo{bn u7g eO{ ;f] sfo{bnn] k|ltj]bg;d]t lbO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . To;}u/L o:tf lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ Gofo;Dkfbg ;DaGwL k|lzIf0f ;d]t k|bfg ug{ k|f/De ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] k|lzIf0f dfnkf]t clws[t, e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/L Pjd\ /fh:j k|zf;g ;+nUg cw{Goflos lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/Lx?;Dd lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . o:tf lgsfox¿n] sfg'g k|bQ clwsf/ adf]lhd u/]sf km};nfx¿sf] cBfjlws ljj/0f /fVg], km};nf adf]lhdsf b08 hl/jfgf c;"nLsf] nut /fVg] h:tf sfo{ Jojl:yt x'g g;sL Psftkm{ sfg'gL /fHosf] cfwf/e"t dfGotfdf bvn k'u]sf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ /fHosf]ifdf bflvnf x'g'kg]{ lx:;f b08 hl/jfgf c;'nL gubf{ j]jfl/;] ePsf] 5 . t;y{ k|zf;sLo lgsfox¿sf] sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpFg lgDg sfo{x¿ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5M

474

� k|zf;sLo lgsfosf] Goflos sfo{;~rfngsf nflu 5'§} sfo{ljlw P]g÷lgod th'{df ug]{ .

� k|zf;sLo lgsfox¿n] ;Dkfbg ug]{ Goflos sfo{sf] clen]v Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ ug]{ . � k|zf;sLo lgsfoaf6 x'g] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+/rgf, ljlw / k|s[of :ki6 x'g] u/L

sfg'gL Joj:yf ug]{ . � km};nf adf]lhdsf] b08 hl/jfgfsf] c;"nL nut /fVg] / o;df Ps¿ktf sfod ug]{ . � km};nf adf]lhdsf] b08 hl/jfgfsf] nut ;DalGwt uf=lj=;=÷g=kf=÷ lh=lj=;, lhNnf

k|x/L sfof{no Pj+ ;DalGwt Onfsf k|x/L sfof{nodf !÷! k|lt k7fO{ ;/sf/L afFsL aSof}tf ;dod} km5of]{6 ug]{tkm{ cfjZos sf/afxL tTsfn} cufl8 a9fpg] .

� km};nf sfof{Gjog;DaGwL hl/jfgf, s}bsf] nut k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] dflyNnf] lgsfo Pj+ s]Gb|Lo tx;Ln sfof{nodf k7fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ . o:tf lgsfox¿n] km};nf ;DaGwdf df:s]jf/L k|ltj]bg ;DalGwt dflyNnf] lgsfodf tyf s]Gb|Lo tx;Ln sfof{nodf k7fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� tfn's lgsfox¿n] To:tf lgsfox¿sf] lg/LIf0f ug]{ qmddf o; ljifodf ;d]t lg/LIf0f cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

� k|zf;sLo lgsfosf kbflwsf/L / ;f] sfdsf ;+nUg /xg] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf Goflos k|lzIf0f / k'gtf{huL tflnd lbg] Joj:yf ug]{ tyf ;fwg ;|f]t ;DkGg agfpg] .

� Goflos sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ a9L sfo{af]em ePsf To:tf sfof{nox¿df Gofo ;]jfsf clws[t:t/sf kbsf] b/aGbL l;h{gf ug]{ .

lzIff If]qsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ;+ljwfgn] lzIff;DaGwL xsnfO{ df}lns xssf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . k|To]s jif{ ;/sf/n] jflif{s ah]6sf] 7"nf] lx:;f lzIff If]qdf vr]{sf] 5 . o;}u/L ljb]zL bft[ /fi6« tyf lgsfox¿af6 ;d]t k|To]s jif{ lzIff If]qdf 7"nf] /sd k|fKt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;/L lzIff If]qdf vlr{g] /sdaf6 k|fKt x'g] k|ltkmn eg] ;Gtf]ifhgs aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . clwsf+z ;/sf/L ;fj{hlgs ljBfnox¿af6 pTkflbt hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf lghL If]qaf6 pTkflbt hgzlQmsf] t'ngfdf cf};t sdhf]/ b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿df kof{Kt lzIfssf] Joj:yf x'g g;Sg', /fxt sf]6fdf lzIfs lgo'lQmdf clgoldttf x'g' / b'u{d :yfgdf :yfoL lgo'Qm lzIfsn] cGo JolQmnfO{ sfdsfhdf nufO{ cfkm" cGoq sfddf hfg] k|j[lQn] ;fj{hlgs ljBfnox¿df lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ vl:sPsf] 5 . b'u{d :ynsf ljBfnox¿df kf7\ok':ts tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlwleq k'Ug g;Sg', k9fO lgoldt x'g g;Sg' h:tf ;d:ofx¿n] yk k|lts"ntf l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 eg] ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkgdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] e"ldsf ;'lglZrt u/fpg] axfgfdf Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf /fhgLlts/0f ePaf6 ljBfnosf] k|zf;gdf hl6ntfx¿ l;h{gf ePsf 5g\ . lghL If]qaf6 ;~rflnt z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf] lgodg, cg'udg k|efjsf/L ¿kdf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . lzIff If]q Joj;fosf] ljifo / z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿ Jofkf/ s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf] cf/f]k nflu/x]sf] 5 . lghL z}lIfs ;+:yf ljz]if u/L k|fljlws lzIff To;df klg :jf:y lzIffsf nflu lbOg] ;DaGwgsf] ljifodf clgoldttf / e|i6frf/sf ;dfrf/x¿ k|sfzg eO/x]sf] tkm{ ;/sf/sf] uDeL/ ¿kdf Wofg cfslif{t x'g' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . o:tf

475

ljleGg sf/0fn] ;fj{hlgs z}lIfs Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . plNnlvt ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿sf ;Gbe{df lgDg sfo{x¿ cljnDa ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5M

� ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿df sfo{/t lzIfsx¿n] lgoldt ¿kdf cWofkg u/] gu/]sf], lzIfs ljBfyL{ cg'kft pko'Qm /x] g/x]sf] lgoldt cg'udg ug]{, cGo JolQmnfO{ sfddf nufO{ tna eQf vfg] lzIfsx¿nfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd sf/jfxL ug]{, /fxt lzIfs ljBfyL{ cg'kft Go"g ePdf pQm sf]6f s6f}tL u/L /fxt lzIfs ljBfyL{ cg'kft pko'Qm ePsf] ljBfnodf :yfgfGt/0f ug]{ .

� ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfjZos kf7\ok':ts oyf ;dodf lbnfpg To:tf kf7\ok':ts lghL If]qaf6 ;d]t 5kfO{ ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

� cfly{s, ;fdflhs ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf ju{sf ljBfyL{x¿sf] pRr dfWolds tx;Ddsf] cWoog ;xh agfpg cfjZos 5fqj[lQ / cGo ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf u/L cWoogdf cfslift ug]{ .

� ljZjljBfnoaf6 k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx x6fOPsf] x'Fbf ljZjljBfnosf] lzIfs, sd{rf/L b/aGbLsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;f] txsf lzIfs sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6L ;/sf/L tj/af6 pRr dfWolds ljBfnosf] ¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{ .

� ;fd'bflos ¿kdf ;~rflnt pRr dfWolds Pjd\ dfWolds ljBfnodf dlxnf k|frfo{ lgo'Qm ePdf Pshgf lzIfssf] tna cg'bfg lbO{ z}lIfs g]t[Tjdf dlxnf ;xeflutf j[l4 ug]{ . x/]s dfWolds ljBfnodf Pshgf dlxnf lzlIfsfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� ;/sf/L ljBfnosf] u'0f:t/df cfPsf] x|f;nfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;/sf/L ljBfnodf dfWolds txdf cË|]hL, ul0ft / lj1fg lzIfsnfO{ ljBfyL{sf] glthfsf] cfwf/df ;t\ k|ltzt;Dd k|f]T;fxg eQf lbg], cGo cfjZos ljifodf qmdzM nfu" ub}{ hfg] .

� 5fqj[lQsf nflu lnOg] k/LIffsf] ljZj;gLotfdf k6s k6s k|Zg lrGx nfUb} cfPsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ b[li6ut u/L lzIff dGqfnon] cfkm}n] lnFb} cfPsf] k/LIff k4ltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L e/kbf]{ k/LIff af]8{sf] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{, :jR5 5ljsf k|fl1s JolQmTjx¿nfO{ To:tf] af]8{df ;lDdlnt u/fO{ sd{rf/Lsf] e"ldsf 36fpg' kg]{ .

� ljZjljBfnon] cg'aGw jf ;DaGwg lbg] k|lqmof kf/bzL{ agfOg' kg]{ / :jLs[t dfkb08 adf]lhd ;~rfng eP gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� ljZjljBfnon] ;DaGwg lbFbf cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08;Ddt k"jf{wf/ 5 5}g To;sf] :ynut lg/LIf0f cWoog / cg'udg u/L ;f] sf] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df lg0f{o ug]{, cg'udg ug]{x¿n] rnv]n u/L cg'lrt dfkb08 ljk/Lt k|ltj]bg lbPsf] b]lvPdf To:tf JolQmx¿nfO{ sfnf] ;"rLdf /fvL s8f sf/jfxLsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� lzIfsx¿nfO{ kf6L{ /fhgLltaf6 k"0f{tM cnu ug]{ u/fpg], ljZjljBfno nufotsf z}lIfs / k|fl1s lgsfox¿df kbflwsf/L lgo'lQm ubf{ bnLo cfwf/df efuj08f ug]{ h:tf] c:jR5 Jojxf/nfO{ aGb u/L k|fl1s If]qnfO{ dof{lbt agfpg' kg]{ .

� z}lIfs Sofn]08/df z'qmaf/ ;d]t k"/f ;do ljBfno ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

476

� ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf /xg] JolQmsf] Go"gtd of]Uotf tf]Sg'kg]{ tyf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf gSsnL cleefjs agL k|ltlglwTj ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug]{ .

� lzIfsx¿nfO{ ljutdf lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;/x ;dfg ¿kdf b'u{d eQf pknAw u/fOb} cfPsf] / kl5 cfP/ lglZrt :yfgdf dfq lzIfsn] b'u{d eQf kfpg] u/L leGg Joj:yf ul/of] . o;n] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ eGbf leGg / e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ePsf] egL l6KK0fL x'g] u/]sf] 5 . Pp6} ef}uf]lns If]qdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L / lzIfsnfO{ ul/Psf] of] e]befjnfO{ tTsfn ;/sf/n] ;Daf]wg u/L Pp6} dfkb08sf cfwf/df b'u{d / lk5l8Psf If]qdf sfo{/t /fi6«;]jsx¿nfO{ ;dfg ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ gLlt cjnDag ug]{ .

� g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;/sf/L Pjd\ ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf cWoog u/]sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ nlIft u/L 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf]df sltko ;Da4 JolQmx¿n] cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/L jf cfkmGtx¿nfO{ ;fdf'bflos ljBfnoaf6 kmd{ e/fO{ P; Pn ;L sf] k/LIff lbnfP/ ;/sf/L 5fqj[lQsf] unt ¿kdf nfe lnPsf] eGg] ;d]t /x]sf]n] of] ljifonfO{ 5fgljg Pjd\ lgoldt u/L unt ¿kdf nfe lnPsfx¿nfO{ sf/afxLsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] / o:tf] cEof;sf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0fsf nflu plrt sbd rfNg] .

� b]ze/ /x]sf ;/sf/L ljBfnox¿df sfo{/t lzIfsx¿sf] ;]jfnfO{ Jofj;flos, dof{bfo'Qm, bIf / ;Ifd agfpg] p2]Zon] :yflkt lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u cfk}mdf c;fd~h:o aLr sfo{ ul//x]sf]5 . @)%@ ;fndf lnOPsf] ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿sf] k/LIffsf] glthf k|sfzg ug{ dfq * jif{;Dd k|tLIff u/L @)^) ;fndf dfq lgo'lQmsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug{ ;s]sf] lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u xfn lzIff dGqfno cGtu{tsf] Pp6f lgsfosf ¿kdf dfq /x]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . vf;u/L lzIff If]qdf /x]sf] a9\bf] /fhgLlts/0f, lzIf0f k]zfk|lt of]Uo, ;Ifd / k|ltefjfg o'jfzlQmsf] cgfsif{0f, ;]jfdf k|j]zsf nflu s'g} :ki6 dfkb08sf] cefjdf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, k|wfgfWofks / lzIff If]qsf k|zf;sx¿s]f JolQmut OR5f, rfxgf / ¿lrsf cfwf/df lzIfs lgo'lQm x'g] ljBdfg cj:yf, lzIfs b/aGbL ;DaGwL e/kbf]{ tYofÍsf] cefj tyf nfdf] ;dob]lv c:yfoL, s/f/sf ¿kdf sfo{ u/]sf lzIfsx¿sf] ;d:of / gfd dfqsf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L c;Ifd JolQmx¿nfO{ ;d]t :yfoL lgo'lQm lbg] k|rngsf sf/0f lzIff If]qdf u'0f:t/Lotf sfod ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ljBdfg lzIff ;DaGwL P]g lgodx¿df lzIff ;DaGwL tdfd ;d:ofx¿ ;Daf]wg ug{ g;Sbf / ePsf sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog gx'Fbf d'n'ssf] efUo / eljio lgwf{/0f ug]{ lzIff If]q cfk}m sdhf]/ aGg k'u]sf] 5 . lzIff If]qsf nflu x/]s jif{ cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQmsf] dfu / cfk"lt{sf] cj:yf ljZn]if0f x'g ;s]s]f 5}g eg] lzIfsx¿sf] ;]jfsf] dof{bf / ;'/IffnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ lgo'lQm, ;¿jf a9'jf h:tf ljifodf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ :ki6 Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psf] 5}g . ljBfno lzIfsx¿sf] egf{ / lgo'lQmsf] sfo{ ug]{ lzIfs ;]jf cfof]unfO{ of t nf]s ;]jf cfof]u h:tf] 5'§} :jfoQ x}l;ot;lxtsf] cfof]usf ¿kdf :yflkt ug'{ kb{5 of yk hgzlQm tyf ;|f]t ;fwg pknAw u/fO{ lzIfsx¿sf] lgo'lQmsf nflu k/LIff ;+rfng / l;kmfl/z ug]{ clwsf/ ;d]t n]fs ;]jf

477

cfof]unfO{ g} k|bfg ul/g' kb{5 . l/Qm lzIfsx¿ a9Ldf Ps jif{ leq :yfoL k"lt{ ug'{kg]{ u/L clgjfo{ Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

:jf:Yo If]qsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f gful/ssf] :jf:y;DaGwL clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f Pjd\ :jf:Yo ;'ljwf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] cleGg kf6f]sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . hg;fwf/0fsf] :jf:Yodf ;xh kx'Fr sfod x'g g;Sbf ;+ljwfgn] kl/nlIft u/]sf] :jf:y ;DaGwL df}lns xssf] k|of]u k|efjsf/L x'g;s]sf] b]lvb}g . cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jfdf cfdhgtfsf] kx"Fr sfod x'g of] If]qdf b]xfosf ;'wf/x¿ ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf b]lvG5 M–

� c:ktfnx¿ /fhwfgL zx/ s]lGb|t ePsf]n] u|fdL0f hgtfsf] ;xh kx'Fr sd ePsf] 5 . ca d]l8sn sn]h :yfkgf ubf{ ;'b'/ klZrdf~rn If]q nufotsf b'u{d If]qdf k|fyldstf lbg], :jf:Yo lzIffdf sdhf]/ / lk5l8Psf] ju{sf] kx'Fr a9fpg], lzIf0f ;+:yfnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg] / ;/f]sf/jfnfk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg], o:t} :jf:y pkrf/ s]Gb|x¿nfO{ zx/ aflx/ lj:tf/ ug]{,

� ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] hg;+Vof / lrlsT;ssf] cg'kft sfod ug]{ u/L u'0f:t/Lo :jf:y lzIffsf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]xL cg'¿k k|aGw ug]{,

� lghL d]l8sn sn]hdf ljBfyL{ egf{ lnFbf ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfkb08df cfwfl/t /x]/ of]Uotf qmdsf cfwf/df egf{ lng' kg]{ afWofTds Joj:yf ug]{, ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] clwstd z'Nssf] kl/kfngf eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf pkef]Qmf ;d]t ;xefuL /x]sf] cg'udg ;+oGq ljsf; u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

� gofF d]l8sn sn]h vf]Nbf e"uf]n, hg;+Vof, c¿ c:ktfn jf d]l8sn sn]hsf] cj:yf, bL3{sfnLg k|efj, ef}lts k"jf{wf/, km\ofsN6Lsf] pknAwtf, u'0f:t/Lotf / pTkflbt hgzlQmsf] vkt ;d]tsf ;"rssf cfwf/df oyfy{tfsf] :ynut lg/LIf0faf6 lj:t[t d"NofÍg u/L k|fKt ePsf] glthf ;sf/fTds b]lvPdf dfq cg'dlt lbg], ;DaGwg k|lqmofnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg], ;DaGwgsf] dfkb08 cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] dfkb08 cg's"n agfpg], dfkb08 ljk/Lt sfo{ ug]{ jf dfkb08 g} unt agfpg] jf lgwf{l/t k|lqmofsf] pNn+3g ug]{nfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg] . plNnlvt sfo{sf] cg'udgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg], cg'udg ubf{ dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhdsf] sfo{ gePdf cg'udg ug]{ kbflwsf/LnfO{ sfnf];"rLdf /fvL ljz]if lhDd]jf/ agfO{ pgLx¿nfO{ s8f sfg'gL sf/jfxL ug]{ .

� d]l8sn sn]hsf] ;'kl/j]If0f / cg'udgnfO{ cf}krfl/stfdf ;Lldt g/fvL lgwf{l/t dfkb08 cg'¿ksf] :t/ /x] g/x]sf] ;DaGwdf j:t'ut cj:yf lrq0f ug]{ / sdhf]/ glthf b]lvPdf ;'wf/ ug{ nufpg],

� 5fqj[lQdf cWoog u/]sf lrlsT;snfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf b'O{ jif{ b'u{d If]q Pjd\ u|fdL0f If]qsf c:ktfn / :jf:Yo s]Gb|df ;]jf ug{ nufpg] / 5fqj[lQdf cWoog u/]sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ clgjfo{ ;]jf u/fpg cfjZos ;+Vofdf s/f/df /fVg ;Sg] u/L c:yfoL b/aGbL l;h{gf ug]{,

478

� b'u{d / u|fdL0f If]qdf sfo{/t ljz]ifu/L d'Vo zx/eGbf aflx/ lrlsT;sx¿nfO{ cfjf; ;'ljwf, ;"rgf Pjd\ k|ljlwsf] Joj:yf, cfjZos sfo{:yn Pjd\ Go"gtd k"jf{wf/sf] Joj:yf u/L To:tf] 7fFpdf hfg pTk|]l/t ug]{,

� g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;n P]gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L lgjf{rgåf/f kl/ifb\ rog ug]{ Joj:yfsf] ;§f ljZjljBfnosf l8gx¿nfO{ kb]g kl/ifb\ ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf ug]{ -pbfx/0fsf nflu lqlj lrlsT;fzf:q cWoog ;+:yfg, sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfnosf lrlsT;f zf:q ;+sfo, :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fg, kf6g :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fg, jLkL sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fgsf l8gnfO{ kb]g ;b:o agfpg]_ . o;n] lgofds lgsfodf /fhgLlts :jfy{nfO{ /f]Sg ;Sg] cj:yf /xG5 .

� g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;nnfO{ /fhgLlts bnsf] k|efj Pjd\ lgodg x'g'kg]{ lgsfox¿ Pjd\ JolQmx¿sf] :jfy{ Pjd\ k|efjaf6 d'Qm /fVg],

� :yfgLo :t/sf ljz]ifu/L c~rn tyf lhNnf c:ktfnx¿sf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df hf]8 lbg], lhNnf :t/df lrlsT;ssf] b/aGbL j[l4 ug]{, :jf:Yo If]qdf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ff lqmofzLn u/fpg],

� ljlzi6Ls[t ljz]if1 hgzlQmsf] ¿kdf /x]sf lrlsT;sx¿nfO{ b}lgs k|zf;lgs Pjd\ cfly{s k|zf;gsf] sfo{df gcNdNofO{ Jofj;flos sfo{df dfq s]lGb|t ug]{,

� ljBdfg :jf:Yo gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L u/La, c;xfo Pjd\ sdhf]/ / lk5l8Psf ju{ / If]qsf hgtfsf] :jf:Yodf ;xh kx"Fr x'g] u/L gofF gLltut Joj:yf ug]{,

� ;+ljwfgn] lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ljifonfO{ df}lns xsdf ;Daf]wg u/]sf] ljifonfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg sfg'gL Pjd\ gLltlut Joj:yf ug]{,

� lrlsT;sx¿sf] pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtf k|a4{g ug{sf nflu sfjf{xLsf] k|lqmof ;/nLs/0f ug]{, b08 / k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yfnfO{ s8fOsf;fy nfu" ug]{,

� :yfgLo c:ktfnaf6 /]km/ eO{ cfPsf uDeL/ la/fdLx¿sf] pkrf/sf nflu s]xL c:ktfnnfO{ æCentre for ExcellenceÆ sf] ¿kdf :yfkgf ug]{,

� pkrf/sf nflu :yfgLo txsf c:ktfn ;'ne agfpg] / :yfgLo c:ktfnaf6 /]km/ gePsf la/fdLsf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0fdf æCentre for Excellence" sf] ¿kdf /x]sf c:ktfnx¿df km/s z'Ns b:t'/ nfUg] Joj:yf u/L ;fdfGo la/fdLnfO{ :yfgLo txsf c:ktfndf hfg k|f]T;flxt ug]{,

� :jf:Yo jLdfsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos k"jf{wf/, k|ljlw Pjd\ 8f6fj]z tof/ ug]{, o;sf nflu cfjZos ;+/rgf / sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f ug]{ / ;r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd ;d]t ;~rfng ug]{,

� cltl/Qm sfdsf] cltl/Qm ;'ljwf lbg] u/L 5'§} sf]if ;~rfng u/L sfdsf cfwf/df kfl/>lds lbg] k4lt ;/sf/L c:ktfndf ;d]t nfu" ug]{, o;sf nflu sfd / sfo{ ;dosf] Go"gtd dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/L cltl/Qm sfdsf nflu cltl/Qm ;'ljwf lbg],

479

� cfly{s, ;fdflhs ¿kdf lk5l8Psf Pjd\ lk5l8Psf] If]qsf hgtfnfO{ :jf:Yo pkrf/df lglZrt k|ltzt 5'6 lbg] / pgLx¿ :jf:Yodf ;xh kx'Frsf] cj:yf sfod ug]{,

� cfo'j]{b ;DaGwL cWoog, cg';Gwfgdf ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{, cfo'j]{b ;DaGwL pRr cWoog s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|nfO{ ljsf; ub}{ cfo'j]{b c:ktfnnfO{ ;|f]t ;fwg / hgzlQm ;DkGg agfpg],

� gful/s :jf:yk|lt ;+j]bgzLn x'g'kg]{ /fHosf] k|fylds ljifo ePsfn] /fHos} txaf6 cg'ejL lrlsT;s ;lxt ;fwg ;|f]t ;DkGg u/La c;xfonfO{ ;/n / ;xh :jf:Yo ;]jf pknAw u/fpg ;f]xL cg'¿k ljleGg If]qdf c:ktfnx¿sf] lj:tf/ u/L ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg plrt ¿kdf x'g'kg]{,

� lrlsT;f lzIffdf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;/n / ;'ne kx'Fr :yfkgf / z'Ns lgwf{/0f dfkb08 lgdf{0f ug]{,

� bIf Pjd\ cg'ejL lj1 lrlsT;sx¿nfO{ pkTosf / ;f]eGbf aflx/ /x]sf ljleGg lzIf0f c:ktfnx¿df lelhl6ª k|f]km];/sf] ¿kdf ;]jf ug{;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{,

� :jf:y lzIff k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx¿df cTolws gfkmfd'vL k|j[lQ a9\b} uPsf], cfjZos Go"gtd lzIfs / k|ljlw klg g/x]sf], g}ltstfsf] kIf -Medical Ethics_ sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf] / o:tf] lzIff clt dx+uf] x'Fb} uPsf] x'gfn] o;nfO{ Jojl:yt / lgoldt ug{ ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] k"jf{wf/, kf7\oqmd, hgzlQm, g}lts dfGotf, ;]jf ljt/0f, k|df0fLs/0f Pjd\ :t/Ls/0fsf] k|aGw ug]{,

� :jf:Yo If]qnfO{ Jofkf/sf] ljifo Pjd\ gfkmfd'vL gagfO{ ;/sf/L Pjd\ lghL h'g;'s} tj/af6 ;~rfng ePklg a9L ;]jfd'vL / cfd hgtfsf] kx'Fr x'g] tkm{ lgb]{lzt eO{ ;f] cg';f/sf] sfg'g Pjd\ gLltut Joj:yf ug{ s/ Pjd\ cGo Joj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{,

� :jf:Yo If]qdf cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{ /fli6«o cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] Joj:yf u/L To:tf] s]Gb|nfO{ ;|f]t, ;fwg / hgzlQmn] ;DkGg agfpg] ;fy} ;fwg ;|f]to'Qm c:ktfnx¿ s]Gb|df dfq ;Lldt gu/L cGo If]qdf ;d]t lzIf0f ;+:yf / c:ktfnx¿nfO{ æRegional Centres of Excellence" sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ . .

� :jf:Yo If]qdf cfd gful/ssf] kx'Fr a9fpg d'6' / d[uf}nf h:tf /f]usf] pkrf/ cToGt vlr{nf] eO{ ;j{;fwf/0f gful/sx? pkrf/ g} gkfpg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf x'g ;Sg] jf:tljstfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L cfly{s ?kdf ljkGg JolQmn] ;d]t ;xh?kdf pkrf/ kfpg ;Sg] u/L /fHon] Pp6f 5'§} ljdf sf]if lgdf{0f u/L jflif{s ?kdf lglZrt /sd /fVg], k|To]s :yfgLo lgsfon] cfkm\gf] sf]ifaf6 lglZrt k|ltzt ;f] sf]ifdf hDdf ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ug]{ / d'6' / d[uf}nf h:tf /f]uaf6 kLl8t JolQmx?sf] pkrf/sf nflu ;DalGwt :yfgLo lgsfo / pkrf/ ug]{ lrlsT;ssf] l;kmfl/;df ;f] sf]ifaf6 &%Ü / ;DalGwt kLl8taf6 @%Ü pkrf/ vr{ Joxf]g]{ u/L cfjZos Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;fy}

480

cfly{s ;xfotfsf] lglZrt dfkb08 tf]sL ljkGg / nlIft ju{n] dfq pkrf/sf nflu ;/sf/af6 cfly{s ;xfotf k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

k//fi6« If]qsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f dGqfno, lgof]u tyf dxfjfl0fHob"tfjf;x¿ / k//fi6«« dfldnf cWoog k|lti7fgdf ;fdlos, ;+:yfut Pj+ ;ª\u7gfTds ;'wf/ u/L ;fwg ;|f]t ;DkGg agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 . k//fi6«« dGqfnosf] cfkm\g} ;'ljwf ;DkGg ejg x'g'kg]{, ljb]z gLlt ;+rfngdf b]vf k/]sf r'gf}tL / ;f]sf] ;fdgf ug]{ k|sf/sf sfo{qmdx¿ to ug{ ljz]if1x¿sf] ;d"x agfpg / ljb]z gLlt;Fu ;Da4 x'g] x/]s ljifodf k//fi6«« dGqfnosf] ;+nUgtf ;'lglZrt ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . k//fi6«« dGqfnosf] hfgsf/Ldf gNofO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljlwjt ¿kdf k"j{ :jLs[lt ;d]t glnO{ ljb]zL d'n's jf lgsfo;Fu ljleGg lgsfox¿af6 ;Demf}tf ug]{ k|rngnfO{ lgodg ug{ To:tf] ;lGw ;Demf}tf, ;dembf/L ug'{ k"j{ clgjfo{¿kdf k//fi6«« dGqfno;Fu ;dGjo ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; ug{' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . d"ntM k//fi6« If]qsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu b]xfosf ljifodf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 M–

� d'n'ssf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, If]qLo cv08tf, /fli6«o PstfnfO{ dha't agfO{ bLuf] zflGt sfod u/L ;d[4 d'n's lgdf{0f ug]{ p2]Zo;lxt /fli6«o :jfy{nfO{ hu]gf{ ug{ k//fi6« gLlt;DaGwL cfwf/e"t s'/f ;+ljwfgdf g} ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

� ;dsfnLg ljZjsf cGt/f{li6«o, If]qLo Pjd\ låkIfLo kl/l:yltx¿ cg'¿k /fi6«lxtsf] k|a4{g ug]{ u/L k//fi6« gLltnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{, k//fi6« gLltsf] th'{df ubf{ …cx:tIf]kÚ, cfGtl/s / j}b]lzs gLltsf] cGt/;DaGw / ldnfgÚ, …;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutfÚ h:tf ljifo ;d]6\g' kb{5 . k//fi6« gLltsf] cfjlws k/LIf0f cfjZos 5 . lg/Gt/ cg'udg / k[i7kf]if0fåf/f o;nfO{ lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ . ljsf; -cfly{s_ s"6gLltsf cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg /0fgLltx¿ th'{df ug]{,

� cfly{s s"6gLlt ;d]tsf] k//fi6« gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ d'Vo lgsfosf] ¿kdf k//fi6« dGqfnonfO{ Jofj;flos bIf Pjd\ k|efjsf/L lgsfosf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ cfjZos ;|f]t, ;fwg / hgzlQmn] ;DkGg agfpg' kg]{,

� /fli6«o lxtnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]/ cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw lj:tf/ ub}{ nfg' kg]{,

� g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfly{s tyf k|zf;lgs b[li6n] cfjf;Lo /fhb"tfjf; :yfkgf ug{ jt{dfg l:yltdf sl7g ePsf d'n'sx¿df cj}tlgs jfl0fHob"tfjf; :yfkgf ug]{ .

� aL;xhf/eGbf a9L ;+Vofdf g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿ sfo{/t /x]sf b]zx¿df ;d]t s"6gLlts lgof]u ;~rfng ug]{ .

� ;fs{ /fi6«x¿ dflNbE;, e'6fg / ckmuflg:tfgdf g]kfnL cfjf;Lo /fhb"tfjf; :yfkgf u/L s"6gLlts k|ltlglwTjsf] oyfzL3| Joj:yf ug]{ .

� j}b]lzs /f]huf/df uPsf g]kfnLsf] ;+Vof w]/} ePsf b]zx¿df g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] ;+VofnfO{ b[li6ut u/L cltl/Qm ;|f]t, ;fwg / hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf ug]{,

481

� d]l;g l/8]jn kf;kf]6{sf] ;]jf k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos hgzlQm ljsf; ug]{, k"jf{wf/ lj:tf/ ug]{ / gful/sn] ;xh¿kdf kf;kf]6{ k|fKt ug]{ u/L ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{,

� k//fi6« gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu of]hgf agfpg], sfof{Gjogsf nflu cg'udg ug]{, Pjd\ t'ngfTds cWoog / cg';Gwfgd"ns sfd ug]{ ;d]tsf] k|of]hgsf nflu k//fi6« dGqfnodf ljz]if1 hgzlQm;lxtsf] of]hgf, cg'udg tyf cg';Gwfg ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf ug]{,

� cfly{s ;DaGw lj:tf/ ePsf ljb]zL zx/x¿df sG;'n/ ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{,

� s"6gLlts k|ltlglwsf] pGd'lQm;DaGwL P]gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L gofF P]g lgod th'{df ug]{,

� k//fi6« dGqfnosf clws[tx¿sf nflu sDtLdf ^ dlxgfsf] cfwf/e"t s"6gLlts k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{, låkIfLo ;Dafb ug'{ kg]{ b]zx¿df nfdf] cjlwsf] k|lzIf0fdf gk7fpg],

� ljb]zl:yt g]kfnL lgof]ux¿nfO{ ljsf; / cfly{s s"6gLltdf kl/rfng ug]{,

� ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, cy{ dGqfno, pBf]u dGqfno, jfl0fHo dGqfno Pjd\ >d dGqfno;Fu ;dGjo sfod u/L ;+/rgfut, k|lqmofut, ;|f]t ;fwg Pjd\ hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{,

� g]kfnsf] pRr clwsf/Lsf] ljb]z e|d0f Pjd\ ljb]zL clwsf/Lx¿sf] g]kfn e|d0fsf] ;dodf ePsf 5nkmn, ;xdlt, k|:tfj, cfZjf;g Pjd\ k|lta4tfsf] clen]v cBfjlw u/L ;+:yfut ;+emgf alnof] agfpg],

� …k//fi6« dfldnf cWoog k|lti7fgÚnfO{ …s"6gLlts k|lzIf0f s]Gb|Ú Pjd\ …s"6gLlts cg';Gwfg s]Gb|Úsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{,

� k//fi6« dGqfnosf hgzlQmsf] ljsf; / Joj:yfkgsf nflu 5'§} …k//fi6« ;]jfÚ ;DaGwL sfg'g th'{df ug]{,

� s"6gLlts ;]jf Ps lsl;dsf] cf}krfl/s, Jofj:fflos Pjd\ k|fljlws ;]jf ePsf]n] hf] sf]xLn] of] ;]jfsf] lhDd]jf/L /fi6«lxt / s"6gLlts dof{bf cg';f/ lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf gx'g] x'Fbf ;DalGwt ;]jfsf cg'ejL JolQmx?af6 slDtdf ^) k|ltzt / cGo cg'ejL of]Uo JolQmx? a9Ldf $) k|ltzt lgwf{l/t dfkb08 / of]Uotfsf cfwf/df lgo'lQm u/L cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwdf s"6gLlts Ifdtf ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ .

� s"6gLlts k|ltlglwx¿sf nflu cfwf/e"t of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ug]{ -h:t} M s"6gLlts dof{bf / lzi6frf/df lgk"0f{, cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / s"6gLlts d"No dfGotfk|lt hfgsf/, d'n'ssf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, k|zf;lgs, ;f+:s[lts, ef}uf]lns / /fhgLlts ljsf;sf] ljlzi6 hfgsf/L, cGt/f{li6«o efiff ljz]iftM c+u|]hL efiffdf lgk"0f{tf, pRr g}lts cfr/0f Pjd\ :jR5 5lj sfod eO{ d'n'ssf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf]_ k//fi6« ;DaGwL cg'ej k|fKt JolQmnfO{ s"6gLlts k|ltlglwsf nflu k|fyldstf lbg] u/L gLlt lgod th'{df ug]{, s"6gLlts dof{bf sfod /fVg ;f]xL cg'¿k

482

cfrf/;+lxtf tof/ ug]{ / o;sf] k|efjsf/L kfngfdf hf]8 lbg], slDtdf tLg dlxgfsf] k|lzIf0f lbP/ dfq s"6gLlts lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{ Joj:yf ug{],

� ljb]zl:yt g]kfnL lgof]ux¿nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL k//fi6« ;]jfnfO{ clws[td'vL agfpg],

� ljb]zl:yt g]kfnL lgof]ux¿df lbOg] eQfnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg dfkb08sf] cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ug]{, cltl/Qm sfd ug'{kg]{ :yfgdf sfddf cfwfl/t ;'ljwfsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ nfu" ug]{,

� lgof]usf sd{rf/Lsf] vr{ Pjd\ >d ;xrf/L k7fpFbfsf] nfutnfO{ b[li6ut u/L g]kfnL sfdbf/ w]/} ePsf b]zx¿sf lgof]udf :yfgLo sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf s/f/df lng]tkm{ hf]8 lbg],

� k//fi6« ;]jf k|j]zsf nflu clws[t:t/df Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf :gftsf]Q/ agfpg],

� /fhb"t / s"6gLlts lgof]usf k|ltlglwsf] cfwf/e"t of]Uotf sfg'gåf/f g} lgwf{/0f u/L To:tf] of]Uotfdf ;]jfleqsf of]Uotf k'u]sfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ a9L k|ltzt 5'6\ofpg] Joj:yf u/L /fhb"t lgo'lQmdf k]zfut bIftf Pjd\ s"6gLlts IfdtfnfO{ d'Vo hf]8 lbg] / jftf{ ;Lk ljsf; ug]{,

� >d ;xrf/L Joj:yfkg;DaGwL P]gsf] Joj:yfnfO{ s"6gLlts dof{bf cg's"nsf] agfpg' kg]{,

� låkIfLo Pjd\ ax'kIfLo ;lGw ;+emf}tf nufot cGt/f{li6«o Pjd\ /fli6«o dxTjsf lnvtx¿sf] j}1flgs / j:t'ut ¿kdf juL{s/0f u/L ;+/If0fsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ .

� lgoldt ¿kdf ;Ldf cjnf]sg, nufot ;DalGwt b]zdf /x]sf cfkm\gf gful/sx¿sf ;d:of ;dfwfg u/L d'n'ssf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, Pstf / cv08tf sfod ug{ s"6gLlts kxn ug]{ .

� ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 / To;sf ljlzi6 lgsfosf] clwstd\ pkof]u u/L g]kfnsf] /fli6«o lxtsf ljifonfO{ cGt/f{li6«o d~rdf k'¥ofpg kxn ug]{ gLlt ckgfpg] .

;+/rgfut k'g/fjnf]sg

� e"ld ;'wf/, gfkL, dfnkf]t, ;'s'Daf;L ;DaGwL sfof{nox¿ PsLs[t u/L e"ld Joj:yfkg sfof{no /fVg] .

� s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt / ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\ vf/]h u/L ;f] sfo{ dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnon] ug]{ . cGt/f{li6«o Pjd\ /fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] s]Gb|Lo lgodg lgsfosf] lhDdf ;d]t ;f]xL dGqfnonfO{ lbg] .

� ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] bfloTj / lhDd]jf/Lsf cfwf/df ;f] sfof{nosf] lj:t[t ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f -cf] P08 Pd_ u/L kof{Kt ;|f]t, ;fwg / hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

483

� dGqfno, s]Gb|Lo lgsfo Pjd\ ;'kl/j]If0f txsf sfof{nox¿df dfgj ;+zfwg PsfO{ :yfkgf ug]{ / ;f] PsfO{sf] sfd, st{Jo clwsf/ kl/eflift ug]{] .

� ;ª\u7gdf ;ª\u7gleq Pjd\ aflx/sf u'gf;f Pjd\ ph'/Lsf] Joj:yfkg ug{, ;]jf ;'ljwf ljt/0fsf] k|efj d"NofÍg ug{, sfo{ ljlzi6Ls/0f ug{sf nflu ;'kl/j]If0f txdf u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f PsfO{sf] :yfkgf u/L :ki6 sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lslbg] .

g]kfn sfg'g cfof]unfO{ ;lqmo agfpg] sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fsf nflu 5'§} P]gåf/f k|efjsf/L lgsfosf] ¿kdf sfd ug{ g]kfn sfg'g cfof]usf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . eO{/x]sf sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] ;do ;fk]If k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{, sfg'gsf] d:of}bf ug{] cbfntsf] cfb]z km};nf Pjd\ lgb]{zgx¿sf] cWoog u/L sfg'gdf ;'wf/sf nflu ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbg], cg';Gwfgd"ns cWoog u/L g]kfnsf] sfg'gsf] ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{gsf nflu k|:tfj ug]{ ;d]tsf] lhDd]jf/L lbO{ sfg'g / Gofo If]qsf] ;|f]t s]Gb| Pjd\ cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf g]kfn sfg'g cfof]unfO{ lqmofzLn ug'{ kg]{ . ;f] cfof]un] ljB'tLo dfWodåf/f u/]sf] sfg'gsf] k|sfzgaf6 b}lgs ¿kdf xhf/f}+ dflg;n] ;]jf lnO/x]sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ ;sf/fTds ¿kdf lnO{ cfof]unfO{ ;|f]t, ;fwg / hgzlQmn] ;DkGg / ;'b[9 agfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] sfg'gL Oltxf;df x]bf{ g]kfn sfg'g ;'wf/ cfof]un] g]kfn sfg'gsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg dxTjk"0f{ 5 . ef/t nufot ljleGg b]zsf sfg'g cfof]un] lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsf ;d]tnfO{ ;Gbe{sf] ¿kdf lnO{ g]kfn sfg'g cfof]usf] ;+/rgf / lhDd]jf/Lsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . cfof]udf ljifo ljz]if1x¿ ;xefuL u/fO{ ljifout¿kdf ljleGg ljefu jf dxfzfvfx¿sf] :yfkgf u/L ;du| sfg'g k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/df cfof]unfO{ lqmofzLn u/fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . cfkm\gf] :jfy{ ;+/If0f ug]{ u/L u}/ ;/sf/L If]qåf/f sfg'gsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug]{ cEof;nfO{ lg¿T;flxt u/L sfg'gsf] d:of}bfdf sfg'g cfof]usf] ;+nUgtf / ;xeflutf a9fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu gLlt th'{df ubf{ pRr kb:y clwsf/Lx¿sf] dfq ;+nUgtf /xg] u/]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{dfdf /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] k|d'v e"ldsf /xg] eP klg sd{rf/Lx¿n] ;"rgf tYofÍ pknAw u/fpg], ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbg], d:of}bf tof/Ldf ;xof]u ug]{ / kfl/t gLltx¿ sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, d"NofÍg ug]{ h:tf sfo{ ub{5g\ . ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df ubf{ ;xL 9+un] cfjZostf klxrfg x'g g;s]sf], ;+:yfut k|of;sf] cefj /x]sf], sdhf]/ ;"rgf Joj:yfkg /x]sf], ;fwg>f]tsf] cefj /x]sf], kf/blz{tfsf] sld, k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f j:t'lgi7 9+un] x'g g;s]sf], d'n'ssf] cfjZostf eGbf s;}sf] rf;f]df s]lGb|t eP/ ;+s]t / l;kmfl/; cg';f/ gLlt th'{df x'g] u/]sf] / eljiok/s ;f]rsf] cefj /x]sf] h:tf ;d:ofx¿ /x]sfn] logLx¿sf] ;d'lrt ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ;zlQms/0f dfk{mt cfd gful/ssf] rf;f] clej[l4 u/fpg], gLlt lgdf{tfnfO{ gLltsf] k|efj / kl/0ffdk|lt lhDd]jf/ agfpg], gLlt k/fdz{ ;ldltnfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg] / ;]jfu|fxL / sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;xeflutf / ;+nUgtf a9fpg] h:tf sfo{x¿ ug{' kg]{ b]lvG5 . gLlt th'{df ubf{ / k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ /fhgLlts kIfsf ;fy ;fy} k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj, ;]jf k|jfxdf ;+nUg sd{rf/LtGq, gful/s ;dfh, lghL If]q / cfd ;]jfu|fxL ;d]tsf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xefuLtf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;s] ;]jf k|jfxdf ;d]t ;'wf/ cfO{ ;/sf/ /

484

;du| ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gk|lt hgljZjf; clej[l4 x'g ;S5 . s'g} klg dxTjk"0f{ gLltut Joj:yf ubf{ ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu Jofks jx;, 5nkmn / ;dLIff u/L To;af6 kg{ ;Sg] k|efj;Ddsf] cWoog u/]/ dfq lg0f{odf k'Ug' cfjZos 5 . cg';Gwfgd"ns cWoognfO{ k/fdz{ ;]jf jf cf}krfl/stfsf] ljifosf] ¿kdf dfq lnOg' x'Fb}g . sfg'gL / gLltut ¿kd} cg';Gwfgd"ns cWoognfO{ kl/j{tgsf] cTofjZos cfwf/sf ¿kdf :yflkt ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

To:t} ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df ubf{ ;Dk"0f{ cfwf/x¿ k"/f ug'{sf ;fy} o;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu gofF gLltx¿sf] lgoldt cg'udg tyf cfjlws d"NofÍg ;d]t ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . gLltn] ;d]6]sf ljifoj:t', sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf / o;af6 k/]sf k|efjx¿nfO{ gLltsf ;Gbe{df ul/g] d"NofÍgdf ;dfj]z ul/g' kb{5 . gLlt d"NofÍgdf sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmof, k|efj / c;/sf] cWoog, pkfb]otf, sdLsdhf]/L / ;jn kIfx¿sf] hfgsf/L, ;'wf/sf pkfox¿ / efjL sfo{lbzf ;d]t :ki6 x'g] ePsfn] gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] lglZrt ;dokl5 d"NofÍg sfo{ k|f/De u/L o;nfO{ k|0ffnLs} ¿kdf :yflkt ug'{ h¿/L 5 . gLlt d"NofÍg / sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf, sfo{Ifdtf klxrfg, k|efjsfl/tf d"NofÍg Pjd\ /0fg}lts d"NofÍgsf] ;du| :j¿k ePsfn] s], lsg, s;/L, sxfF h:tf ;du| kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L ldtJolotf, bIftf, ;dtf, pko'Qmtf, kof{Kttf / hjfkmb]lxtf -Economy, Efficiency, Equity, Appropriateness, Adequacy & Responsiveness) ;d]tsf kIfx¿df cWoog u/L gLltsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ kl/kf6L ljsf; ug'{ kb{5 . k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf dGqLx¿, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] pkfWoIf /x]sf] lgb]{zs ;ldlt / d'Vo ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf dGqfnosf ;lrj /x]sf] sfo{sf/L ;ldlt u7g u/L ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] If]qsf lj1x¿ ;d]t cfdGq0f u/L cfjlws ¿kdf gLlt k'g/fjnf]sgsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ Pjd\ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no cGtu{t /xg] u/L lj1x¿ ;lDdlnt gLlt d"NofÍg Pjd\ k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldlt jf o:t} ;+oGq lgdf{0f u/L ljz]if1x¿nfO{ ;lDdlnt ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLlt, @)%( n] j}b]lzs ;xfotfdf u'0ffTds clej[l4 ug]{, /fli6«o Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{, ;xfotfsf] ljj]sk"0f{ pkef]u ug]{, k|fljlws ;xfotfsf] ;Lldt dfqfdf pkof]u ug]{, bLuf]kgf ;'lglZrt x'g] u/L sfo{ ug]{, k|fyldstf If]qdf nufgL ug]{ tyf C0f eGbf cg'bfgnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] h:tf /0fgLlt lnPsf] b]lvG5 . j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf ;Gbe{df /fli6«o Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{, ;fe]mbf/L lgdf{0f ug]{, cfˆg} kl/j]z cg's"n ;xfotfsf tl/sf nfu" ug]{, hLjg:t/ ;'wf/df hf]8 lbg] / ;a} k|sf/sf ;xfotfnfO{ ah]6df k|ltljlDat ug]{ gLlt ;dflji6 ul/Psf] 5 . of] gLltdf ePsf sltko k|fjwfgx¿ jt{dfgsf r'gf}tLx¿ ;fdgf ug{ ckof{Kt /x]sf], s:tf] If]qdf ;xfotf kl/rfng ug]{ eGg] ;Gbe{df gLlt k"0f+{ ¿kdf :ki6 g/x]sf], bftfn] kfngf ug]{ zt{x¿ :ki6 ¿kdf ls6fg x'g g;s]s]f, vl/b k|lqmofsf ;Gbe{df bf]xf]/f] Joj:yf /x]sf], gLlt sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] e"ldsf :ki6 g/x]sf] / j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] efjL :j¿k / ;+/rgf s] x'g] eGg] :ki6tf klg g/x]sfn] o; ljifodf Jofks 5nkmn / ;dLIff u/L gLltut Joj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ h¿/L 5 . k'g/fjnf]sgsf qmddf cfGtl/s /fh:j clej[l4 / kl/rfng, j}b]lzs ;xfotf s:tf If]q / ljifodf dfq :jLsf/ ug]{ eGg] gLltut :ki6tf, lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfh kl/rfng /0fgLlt tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:Yffx¿ ;DaGwL :ki6 b[li6sf]0f Pjd\ ;a} k|sf/sf

485

;xof]ux¿ /fli6«o ah]6df ;dfj]z ug]{ ;DaGwL :ki6 Joj:yf cfjZos 5 . ;xfotfsf] gfddf x'g] s'g} klg k|sf/sf bafa jf lgb]{znfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 .

sdhf]/ cy{tGq ePsf] d'n'sdf ljb]zL ;xof]usf] cfjZostf dxz'z ul/G5 . t/ ljb]zL ;xof]usf] ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'a} kIf 5g\ . ljb]zL ;xof]unfO{ /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf] If]qdf vf;u/L ljsf; lgdf{0f / bLuf] /f]huf/L >[hgf ug]{ p2]Zon] kl/rflnt ul/g' kb{5 . ljb]zL ;xof]usf] k|ToIf kmfObf g]kfnL gful/snfO{ x'g'kb{5 . Jofks /fhgLlts cl:y/tf ePsf] d'n'sdf b]zsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfdfly IfoLs/0f ug]{ / ;fdflhs ;b\efj / /fli6«o Pstf sdhf]/ agfpg] sfddf ljb]zL ;xfotf s'g} klg lsl;dn] k|of]u ul/g' x'Gg . ljb]zL ;xof]usf] kl/rfng jx' If]q -Multiple Channel_ af6 geO{ Psåf/ -National Streamline_ af6 x'g'kb{5 . /fHosf] lgoGq0f aflx/ ljb]zL ;xof]usf] k|of]u / kl/rfng x'g' x'Gg . o;}u/L ljb]zL ;xof]usf] kl/lge{/tf lj:tf/} 36fpFb} hfg'kg]{ gLlt lng' cfjZos 5 .

s]Gb|Lo:t/sf lgsfodf kl/jt{g PsfO{sf] :yfkgf ;dsfnLg kl/j]zdf x'g] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf tTk/tf cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf] tTk/tfn] kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ jf kl/jlt{t kl/j]z cg'¿k c¿nfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ nrstfo'Qm b[li6sf]0f cfjZos kb{5 . lgZro g} kl/jt{g lgoldt k|lqmof xf] . t/ d'n'sdf kl/jt{gnfO{ c+lusf/ Pjd\ cfTd;ft ug'{ eGbf To;nfO{ k|ltjfb ug]{ k|j[lQ a9\bf] ¿kdf /x]sf sf/0f gofF d"No, dfGotf / ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿n] ck]lIft glthf lbg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{gsf nflu k|z:t k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\ . t/ ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . kl/jt{gnfO{ k|lt/f]w ug]{ / oyfl:yltsf] kIfkf]if0f ug]{ ;+:s[lt a9\bf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . ;+:yfut¿kdf kl/jt{gk|lt ;sf/fTds gx'g] xf] eg] h:tf];'s} /fd|f] k|of;n] ck]lIft glthf lbg ;Sb}g . t;y{ gLltut ¿kdf ul/g] kl/jt{gnfO{ Jojxf/df ¿kfGt/0f ug{sf nflu ;a} sGb|Lo lgsfodf kl/jt{g PsfO{sf] Joj:yf ug]{ / ;'wf/sf sfd sf/jfxLx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] lgsfosf] ¿kdf To:tf] PsfO{nfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfO{ kl/jt{gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ . To:tf] kl/jt{g PsfO{nfO{ cfkm\gf] dGqfno jf lgsfo cGtu{t ug'{kg]{ k|zf;lgs ;'wf/sf ;'emfjx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;d]t lhDd]jf/ agfpg] .

pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f;DaGwL lgsfosf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] clGtd nIo ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf / u'0f:t/Lotf ePsf]n] o;}af6 ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ;d]t ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 . c;n k|zf;gsf] clGtd nIo ;d]t pkef]Qmfsf] ;Gt'i6L ePsf]n] of] ljifodf ;'wf/ ubf{ :jR5 ahf/ / pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0fdf ;'wf/sf ljz]if k|of; ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu b]xfosf ;'wf/x¿ ug{' cfjZos b]lvG5 M

� pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f ljifosf] lhDdf jfl0fHo ljefunfO{ lbPsf]df o;sf] ljlzi6Ls[t sfo{If]q Jofkf/ k|zf;g /x]sf] x'Fbf cg'udgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg 5'§} …:jR5 ahf/ tyf pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f ljefuÚ :yfkgf ug]{ .

� lhNnf :t/df j:t' / ;]jfsf] lgodg, lg/LIf0f Pjd\ cg'udg ug]{ clwsf/Lx¿sf] sfof{no :yfkgf ug]{ . o;df pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g cg';f/sf lg/LIf0f clws[t, vfB P]g cg';f/sf vfB lg/LIfs, cf}iflw P]g cg';f/sf cf}iflw lg/LIfs, u'0f:t/ P]g

486

cg';f/sf u'0f:t/ lg/LIfs, gfktf}n P]g cg';f/ gfktf}n lg/LIfs, oftfoft Joj:yf P]g cg';f/sf oftfoft lg/LIfs, df;' hfFr P]g cg';f/sf df;' lg/LIfs, k|ltikwf{ P]g cg';f/sf ahf/ lg/LIf0f clws[t, ljiffbL lg/LIfs, jftfj/0f lg/LIfs Pjd\ ;/sf/L jlsn ;d]t /x]sf] lhNnf :jR5 ahf/ tyf pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f sfof{no v8f ug]{ . ;f] lgsfon] j:t' / ;]jfdf sfg'gn] lgif]w u/]sf / lgodg ug'{ kg]{ egL pNn]v u/]sf sfo{x¿sf] cg';Gwfg txlssft / lgodg ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ .

� :yfgLo lgsfo cGtu{t cfkm\gf] If]qleqsf j:t' / ;]jfsf] btf{, cfk"lt{, d"No, u'0f:t/, gfktf}n, lj1fkg, s/, Kof6]G6 tyf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ / lgodg ;DaGwL ahf/ cg'udg ug]{, ahf/ cg'udgaf6 cg'lrt, lgif]lwt Psflwsf/k"0f{ Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk b]lvPdf lhNnf l:yt lg/LIf0f clws[tsf] sfof{nodf k|ltj]bg k7fpg] / ahf/ cg'udgaf6 :jR5 ahf/sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ dfkb08 cg's"n s'g} sfo{ j:t' tyf ;]jf k|bfosaf6 eP u/]sf] gkfOPsf]df ;'wf/fTds pkfox¿sf af/]df cfb]z hf/L ug]{ clwsf/ ;d]t ;DalGwt :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ lbg] .

� pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfu{bz{g, !(*% -clk|n %_ cg';f/ j:t' / ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt g]kfnsf ljBdfg sfg'gx¿ k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ / pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f;DaGwL PsLs[t gLlt Joj:yf ug]{ .

� j:t', ;]jfsf] d"No, u'0f:t/ Pjd\ To;n] kf/]sf] k|efjnfO{ ;d'lrt d"NofÍg u/L s;"/sf] cg'kftdf b08 Joj:yf sfod ug]{ .

� pkef]Qmf hfu¿s geO{ ahf/sf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ cfpg g;Sg] ePsf]n] pkef]Qmf sfg'g / pkef]Qmfsf] clwsf/sf af/]df hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd Jofks¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{, o;df u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf Pjd\ gful/s ;dfh;Fu ;d]t ;xsfo{ ug]{ .

� s[lif pkhdf k|of]u x'g] ljiffbLsf] dfqf qmdzM a9\bf] ¿kdf /x]sf]n] ;Dk"0f{ hgdfg;sf] :jf:Yodf bL3{sfnLg c;/ b]lvg yfn]sf] ;Gbe{df To:tf] ljiffbL k|of]unfO{ lgolGqt ug{ pTkfbg If]qdf lg/LIf0f cg'udgsf] dfqf a9fpg' kg]{, clws pTkfbg x'g] If]qdf lg/LIfssf] ;+Vof a9fP/ cg'udgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' kg]{ .

� cf}iflwsf] d"Nodf b]lvPsf] ljljwtf / cg'lrt gfkmf vf]Hg] k|j[lQn] o:tf] ;Dj]bgzLn ljifodf klg pkef]Qmfx¿ 7luPsf] cj:yf 5 . o;nfO{ lgodg / lgoGq0f ug{ g;Sbf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ 7"nf] dsf{ / cGofo kl//x]sf] x'Fbf cf}iflwsf] u'0f:t/ Pjd\ To;sf] ahf/ d"NonfO{ lgodg ug{ tTsfn cg'udg a9fpg] / unt sfd ug]{nfO{ s8f sf/jfxLsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] .

� pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0fdf gful/snfO{ ;r]t u/fpg, pkef]Qmf ;"rgf tyf lzIff ljsf;sf nflu pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f sf]ifsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug]{, sf]ifdf ;/sf/L cg'bfg, q'l6k"0f{ pTkfbgaf6 ;Íng x'g] /sd, j:t' cfoft ubf{ pkef]Qmf ;+/If0fsf ¿kdf p7tL x'g] /sd ;d]t hDdf u/L pkef]Qm lzIff, kltikwL{ ahf/ / k|efjsf/L ahf/ cg'udgsf] Joj:yfåf/f pkef]Qmf lxtsf] ;+/If0f ug{ 5'§} pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . o; ;DaGwdf k|zf;sLo cbfntaf6 -8f= x/]/fd ofbj lj= s[lif

487

ljsf; dGqfno ;d]t -@)&)÷!*__ ;d]t g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ pko'Qm Joj:yf ug{ lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L eO{;s]sf] 5 .

� j:t' jf ;]jfdf e|dk"0f{ lj1fkgsf] dfqf a9]sf] / To; k|sf/sf lj1fkgn] pkef]Qmfsf] 5gf}6sf] clwsf/nfO{ uDeL/ k|efj kf/]sf]n] To:tf j:t' jf ;]jfsf] lj1fkg ug'{ cl3 lj1fkg :jLs[t ug]{ lgsfo tf]sL sfof{Gjog of]hgf agfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] .

� j:t' / ;]jf ;~rfngdf gfktf}n dfkm{t pkef]Qmfsf] xs xgg\ ePsf] u'gf;f] a9]sf]n] o;sf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0fsf nflu ljz]if sfo{of]hgf th'{df u/L nfu" ug]{ u/fpg] .

� pkef]Qmfsf] xslxt;DaGwL ljifo ;+ljwfgsf] df}lns xsdf ;dfj]z u/L of] ljifonfO{ ljZjljBfno / ljBfno :t/sf] kf7\ok':tsdf ;dfj]z u/L cWoog cWofkg ug]{ u/fpg] .

� j:t' jf ;]jf ahf/df Psflwsf/k"0f{ Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk / sf6]{lnË, l;l08s]6, aGwgo'Qm ljqmL h:tf lqmofsnfk Jofks ¿kdf a9]sf]n] ;f]sf] /f]syfd, lgodg / lgoGq0fsf nflu ljz]if sfo{of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] .

� cTofjZos j:t' jf ;]jf If]qdf cfk"lt{ c;xh x'g glbg], To; If]qdf aGb x8\tfn, ;]jf lgif]w tyf cj/f]w ug{ glbg] ;DaGwdf cfjZos ;]jf ;~rfng P]g / cTofjZos j:t' lgoGq0f P]gdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] .

� j:t' jf ;]jf ahf/df sfnf]ahf/L ug]{, cg'lrt ;~ro ug]{, em'Sofgdf kf/L ljqmL ljt/0f ug]{ ;d]tsf k|bfosnfO{ sfnf]ahf/ P]g adf]lhd s8fOsf ;fy sf/jfxL ug]{ u/fpg] .

� j:t' jf ;]jfsf lgodg clwsf/L, cg'udg clwsf/L / pkef]Qmf ;+3 ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L ;d]tsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L pgLx¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg], ;fy} j:t' tyf ;]jf ahf/;DaGwL ljifodf zf]w tyf cg';Gwfgdf hf]8 lbg] .

� ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:o eO;s] kl5 agfpg' kg]{ b]xfosf sfg'gx¿ xfn;Dd agfpg g;lsPsf] cj:yf 5 . k|fyldstfsf ;fy b]xfosf sfg'gsf] th'{df tyf k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ –

– PG6L 8lDkª tyf sfpG6/ e]lnË P]g – Ps[l86]zg P]g – vfB :jR5tf tyf u'0f:t/ P]g – h}ljs ;'/Iff P]g – c:ktfn lgodg ;DaGwL P]g – ;]g]6/L tyf kmfOsf] ;]g]6/L / Jofkf/df k|fljlws cj/f]w (SPS / TBT) sf nflu

dfkb08 tof/ ug]{

488

– cf}iflw P]gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg – pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg – k|ltikwf{ ;DaGwL P]g – u'0f:t/ gfktf}n P]g – oftfoft Joj:yf P]g – b"/;~rf/ P]g – ljB't P]g

– afof] ;]So"/]6L P]g – ahf/ Joj:yfkg -;~rfng / lgodg_ P]g – df;' hfFr tyf kz' awzfnf P]g, cflb .

� pkef]Qmf ;+/If0fsf nflu pkef]Qmf tyf pkef]Qmf ;+3 ;+:yfnfO{ dfu kIfsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ub} To:tf ;+:yfnfO{ lgodg ;d]t u/L alnof] agfpg], cg';Gwfgdf hf]8 lbg], ;'wf/sf pkfox¿nfO{ lg/Gt/¿kdf lqmofzLn ub}{ n}hfg] .

� pkef]Qmfsf] xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ ul7t lgsfox?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 / ;'b[9Ls/0f ub}{ pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog Pjd\ pkrf/sf nflu pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]gåf/f k|To]s lhNnfdf pkef]Qmf cbfntsf] :yfkgf u/L pkef]Qmfsf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ . ;f] cbfntnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0fsf] qmddf dsf{ kg]{ JolQmn] ;d]t pkrf/ dfu ug{ ;Sg] u/L clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ . cfk"lt{;lxtsf] pkef]Qmf Gofosf] l;4fGtnfO{ d"t{¿k lbg o; ;DaGwL b|'t Gofo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

jftfj/0f ljgf;sf] /f]syfd / r'/] ;+/If0f jftfj/0f ljgf;sf] /f]syfd u/L bLuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df cfTd;ft ug'{kg]{ ljifo ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ r'/], /fhdfu{, k'n, j:tL, jghËn h:tf ;Dj]bgzLn If]qsf] 9'Ëf jf afn'jf, lu§Lsf] lgsf;Ln] of] If]q g/fd|f];Fu k|efljt eO{/x]sf] 5 . 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jfsf] lgsf;L Joj:yfkg Pjd\ qm;/ pBf]ux¿sf] ;~rfng;DaGwL dfkb08 lgwf{/0f tyf ;f] sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu of] ;ldltn] cGtl/d k|ltj]bgdf klg ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbO;s]sf] 5 . cem} klg of] ljifo ck]lIft ¿kdf Jojl:yt x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . Psflt/ r'/] ;+/If0fsf nflu egL ;/sf/n] ljleGg bfqL lgsfosf] ;d]t ;xof]u lnO{ jif]{gL c/af}+ ¿k}ofF nufgL ul//x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ r'/] If]qnfO{ g} cfwf/ agfO{ ljleGg qm;/ pBf]ux¿åf/f Go"g d"Nodf 9'Ëf, lu§L, afn'jfsf] lgsf;L eO{ ToxfFsf] kof{j/0fnfO{ uDeL/ c;/ kfl//x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;/sf/n] @)&! ;fn cfiff9;Dd :6s lgsf;L ug{ lbg] u/L lg0f{o lnPkl5 :6ssf] gfddf gofF pTvgg\ u/L lgsf;L tLj| agfPsf] cj:yf b]lvFbf of] ljifonfO{ lgoldt ug{ tTsfn gofF dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . r'/] If]qsf] kof{j/0f ljgf;n] jg ljgf;, af9L, klx/f], e"–Ifo nufotsf ljkQLsf ;fy} To; jl/kl/sf 7"nf] If]qsf] e"–efu / a;f]jf;nfO{ ;d]t g/fd|f] k|efj kfg]{ tkm{ ;/sf/n] ;do d} ;Dj]bgzLntf b]vfpg' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . lglZrt :jfyL{ ;d"xsf] lxt / Jofkfl/s b[li6sf]0faf6 tTsfnLg kmfObfsf nflu ul/g] o:tf lqmofsnfksf] /f]syfd ug{ g;lsPdf o;n] bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf g/fd|f] k|efj kfg{

489

;Sg] x'Fbf cGt/j+zLo Gofosf] l;4fGtnfO{ dgg\ u/L To;tkm{ ;dodf g} uDeL/ agL /f]syfd / lgodg ug'{sf ;fy} d'n'ssf] s'n e"–efusf] sDtLdf rfnL; k|ltzt jg / xl/ofnL If]q sfod ug{' cfjZos 5 .

:yfgLo lgsfosf] ;'b[9Ls/0f g]kfndf ljutdf ePsf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] cEof;, To;af6 k|fKt glthf, cEof;sf] qmddf ;[lht ;d:of tyf r'gf}tL, kl/jlt{t :yfgLo, /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o zf;sLo kl/j]z, pknAw ;fwg;|f]t, d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ef}uf]lns cj:yfcflbnfO{ b[li6ut u/L :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g k4ltnfO{ ;jn agfpg b]xfo cg';f/sf pkfox¿ cjnDag ul/g' pko'Qm x'g] M

� :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g k4ltsf] ;:yfut ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug]u/L :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf cfwf/e"t kIfx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgdf g} Joj:yf ug]{ .

� gLltut, ;+:yfut, ;+/rgfut / sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L :yfgLo nf]stGqnfO{ alnof] agfpg], s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/af6 lgoGq0f Pj+ x:tIf]k gx'g] u/L :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] gofF ;+/rgf tof/ ug]{, :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ ;/n, ;xh / k||efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx ug{;Sg] u/L sfo{sf/L, Joj:yfksLo, Goflos Pj+ ljQLo clwsf/sf] :ki6 Joj:yf ug]{, :yfgLo lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{, ;DalGwt :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;xdltdf dfq :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;Ldfgf x]/km]/ x'g;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{, s]Gb|Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo ;/sf/ aLrsf] ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] nflu pko'Qm ljlw / ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug]{ . s]Gb|Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo ;/sf/aLr /fh:jsf] afF8kmFf8 j}1flgs cfwf/df ug]{ . jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod x'g]u/L k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] pkof]u ug]{u/L ljleGg txsf ;/sf/aLr clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L tf]Sg] .

� ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf / hgzlQmnfO{ sfo{d"ns agfpg], k|efjsf/L ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg Pj+ d"NofÍg k4ltsf] ljsf; u/L To;nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] . :yfgLo lgsfodf sd{rf/Lsf] of]Uotf, Ifdtf, cg'ej / ¿lrsf] cfwf/df kb:yfkg / ;¿jf ug]{ . cfjZos b/aGbLsf] >[hgf u/L l/Qm kbx¿sf] oyfzL3| k"lt{ ug]{ . dfgj ;+zfwgsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg] . j:t'ut Pj+ j:t'lgi7 sfo{;Dkfbg k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ . cg'ejxLg / dx+uf j}b]lzs k/fdz{bftf lgo'Qm ug]{ k/Dk/fnfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug]]{ . b08 / k'/:sf/sf] pko'Qm Joj:yf cjnDag ug]{ . :yfgLo :t/df sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/L ltgnfO{ ;fwg >f]t ;DkGg agfpg] . gofF ;f]rcg';f/ sfd ug{ ;Sg] u/L sd{rf/LtGqsf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{ . ;]jf k|jfxsf] cfwf/ / dfkb08 tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{ . clwsf/ lgIf]k0f sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt / ;'lglZrt t'Nofpg] . k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu Psåf/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L nfu" ug]{ . ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :jfoQ zf;g k4ltsf] af/]df hgr]tgf hfu[t u/fpg] . gLlt lgodx¿sf] c;/ / k|efj x]/]/ cg'ko'Qm b]lvPdfq gLltut kl/jt{g ug]{ . ultzLn, ;dfj]zL, ;+t'lnt / ;dtfd"ns gLlt lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg] .

� :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ :yfgLo zf;g ;DaGwL pko'Qm gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmd th'{df u/L ltgsf] k|efjsf/L¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsfdf /xg] /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] ;Eo / ;';+:s[t /fhgLlts ;+:sf/sf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'/ofpg] . :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] k|zf;lgs ;+oGqnfO{ /fhgLlts x:tIf]k, bjfj / k|efjaf6 d'Qm /fVg] .

490

� j}b]lzs ;xfotfaf6 k|fKt /sd k|fyldstfsf ;fy :yfgLo ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf nufgL ug]{ . :yfgLo txdf cfjZos k"jf{wf/ nufot e/kbf]{ zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf u/L j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ .

� :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] sfo{df hg;xeflutf kl/rfng ug]{ . /fli6«o / :yfgLo k|fyldstfdf tfnd]n x'g]u/L of]hgf k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ . nfe–nfut ljZn]if0f u/L cfof]hgfsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ kl/kf6L a;fNg] . cfof]hgfsf] p2]Zo kl/k"lt{df ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L gLlt / sfo{qmd th'{df ug]{ . :yfgLo ;|f]t, ;fwg, k|ljlw / ;Lksf] clwstd kl/rfng x'g] u/L of]hgf th{'df ug]{ . ;fdflhs ;'/Iff nufotsf ;du| sfo{qmdsf] sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg] .

� :yfgLo txsf] ljsf;sf nflu zflGt ;'/Iffsf] e/kbf]{ Joj:yf u/L cfjZos j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ . cfdgful/ssf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;xh kxF'r :yflkt ug]{ . zf;g, ;Qf, ;fwg, clwsf/dfkm{t :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;jnLs/0f ug]{ .

� :yfgLo lgsfo k|ltlglwljxLg ePsf] Ps bzs eGbf w]/} ;do eO{;s]sf] 5 . k|hftGqsf] wf/zLnfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf :yfgLo lgsfo k|ltlglwljxLg /xFbf zf;g Joj:yfk|lt g} hgtfsf] ;xeflutf / ckgTjaf]w x'g ;Sb}g . o;n] ubf{ :yfgLo lgsfodf clgoldttf / e|i6frf/n] ;d]t k|>o kfPsf] 5 . /fHosf] ;|f]t ;fwg nlIft ju{;Dd k'u]sf] 5}g eg] :jfoQ zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffdf g} k|Zg lrGx nfu]sf] 5 . t;y{ :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] cf=j= @)&)÷)&! leq} lgjf{rg u/L gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 ;f]xL cg';f/ ¿kfGt/0f x'g] u/L ;+rfng ug]{ . :yfgLo lgsfosf] u7gsf ;DaGwdf k|ToIf lgjf{rgsf ;fy} ;dfg'kflts Pjd\ ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj;d]t x'g] u/L pko'Qm lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� lgIf]lkt clwsf/ s]Gb|Ls[t gx'g] u/L e"uf]n, hg;+Vof, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts Pstf, P]ltxfl;stf, ;]jfdf kx'Fr, ;fdYo{tf h:tf kIfx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL uflj;sf] ;+Vof 36fpg] / cfsf/ a9fpg] . :yfgLo lgsfosf] k'g;{+/rgf tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf] ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmof;Fu} cufl8 a9fpg ltgsf k|ltlglwd"ns lgsfox¿ / ljifolj1;d]t /x]sf] Ps /fli6«o pRr:t/Lo :yfgLo lgsfo k'g;{+/rgf cfof]u u7g u/L ;f]sf] l;kmfl/; / lgjf{lrt :yfgLo ;/sf/sf kl/ifb\;d]tsf] l;kmfl/;df lg0f{o ug]{ k|lqmof ckgfpg] .

� /fHok|ltsf] ckgTj / lhDd]jf/Laf]w u/fpg g]kfnnfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/ tx, k|fb]lzs ;/sf/ tx / ;ª\3sf] ;femf o'lgogsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/g'kg]{ . :yfgLo ;/sf/n] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] kfngf u/] gu/]sf] ljifodfdfq s]Gb| / k|b]z ;/sf/n] ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ . ;ª\3Lo dflyNnf] ljwflosfdf :yfgLo ;/sf/af6 ;d]t lglZrt ;+Vofdf k|ltlglwTj x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� ;+ljwfg / sfg'g adf]lhd :yfgLo ;/sf/ cfkm}n] cfly{s ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg / kl/rfng ug{;Sg] ;DefJo If]qsf s/sf b/ tf]Sg;Sg] tyf s/ ;Íng / kl/rfng ug{;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� :yfgLo lgsfodf :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] klxrfg / kl/rfng, cfof]hgfx¿sf] cfjZostf klxrfg / k|fyldsLs/0f, tyf pknAw ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;b'kof]udf ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 . of]hgf th'{df / ah]6 ljlgof]hgs} qmddf unt of]hgf agfOg]], nut Oli6d]6 / l8hfOg, d"NofÍg tyf of]hgf km/kmf/s ug]{ qmddf unt ljj/0f k]z ug]{ h:tf

491

sfo{x¿n] :yfgLo lgsfodf ljQLo hf]lvd -Fudiciary Risk_ a9fPsf] 5 . o:tf] k|j[lQsf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon] Fudiciary Risk Reduction Action Plan sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} :yfgLo lgsfox¿df ljlgof]lht ah]6 ;–;fgf sfo{qmdx¿df 5g]{ k|j[lQ a9\b} uPsf] 5 . o;n] hgtfsf] jf:tljs cfjZostfsf] ;Daf]wg u/L hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg ;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo lgsfoåf/f ;+rflnt cfof]hgfx¿df jftfj/0fLo kIfnfO{ ;d]t sd Wofg lbOPsf] / cfof]hgfsf] bLuf]kgf cf]em]ndf k/]sf] 5 . ctM :yfgLo lgsfodf ljlgof]hg ePsf] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|efjsfl/tf dfkg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] jxfnL gx'~h]n;Dd pgLx¿k|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;d]t g;lsPsf] cj:yf ljBdfg ePsf]n] xfnsf] ljlgof]hg x'g] u/]sf] ;|f]tnfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L 9Ëaf6 kl/rfng ug{ ;lsg] /0fgLlt / nufgLsf If]qx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ .

� s/ p7fpg] clwsf/sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog /fHosf] bfloTj xf] . 3/ axfn s/nfO{ k"0f{¿kdf s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg g;ls/x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L axfn s/sf] ljj/0f /fVg], c;'n txl;n ug]{ clwsf/ :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ lbO{ To;/L p7]sf] s/sf] @%Ü /sd ;f]xL lgsfosf] ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf kl/rfng ug{;Sg] / &%Ü /sd /fh:jdf hDdf ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ug{ ;s]df s/ p7fpg] sfo{ k|efjsf/L x'g ;S5 . o:tf] Joj:yf ug{ ;s]df :yfgLo:t/af6} lqmofzLntf b]vfO{ 3/ axfn s/ c;'n x'g ;Sg], /fh:j a9\g] / sfg'gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sg] cj:yf cfpg ;S5 . ctM 3/jxfn s/ p7fpg] clwsf/ :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ lbg' kb{5 .

� 3/ jxfndf nufpFbf cflwsfl/s Ph]06dfkm{t dfq nufpg kfpg] / Ph]06sf] bfloTjleq Security / Tax Clearence, gu/kflnsf btf{ cflb ljifonfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf ;dfj]z ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] . o;f] ePdf 3/ jxfn Joj:yfnfO{ s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg ;lhnf] x'g] .

� ljBdfg :yfgLo lgsfosf] ¿kdf /x]sf lh=lj=;=, gu/kflnsf / uf=lj=;=sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ Pjd\ sfo{If]qsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . :yfgLo lgsfo -lh=lj=;=, g=kf=, uf=lj=;=_ x¿ hg;+Vof, cfGtl/s cfo, ljsf;sf] :t/, j:tL ljsf; / ef}uf]lns agfj6 tyf If]qkmn cflbsf cfwf/df cg'ko'Qm b]lvPsf 5g\ . ctM :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{ hg;+Vof, cfGtl/s cfo, ljsf;sf] :t/, j:tL ljsf;sf] cj:yf / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf hgtfsf] kx'Fr, If]qkmn cflbsf cfwf/df k'g;{+/rgf u/L juL{s/0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 . xfnsf $–^ j6f uf=lj=;=x¿nfO{ PsLs[t u/L ufpFkflnsf agfpg], ;+:yfut ljsf; / hgzlQm Joj:yfkg u/L clws[t :t/sf] ;lrj–!, n]vf ;xfos–! / k|ljlws–! /fVg] / juL{s/0fsf cfwf/df Go"gtd zt{ tyf sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgsf ;"rsx¿ lgwf{/0f ug{'kg]{ u/L bL3{sfnLg b[li6sf]0f /fVg' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L Onfsf:t/df k|zf;sLo Pjd\ ljsf; sfo{sf] ;]jf PsLs[t ¿kdf ljt/0f ug{ ;Sg] u/L gofF Joj:yf u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf / ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf ¿kdf /x]sf :yfgLo lgsfox¿ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] efjgf cg';f/ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ¿kdf qmdzM ¿kfGt/0f x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ . ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] k|ToIf rf;f], ;/f]sf/ /

492

;DaGw /xg] oL lgsfox¿af6 /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] dxTjk"0f{ c+z kl/rfng eO/x]sf] 5 eg] k|ToIf ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;d]t sfo{ ;Dkfbg eO/x]sf] 5 . tyflk oL lgsfox¿df sfo{ ug]{ sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ;/sf/L rf;f] / Wofg cfs[i6 x'g g;Sbf of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ k|a4{g u/L ;Ifd hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;Gbe{df sdhf]/L x'g uPsfn] oL lgsfoaf6 ljt/0f x'g] ;]jf k|jfxdf ;d]t c;/ k'Ug uPsf] 5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g lgodn] sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df ;fdfGo Joj:yf u/] klg lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] oL lgsfox¿df pkl:ylt tyf ;DalGwt :yfgLo lgsfosf cfkm\g} sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yfkgsf aLr plrt tfnd]n ldNg ;s]sf] 5}g . vf;u/L :yfgLo lgsfosf sd{rf/L jx';+Vos :yfgLo x'g', ltgLx¿ cfhLjg ToxL lgsfodf sfo{/t /xg', egf{ / 5gf}6df kx'Fr k|efjsf] af]njfnf eO{ of]Uotf k|0ffnL k|a4{g ug{ g;Sg' / lglxt :jfy{ Pjd\ /fhgLlts x:tIf]k k|jn aGg[' h:tf sf/0fx¿n] oL lgsfox¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbg sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfaf6 :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ NofO{ k|efjsf/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ lgDg ljsNkx¿sf cfwf/df kl/jt{g ug{' b]lvG5 M

s= nf]s;]jf cfof]u h:t} 5'§} :jfoQ / clwsf/ ;DkGg :yfgLo ;]jf cfof]u u7g u/L sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg ug]{, jf

v= nf]s;]jf cfof]u dfkm{t kbk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

u= dflysf h'g;'s} ljsNkx¿sf] sfof{Gjog u/] klg :yfgLo lgsfox¿df xfn sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug]{ egL lg0f{odf k'Ug tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;¿jf, a9'jf / j[lQ ljsf;df lghfdtL ;]jf / cGo ;fj{hlgs ;]jf h:t} Joj:yf u/L tfn's dGqfno / lgsfoaf6 ;¿jf, a9'jf tyf b08 k'/:sf/sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug{ h¿/L ePsf] 5 . o;k|sf/ ;]jf u7g u/L :yfgLo lgsfosf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lglZrt cfwf/df cGo :yfgLo lgsfox¿df ;¿jf ug]{ Joj:yf u/L ;]jf Joj:yfkgsf cGo k|fjwfgx¿ ;d]t Jojl:yt ug{ ;s] :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ Nofpg / sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL agfpg ;d]t ;xof]u k'Ug]5 .

� :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% n] Joj:yf u/]sf] :yfgLo lgsfosf] Goflos clwsf/ xfn;Dd lqmofzLn x'g g;Sbf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;fgfltgf ljjfbdf ;d]t cbfnt cfpg' k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . of] Joj:yfnfO{ tTsfn lqmofzLn u/L Gofodf kx'Fr clej[l4 ug'{ kg]{ cfjZos 5 .

of]hgf ;d"xsf] u7g

g]kfndf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] yfngL ePsf] 5 bzs eO;s]sf] ePtfklg o;n] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ljsf; cleofgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . vf;u/L of]hgf th'{dfsf ;Gbe{df ul/g] kof{Kt u[xsfo{sf] cefj, kx'Fr / k|efjd'vL lg0f{o, ljgf cfwf/ / tYofÍ xr'jfsf e/df of]hgf 5gf}6, bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj / ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf k|lqmofsf] cjnDag ug{ g;Sg' h:tf ;d:ofx¿n] ubf{ hgrfxgf / cfjZostfsf dfu ;Daf]wg x'g g;Sbf of]hgfk|ltsf] ckgTjsf] cefj eO{ To;sf] sfof{Gjog ;d]t k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . Ps

493

bh{g cfjlws of]hgfx¿ sfof{Gjog eO;Sbf ;d]t s'g} klg of]hgfn] lgwf{l/t nIo k|fKt ug{ g;Sg' / ;kmntf k|flKtsf lx;fan] ;a}h;f] of]hgfx¿ sdhf]/ /xg'n] o;dfly k'glj{rf/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf af]w u/fpF5 . :yfgLo lgsfob]lv s]Gb|Lo tx;Dd of]hgf th'{df, ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgdf of]hgf;DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf v6\lsPsf] 5 . of]hgfx¿sf] c;kmntfsf] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f of]hgf k|lqmofdf ;+nUg hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf / bIftfsf] sld ePsf] kl/k|]Iodf ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg d"NofÍg Joj:yfkg u/L of]hgfrqmsf x/]s r/0fx¿sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgsf nflu 5'§} If]qut ljlzi6Ls/0f x'g] u/L of]hgf ;d"x u7g u/L /fli6«o ljsf;df bIf hgzlQm kl/rfng ug'{kg]{ cfjZos b]lvPsf]n] b]xfoadf]lhd ug]{–

s= g]kfn cfly{s of]hgf tyf tYofÍ ;d"xdfq lqmofzLn /x]sf] x'Fbf cfly{s of]hgf ;d"x;d]t u7g ug]{,

v= dGqfno Pjd\ s]Gb|Lo lgsfodf of]hgf dxfzfvfdf cfly{s of]hgf tyf tYofÍs ;d"xsf hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf ug]{,

u= of]hgf ;d"xsf nflu ;DalGwt ljifodf lj1tf xfl;n u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ u/L of]Uotf lgwf{/0f u/L o;nfO{ lj1sf] ¿kdf /fVg],

3= ljBdfg hgzlQmaf6 of]Uotf Pjd\ ¿lrsf cfwf/df of]hgf ;d"xdf ;d"xLs[t ug]{,

ª= cfly{s of]hgf tyf tYofÍ ;d"xsf] hgzlQmsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L j[lQ ljsf;sf] cfwf/x¿ lgwf{/0f ug]{ .

r= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]unfO{ of] ;]jfsf] ;~rfng lgsfosf] lhDd]jf/L lbg] .

ljsf; k|zf;gsf] k|efj ljZn]if0f ljsf;sf] afxs ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g xf] eGg] dfGotf ca k'/fgf] eO{;s]sf] 5 . cfGtl/s Pjd\ jfXo kl/j]zdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] ljsf; k|zf;gsf] e"ldsfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] PSnf] k|of;af6 dfq ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng Pjd\ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsFb}g . ljZjJofkLs/0f, v'nf cy{tGq, pbf/ cy{ Joj:yf, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, lghL If]qsf] ljsf;, gful/sdf cfPsf] r]tgf h:tf sf/0fn] of] If]qdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . ca ljsf; k|zf;gdf lghL If]qsf] e"ldsfnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/g' kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug'{ kb{5 . ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkdf hgtfsf] clws ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/g' kb{5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] l;4fGtnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{sf nflu of]hgf th'{df sfof{Gjog Pjd\ cg'udg d"NofÍg k|lqmofdf ;d]t ;'wf/ u/L :yfgLo cfjZostf / ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutfdf ljsf;sf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu–

s= ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cEof;af6 xfl;n ePsf pknlAwx¿sf] ;dLIff ug]{,

v= ljsf; k|zf;gsf] If]qdf b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx¿sf] cf+sng ug]{,

u= k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / sNof0fsf/L sfo{df ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf a9fpg],

3= ljsf;df lghL If]qnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] u/L ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jofkstf k|bfg ug]{,

494

ª= ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ c+lusf/ ug]{,

r= of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, d"NofÍg / nfesf] pkof]udf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg],

5= lghL If]q ;Ifd b]lvPsf If]qdf ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf lgodgsf/L lgsfosf] ¿kdf ;Lldt ug]{,

h= ljsf; lgdf{0fdf pkef]Qmf ;ldlt dfkm{t ePsf sfdx¿sf] ;dLIff u/L ;'wf/sf pkfox¿ vf]hL ug]{,

em= :yfgLo ;Lk, ;|f]t, ;fwg / hgzlQmsf] pkof]u x'g] vfnsf ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkdf hf]8 lbg],

`= ljsf;nfO{ kof{j/0f;Fu cfa4 u/L bLuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df ¿kfGt/0f ug{] .

Psåf/ k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 Pp6f ;]jf lng ljleGg lgsfodf wfpg' kg]{ kl/kf6Ln] ;]jfu|fxLx¿ em+em6df kg]{ u/]sf], ;]jf lng nfdf] ;do nfUg] u/]sf] ;d]t kfOFbf Psåf/ k|0ffnLaf6 ;]jf ljt/0f ug]{ u/L ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo sfod ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . o:tf] ;]jf :yfgLo :t/b]lv g} Psåf/ k|0ffnLåf/f ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . ;]jf ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ ljs]lGb|t u/L :yfgLo :t/df ljt/0f ul/g] ;]jfnfO{ ;d]t PsLs[t u/L ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 .

cf}lrTosf cfwf/df sfof{no :yfkgf ug]{ cfjZostf / kl/j]zsf] ;d'lrt ljZn]if0f gu/L cGoqsf] gSsn u/L hyfefjL ¿kdf gofF sfof{no vf]Nb} hfg] cEof;nfO{ s'g} klg ¿kdf ;sf/fTds dfGg ;lsFb}g . s'g} klg sfof{no vf]Ng' kbf{ To;n] ug]{ / ug{ ;Sg] sfd, To;df x'g] nufgL, cfjZos hgzlQm, /fHo sf]ifdf kg]{ ef/ Pjd\ k|jfx x'g] ;]jfsf] af/]df ;d'lrt d"NofÍg u/L cf}lrTo b]lvPdf dfq gofF sfof{no :yfkgf ug]{ kl/kf6L ljsf; ul/g' kb{5 . s'g} JolQm jf ;d"xnfO{ nlIft u/L :jfy{k/s ¿kdf ;+/rgf l;h{gf ug]{ jf gofF sfof{no :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k"0f{tM lgif]w ug]{ .

c:yfoL ;+/rgf Pjd\ bf]xf]/f] sfo{If]qnfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug]{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] lgoldt ;+/rgfn] ug]{ sfd ug{sf nflu ljleGg cfof]u, ;ldlt, af]8{, sf]if, sfo{bn h:tf ;+/rgf lgdf{0f u/L ljleGg sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L lbg] kl/kf6Ln] ;fwf/0f vr{, a9fPsf], sfddf bf]xf]/f]kgf b]lvPsf], lg0f{o k|lqmofdf l9nfO{ x'g] u/]sf], lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg] k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] / ;ª\u7gfTds åGå ;d]tsf] cj:yf cfPsf] 5 . To:t} c:yfoL ¿kdf ;do ;dodf u7g ul/g] ;ldlt, cfof]ux¿sf k|ltj]bgsf] clen]v ;d]t /fd|/L /fVg g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . To:tf k|ltj]bgdf lbOPsf ;'emfjx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;d'lrt Wofg k'Ug ;s]sf] klg b]lvFb}g . of] ljifodf :ki6 dfkb08 / cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu–

s= k|zf;sLo ;+/rgf ;DaGwL xfn;Dd ePsf cWoog tyf hfFra'em k|ltj]bgx¿sf] PsLs[t clen]v /fVg],

495

v= To:tf k|ltj]bgdf lbOPsf ;'emfjx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfsf] d"NofÍg ug]{,

u= sfof{Gjog x'g afFsL /x]sf ljutsf ;'emfjx¿ sfof{Gjogsf nflu lhDd]jf/L lgwf{/0f ul/lbg],

3= gLltut k|aGw Pjd\ sfg'g lgdf{0f ubf{ To:tf ;'emfj k|ltj]bgx¿nfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbg] .

;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ 5ftf P]g th'{df lghfdtL ;]jfsf kb leq} klg ljleGg ;]jfsf nflu 5'§f 5'§} sfg'g dfu ug]{ / o:tf P]gdf ePsf ;]jfzt{, ;'ljwf / dfkb08df ;d]t leGgtf sfod /xg ;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;a} ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ dfu{lgb]{zg ug{ PsLs[t 5ftf P]g th'{df ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;n] cGo ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;d]t Ps¿ktf sfod /fVg ;xof]u k'Ug ;S5 . o;}u/L k|fljlws :j¿ksf] ;ª\u7gdf ToxL ;]jfsf] JolQmdfq g]t[Tjdf /xg] Joj:yf ug]{ / cGo k|s[ltsf] ;ª\u7gsf] xsdf ;a} ;]jfsf] JolQm of]Uotf, >]i7tf / k|ltikwf{sf] cfwf/df hfg ;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{ . 5ftf P]gåf/f of]Uotf, ;hfo, pd]/, pkbfg, lgj[lQe/0f ljbf, cfr/0f / cg'zf;g, sfjf{xL h:tf ljifodf dfu{bz{g u/L Ps¿ktf ;d]t sfod ug]{ .

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f

� ljZjJofkLs/0fn] kf/]sf] k|efj, ljZjJofkf/, ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:o eO{;s]sf] cj:yf, pbf/ cy{tGq, v'nf cy{Joj:yf Pjd\ lghLs/0f P]gsf] sfof{gjogsf] cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgdf b]xfosf] ;'wf/ ug]{ .

� lghLs/0fsf] ljifodf /fli6«o ;xdlt sfod u/L :ki6 gLltut Joj:yf ug]{ .

� ljut ul/Psf] cEof; / sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) nfO{ ;do;fk]If ;'wf/ ug]{ .

� lghLs/0f ;ldltsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L Jofj;flos / k|fljlws¿kdf ;Ifd / Jofj;flos agfpg] tyf ;ldltnfO{ /fhgLlts ;d"xsf] eGbf k]zfljbx¿sf] afx'Notf /xg] u/L k'gu{7g ug]{ .

� lghLs/0fsf] ljutsf] gLltsf] / sfo{ut lg0f{osf] ;dLIff u/L ljjfb/lxt 9Ën] cj¿4 k|lqmof ;'rf¿ u/fpg] .

� ;+:yfgsf] 5gf}6, ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] d"NofÍg, Modality, ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] x:tfGt/0f k|lqmof, lghLs/0f kZrftsf] ;/sf/sf] bfloTj / e"ldsfsf] jf/]df ;dLIff u/L kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL k|lqmof / k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

� lghLIf]qsf] ;+nUgtf /xg] If]q, lghLIf]qsf] bfloTj / st{Josf] jf/]df :ki6 gLltut Joj:yf u/L lghL If]qnfO{ klg lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL agfpg] .

� ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg ;'wf/sf] k|d'v cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf lghLs/0fnfO{ lng] .

� ;+:yfgsf] sfddf u'0f:t/Lotf Nofpg gofF k|ljlw / k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

496

� k|ltikwf{Tds Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ ug{ tflnd, cjnf]sg e|d0f / pTk|]/0ffsf cf}hf/x¿sf] k|of]u ug]{ .

� /fhgLlts x:tIf]k / kx'Fraf6 d'Qm ug]{ . � sfo{;Dkfbgsf cfwf/df ;'ljwf / tna lbg] . � kfpg] ;'ljwfnfO{ ;+:yfgsf] sfo{k|ult / pknlAw;Fu tfnd]n ldnfO{ :ki6, j:t'lgi7

;"rssf] cfwf/df dfq pknAw u/fpg] . � ljB'tLo zf;g (E-Governance) sf] k|a4{g u/L k|ljlw d}qL Joj:yfkg k4lt

cjnDag ug]{ . � glthfdf cfwfl/t cg'udg ;"rsx¿ th'{df ug]{ . � cg'udg k|lqmofnfO{ lgoldttf lbO{ ;|f]t;fwgn] ;DkGg u/fpg] . � cg'udgaf6 k|fKt k|ltkf]if0f (Feed back) nfO{ ;'wf/sf] dfu{bz{g agfO{ ;'wf/nfO{

lg/Gt/tf lbg] .

� t];|f] kIf d"NofÍg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L k|fKt pknlAw hgtfsf] hLjgofkg / hLjg:t/df kf/]sf] k|efjsf] cfwf/df ;+:yfgx¿ ;+rfng ug]{, ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ;lsg] nufgL ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

� ;+:yfgdf /fhgLlts/0fsf] k|efjnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lsf] egf{ ;¿jf, a9'jf, j[lQ ljsf; h:tf ljleGg kIfnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L 5ftf P]g th'{df ug]{ .

� ;Lk ljxLg hgzlQmsf] 7"nf] ;+Vofsf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?n] ck]lIft pGglt ug{ g;sL w]/} ;+:yfgx? 3f6fdf /x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] o:tf] ;d:ofsf] bL3{sfnLg lg/fs/0fsf nflu ;Ifd / of]Uo hgzlQmx? ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf lgo'lQm Pjd\ kbf]Gglt ug]{ u/L :jtGq ;Ifd / :jfoQ k|s[ltsf] ;+:yfg ;]jf cfof]u u7g ug]{ .

@= lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ Jofj;flos, u'0f:t/Lo / ;]jfu|fxLk|lt lhDd]jf/ agfpg ul/g'kg]{ ;+:yfut / hgzlQmdf ;'wf/ /fhgLlt / k|zf;g aLrsf] sfo{ ;LdfÍg

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;~rfng Pjd\ Joj:yfkgdf /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] ;DaGw / ;Ldfsf af/]df k|z:t 5nkmn ePklg of] ljifo slxNo} ;dfwfg x'g ;s]sf] kfOPg . k|zf;gdf /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] k|zf;lgs lg0f{odfly x:tIf]k ug]{ / k|zf;lgs g]t[Tjn] cfkm"n] k|fKt u/]sf] clwsf/ ;d]t /fhgLlts g]t[tjdf kG5fpg] u/]sf k|z:t pbfx/0fx¿ kfOG5g\ . ;'zf;g -;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg_ P]g hf/L eO;sbf klg /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj aLr cem} :ki6 sfo{ ljefhgsf] cefj b]lvPsf] 5 . cfk"mnfO{ k|fKt clwsf/x¿ ;d]t /fhgLlts g]t[Tjlt/ kG5fP/ lg0f{o g} gug]{ k|zf;lgs g]t[Tjdf /x]sfx¿sf] k|j[lQ / cgfjZos ¿kdf k|zf;lgs sfo{x¿df ;d]t x:tIf]k ug]{ /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] sfo{z}nLsf sf/0f of] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] kfOG5 . o;sf ;fy} s'g} ;Gbe{df klg lg0f{osf qmddf cfO{kg]{ bf]ifsf] efuL x'g grfxg] k|zf;lgs g]t[Tjsf] u}/lhDd]jf/k"0f{ sfo{, /fhgLlts g]t[Tj ;fd' lg/Lx ¿kdf k|:t't x'g] k|j[lQ / lglxt JolQmut :jfy{sf nflu /fhgLlts ;+/If0f vf]Hg] k|j[lQ klg o;df lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yf /x]sfn] h; hlt cfk"m lng] / ckh; cfPdf eg]

497

/fhgLlts kIfn] k|zf;gnfO{ / k|zf;lgs kIfn] /fhgLlt1nfO{ b]vfpg] k|j[lQ xfjL ePsf] 5 . of] ;DaGwdf Joj:yfkg ug{ NofOPsf] ;'zf;g -;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg_ P]g, @)^$ sf] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|of]u x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . oL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfgsf nflu /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf aLr ;':ki6 sfo{ ljefhg u/L b'a}n] Ps csf{sf] sfo{df ;Ddfg / cx:tIf]ksf] gLlt lng, cfˆgf clwsf/x¿sf] k"0f{ ¿kdf k|efjsf/L k|of]u gu/] jf csf{sf] clwsf/ If]qdf x:tIf]k u/]df sf/jfxL ug]{ k|efjsf/L Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 . o;sf nflu /fhgLlts Pjd\ k|zf;lgs ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltdf g} ;'wf/ x'g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

hgzlQm of]hgf th'{df / hgzlQm ljsf; sfo{qmd

/fli6«o, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo :t/df jt{dfg / eljiodf cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQmsf] klxrfg, ljsf; / pkof]u ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQm of]hgfnfO{ lglb{i6 ug]{ hgzlQm ljsf; gLltsf] xfn;Dd th'{df x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . h;n] ubf{ /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df k|ltikwf{ ug{ ;Sg] ;Ifd hgzlQmsf] pTkfbg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ / pkof]u ug]{ lgsfox¿ aLr :ki6 ;f]r / ;dGjosf] cefj v8\lsPsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ pTkflbt hgzlQmn] ahf/df cj;/ gkfpg] / ahf/sf] dfu adf]lhdsf hgzlQm pknAw x'g g;Sg] l:ylt >[hgf ePsf] 5 . ;fy}, ;]jfleqsf] hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; u/L pgLx¿sf] Ifdtfsf] pkof]u ug]{ sfo{ ;d]t hgzlQm of]hgfsf] cefjdf cf]em]ndf k/]sf] 5 . ctM /fli6«o :t/df hgzlQm ljsf; gLltsf] th'{df u/L gLltn] lglb{i6 u/]adf]lhdsf] cfjlws hgzlQm of]hgf th'{df / of]hgf adf]lhdsf hgzlQm ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o; sfo{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] ls6fgL / ;lqmo e"ldsf tyf ;fem]bf/ / ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿ aLrsf] ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L ckl/xfo{ 5 . o;sf nflu–

s= eljiok/s b[li6sf]0f /fvL hgzlQm ljsf; gLltsf] th'{df ug]{,

v= hgzlQmsf] ljBdfg cj:yfsf] d"NofÍg u/L bL3{sfnLg b[li6sf]0f /fvL hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf k|If]k0f ug]{,

u= hgzlQm of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{,

3= hgzlQmsf] kl/k"lt{sf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ug]{,

ª= ;du| hgzlQm ljsf;sf] lhDdf lzIff dGqfnon] / lghfdtL ;]jfsf hgzlQm ljsf;sf] e"ldsf dfgj ;+;fwg x]g]{ dGqfnon] lng] Joj:yf ug]{ .

r= lghfdtL ;]jfdf bIf hgzlQm cfslif{t ug]{ u/L ;]jf, ;'ljwf, ;'/Iff / cfsif{0f a9fpg] .

sfo{ljj/0f tf]Sg' kg]{

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgoddf s'g}klg lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ klg gofF lgo'lQm, kb:yfkg, ;¿jf cflb dfk{mt gofF lhDd]jf/L lb+bf sfo{ljj/0f lbg'kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]s]f 5 . o;/L

498

sfo{ ljj/0f lb+bf sd{rf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/Lleq s'g s'g sfo{x¿ kb{5g\ :ki6 x'g] u/L sfdx¿ g} pNn]v u/L lbg'kg]{df s'g} Pp6f kbsf] sfo{ljj/0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ To;df ;fdfGo yk36 dfq u/L lbOg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . s'g} lglb{i6 sfof{nodf /xg] s'g} vf; kbsf] sd{rf/Ln] s] s:tf sfo{x¿ ug'{kb{5 egL ;ª\u7g :yfkgf ubf{s} jvt kof{Kt u[xsfo{ u/L sfo{ ljj/0f tof/ ug'{kg]{, sfof{no jf ;DalGwt zfvfx¿n] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿df yk36 x'gf;fy ;f] cg's"n x'g] u/L sfo{ ljj/0fdf ;'wf/ ul/g'kg]{df ax';+Vos sfof{nox¿df To;/L sfo{ ljj/0f Jojl:yt x'g] u/]s]f kfOb}g . o;/L c:ki6, gfd dfqsf] / ;DalGwt sd{rf/Ln] ug'{kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿sf] jf:tljs cy{df k|ltlglwTj ug{ g;Sg] sfo{ ljj/0fsf sf/0f sfof{non] ;Dkfbg ug'{ kg]{ sltko sfo{x¿ s;}sf] lhDd]jf/Ldf gkg]{ / sltko sfo{ Ps eGbf j9L sd{rf/Lsf] lhDdf /xg] ;d]t ePsfn] o;df k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cfjZos ;'wf/ ug'{ h¿/L 5 . sfof{nodf /xg] x/]s dxfzfvf, zfvf Pjd\ kmfF6 / ltgdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] :ki6 sfo{ ljj/0fsf] Joj:yf u/L To;nfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg;Fu cfa4 ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu–

s= ;a} lgsfon] tLg dlxgfleq k|fyldstfk"j{s sd{rf/L b/aGbL cg';f/sf] sfo{ ljj/0f tof/ ug]{,

v= ;DalGwt k|d'vn] cfkm\gf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ sfo{ ljj/0f clgjfo{ ¿kdf lbg],

u= sfo{ ljj/0f lbP glbPsf] / ;f] cg';f/ sfd eP gePsf] cg'udg ug]{,

3= sfo{ ljj/0fnfO{ b[li6ut u/L sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ug]{,

ª= sfo{ ljj/0f lbP glbPsf], cg'udg u/] gu/]sf] ljifo ;DalGwt k|d'vsf] d"NofÍg ubf{ ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ u/L d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/df ;dfj]z ug]{ .

pQ/flwsf/ of]hgfsf] cjnDag

g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf pQ/flwsf/ of]hgf cem};Dd gf}nf] ljifosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf pRr txdf pQ/flwsf/ of]hgf nfu" ug]{ gLltut Joj:yf ePklg ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog kIf k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] b]lvPg . g]t[Tj ljsf; / ;+:yfut ;+emgf sfod /fVg tyf gLltut lg/Gt/tf sfod /fVg pko'Qm ljsNksf] ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf] pQ/flwsf/ of]hgfsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df Nofpg ca l9nfO{ ug'{ x'Fb}g . ljutsf k|zf;g ;'wf/;DaGwL k|ltj]bgx¿n] ;d]t of] ljifodf k|i6¿kdf ;'emfj k|:t't u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQ/flwsf/ of]hgf nfu" x'g ;s]df /fhgLltn] k|zf;gnfO{ cfkm"v'zL kl/rfng ug{ g;Sg], g]t[Tj bLuf] / cg'dfgof]Uo x'g], gLltut Joj:yfk|lt ckgTj af]w x'g] / o;n] lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ alnof] agfpg] cj:yf /xG5 . g]t[Tj ljsf; ug{, ;+:yfut ;+emgf sfod /fVg, gLltut lg/Gt/tf sfod ug{ / /fhgLlts x:tIf]k sd ug{ pQ/flwsf/ of]hgf nfu" ug]{ . klxnf] r/0fdf k|wfgdGqL sfof{nodf ;lrjx¿ dWo]sf] jl/i7td\ ;lrjnfO{ d'Vo ;lrjsf] pQ/flwsf/ agfpg] u/L kb:yfkg ug]{ / To;}u/L ;lrj / ljefuLo k|d'vsf] kbaf6 of] of]hgfsf] k|f/De ug]{ .

499

k|yd >]0fLsf clws[tsf] Joj:yfkg

kof{Kt cfwf/ / cWoog ljgf g} ljefux¿sf] :yfkgf ug]{ u/]sf] / Pp6} ljefudf Ps eGbf a9L /fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fLsf clws[tx¿sf] b/aGbL l;h{gf u/L kb:yfkg ug]{ u/]sf] ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . ;dfg kbsf clws[tx¿ sf]xL ljefusf dxflgb]{zs eO{ ljefus} k|d'v x'g] / sf]xL lgb]{zs eO{ zfvfsf k|d'vsf ¿kdf v'Drg k'Ug] ePsfn] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo+{ ;Dkfbgdf gsf/fTds k|efj ;d]t k/]sf] kfOG5 . cem sltko ;Gbe{df t dGqfnosf] g]t[Tjsf] JolQmut OR5f, cfsf+Iffsf sf/0f cd's sd{rf/LnfO{ ;¿jf u/L cfk"m eGbf slgi7 kbflwsf/Lsf] dftxt /fVg] ul/Psfn] To;/L /xg' kg]{ k|yd >]0fLsf clws[tx¿df uDeL/ c;Gt'li6 / ljt[i0ff l;h{gf ePsf pbfx/0f ;d]t e]l6Psf 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljlzi6tf g} o;sf] txut >[ª\vnf /x]sf] ;Gbe{df slgi7 sd{rf/Lsf] cGtu{t jl/i7 /xg' s'g} klg zt{df pko'Qm b]lvFb}g . o;/L Ps} JolQm dGqfnosf] dxfzfvf k|d'v, s'g} ljefusf] dxflgb]{zs / ljefu cGtu{tsf zfvfsf] k|d'v, If]qLo lgb]{zgfnosf] k|d'v ;d]t h'g;'s} ¿kdf klg /xg ;Sg] ePsfn] cl:y/tf l;h{gf ePsf] kfO{G5 . t;y{ ljefuLo k|d'vsf ¿kdf k|yd >]0fLsf] clws[t /xg] / zfvfx¿df låtLo >]0fLsf clws[t dfq /xg] Joj:yf ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . PseGbf a9L k|yd >]0fLsf clws[tx¿ /x]sf] cj:yfdf jl/i7 ;x;lrjnfO{ dxflgb]{zs jf ljefuLo k|d'vsf] lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkg' kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ .

ljB'tLo zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{

;"rgf k|ljlwsf] cTolws lj:tf/ eO;Sbf klg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ k4lt / k|lqmofdf k|ljlwnfO{ a9Ldfqfdf cfTd;ft ug{ g;lsPsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ ljrf/ u/L ;/sf/L clen]v /fVg], ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf sfuh/lxt cjwf/0ff ckgfpg], ;]jf k|jfxdf k|ljlwnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ h:tf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{' cfjZos 5 . k|zf;g k'gM ;+/rgf cfof]usf] bf];|f] cGtl/d k|ltj]bg -s_ df ;/sf/L zf;g If]qnfO{ ljB'tLo k|ljlw dfkm{t ;~rfng Pjd\ k|a4{g ug{ 5'§} :ki6 gLlt tyf sfo{qmd to ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf cf}+NofOPsf] 5 . ;f] k|ltj]bgn] tTsfnLg, dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg ;f]r ;lxtsf] /fli6«o ljB'tLo zf;g ;DaGwL /0fgLlt th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg u/]sf] l;kmfl/z cem}klg plQs} ;fGble{s /x]sf] b]lvFbf ;f] ;DaGwL sfo{ yfngL ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfo ljz]if u/L lj1fg k|ljlw dGqfno / ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnon] ljz]if k|of; ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ k|ljlwd}qL agfpg b]xfosf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug]{ M–

s= ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] cf–cfkm\g} 9+uaf6 sfof{nosf] sfo{ k|s[lt cg';f/sf ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL kl/of]hgfx¿ ;+rfng u/]sf] l:ylt ljBdfg 5 . lj=;+= @)^@ df 8«fkm\6 tof/ ePsf] ljB'tLo zf;g u'¿of]hgf -E-GMP_ n] klxrfg u/]sf ljleGg @) j6f kl/of]hgfx¿ dWo] Government Representative Portal, Government Integrated Data Center (GIDC), National Identification (NID), e-Education, Village Network, Land Record Management System, Vehicle Registration System, Public Service Recruitment Management System h:tf kl/of]hgfx¿ k|fyldstfdf /fvL sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] cj:yf 5 . t/ pQm u'¿of]hgf :jLs[t x'g g;Sbf k"0f{ ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf eg] cfpg g;s]sf] ;Gbe{df ljB'tLo zf;g cjnDag

500

ug{ ;/sf/n] 7f]; sfo{lbzf ;lxtsf] u'¿of]hgf tyf IT-Road Map th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kg]{ .

v= ljB'tLo zf;g u'¿of]hgf tyf IT-Roadmap n] xfn g]kfndf IT sf] k|of]usf] cj:yf / ljB'tLo zf;g cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] ;Defljt If]qx¿ klxrfg / k|fyldsLs/0f ug'{ kg]{ . h; cGtu{t ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 k|jfx ul/g] ;]jfx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ juL{s/0f u/L To; cGtu{tsf If]qx¿sf] k|fyldsLs/0f ul/g' pko'Qm x'g] M–

!= ;/sf/n] gful/snfO{ k|bfg ug]{ k|ToIf ;]jfx¿

• zflGt ;'/Iff, lzIff, :jf:Yo, ljB't, oftfoft, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/, /f]huf/L cflb .

• gful/s clwsf/ cGtu{t hgtfn] dfu ug{ ;Sg] ;]jfx¿ h:t} M cg'dlt kq, cfj]bg, /lhi6«]zg, z'Ns, /fh:j tyf s/x¿sf] e'QmfgL, gful/stf, dfnkf]t, gfkL, oftfoft If]qsf ;]jfx¿ .

• ;/sf/sf gLlt, lgod, sfg'g, sfo{ljlw, gful/s j8fkq tyf lg0f{ox¿ j]j;fO6 dfkm{t hfgsf/L u/fpg] ljifo .

@= ;/sf/n] Jofkf/ jfl0fHo If]qsf] k|a4{gsf nflu k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfx¿

• Ohfht kq tyf cg'dlt kqx¿ .

• s/ e'QmfgLsf ;/nLs[t ljlwx¿ .

• Jofkf/ tyf jfl0fHosf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ahf/sf gjLgtd\ hfgsf/L k|ljlw tyf ;Defjgfx¿ .

• ljb]zL /fi6«;Fu ePsf Jofkf/ tyf jfl0fHo ;DaGwL ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ .

• ;fdflhs ;ª\u7g af/] ;/sf/L lgodg tyf ;'/Iff ;DaGwL ljifox¿ .

#= ;/sf/n] cfkm" dftxtsf lgsfox¿nfO{ k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfx¿

-c_ cGt/ lgsfo ;]jfx¿

• ;"rgf tyf tYofÍx¿sf] cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ .

• ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlw ;DaGwL k|0ffnL sf cGt/;DalGwt u/L k|zf;lgs sfo{df ;dGjo ug]{ sfo{ .

• k|zf;sLo sfo{ljlw tyf clen]v Joj:yfkgnfO{ sDKo"6/Ls[t u/L ljB'tLo k4ltåf/f k'g:{yflkt ug]{ sfo{ .

501

-cf_ ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf sd{rf/LnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfx¿

• sd{rf/Lsf] clen]v tyf ;f] ;DaGwL ;]jfx¿,

• sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf zt{ cGt/utsf sf/f]af/x¿,

• sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf ljsf;, cg'zf;g, pTk|]/0ff ;DaGwL ljifox¿ .

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ ug]{

kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfngsf] qmddf ul/Psf lg0f{ox¿nfO{ cbfntdf r'gf}tL lbg] / cbfntaf6 To:tf lg0f{ox¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog gug{ cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L x'g] tyf ab/ ;d]t x'g] qmd a9L/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] sfo{sf/Lsf] sfddf cgfjZos ;do, ;|f]t / vr{ a9]sf] 5 eg] ;dodf sfo{ ;Dkfbg x'g g;sL k|zf;g ;~rfngdf sl7gfO{ ;d]t cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] k"0f{tM kfng gul/g' / sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] ;Ldf jf bfo/fdf /xg g;s]sf] sf/0f g} o:tf ;d:of b]lvPsf x'g\ . cfkm"nfO{ sfg'gn] lbPsf] clVtof/Lsf] cwLgdf /xL lgwf{l/t k|lqmofsf] cjnDag ug]{ / ;xeflutfd"ns ¿kdf lg0f{o lgdf{0f ug{] kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; u/L sfg'gL zf;g / ;'zf;gsf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L lg0f{o ug]{ k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ ug]{ . o;n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf x'g] lg0f{onfO{ j}B, ljZj;gLo / e/kbf]{ ;d]t agfpFb5 .

;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f k|efjsf/L agfpg]

;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;/n, ;'ne / ;xh ¿kdf k|fKt ug]{ gful/ssf] g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] . :yfgLo:t/df gful/sx¿nfO{ l56f], 5l/tf] / ;/n ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f x'g ;s]df dfq cfd gful/sn] nf]stGqsf nfex¿ pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\ / /fHosf k|lt gful/sx¿sf] ckgTj clej[l4 x'G5 . t/ :yfgLo:t/df ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f k|efjsf/L aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . sfof{nosf] ;+/rgf ;]jfu|fxL d}qL x'g g;Sg', :yfgLo:t/df cem vf; u/L b'u{d :yndf sd{rf/Lx¿ cg'kl:yt /xg', ;fj{hlgs labfsf] ;+Vofdf a9f]Q/L x'g', :yfgLo lgsfox¿ /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTjljxLg x'g' h:tf sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ ;]jf ljt/0f k|0ffnL sdhf]/ aGg k'u]sf] 5 . o;df ;'wf/ ug{ b]xfosf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 M

! cg'ej sd ePsf / gj k|j]zL clws[tx¿nfO{ ;]jf k|jfxsf] lg0f{o txsf] lhDd]jf/L glbg] .

@ dGqfnox¿n] cf–cfkm\gf] jflif{s ah]6sf] lglZrt /sd :yfgLo:t/sf sfof{nox¿sf] ef}lts ;'wf/df ljlgof]hg ug]{ .

# ;fj{hlgs labfx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cgfjZos lsl;dsf ljbf s6f}tL ug]{ . :yfgLo kj{x¿df ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ sfof{non] ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L ;]jf ljt/0f ug]{ .

$ sfo{:ynsf sfof{nox¿af6 k|jfx x'g] ;]jf gful/s j8fkqdf plNnlvt ;doleq ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ k|fKt gePdf ;]jfu|fxLn] Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt ug]{ u/L

502

Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt x'g] Joj:yf;lxtsf] gful/s j8fkq clgjfo{ ¿kdf /fVg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

% ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f ug{ 3'DtL ;]jf sfo{qmdnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{,

^ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f ug]{ :yfgLo:t/df /x]sf sfof{nodf ;]jfu|fxLx¿sf] eflifs ljljwtf cg'¿k ax'eflifs gful/s j8fkq nfu" ug]{ .

& ;]jf ljt/0f lgb]{lzsf jf sfo{ljlwsf af/]df ;]jfu|fxLx¿n] a'em\g] efiffdf lbUbz{gx¿ tof/ u/L k|rf/–k|;f/ ug]{ .

* Joj:yf u/L To:tf sfof{nox¿df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] jflif{s sf=;=d"=df To;nfO{ klg cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lng] Joj:yf ug]{ / ;]jf ljt/0fdf 6f]sg k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ .

( lhNnfdf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Lsf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQm / 5gf}6 lglZrt dfkb08sf] cfwf/df ug{] Joj:yf nfu" ug]{ . -h:t} M ljsf; k|zf;gsf] af/]df hfgsf/, ljsf; k|zf;sdf x'g'kg]{ u'0fx¿ ePsf], cg'ejL, :jR5 5lj ePsf] Jofj;flos Pjd\ ;xeflutfd"ns b[li6sf]0f ePsf], /fhgLlts ¿kdf t6:y, ;]jfk|lt ;dlk{t h:tf cfwf/df rog ug]{_ .

!) dxfgu/ If]qleq ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf] ;~rfngsf] k|aGw ug]{ clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L ;DalGwt dxfgu/nfO{ ;'lDkg' kg]{ .

!! ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0fdf /fhgLlts x:tIf]k / k|efjnfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug]{ .

!@ sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm, ;¿jf, a9'jf Joj:yfdf of]Uotfsf cfwf/x¿nfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg] .

!# ;¿jf, a9'jfdf /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] x:tIf]k x6fO{ gLlt lgdf{0fsf] e"ldsfdf dfq /fhgLlt1nfO{ s]lGb|t ug]{ .

!$ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ glthfd'vL agfpg k|lqmofd'vL Joj:yfaf6 æ;]jfu|fxL s]lGb|tÆ ;+/rgf / sfo{k|0ffnLtkm{ pGd'v u/fpg] .

!% ;Dej eP;Ddsf ;]jfx¿ Pp6} :yfgaf6 k|fKt x'g ;Sg] u/L Psåf/ k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

gful/s j8fkqsf] k|efjsf/L k|of]u ug]{

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ a9L eGbf a9L ;]jfu|fxLd'vL, kf/bzL{, pQ/bfoL / lhDd]jf/ agfpg /fHosf tk{maf6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ljlwsf ¿kdf gful/s j8fkqnfO{ lnOG5 . o; ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf] ljj/0f, To;sf] k|s[lt, k|sf/ , ;]jf k|jfx ug{ nfUg] ;do, b:t'/, cfjZos kg]{ sfuhft tyf cfwf/x¿ / lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/L ;d]t :ki6 u/L ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L Jojl:yt ¿kdf /fVg' kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . j8fkqsf] k|of]un] Psflt/ ;]jfu|fxLx¿nfO{ s'g s'g lgsfoaf6 k|jfx ul/g] ;]jf s'g s'g x'g\ < tL ;]jfx¿sf

503

nflu slt ;do / nfut nfUb5 < ;]jfsf nflu sxfF / sf] ;Fu ;Dks{ /fVg] < eGg] ljifosf ;fy} tf]lsP adf]lhd ;]jf k|fKt ug{ g;s] sxfF uP/ u'gf;f] ug]{ eGg] ;Ddsf ljifox¿ :ki6 kf/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] u'0f:t/Lotf, ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf, kf/blz{tf / hgljZjf; clej[l4 u/fPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} dfnkf]t, oftfoft h:tf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/ a9L ePsf s]xL sfof{nox¿df tf]lsP adf]lhd ;]jf k|bfg gePdf ;]jfu|fxLn] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] / ;]jf k|jfxdf cj/f]w ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ sf/jfxL ;d]t ug]{ Joj:yf klg gd"gfsf ¿kdf nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . tyflk gful/s j8fkqsf] Joj:yf s]jn cf}krfl/stfsf ¿kdf ul/g', o;k|lt gful/s ;dfh / ;d'bfosf] oyf]lrt rf;f] / ljZjf; clej[l4 x'g g;Sg', ;]jf k|jfx gug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿ bl08t / ;dod} u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ sd{rf/L k'/:s[t x'g g;Sg', sltko ;Gbe{df o; af/] hg:t/df hfgsf/L ;Dd k'Ug g;Sg' / ;]jf k|bfos / ;]jfu|fxLsf aLrsf] ;DaGw ;]t'sf ¿kdf gful/s j8fkq :yflkt x'g g;Sg'n] o; If]qdf s]xL uDeL/ ax;x¿ x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . o;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIfsf ¿kdf :yflkt ub}{ ;]jfu|fxLsf] ljZjf; / e/f];fsf] cfwf/ agfpg xfnsf] Joj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L b]xfosf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug]{ M

s= ;]jf ljt/0f ug]{ ;a} sfof{nodf clgjfo{ ¿kdf lj:t[t ljj/0f ;lxtsf] gful/s j8fkq /fVg] .

v= tf]lsPsf] ;dodf sfd gePdf ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

u= ;]jfu|fxLn] a'em\g] u/L :yfgLo efiffdf ;lxt gful/s j8fkq tof/ ug]{ .

3= gful/s j8fkq adf]lhdsf] sfo{ eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cg'udg ug]{ .

ª= cg'udg ug{ ljz]if ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug]{ .

r= gful/s j8fkqdf pNn]v ePadf]lhd sfo{ eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf ePsf] cg'udgnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg;Fu cfa4 ug]{ .

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] lgodg / Joj:yfkg

;/sf/L If]q aflx/ /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ If]qnfO{ u}/;/sf/L If]q egL a'lemG5 . o;leq lghL If]q, gful/s ;dfh / u}/;/sf/L ;ª\3 ;+:Yffx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . s'g} klg d'n'ssf] ljsf;df ;/sf/L kIf dfqsf] k|of; ck"0f{ g} /xG5, o;df lghL If]q, gful/s ;dfh / u}/ ;/sf/L ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿ klg kl/rflnt ug'{ h¿/L 5 . g]kfndf ;+:Yff btf{ P]g, @)#$ cGtu{t btf{ ePsf ;Dk"0f{ ;+:yfx¿nfO{ u}/;/sf/L ;ª\3 ;+:yfleq ;d]l6g] u/]sf] 5 . lglZRft cfwf/x¿df JolQmx¿sf] kxnaf6 :yflkt, :jtGq, :jfoQ / u}/ gfkmfd'vL ;+:Yffx¿sf ¿kdf /xg] u}/;/sf/L ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿n] ;/sf/sf] ;xof]uLsf ¿kdf lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{ e"ldsf /fd|/L lgjf{x ug{ ;s]sf] kfOb}g . ;/sf/ k'Ug g;s]sf b'u{d / ;'ljwfljxLg :yfg, hLjg:t/ ;'wf/df sd} dfq of]ubfg k'¥ofP klg ;fdflhs ;zlQms/0f / ;r]tgfsf] kIfdf eg] pNn]Vo of]ubfg /x]sf] dfGg' k5{ . t/ u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;~rfng Pjd\ lgodgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . o:tf ;+:yfx¿sf] sfo{If]q, sfo{k|lqmof, pQ/bfloTj, ;xof]usf] clen]v

504

h:tf ljifox¿nfO{ lgodgsf/L lgsfon] k/LIf0f ug'{kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . lgZro g} u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ ljsf;sf afxs x'g\ . t/ logsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg sfg'gL bfo/faf6 aflx/ x'g' x'Fb}g . o;k|sf/sf] cj:yfdf xfd|f] ;Gbe{df u}/;/sf/L ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿sf] kl/efiff / e"ldsfdf g} Jofks jx; u/L k'g/fjnf]sg ub}{ /fli6«o ljsf;df ;xsfo{ ug{ ;s] /fhgLlt / ;dfh aLr dWo:ytf ug]{, ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ a9LeGbf a9L hgd'vL agfpFb} lj:tf/ ug]{, pkef]Qmf lxtsf] ;+/If0f ug]{, ;bfrf/ / ;'zf;g :yflkt ug]{, ;fd"lxs k|of;nfO{ ;Ël7t ug]{, /fli6«o :jfledfgsf] /Iff ug]{ / ;du| ljsf;nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ sfo{df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'Ug ;Sg] lsl;dsf] e"ldsf x'g'kg]{ ;fy} /fli6«o lxt, ;fdflhs ;b\efj / /fli6«o Pstf vNaNofpg] h:tf sfo{ ug]{ u}/;/sf/L ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿nfO{ sf/jfxLsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] u/L ljz]if sfg'g / ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] lgodgsf/L lgsfosf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

cg'udg d"NofÍgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg]

;fj{hlgs lgsfosf sfd sf/jfxLsf] cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug]{ sfo{ w]/} xb;Dd cf}krfl/stfdf ;Lldt /x]sf] 5 . of] sfo{ ;DkfbgnfO{ glthf agfpg] lbzfdf ;xof]uL x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . If]qLo sfof{nox¿n] ;d]t sfo{;Dkfbg Pjd\ glthfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] u/L cg'udg ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . cg'udg sfo{ k|efjsf/L gx'Fbf o;n] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] :t/ / ;]jf ljt/0fsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ cfpg ;s]sf] kfOb}g . of] kIfnfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lnO{ ;a} txsf lgsfosf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cg'udgsf nflu lglZrt / sfof{Tds ;+oGq tof/ u/L cg'udgsf] k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{ / To:tf] ljj/0f jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . cg'udgsf] qmddf lbOPsf lgb]{zg / lgsfzfaf6 sfo{;Dkfbgdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf af/]df cg'udg k|ltj]bgdf ljZn]if0f ul/g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu–

s= ;'kl/j]If0fsf] e"ldsf ePsf lgsfodf cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug]{ PsfO{ :yfkgf ug]{,

v= cg'udg / d"NofÍgsf nflu bIf hgzlQm Pjd\ kof{Kt ;|f]t, ;fwgsf] Joj:yf ug]{,

u= k|ult ;dLIff ubf{ cg'udg / d"NofÍg k|ltj]bgnfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ug]{,

3= cg'udg Pjd\ d"NofÍg k|ltj]bgnfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ubf{ cfwf/ lng] Joj:yf ug]{,

ª= cg'udg d"NofÍgdf ;/f]sf/jfnf / ;]jfu|fxLx¿ ;d]tsf] ;xeflutf x'g] vfnsf cfwf/ / lqmofsnfkx¿ lgwf{/0f ug]{,

r= cg'udg ug]{nfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

e|i6frf/sf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0f

e|i6frf/sf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0fåf/f ;'zf;g k|a4{g ug{ lgDg cg';f/ ;['wf/ ug{ ;s] cfufdL lbgdf cfzftLt ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 M–

505

• e|i6frf/ lj¿4sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3Lo dxf;lGwn] lghL If]qdf x'g] e|i6frf/nfO{ klg sfg'gL bfo/fdf Nofpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] / pQm dxf;lGwsf] g]kfn kIf /fi6« /x]sf] ;Gbe{df clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] sfo{ If]q lj:tf/ u/L ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL lgsfo, lghL If]q / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ ;d]tdf x'g] e|i6frf/ / cg'lrt sfo{;DaGwL ljifo klg o;sf] sfo{If]qdf ;dfj]z ug]{ .

• clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf If]qLo sfof{nox¿ ;d]t :yfkgf ePsf ;Gbe{df ltgLx¿sf] sfo{ :ki6 u/L ;f] cg's"n x'g] u/L clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g tyf cGo P]g lgodx¿ ;+zf]wg ug]{ .

• clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf If]qLo sfof{nox¿ /x]sf % j6} :yfgx¿df ljz]if cbfnt÷Ohnf;sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

• gful/s a8fkqsf] ;xL sfof{Gjog ug]{ tyf sltko sfof{nosf] a8fkqdf /x]sf] Ifltk"lt{;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ yk lgsfox¿df Jojl:yt ug]{ .

• /fli6«o ;t{stf s]Gb|sf] If]qflwsf/ :ki6 u/L 5'§} P]g dfkm{t Jojl:yt ug]{ .

• lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, dfnkf]t sfof{no / gfkL sfof{no h:tf ;]jfu|fxLsf] k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /xg] sfof{nox¿df n]vfk9L ug{ ghfGg] ;]jfu|fxLsf nflu ;xfotf sIfsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] / ljrf}lnofx¿sf] ljuljuLsf] cGTo ug]{ .

• ;a} ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿df clGtd n]vf k/LIf0faf6 b]lvPsf j]¿h' / clgoldttfx¿ ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 ;fj{hlgs ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

• hg;Dks{ a9L x'g] ;a} sfof{nox¿df CCTV h8fg u/L lgoldt cg'udg ug]{ .

• :yfgLo ljsf; / lgdf{0fsf sfo{ pkef]Qmf ;ldlt dfkm{t ubf{ sltko ;Gbe{df vlr{nf] / u'0f:t/xLg ;d]t ePsfn] lglZrt /sd eGbf dflysf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{ kf/bzL{ ta/n] v'nf k|lt:kwf{af6 ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] / ;f] sf] cg'udg d"NofÍgdf / ;fdflhs k/LIf0fdf pkef]QmfnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] .

• ljQLo If]qdf /x]sf] a9\bf] cfk/fwLs/0f lgoGq0f ug{ cGt//f{li6«o :t/sf] cEof; ;'xfpFbf] sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

• ;fj{hlgs kbdf /x]sf JolQmx¿sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ sfg'gL ¿kdf g} k|i6 kfg]{ / To:tf JolQmx?sf] ;DklQ ;fj{hlgsLs/0f ug]{ / To;sf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

• :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :jfoQ zf;gsf] efjgf cg's"n Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L cfly{s, /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs / Goflos clwsf/ lgIf]k0f ug]{ .

• 5l/tf] ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbg ;]jf k|jfxdf lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfhsf] ;+nUgtf a9fpg] .

506

• /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/nfO{ ;/sf/L n]vf k|0ffnLs} 9fFrfdf /fVg], cfoJoo ;fj{hlgs ug]{ tyf n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ Joj:Yff ug]{ .

• /fhgLlts If]q gLlt lgdf{0f / ljZn]if0f (Policy Formulation and Analysis) df dfq ;lqmo /xg], ;/sf/sf b}lgs k|zf;lgs sfo{x¿df x:tIf]k gug]{ .

• e|i6frf/ ;Defljt lgsfox¿df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;DklQ ljj/0fsf] lgoldt cg'udg ug]{ / To:tf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

• dlGqkl/ifb\\sf ;b:o;lxt ;a} lgsfodf cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" ug]{ / pRrkb:y sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ug]{ gLlt clVtof/ ug]{ .

• ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gdf ;d;fdlos ;+zf]wg ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs vl/b tyf cg'udg sfof{nonfO{ ;fwg ;|f]t ;DkGg t'NofO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cg'udgnfO{ ;lqmo agfpg] .

• dGqfnodf ;Nnfxsf/x¿sf] lgo'lQm ubf{ ;]jfleqaf6 x'g g;Sg] ljz]if1 k/fdz{sf nflu dfq ug]{ / pgLx¿nfO{ sfof{nosf] uf]kgLotfdf kx'Fr gx'g] u/L cfrf/;+lxtf tof/ u/L nfu" ug{] .

• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ glthfd'vL agfpg æk|lqmofd'vLÆ Joj:yfaf6 æ;]jfu|fxL s]lGb|tÆ / ægful/sd'vLÆ ;+/rgf / sfo{k|0ffnLtkm{ pGd'v u/fpg] .

• ljsf; sfo{qmddf bnLo tyf kbLo cfwf/df efuj08f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ cGTo ug]{ .

• cfof]hgfsf] vr{, pknlAw ;DaGwL ljj/0f kf/bzL{ agfpg] / cfof]hgf Joj:yfksnfO{ sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df k"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lbg] .

• cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{sf] ;+:s[lt ljsf; ug]{ .

• vl/b k|0ffnLdf Ps¿ktf / k|lt:kwf{ sfod ug{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g lgoddf ;dofg';f/ kl/dfh{g ub}{ ;/sf/L ;|f]t k|jfx x'g] ;a} lgsfodf clgjfo{ ug]{ .

• sfo{ ;Dkfbg k/LIf0f (performance audit) sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

• ;fdflhs r]tgf dfkm{t e|i6frf/ lj¿4 hgbjfj l;h{gf ug]{ .

• /fi6«k|]d, /fli6«otf, >dk|ltsf] ;Ddfg / st{Joaf]w, ;fdflhs ;b\efj, ;lxi0f'tf, ;dfgtf, dof{bf, k|fs[lts ;|f]t Pjd\ /fli6«o ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f Pjd\ g}ltstf k|a4{g ug{ gful/s lzIff, r]tgf ljsf; / g}lts lzIffdf hf]8 lbg] .

;'zf;gsf lglDt ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|rngnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg]

507

• zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xL / pQ/bfoL agfpg] p2]Zon] @)^$ ;fndf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g hf/L ePsf] / ;f] P]gnfO{ sfof{Gjog u/fpg] qmddf /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]usf] ;d]t u7g ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] qmddf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL lgodfjnL th'{df eO{ ;f] lgodfjnLsf] klg ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ePsf] cj:yf 5 . o;}u/L k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\ sfof{nodf ;"rgfsf] xs sfof{Gjog ;dGjo PsfO{sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] / ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf ;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf P]g sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf cg'udg ;ldlt klg u7g eO{ lqmofzLn ePsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . ;"rgfsf] xs ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ Pp6f k|efjsf/L k4lt :yflkt eO;s]sf] ljZj cg'ejsf] kl/k|]Iodf g]kfndf klg o; sfg'gnfO{ /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ ;+/rgfn] cfTd;ft u/L cfkm\gf sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ clwstd kf/bzL{ agfpg ;s]df e|i6frf/, clgoldttf, l9nf;':tL / lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg] k|j[lQdf sdL cfO{ k|zf;gdf :jR5tf, k|efjsfl/tf / sfo{Ifdtf clej[l4 x'g] dfq xf]Og hgtf / ;/sf/sf] aLrsf] ;DaGwdf klg ljZjf;sf] jftfjf/0f ;'b[9 x'g d2t k'Ug] x'g] hfG5 . t;y{ ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yf / l;h{gf ul/Psf ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ clwstd pkof]u ug]{ /0fgLlt cjnDag x'g cfjZos 5 .

• ;"rgf k|jfxsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ clen]v k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{, ;"rgf Joj:yfkgsf nflu bIf hgzlQmsf] ljsf; tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] clwstd k|of]u ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / ;]jf k|jfxdf a9fpg' kg]{, o;}u/L ;"rgfsf] xs /fHosf ;+/rgfx¿ leq dfq ;Lldt geO{ o;n] ;du| ;fdflhs k|0ffnL g} v'nf / kf/bzL{ agfpg] x'gfn]] u}/;/sf/L, lghL / /fhgLlts If]qnfO{ ;d]t ;"rgfsf] xs sfof{Gjog ug{ clek|]l/t / cg'udg k4ltnfO{ Jofks agfpg kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|rng, ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gsf] bfloTj ePsf] /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]unfO{ ;'b[9 / ;jn agfpg' kg]{ tyf cfd gful/ssf] ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|Tofe"lt u/fO{ ;xeflutfd"ns nf]stGq / hjfkmb]xL Pjd\ pQ/bfoL ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;'lglZrttf lbgsf nflu hgzlQmnfO{ plrt tflnd, k|lzIf0f / clek|]/0ffsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{, ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gsf] dd{ cg';f/ ;Dj]bgzLn ;"rgfsf] oyfzL3| juL{s/0f / ;+/If0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ ultzLn agfpg' kg]{ / ;"rgfsf] :jtM ;fj{hlgsLs/0f ug]{ k|j[lQdf a9f]Q/L u/L kf/blz{tfsf] pRr cEof;nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{, clen]v, ;"rgf / tYofÍsf] Joj:yfkg tyf o;sf] clwstd\ v'nf k|jfxsf] k|Tofe"ltsf nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf of]Uo / bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj v6\lsPsf] ;Gbe{df o;sf] cefjnfO{ x6fpg qmdzM ;"rgf ;DaGwL ljz]if ;]jfsf] ljsf; / ;'b[9 u/fpg kg]{ cj:yf 5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf kf/blz{tfsf] clej[l4sf nflu v'nf ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff cfPsf] 5 . of] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cjnDag ug'{kg]{ x'gfn] ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL wf/0ffnfO{ Jofks cy{df a'em\g' h¿/L 5 . o;qmddf v'nfkg / ;"rgfsf] kf/blz{tfdf afwf k'¥ofpg] k'/fgf P]g sfg'gdf ;'wf/ u/L ;qmLo ;"rgf k|jfxsf] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

508

;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gn] cjnDag u/]sf dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;ky u|x0f ;DaGwL ljBdfg Joj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ .

;'zf;gsf lglDt ;~rf/ dfWodsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f

;'zf;g / gful/s clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf lglDt cfd ;~rf/ If]qnfO{ kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df ?kfGt/0f ub}{ n}hfg pbf/jfbL, ax'njfbL, k|ltiklw{ / nf]stflGqs[t d"No dfGotf cg'?ksf] gLltut Pjd\ sfg'gL Joj:yf x'g' cfjZos 5 . o;sf lglDt ;+ljwfgdf cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt, P]gdf cfd ;~rf/sf] ;fj{hlgsLs/0f, Joj;foLs/0f / ;fd'bfoLs/0fsf] Joj:yf, gLlt lgod lgdf{0f ubf{ ;"rgfsf] xs, cleJolQm :jtGqtf, kf/blz{tf sfod u/L :jtGq / lgikIf ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f ;+:s[lt ljsf; ug'{kg]{ vfFrf] b]lvPsf] 5 . To;sf nflu ;/sf/ lgolGqt k|;f/0f ;+:yfx? g]kfn 6]lnlehg / /]l8of] g]kfnnfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f ;]jfsf] ?kdf /fHosf] k|;f/0f ;+:yfdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{, k|;f/0f ;+:yfnfO{ lghL, ;fj{hlgs / ;fd'bflos u/L tLg ju{df ljefhg u/L pgLx?sf] k|s[lt cg'?ksf] sfg'gL Joj:yf ug]{ . ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;dfhdf ultdfg agfpg lglZrt d"No dfGotf / l;4fGtx? :t/j[l4sf dfkb08sf] ?kdf lgwf{/0f ug]{, o:tf d]?b08sf] ?kdf ;Totf, ljZj;gLotf, Jofj;flostf / k|efjsfl/tf, dfkb08sf] ?kdf Jofks / ;j{;'ne kx'Fr, k|ltlglwd"ns, ljrf/ljwfdf ljljwtf, nf]slk|otf, sfof{wf/sf ?kdf :jtGqtf, lgikIftf, lge{otf / cfTdlge{/tf h:tf s'/fx?sf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'kg]{ .

#= lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jf, j[lQ ljsf;, ;¿jfnfO{ cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg / lgoGq0f k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg] ;DaGwdf jt{dfg sfg'gL Joj:yf / k|lqmofdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/ a9'jfnfO{ cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg]

• lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . /fhkqcglÍt k|yd >]0fLaf6 cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf dfkm{t /fhkqflÍt t[tLo >]0fLdf hfg ;Sg] Joj:yf k'gM :yflkt ug'{ kg]{ dfunfO{ ;d]t ;Daf]wg ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf 5 . /fhkqflÍt kbx¿df v'nf Pjd\ cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cGt/;]jf k|ltof]lutfåf/f kbk"lt{ ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] ;'emfjx¿ k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . ljutdf ePsf cEof;sf] d"NofÍg ubf{ kbk"lt{sf nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf] k|ltzt sfod ug'{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 M

l;=g+= kb v'nf cf=k|= -cGt/;]jf_

h]i7tf / sfo{Ifdtf

!= /fhkq cglÍt låtLo !)) – –

@= /fhkq cglÍt k|yd &) – #)

#= /fhkqflÍt t[tLo &) !) @)

$= /fhkqflÍt låtLo !) @) &)

509

%= /fhkqflÍt k|yd – @) *)

^= ljlzi6 >]0fL – – !)) -@)±*)_

:ki6Ls/0fM cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffdf Go"gtd of]Uotf k'u]sf ;a} ;]jf ;d"xsf sd{rf/Ln] k|ltikwf{ ug{ kfpg] 5g\ . nf]s;]jf cfof]un] PsLs[t k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{ cEof; ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfnfO{ ;]jf ;d"xdf ;Lldt gu/L k|ltikwf{ / cj;/sf] bfo/f km/flsnf] kfg'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] xf] .

• lghfdtL ;]jfsf a9'jfsf] ljifo ;Fw} cl:y/ eO/x]sf] 5 . a9'jfsf cfwf/x¿df af/Daf/ x'g] km]/abnn] of] cg'dfgof]Uo x'g g;s]sf] b]lvFbf o;df b]xfo adf]lhd ug]{ –

!= a9'jfsf nflu cof]Uo pDd]b\jf/x¿sf] gsf/fTds ;"rL tof/ ug]{,

@= gsf/fTds ;"rLdf sf=;=d"=df cf}ift *) k|ltzteGbf sd cÍ k|fKt u/]sf], ljefuLo ;hfo kfPsf], % jif{ gk'u]sf], a9'jf /f]Ssf ePsf], Go"gtd cjlw gk'u]sf], lgnDagdf k/]sf] h:tf cfwf/x¿ /fVg] .

#= gsf/fTds ;"rLdf gk/]sf pDd]b\jf/x¿dWo] h]i7tfsf cfwf/df *) k|ltzt kbk"lt{ ug]{, @) k|ltzt cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfsf nflu /fVg] .

$= cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfdf Go"gtd\ of]Uotf k'u]sf ;a} ;]jf ;d"xsf Ps tx d'lgsf sd{rf/Ln] efu lng ;Sg] u/L k|ltikwf{sf bfo/f km/flsnf] kfg]{ .

58\s] k|j]zsf] Joj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{

lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf >]0fLljxLg tyf /fhkq cglÍt ;a} kbx¿ tyf /fhkqflÍt t[tLob]lv k|yd >]0fL;Ddsf kbx¿df k|j]z kfpg] Joj:yf lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . vf; u/L /fhkqflÍt låtLo >]0fL tyf k|yd >]0fLsf kbx¿df v'nf k|ltof]lutfaf6 k"lt{ ul/g] !) k|ltzt kbx¿ lghfdtL ;]jf aflx/sf k|ltefzfnL JolQmsf nflu ;d]t v'Nnf u/]/ 58\s] k|j]zsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf cGo k|d'v kIfx¿ ljZjljBfno ;]jf, lzIfs ;]jf, g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L tyf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;]jfdf eg] lglZrt kbx¿df dfq k|j]z kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . o;/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gd} 58\s] k|j]z;DaGwL Joj:yfdf Ps¿ktf ePsf] kfOb}g . 58\s] k|j]z;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] dfWodaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z ug]{ Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf b'O{ leGg b[li6sf]0fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . Psftk{m o;sf kIfw/x¿ of] Joj:yfaf6 ;]jf aflx/ /x]sf bIf hgzlQmx¿ ;]jfdf cfslif{t eO{ of]Uo, ;Ifd, Ifdtfjfg / k|ultzLn o'jf zlQm ;]jfdf k|j]z ug]{ x'gfn] o;n] ;]jf k|jfxsf] :t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] ts{ ub{5g\ eg] csf{lt/ o;sf] ljkIfdf /xg]x¿ eg] of] Joj:yfn] cg'ejxLg sf]/f 1fg dfq ePsf, cJofjxfl/s, sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf b[li6n] c;Ifd / clt dxTjfsf+IfL hgzlQm dfq leqg] x'gfn] ;]jf k|jfx sdhf]/ x'g] / cg'ejL sd{rf/Lx¿df ;]jfk|ltsf]

510

ljt[i0ff l;h{gf x'g] atfpF5g\ . 58\s] k|j]zsf] Joj:yfaf6 lghfdtL ;]jf aflx/sf k|fl1s Pjd\ k|ltefjfg JolQmx¿ cfslif{t x'g g;s]sf] jf To:tf] ;+Vof cToGt Go"g /x]sf] tyf To;/L cfPsf JolQmx¿ k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj Ifdtfsf b[li6n] kl/kSjtf cfpg / sfo{If]qdf v/f] pqg g;s]sf], o;n] txut >[ª\vnf / kb;f]kfg sfod ug{ c;xh ePsf] ;Gbe{df o; ljifodf Jofks 5nkmn / k|efj d"NofÍg u/L lg0f{odf k'Ug pko'Qm x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] cjnDag u/]sf] 58\s] k|j]zsf] o; k|fjwfgaf6 ahf/df ePsf h]x]Gbf/ / pTs[i6 hgzlQmnfO{ ;]jfleq k|j]z u/fpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] ePtfklg ;Lldt k|fljlws kbx¿df afx]s cGo kbx¿df ;]jfleqs} hgzlQm km8\sf] df/L -Fast Track) pkNnf] kbdf k'Ug] k|j[lQ b]lvof] . ljlzi6 1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtf ePsf JolQmx¿ 58\s] k|j]zaf6 pRr kbdf k'u] gk'u]sf], pgLx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbg :t/ ck]Iffs[t eP gePsf], Jofj;flostfsf] ljsf; eP gePsf] / gLltut txdf s'zn g]t[Tj k|bfg ug{ ;s] g;s]sf] h:tf ljifox¿df k|Zgjfrs lrGx v8f ePsf] 5 . ctM 58\s] k|j]zsf] Joj:yfsf] cf}lrTo gb]lvPsf]n] ;f] Joj:yf x6fpg] .

;lrj lgo'lQmsf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug]{

/fhkqflÍt ljlzi6 >]0fLsf kbx¿df a9'jf;DaGwL Joj:yf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !( sf] pkbkmf -@_ df /flvPsf] 5 . h; cg';f/ d'Vo ;lrj kbdf a9'jf ubf{ jxfnjfnf ;lrjx¿dWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] h]i7tf / sfo{ s'zntfsf] cfwf/df 5gf}6 u/L a9'jf ug]{, ;lrj jf ;f] ;/xsf] kbdf a9'jf lgo'Qm ubf{ M–

s= l/Qm kbdWo] @) k|ltzt kbdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍgdf cf};t (% k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L cÍ k|fKt u/]sf / /fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fL jf ;f] ;/xsf] kbdf ;a}eGbf a9L ;]jf cjlw ePsf] ;+efJo pDd]bjf/nfO{ a9'jf ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] a9'jf ug]{ ,

v= l/Qm kbdWo] *) k|ltzt kbdf sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/df ;a}eGbf a9L c+Í k|fKt ug]{ ;+efJo pDd]b\jf/ dWo]af6 pknAw eP;Dd l/Qm kbsf] t]Jj/ ;+Vofdf a9'jf ;ldltn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf pDd]bjf/x¿ dWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] h]i7tf / sfo{s'zntfsf] cfwf/df pko'Qm 7x¥ofPsf] pDd]bjf/nfO{ a9'jf ug]{ Joj:yf u/L ;lrj kbdf a9'jf lgo'lQmdf @ k|sf/sf k|fjwfg /fv]sf] kfOG5 . l/Qm kbsf] t]Aa/ ;+Vofdf a9'jf ;ldltn] l;kmfl/; ug]{ / g]kfn ;/sf/n] tL dWo] pko'Qm 7x¥ofPsf] pDd]bjf/nfO{ lgo'Qm ug]{ eGg] k|fjwfgsf sf/0f ljleGg lsl;dsf l6sfl6Kk0fLx¿ ;txd} cfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . o;k|sf/sf] Joj:yfn] Psflt/ k'/fgf, cg'ejL, bIf k|yd >]0fLsf /fhkqflÍt clws[tx¿ k6s–k6s l;kmfl/zdf kbf{ klg ;lrj x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ eg] s]xL ;x;lrjx¿ eg] ;+efJo pDd]bjf/ x'gf;fy ;lrj ag]sf 5g\ . o;n] k|zf;goGqsf] pRr txdf k'Ug /fhgLlts ;+/If0fsf] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] cEof;n] b]vfPsf] 5 . k|zf;goGqnfO{ /fhgLlts x:tIf]kaf6 d'Qm agfpg o;n] afwf lbO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . o; Joj:yfk|lt kof{Kt 5nkmn / ;dLIff u/L Pp6f 7f]; lg0f{odf k'Ug' h¿/L eO;s]sf] 5 . To;}n]–

-c_ @) k|ltzt l/Qm kb ;x;lrjx¿dWo] sfo{;Dkfbgdf cf}iftdf () k|ltzt cÍ k|fKt ug]{ ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/x¿dWo] h]i7tfsf cfwf/df,

511

-cf_ *) k|ltzt kb ;x;lrjx¿dWo]af6 h]i7tfsf cfwf/df a9'jf ug]{ . sfo{;Dkfbgsf cfwf/df ;a}eGbf a9L cÍ k|fKt ug]{x¿ dWo]af6 l/Qm ;+Vofsf] @% k|ltzt;Dd yk ;+Vofdf a9'jf ;ldltn] l;kmfl/; ug]{ / ;f]xL l;kmfl/;dWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] a9'jf ug]{ .

u= g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;lrj / ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf a9'jf x'g] JolQmn] b'u{d If]qsf] sfo{;Dkfbg, k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj, cfly{s / of]hgf k|zf;gsf] cg'ej ;lxt s'zn g]t[Tj Ifdtf, :jR5 5lj, Jofj;flos bIftf, ;dGjo ;Lk h:tf ljz]if u'0fx¿ x'g'kg]{ u/L cfwf/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{ . s'g} ;]jfsf] kbdf lgwf{l/t ef}uf]lns If]qdf b/aGbL gePdf To:tf] ;]jfdf plNnlvt ef}uf]lns If]qsf] cg'ej clgjfo{ gx'g] Joj:yf ug]{

;lrj ;¿jfsf] ;+oGq agfpg]

g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;lrjx¿sf] kb:yfkg / ;¿jfsf] ljifo ;Fw}h;f] cfnf]Ro x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;/sf/ kl/jt{g lkR5] ;lrjsf] kl/jt{g x'g], ;lrjn] dGqL 5fGg], dGqLn] ;lrj 5fGg], lg0f{odf dte]b x'Fbf ;lrj kl/jt{g ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] cGTo geO{ :yfoL k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf sfod /xg ;Sb}g . kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ of] k|j[lQ emg w]/} a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . o;n] k|zf;goGqnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg] dfq xf]Og lg0f{o k|lqmofdf pQ/bfloTjsf] k|Zg klg p7fPsf] 5 . To;}n] ;lrjsf] kb:yfkg / ;¿jfsf nflu k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqL / d'Vo ;lrj /x]sf] ;ldltn] of]Uotf, cg'ej, ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf cfh{g u/]sf] Voflt, ;DalGwt ljifoj:t' dflysf] bIftf ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L ;¿jf ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ . d'Vo ;lrjsf] pQ/flwsf/L ;d]t ljsf; ug{sf nflu k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{nodf jl/i7td\ ;lrjx¿ /fVg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

;]jf ;'ljwf ljt/0fdf dfkb08 to ug]{

;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿ aLr ;]jf ;'ljwf ljt/0fdf Ps¿ktf 5}g . vfhf, kf/jxg, 6]lnkmf]g, lah'nL h:tf ;'ljwfx¿ sfof{nosf] k|s[lt / cfly{s ef}lts cj:yfdf lge{/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . sltko sfof{nox¿df /f=k=cg+ sd{rf/Lx¿n] pkef]u ul//x]sf ;]jf ;'ljwf sltko sfof{nosf /fhkqflÍt låtLo >]0fLsf kbflwsf/L ;d]tn] gkfpg] cj:yf 5 . ;/sf/n] lbg] uf8L ;'ljwfdf ;d]t Ps¿ktf sfod x'g] ;s]sf] 5}g . sltko dGqfnosf dGqLsf lghL ;lrjfnosf ;fdfGo sd{rf/Ln] ;d]t uf8L k|fKt ub{5g\ eg] ;f]xL dGqfnosf pk;lrjx¿n] df]6/;fOsn;Dd gkfPsf] cj:yf klg 5 . cfjf;sf ;DaGwdf klg ljljwtf /x]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/sf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ s'g s'g ;'ljwf s'g s'g tx / >]0fLsf kbflwsf/Ln] k|fKt ug]{ xf] :ki6 u/L ;a} lgsfodf sfo{ ug]{ ;dfg txsf kbflwsf/LnfO{ ;dfg cj;/ k|fKt x'g] u/L Jojl:yt ug'{kb{5 . To;}u/L ljleGg lgsfon] sfo{;Dkfbgsf cfwf/df lnFb} cfPsf] cltl/Qm ;'ljwfdf ;d]t Ps¿ktf Nofpg' cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu –

512

� ljlzi6 >]0fL / ;f] eGbf dflysf clwsf/Lx¿sf nflu ;/sf/L cfjf;sf] k|aGw ug]{ .

� /fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fL / ;f] eGbf dflysf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;jf/L ;fwg pknAw u/fO{ ;jf/L rfnssf] tna, OGwg ;'ljwf / dd{t vr{ pknAw u/fpg] .

� /fhkqflÍt låtLo Pjd\ t[tLo >]0fLsf clws[tnfO{ df]6/;fOsn / dfl;s !) ln6/ OGwg / jflif{s ¿kdf lglZrt /sd dd{t vr{ pknAw u/fpg] .

� ;jf/L ;fwg gkfpg] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ dfl;s oftfoft vr{ pknAw u/fpg] .

� ;/sf/L cfjf; gePsf :yfgLo sd{rf/L afx]s c¿ :yfoL sd{rf/LnfO{ txut cfwf/df cfjf; eQfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� :yfoL jf c:yfoL 3/jf; -jxfndf ga;]sf]_ ePsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;f] :yfgdf af; vr{ glbg] .

� lzIfs, k|fWofks Pjd\ lghfdtL ;]jfdf lbOg] ;'ljwfdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug]{] .

� g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] cj:yf x]bf{ lanfl;tfk"0f{ ;jf/L ;fwg pko'Qm gx'Fbf ;/sf/L lgsfodf k|of]u x'g] ;jf/L ;fwgsf] vl/bdf ;d]t To:tf] k|j[lQnfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug{ ;jf/L ;fwgsf] pTkfbgdf /fli6«o pBf]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L b]zleq} pTkflbt ;jf/L ;fwgsf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbg] u/L /fli6«o gLlt cjnDag ug'{kg]{ .

� sfo{af]em / sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :ki6 dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/L cltl/Qm ;do sfd ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf dfq cltl/Qm eQfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . cltl/Qm ;'ljwfnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbgaf6 k|fKt pknAw / glthf;Fu cfa4 ug]{ .

of]Uotfsf cfwf/df kb:yfkg ug]{

/fhkq cglÍt sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ of]Uotfqmdsf] cfwf/df lghn] rog u/]sf] sfof{no jf lgsfodf k7fpg] ul/Psf] 5 . t/ clws[t:t/sf] kb:yfkg s'g} klg j:t'ut dfkb08df cfwfl/t x'g] u/]sf] kfOb}g . sd;]sd v'nf k|ltof]lutfaf6 clws[t:t/df cfpg] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kb:yfkg of]Uotfqmdsf] cfwf/df k|fyldstfk"j{s ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L a9'jfsf] of]Uotfqmdsf cfwf/df l/Qm /x]sf kbx¿dWo] k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df kb:yfkg u/L Go"gtd cjlw ;f] sfof{no jf lgsfodf sfd gu/L cGoq ;¿jf gul/g] gLlt agfO{ ;f] sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .

b08 / k'/:sf/sf] ;d'lrt k|of]u

lghfdtL ;]jfdf lhDd]jf/k"0f{ lsl;dn] sfd ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ k'/:sf/ / v/fj sfd ug]{nfO{ bl08t ug]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf ePtf klg o;sf] Gofok"0f{, lgikIf / k|efjsf/L k|of]u gePsf] cj:yf 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf ePsf gl;xt lbg] b]lv lnP/ eljiodf ;/sf/L ;]jfdf cof]Uo x'g] u/L ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ug]{ ;Ddsf ljefuLo ;hfox¿ /x]sf 5g\ eg] x/]s jif{ k|bfg ul/g] lghfdtL ;]jf k'/:sf/b]lv ;jf]{Ts[i6 lghfdtL k'/:sf/ ;Ddsf k'/:sf/x¿sf] Joj:yf 5 . o;sf cnfjf OdfGbf/, ;Ifd, st{Jolgi7,

513

nugzLn / ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;Ddfg u/L sfo{ ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cGo JolQm, ;d'bfo / kIfaf6 x'g] ;DdfgnfO{ ;d]t k'/:sf/s} ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . s'g} klg sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf k|ltsf] lgi7f, ;bfrf/, OdfGbfl/tf, nugzLntf, ;Ifdtf / k|efjsfl/tfsf cfwf/df p;sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg u/L b08 / k'/:sf/sf] efuL agfpg' kg]{df o; ;DaGwL :ki6 cfwf/, ;"rs / Joj:yfsf] cefjdf kx'Frsf cfwf/df o; ;DaGwL lg0f{o x'g] u/]sf] egL cf/f]k nfUg] u/]sf]n] of] ljifo ljjfb /lxt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgoddf Joj:yf ePsf ;fdfGo ;hfo / ljz]if ;hfo ;DaGwL Joj:yf tyf k'/:sf/ ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ Joj:yfx¿nfO{ ;dLIff ub}{ j:t'lgi7 9+un] sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍg u/L k'/:s[t / bl08t ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ / tL sfo{x¿sf ;Gbe{df ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{ ljifo cfhs]f r'gf}tL aGg k'u]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ M–

� sfof{no k|d'vn] x/]s jif{ ! hgf pTs[i6 sd{rf/L rog ug]{ / % k|ltzt sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k'/:s[t ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� k|To]s lhNnfdf % b]lv !) hgf;Dd pTs[i6 sd{rf/L rog u/L k'/is[t ug]{ .

� s]Gb|n] lbFb} cfPsf] lghfdtL ;]jf k'/:sf/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] .

� k'/:s[t ug'{ k"j{ To:tf] sd{rf/Lsf lj¿4 s'g} ph'/L jf cf/f]k eP k|:t't ug{ ;"rgf hf/L u/L k|fKt ph'/L 5fgljg kl5 dfq k'/:s[t ug]{ .

� ;Dej eP;Dd ;]jf ljt/0fsf] cu|efudf /x]/ /fd|f] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k'/is[t ug]{ .

tna ;'ljwfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf /x]sf] tna ;'ljwf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] >dsf] d"Nosf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] dof{bf, :t/Lotf, k|efjsfl/tf / :j:ytf klg ;]jf k|bfosx¿n] k|fKt ug]{ tna ;'ljwf;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . sd{rf/Lx¿sf] hLjg:t/ / ;fdflhs dof{bf p;n] kfpg] kfl/>ldsaf6 klg k|efljt /x]sf] x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljbf, pkbfg, lgj[lQe/0f, cf}iflw pkrf/, ;Gtlt j[lQ, ;+rosf]if, jLdf, rf8kj{ vr{, kf]zfs eQf, :yfgLo eQf h:tf ljleGg ;'ljwfx¿ ;d]tsf] Joj:yf u/L ;]jfnfO{ Jojl:yt / dof{lbt agfpg] k|of; klg ul/Psf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs ;]jfleq klg ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg tyf lghfdtL, h+uL, k|x/L ;]jf aLr ;d]t tna ;'ljwfsf lx;fjn] Ps¿ktf 5}g, ha ls oL lgsfox¿n] k|jfx ug]{ ;]jf nueu p:t} p:t} /x]sf 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jfs} s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] d'Vo ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf tna eQf k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldlt /x]sf], lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ k|To]s jif{ pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rLsf] &%Ü a/fa/ /sd eQfsf ¿kdf lbOg], k|To]s # jif{df tna ;'ljwf k'g/fjnf]sg x'g], vfOkfO cfPsf] tna 36\g gkfpg] h:tf Joj:yf /x]sf] ePtf klg To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ePsf] 5}g . tna ;'ljwf;Fu hf]l8P/ cfPsf pTk|]/0ff / dgf]jndf sdL, pbfl;gtf, sfd kG5fpg] k|j[lQ, e|i6frf/, cg'lrt sfo{, clgoldttf h:tf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;+af]wg ub}{ ;]jfnfO{ dof{lbt, Jojl:yt, ;Ifd, ;jn /

514

k|efjsf/L agfpg tna;'ljwf ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf nflu–

� pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rsfÍsf cfwf/df :jtM tna j[l4 x'g] Joj:yf u/L sd{rf/LnfO{ ah]6 efif0fsf] cfzfd'vL x'gaf6 5'6\sf/f lbg], :yfoL tna cfof]u -Pay commission_ u7g u/L tna ;'ljwf ;DaGwL cWoog ug]{, sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t tna k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{, tna lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;]jfsf] dof{bf / cGo ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿sf] tnadfg;Fu tfnd]n ldNg] u/L ug]{, :jf:Yo, lzIff, jLdf, kf]zfs, kl/jxg, 6]lnkmf]g h:tf cGo ;'ljwfx¿ pknAw u/fpg], sfdsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 tf]sL cltl/Qm sfdsf nflu cltl/Qm kfl/>ldssf] Joj:yf ug]{, cltl/Qm kfl/>lds cg'¿k sfdsf] lgoldt cg'udg x'g'kg]]{ .

� lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOPsf] kf]zfs eQf ahf/ d"Nosf] t'ngfdf sd ePsfn] To;nfO{ ;dofg's"n agfpg sDtLdf klg !))Ü j[l4 u/L ¿= !%,))).– agfpg' kg]{ Pj+ lxdfnL lhNnf -h'Dnf, x'Dnf, d'u', sflnsf]6, 8f]Nkf, d':tfË, dgfË, ;f]n'v'Dj', aemfË / afh'/f_ df sfo{/t /x]sf] jif{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] nflu kf]zfs eQf ¿= #),))).– x'g'kg]{, ;fy} kf]zfsnfO{ ef}uf]lns cfwf/df ldnfpg' kg]{, lzIfsx¿sf] ;d]t kf]zfsdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug'{ kg]{ .

b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] nflu lbOg] b}lgs e|d0f eQf ahf/ d"Nosf] t'ngfdf Hofb} Go"g /x]sf sf/0f sfhdf vl6O{ uPsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ vfg a:g gk'Ug] ePsf]n] To;nfO{ j[l4 u/L ahf/ d"No cg';f/ ;dofg's"n agfpg' kg]{ . jf; vr{df Eof6 lan÷Kofg ljn k]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf Jofjxfl/s gePsfn] plrt af; vr{ jfkt lglZrt cÍ tf]lslbg] .

;Gtlt z}lIfs eQf

;fs{ d'n'sx¿df /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lsf ;GttLsf] ;DaGwdf ePsf Joj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf sDtLdf klg b'O{ hgf ;GttLsf] nflu z}lIfs eQfsf] ¿kdf k9fO vr{ pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

pkrf/ vr{sf] dfkb08 k'g/fjnf]sg

lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) n] /fhkqflÍt, /f=k=cg+= k|yd / ;f] eGbf d'lgsf] kb sd{rf/Ln] qmdzM !@, !* / @! dlxgf a/fa/sf] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tna pkrf/ vr{ jfkt kfpg] k|fjwfg 5 . cfhLjg lghfdtL ;]jfdf /fHosf nflu ;dk{0f ug]{ /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lx¿ ;]jf lgj[Q eO;s]kl5 :jf:Yo pkrf/ u/fpgsf] nflu xfn pknAw u/fOPsf] ;'ljwf Go"g b]lvG5 . hl6n / a9L pkrf/ vr{ nfUg] /f]u nfUbf sd{rf/Lx¿n] pkrf/ ;d]t u/fpg g;s]sf] l:ylt 5 . ctM pQm dfkb08df k'g/fjnf]sg cfjZos 5 . of] ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ b]xfo adf]lhd ug]{ –

� pkrf/ vr{ sf]ifsf] :yfkgf u/L x/]s sd{rf/Lsf] tnasf] ! k|ltzt /sd ;f] sf]ifdf /fVg] .

515

� pkrf/ vr{sf] dfkb08 k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;a}nfO{ @! dlxgf a/fa/sf] tna a/fa/sf] pkrf/ vr{ k|bfg ug]{ .

� @) jif{eGbf a9L cjlw ;]jf ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k|ltjif{ % k|ltztn] yk u/L lbg] .

� @) jif{eGbf sd cjlw ;]jf ug]{nfO{ pkrf/ vr{ bfdf;fxLn] lbg] .

� hl6n k|s[ltsf] /f]u nflu pkrf/ u/fpg' kg]{ ePdf d]l8sn af]8{sf] l;kmfl/;;lxtsf lglZrt cfwf/df To:tf] pkrf/sf] vr{ ;/sf/n] Joxf]g]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

k]G;g kfpg] cjlwsf] k'g/fjnf]sg

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ljb'/ klt jf ljwjf kTgLn] lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] klt jf kTgLsf] d[To' ePsf] & jif{ Joltt eO{;s]kl5 cfwf k]G;g kfpg] Joj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L b]xfoadf]lhd ug]{ –

� lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ljb'/ klt jf ljwjf kTgLn] & jif{ kl5 @÷# k]G;g kfpg] .

� lghsf cfl>t 5f]/f 5f]/Ln] & jif{;Dd k"/} / To;kl5 @! jif{ pd]/ k"/f geP;Dd @÷# k]G;g kfpg] .

� d[ts sd{rf/Lsf cfl>t afa' cfdfn] ;d]t To:tf] ;'ljwf kfpg] u/L Joj:yf ug]{ .

;]jf lgj[Q sd{rf/Lx¿sf] pkof]u / cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f ug]{

;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿df nfdf] ;do;Dd sfo{ u/L ;]jf lgj[Q ePsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ /fHon] 7"nf] nufgL u/]sf] x'G5 . nfdf] ;]jf cjlwdf /fHoaf6 k|jfx ul/g] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf ;Gbe{df dxTjk"0f{ 1fg, ;Lk, Ifdtf / bIftf a6'n]sf] x'G5 . To;df klg lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf] pd]/ xb Pjd\ v'nf k|ltof]lutf dfkm{t 5f]6} cjlwdf dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L k|fKt u/L ;]jfaf6 cjsfz k|fKt ug]{ kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] afFsL hLjgsf cg'ej / lqmofzLntfnfO{ /fHon] xfn;Dd klg k|of]udf Nofpg ;s]sf] 5}g . t;y{ sd{rf/L cjsfz x'g' eGbf cufl8 g} ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf, ¿lrsf] If]q / ;DefjgfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L of]hgf agfP/ cjsfz kl5 /fHon] s] sfdsf nflu pkof]u ug{ ;S5 egL of]hgf agfO{ nfu" ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] pRr txn] g}lts d"No dfGotfsf] k|of]udf pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf cfkm"nfO{ k|:t't ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . t/ kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ o;df x|f; cfpg yfn]sf] 5 . cfkm\gf] ;]jf lgj[Q kZrft cfkm\gf] :yfg ;'/lIft ug]{ k|of]hgfy{ gLlt lgod agfpg], cjsfz x'g] s]xL lbg dfq afFsL /xFbf /flhgfdf lbP/ ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 clws ;'ljwf lng] k|j[lQnfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug{ g;s]df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;fv sfod /xg ;Sb}g . kl5Nnf] ;dodf yk /fHosf]ifaf6 lgj[lQe/0f kfO/x]sf ;]jf lgj[Q sd{rf/Lx¿ JolQmut :jfy{af6 k|]l/t eO{ ljleGg ;ª\3, ;ª\u7g, NGO÷INGO, k|lti7fg, kmd{ / kmf]/dx¿df ;+nUgtf b]vfpg] k|j[lQ a9]sf] 5 . cfkm" ;fj{hlgs kbdf /xFbf cfkm\gf] cg's"ntfdf P]g, lgod / gLltx¿sf] th'{dfdf k|efj kfg]{ / ;]jf lgj[Q

516

eO{;s]kl5 ;f]xL ljifodf k/fdz{ ;]jf -sG;N6]G;L_ ;+rfngdf Nofpg], /fi6«lxt ljk/Lt cleJolQmx¿ lbg] h:tf sfo{x¿ x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . ctM o:tf k|j[lQx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;]jf lgj[Q sd{rf/Lx¿n] ug{ x'g] / ug{ gx'g] s'/fx¿ ;d]6L cfrf/;+lxtfsf] th'{df / ;f] sf] sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . cfrf/;+lxtfdf /fi6«sf] clxt x'g] ljifodf k|ToIf jf k/f]If ¿kdf ;+nUgtf /xg gx'g], lgj[Q ePkl5 cfkm"n] % jif{ cl3;Dd ;]jf u/]sf lgsfox¿df sDtLdf % jif{;Dd j}tlgs k/fdz{bftfsf] ¿kdf sfo{ ug{ gkfpg] nufotsf k|fjwfgx¿ /flvg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;}u/L kl/jf/ ljb]zdf :yfoL a;f]jf; ug]{, cfkm" klg efjgfTds ¿kdf pQ} /xg] Joj:yf ug]{ u/L ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /xg] k|j[lQn] /fli6«o lxt / ¿lrk"j{s sfd ug]{ cj:yf x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf o;nfO{ lgolGqt ug'{ kg]{ . cGo b]zx¿sf] :yfoL jfl;Gbf jf cfj;Lo cg'dlt k|fKt u/]sf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lgj[Qe/0f k|bfg gug]{ .

;fj{hlgs ljbfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg

kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ljbfsf lbgx¿ a9\b} uPsf] cj:yf 5 . o;n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] ;d'lrt ljZn]if0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljleGg rf8 kj{x¿df lbOPsf ;fj{hlgs ljbfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L o;nfO{ ;]jf k|jfx;Fu cfa4 ul/g' kg]{ dfu cfO/x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . d'n'ssf] ljleGg wd{ ;+:s[lt / ljljwtfsf] klxrfg / dfGotfsf cfwf/df lbOg] ;fj{hlgs ljbfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf kfg]{ k|efjsf] ;d]t cfwf/df ljZn]if0f u/L k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . ljutdf pkTosfdf cEof; ul/Psf] ;ftfdf b'O{ lbg ljbf klg ljgf cWoog x6fOPsf] lyof] . cGt/f{li6«o cEof; ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ljBdfg ljbf;DaGwL Joj:yfdf b]xfo adf]lhd ug]{ M

� ;fj{hlgs ljbfsf] ;+Vof s6f}tL ug]{,

� ;]jf ljt/0f PsfOdf l;km\6df sd{rf/L kl/rfng u/L sfof{no ;do a9fpg] -h:t}–gful/stf, kf;kf]6{, dfnkf]t, gfkL, cbfnt cflb_,

� s]Gb|Lo Pjd\ If]qLo txsf sfof{nodf ;ftfsf] b'O{ lbg ljbf lbg] / sfof{no ;do (=)) ah] b]lv %=)) ah] ;Dd sfod ug]{,

� ;]jf ljt/0fdf ;+nUg /xg] lhNnf Onfsf tyf :yfgLo :t/sf] sfof{nox¿sf] sfof{no ;do oyfjt /fVg],

tflnd / k|lzIf0f ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf ;'wf/

� tflnd k|bfg ug{ :yflkt ;+:yfut lgsfox¿n] lbg] nfdf] cjlwsf] tflnd ljz]ifu/L tLg dlxgf jf ;f] eGbf a9L cjlwsf]nfO{ l8Knf]dfsf] pkflwsf] ¿kdf k|bfg ug]{ u/L tflnd k|bfos ;+:yf / ljZjljBfno aLr ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo sfod ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . 5'§} P]gåf/f :yfkgf ul/Psf tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx¿ h:t}M g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg, /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgnfO{ To:tf] pkflw k|bfg ug{;Sg] clwsf/ P]gåf/f g} lbg ;lsG5 . o;}u/L tflnd÷k|lzIf0f lgsfox¿nfO{ ;|f]t s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

517

� tflndnfO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu /fli6«o dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; kl/ifb u7g ug]{ / o; kl/ifbn] /fli6«o bL3{sfnLg dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; gLlt, PsLs[t dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; /0fgLlt Pj+ tflnd gLlt th{'df u/L nfu" ug]{, u/fpg] .

� ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnonfO{ dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg dGqfnosf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf ;du| tflnd sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;dGjo ug]{ s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ . ljifout dGqfnox¿dftxt /x]sf k|lzIf0f s]Gb|x¿nfO{ cfjZostf, cf}lrTo, ;+efJotf / sfo{Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ . o;k|sf/ ljleGg ljifout dGqfno dftxt /xg] / lghL :jfldTjdf /xg] ;a} tflnd ;+:yfx¿af6 ;+rflnt tflnd sfo{qmdx¿sf] lgodg, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg dGqfno jf ;f] x]g]{ s]Gb|Lo lgsfon] ug]{ .

� ;/sf/L Pj+ lghL If]qsf tflnd s]Gb|x¿sf] dfGotf lgwf{/0f Pj+ u'0f:t/ dfkg k|:tfljt dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; kl/ifbsf] gLltut lgb]{zgdf dfgj ;+;fwg x]g{] dGqfnon] ug{] .

� Tfflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx¿sf] ef}lts, ljQLo, ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L tflnd ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos :jfoQtf k|bfg ug]{ .

� s]Gb|df ;~rfng ul/g] tflnd sfo{qmdnfO{ If]q / lhNnf:t/;Dd ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ug]{ . lghfdtL ;]jf aflx/sf ljz]if1, ;]jfdf axfn /x]sf / ;]jf lgj[Q ePsf 1fg, ;Lk / Jofjxfl/s bIftf ePsf sd{rf/LnfO{ k|lzIfssf] ¿kdf pkof]u ug]{u/L pkoQm dfkb08 tof/ ug]{ .

� k|lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿ / ljZjljBfnosf] cfk;L ;xof]u, ;fem]bf/L / ;xsfo{df ;d]t k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ . tflndnfO{ ;+:yf Pj+ sd{rf/Lsf] p2]Zo, cfjZostf, cf}lrTo, sfo{ljj/0f, sfo{;Dkfbg / sfo{k|s[lt;Fu cfa4 x'g]u/L ;~rfng ug]{ . o;nfO{ ah]6 ;Sg] / a9'jfsf] nflu cÍa6'Ng] p2]Zodf dfq ;Lldt g/fvL p2]Zod"ns, pknlAwd"ns / k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

� sd{rf/LnfO{ zf;g, k|zf;g, sfg'g, Gofo, Joj:yfkg, cy{tGq, ;fdflhs agf}6, /Lltl:ylt tyf ljsf;;DaGwL gjLgtd ljifodf tflnd lbg] . o;sf cnfjf d'n'ssf] ljljwtf, efiff, ;+:s[lt, /xg ;xg, hLjgz}nL tyf d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs kl/j]znfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ .

� tflnddf eO/x]sf] bf]xf]/f]kgnfO{ x6fO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf tflnd k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ . ;a} k|sf/sf :jb]zL Pj+ j}b]lzs tflndnfO{ sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{k|s[lt, sfo{ljj/0f, sfo{;Dkfbg / j[lQ ljsf;;Fu cfa4 ug]{ .

� :yfgLo :t/sf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg cfjZostfcg';f/ pkTosfaflx/ 3'DtL tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx¿nfO{ zf]w, cWoog, cg';Gwfg / ljsf;;DaGwL sfddf;d]t ;+nUg u/fpg] .

518

� pRr:t/Lo Joj:yfksx¿n] tflnddf cflh{t 1fg, ;Lk / cjwf/0ffnfO{ jf:tljs sfo{If]qdf pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] u/L cg's"n jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug]{], k|lzIfsx¿nfO{ klg k|zf;g, ljsf; Pj+ Joj:yfkgsf gofF gofF cjwf/0ffsf] 1fg pknAw u/fpg Ps lglZrt cjlwsf] cGt/fndf lgoldt ¿kdf :jb]zL Pj+ j}b]lzs k'gtf{huL k|lzIf0f lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

� ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nflu ;a} tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx¿nfO{ cfjZos ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/L tflnd ;~rfngsf] nflu kof{Kt :jfoQtf k|bfg ug]{ . cltly k|lzIfsnfO{ cfdlGqt ubf{ z}lIfs, k|lzIf0f tyf cg'ej;DaGwL k[i7e"ld;d]tdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg] . k|lzIfs / ;xefuLx¿nfO{ lbOg] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug]{ .

� ;a} tx / >]0fLsf sd{rf/Ln] cfjZostf cg';f/ tflnd lng'kg]{ u/L ;a}sf nflu tflnd gLlt agfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .

� ck|fljlwstkm{sf] ;]jf k|j]z tflndsf] cjlw qmdzM a9fpFb} /fhkqflÍt t[tLo >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf k|j]z tflnd ! jif{sf] agfpg], k|fljlws tkm{ # dlxgfsf] ;]jf k|j]z tflnd lbg] .

� g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lti7fgnfO{ Administrative Staff College agfP h:t} k//fi6« dfldnf cWoog k|lti7fgnfO{ Diplomatic Staff College, /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgnfO{ Judicial Staff College, :yfgLo ljsf; k|lzIf0f s]Gb|nfO{ Local Governance Staff College sf] ¿kdf Centre for Excellence sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ . s'g} klg txdf ;]jf k|j]z tflnd glnO{ kb:yfkg gug]{ . kb:yfkg ubf{ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] of]Uotfqmd / ;]jf k|j]z tflndsf] of]Uotfqmd ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L j:t'ut ¿kdf ug]{ .

pRr cWoog / j}b]lzs cWoog, cjnf]sgsf nflu dfkb08 lgwf{/0f / s7f]/tfk"j{s kfngf ug]{, u/fpg]

lghfdtL ;]jfdf pRr cWoog, j}b]lzs cWoog tyf cjnf]sgsf nflu lglZrt dfkb08sf] cefjdf JolQmut kx'Frsf cfwf/df ;Lldt JolQmn] dfq cj;/ lnO/x]sf 5g\ . pknAw x'g] cj;/x¿sf] ;dfg'kflts / ;dGoflos ljt/0f x'g ;s]sf] b]lvGg . To;}n] of] ljifodf ;'wf/ x'g' cfjZos 5 . pRr cWoog, j}b]lzs cWoog / cjnf]sg e|d0fsf nflu lglZrt dfkb08x¿ lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . b'u{d If]qdf vl6Psf sd{rf/Lx¿n] ;d]t o:tf] cj;/ kfpg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt ub}{ pQm dfkb08sf] s7f]/tfk"j{s kfngf ug]{ / dfkb08sf] kfngf gePdf clVtof/jfnfnfO{ sf/jfxL x'g];Ddsf k|fjwfgx¿ /fVg] h:tf Joj:yfx¿ x'g h¿/L 5 .

sltko ;]jfdf :jb]zleq} klg cWoogsf] cj;/ pknAw u/fO{ hgzlQmsf] 1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtf a9fpgsf nflu cWoog ljbf lbOg] u/]sf] 5 . ;a} ;]jfdf of] ;'ljwf pknAw ePsf] b]lvFb}g . pknAw ePsf ;]jfdf klg dgf]gogsf cfwf/df Ps¿ktf sfod ePsf] b]lvFb}g . lgZro g} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'wf/ ug]{ xf] eg] hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf;df /fHon] nufgL ug}{ kg]{ x'G5 . /fHosf] ;]jf, ;'ljwf / cj;/ pkof]u u/]sf hgzlQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;]jfk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg clxn]sf] sa'lnot k4ltdf kl/dfh{g

519

u/L o;sf] pNn+3g ePdf kmf}hbf/L s;"/ sfod x'g] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . s]xL d'n'sn] 5fqj[lQdf cWoog u/]sf] JolQmn] lglZrt cjlw ;]jf gu/] s}b hl/jfgf ug]{ ;d]t u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 5fqj[lQ jf ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt cj;/sf] pkof]u ug]{ t/ To;sf] k|ltkmn glbg] cj:yfn] ubf{ /fHosf] nufgL v]/ uO/x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . of] ljifonfO{ sfg'gL ¿kdf g} ;Daf]wg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o;sf nflu–

s= ljb]z e|d0fsf nflu dgf]gog ubf{ kfngf ug'{ kg]{ dfkb08 lgdf{0f ug]{,

v= pRr cWoog Pjd\ 5fqj[lQsf nflu sfo{ljlw lgdf{0f ug]{ .

u= 5fqj[lQdf jf cWoog ljbf lnO{ cWoog u/]sf sd{rf/Ln] lglZrt ;dofjlw ;]jf gu/] bl08t ;d]t ug]{ u/L ;]jf zt{;DaGwL sfg'gdf Joj:yf ug]{ / To:tf] ;hfo kfPsf] sd{rf/Ln] lgj[lQe/0f nufotsf] s'g} klg ;'ljwfk|fKt ug{ g;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{ / eljiosf nflu ;fj{hlgs ;]jf / ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLsf] kbsf] nflu cof]Uo x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ .

pkTosf aflx/ lghfdtL tyf lzIfs c:ktfnsf] lj:tf/ ug]{

lghfdtL c:ktfn sf7df8f}+df s]lGb|t ePsf]n] b]ze/sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;f] c:ktfndf ;xh kx'Fr sfod x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;}u/L lghfdtL, ;]gf, k|x/Lsf nflu ;'ljwf;lxtsf] c:ktfnsf] Joj:yf u/] klg lzIfsx¿n] of] ;'ljwf kfpg ;s]sf] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ Pjd\ lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;xh¿kdf pkrf/sf] k|aGw ug{sf nflu pkTosf aflx/ c:ktfnsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsPdf o;n] pkTosf aflx/ a:g pTk|]l/t ug]{, ;'ne pkrf/df kx'Fr j[l4 x'g] Pjd\ cfkm"nfO{ ;/sf/n] ;Daf]wg u/]sf] cg'e"lt u/L sfdk|lt÷;]jfk|lt ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf lqmofzLn hgzlQmsf] dgf]jn a9\g;Sg] cj:yf /xG5 . o;sf nflu–

s= k|To]s ljsf; If]qdf c~rn c:ktfn gePsf] :yfgdf lghfdtL tyf lzIfs c:ktfnsf] :yfkgf ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug]{, b'u{d Pjd\ lk5l8Psf] If]qsf sd{rf/L / lzIfsnfO{ pkrf/ vr{df ljz]if Joj:yf u/L ;'ljwf lbg] .

v= To:tf] c:ktfndf pkrf/ u/fpFbf nfu]sf] vr{ aLdf /sdaf6 Joxf]g'{ kg]{,

u= b'u{d / lk5l8Psf If]qdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L tyf lzIfsnfO{ pkrf/ u/fpg cfpFbf hfFbfsf] e|d0f vr{ Pjd\ s'¿jf vr{ pknAw u/fpg] .

sd{rf/Lsf] pd]/df Ps¿ktf sfod ug]{

;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿df ;]jf k|j]z / clgjfo{ cjsfz x'g] pd]/sf] xbdf Ps¿ktf 5}g . lghfdtL ;]jfdf %* jif{sf] pd]/ xb 5 eg] :jf:Yo ;]jf / ljBfno lzIfsx¿df ^) jif{, ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf ^# jif{ / cbfntdf ^# / ^% jif{;Ddsf] pd]/ xb /x]sf] kfOG5 . Psflt/ sfdsf] k|s[ltsf cfwf/df of] Joj:yf Jofjxfl/s 5}g eg] csf{lt/ g]kfnLx¿sf] a9\bf] cf};t cfo'sf t'ngfdf klg o;;DaGwL Joj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg h¿/L 5 . k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ ;Gbe{df cf};t cfo', sfdsf] k|s[lt, lhDd]jf/L / k'¥ofpg' kg]{ ;]jfsf] k|sf/ lgj[lQe/0fdf kg]{ ef/ ;d]tsf cfwf/df ;se/ pd]/df Ps¿ktf x'g] u/L Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 eg] lghfdtL nufot cGo ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf kbx¿df kbLo lhDd]jf/L cg';f/ ;]jf ug{ kfpg] clwstd\ cjlw

520

;d]t lgwf{/0f u/L Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsG5 . cGo b]zx¿n] cjnDag u/]sf] cEof; ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] pd]/sf] xb ^) jif{ sfod ug]{ .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'wf/sf cGo ljifox¿

� lghfdtL ;]jf zt{;DaGwL ljifodf sfg'g lgdf{0f Pjd\ ;+zf]wg ubf{ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{ afWofTds ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . t/ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{nfO{ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf dfq lng] ul/G5 . nf]s;]jf cfof]u cfkm}n] klg cg';Gwfgd"ns ¿kdf k/fdz{ lbg] u/]sf] geO{ tTsfn /x]sf kbflwsf/Lsf] b[li6sf]0f k7fpg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 eg] To:tf] k/fdz{nfO{ /Lt k'¥ofpg] k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf cg';f/ sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ cg';Gwfgsf cfwf/df lghfdtL k|zf;gdf ;'wf/ ug'{ kb{5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgod cg';f/ sfof{nox¿ ;~rfng eP gePsf] ljifo ;d]tsf] Joj:yfkg k/LIf0f ug]{ clwsf/ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnonfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . t/ ;f] Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf Joj:yfkg k/LIf0f x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . ;|f]t, ;fwg, hgzlQmsf] cefj Pjd\ Joj:yfkg k/LIf0fsf] pkfb]otfk|ltsf] pbfl;gtfn] of] e"ldsf cf}krfl/stfdf ;Lldt ag]sf] 5 . Joj:yfkg k/LIf0fnfO{ cf}krfl/stfdf ;Lldt g/fvL k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;~rfng ug'{ kb{5 . of] clwsf/nfO{ lglZrt tx;Dd lgwf{l/t k|lqmof k"/f u/L Joj:yfkg k/LIf0f ug]{ u/L clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ n]vf k/LIf0f h:t} clgjfo{ ul/g' kb{5 . s'g} clgoldttf ePsf]df Joj:yfkg k/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bgdf To:tf] clgoldttf pNn]v gug]{ k/LIfsnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfOg' kb{5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgoddf /x]sf] ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmof hl6n / k|lqmofd'vL ePsf]n] sf/jfxL ;xh x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ;]jfsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu ul/Psf Joj:yfx¿ OdfGbf/Ldf ga:g], cg'zf;g kfngf gug]{ Pjd\ lhDd]jf/Lsf] b'¿kof]u ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu /Iff sjr x'g' x'Fb}g . ;]jf k|jfx / lg0f{o k|lqmof Pjd\ sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ pQ/bfoL Pjd\ hjfkmb]xL agfpgsf nflu ljBdfg ;]jf zt{;DaGwL sfg'gdf /x]sf] ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmofnfO{ ;/n / j:t'ut agfpg] u/L k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] ljleGg k|s[ltsf s;"/df ljleGg vfnsf ;hfo ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ s;"/sf] dfqf, uDeL/tf / uxgtfsf cfwf/df ;hfo lbg] u/]sf] kfOb}g . sltko cj:yfdf s;"/af6 hf]ufpg ;fgf] ;hfo ug]{ u/]sf] klg kfOPsf] 5 . ljefuLo ;hfo Pjd\ s;"/sf] dfqf ;dfg'kflts x'g' cfjZos 5 . k|zf;sLo cbfnt ;d]tn] ljleGg d'2fx¿df s;"/sf] dfqfg';f/ ;hfo lgwf{/0f ug{ lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;}n] sf/jfxL k|lqmofnfO{ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf dfq lng] xf] eg] o;n] cg'zf;g sfod /fVg s7Lg x'G5 . To;}n] ;]jf zt{;DaGwL P]gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kl/lw leq /xL s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ ;hfo ug{sf nflu sfof{no k|d'v / ljefuLo k|d'vnfO{ k|lzlIft ul/g' kb{5 . ;fy}, k/fdz{ lbg] ;dodf nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;d]t of] ljifonfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To;}u/L nfdf] ;do;Dd ljefuLo

521

sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmof cufl8 ga9fpg] lhDd]jf/ clwsf/LnfO{ ;d]t cg'zf;gsf] sf/jfxL ug'{kg]{ u/L sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{ x'G5 . s;"/ / ;hfosf] dfqf ldnfpg lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^), ^)s / ^! df ;+zf]wg cfjZos 5 . o;}u/L lghfdtL ;]jfdf sd{rf/LnfO{ g}lts ktg x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cbfntaf6 ;hfo kfPsf] eGg] Joj:yfsf] ;§f g}lts ktg b]lvg] jf Ps jif{eGbf a9L kmf}hbf/L s;"/df cbfntaf6 ;hfo kfPsf] eGg] Joj:yf ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g] b]lvG5 .

� gl;xtnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfosf] bfo/fleq /flvPsf]n] uDeL/ s;"/df ;d]t gl;xt lbg] jf ;r]t u/fpg] k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] 5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ ;fdfGo cg'zf;g pNn+3g u/]sf] ljifodf ;'kl/j]Ifsn] ;r]t u/fpg ;Sg] 5'§} k|aGw u/L ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] bfo/faf6 x6fpg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jfsf s}ofF} kbx¿ nfdf] ;do kbk"lt{ x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . jif{el/ l/Qm x'g] kbx¿sf] cg'dfg u/L dfu ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf eP klg o;sf] cem} k|efjsfl/tf b]lvg ;s]sf] 5}g . j}slNks pDd]b\jf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg] u/L kbk"lt{ k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsPdf ;dodf kbk"lt{ x'g ;S5 .

� sd{rf/Lsf ;GtltnfO{ lbOg] 5fqj[lQsf] cfwf/sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf cWoog u/]sf ljz]if u/L b'u{d / lk5l8Psf If]q Pjd\ u|fdL0f If]qdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf ;Gtltn] k|fyldstf kfpg] u/L 5fqj[lQsf] dfkb08 k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jfdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @$ 3=! sf] Joj:yf u/L lglZrt ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/L Go"gtd cfwf/ k"/f ePsf sd{rf/L :jtM kbf]Gglt x'g] Joj:yf ul/of] . o;n] lghfdtL k|zf;gdf uDeL/ k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . ;dfof]hgsf nflu b/aGbL l;h{gf ug'{kg]{ afWofTds cj:yf b]lvof] . s'g} lglZrt sfdsf nflu l;h{gf ug'{kg]{ b/aGbL sd{rf/Lsf] ;dfof]hgsf nflu l;h{gf ul/of] . d['n's ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdf /x]sf] ;dodf lghfdtL ;]jfdf uDeL/ c;/ kg]{ vfnsf] gLltsf] ¿kdf of] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] txut >[ª\vnf / kb ;f]kfg sfod ug{ ;d]t c;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . Pp6f sfof{nodf Pp6} txsf sd{rf/Lx¿ /fVbf sfof{no ;~rfngdf ;d]t ;d:of b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . o:tf] bL3{sfnLg k|efj kfg]{ gLlt cjnDag ug'{ eGbf klxn] o;sf] k|efjsf] cf+sng u/]sf] b]lvPg . lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] j[lQ ljsf;sf nflu :ki6 / cg'dfgof]Uo j[lQ dfu{ tof/ ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . t/ To:tf] gLlt ;ª\u7gsf] pTkfbsTj / ;]jf ljt/0fdf ;sf/fTds k|ltkmn lbg] x'g' kb{5 . cfufdL lbgdf o:tf bL3{sfnLg c;/ k|efj kfg]{ gLltut Joj:yf ubf{ kof{Kt cWoog Pjd\ ljZn]if0f u/]/ dfq ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

� ;dodf kbk"lt{ k|lqmof cufl8 a9fP ga9fPsf] ljifodf lg/LIf0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] xf] . t/ cfof]usf] of] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L b]lvGg . To;}n] w]/} kbx¿ nfdf] ;do;Dd l/Qm x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . kb n'sfpg] k|j[lQnfO{ /f]Sg ;lsPsf] 5}g . tNnf] txsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ kmf/fd eg{ k7fpg] of] lg/LIf0fsf]

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s'g} pkfb]otf b]lvPsf] 5}g . lhDd]jf/ txaf6 k|efjsf/L ¿kdf lg/LIf0f u/L kbk"lt{ k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg] tkm{ nf]s;]jf cfof]un] lqmofzLntf b]vfpg' kg]{ x'G5 .

� tna j[l4 x'Fbf k]G;gdf x'g] j[l4nfO{ ;d]t ;dfg'kflts ¿kdf j[l4 x'g] agfOg' kb{5 . ;dfg bhf{sf ;dfg ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]sf sd{rf/Lsf] k]G;gdf leGgtf sfod /xg' x'Fb}g . clxn]sf] Joj:yfn] o;df km/s km/s cÍ b]lvPsf] 5 . of] Joj:yfdf tTsfn ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

� ljBdfg P]g lgodn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;¿jf ug]{ ;dfofjlw z}lIfs ;q;Fu d]n vfPsf] cj:yf 5}g . tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlw k"/f ePkl5 h'g;'s} ;dodf ;¿jf ug{ ;lsg] nrstf cfjZos b]lvG5 . ;fdfGo k|zf;lgs Joj:yfsf ljifodf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] ;xdlt dfu ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yfn] gLltut sfd ug'{kg]{ dGqfno dl;gf sfdsf] rfkdf k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . t;y{ plNnlvt Joj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] cg';"rL–!^ df pNn]v ePsf ef}uf]lns If]qsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;, oftfotsf] ;'ljwf, ef}uf]lns cj:yf, ;fdflhs agf]6 / /xg ;xg, df};dsf] cj:yf, b}lgs pkof]Uo j:t'sf] d"No ;d]tsf cfwf/df ef}uf]lns If]qsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o; qmddf ;b/d'sfd / cGo If]qnfO{ Pp6} af:s]6df gxfnL lglZrt dfkb08 ljsf; u/L b'u{d If]qsf] lgwf{/0f Pjd\ ef}uf]lns If]qsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� ljleGg lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿n] k|]/0ffbfoL -OG;]lG6e_ gfddf lglZrt k|ltzt;Dd yk ;'ljwf lng] cEof; a9\b} uPsf] 5 . o;/L lbOg] ;'ljwfsf] dfkb08 cf}krfl/s k|s[ltsf] dfq 5 . o;n] pTkfbsTj ;]jf ljt/0fdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] cf+sng ul/Psf] b]lvFb}g . lg0f{o txdf a9L zlQm Pjd\ e"ldsf /xg] sfof{no Pjd\ lgsfox¿n] o:tf] ;'ljwf lng] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o:tf] ;'ljwfdf Ps¿ktf sfod x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf klg b]lvb}g . of] Joj:yfnfO{ tby{ ¿kdf cEof; gu/L j:t'ut dfkb08sf cfwf/df sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] glthf;Fu cfa4 u/L dfq k|of]u ul/g] Joj:yf x'g' cToGt cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . sd{rf/Lsf] dfu w]/} ePsf, cfsif{s elgPsf, ;fj{hlgs ljZj;gLotf sd ePsf sfof{nodf OG;]lG6e xf]Og lgu/fgL a9fpg' kg]{ cfjZostf ;d]t /x]sf] 5 .

� ;xof]uL ;]jf -Utility Service_ If]qsf hgzlQmx¿ h:t} ;jf/L rfns, sfof{no ;xof]uL, dfnL, kl/r/, :jLk/, sfof{no ;'/IffsdL{ h:tf kbx¿df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] b/aGbL s6f}tL u/L ;]jf s/f/ -Outsourcing_ af6 ug]{ k|aGw ug{ ;s]df k|fKt x'g] ;]jf k|efjsf/L x'g] / /fHonfO{ bL3{sfnLg ef/ ;d]t sd kg]{ cj:yf /xG5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf ^s df !) jif{df k|To]s lgsfosf] sfdsf] k|s[lt, sfo{af]em, pTkfbsTj Pjd\ k|efjsfl/tf ;d]tsf] d"NofÍg u/L ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf

523

Pjd\ b/aGbLsf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f -cf] P08 Pd_ ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf yk ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf & -*_ df s'g} vf; k|s[ltsf] sfdsf nflu ckfËx¿sf] aLrdf dfq k|ltikwf{ u/fpg] elgPsf]df ;f] sf] :ki6 JofVof x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ckfËtfsf] cfwf/df kfpg] cj;/ / ;'ljwfsf] dfkb08 :ki6 gx'Fbf of] Joj:yfaf6 jf:tljs kLl8tn] Gofo kfpg g;s]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf :ki6 cfwf/ lgwf{/0f u/L ckfËx¿sf] juL{s/0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . o; ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf k|zf;sLo cbfntaf6 lgb]{zg ;d]t hf/L eO;s]sf] 5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf !*-&_ sf] /fhkq cglÍt sd{rf/L nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 kb:yfkg ePsf] c~rnaf6 !) jif{;Dd ;¿jf gx'g] Joj:yfsf] Jofjxfl/stf ;d]tsf] d"NofÍg u/L k|efjsf/L agfpg kb:yfkg ePsf] lhNnfdf Go"gtd cjlw -@ jif{_ ¿h' xflh/ geO{ ;f]xL c~rn leq ;d]t ;¿jf gul/g] Joj:yf :ki6 pNn]v ul/g' kg]{, o;f] ug{ ;lsPdf b'u{d lhNnfdf sd{rf/L ga:g], lgo'lQm kfpg;fy ;f] c~rnsf] ;'ud lhNnfdf ;¿jf dfu ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf ## df /x]sf] cjsfz ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L %) jif{ k"/f ePsf], @% jif{ ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]sf] / ;f]xL kbdf !% jif{ ;]jf u/]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;'ljwf k|bfg u/L ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lbg] u/L yk Joj:yf ug]{ .

� ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] sf]6fdf ;xefuL x'g] pDd]b\jf/sf] pd]/sf] xb dlxnf ;/x $) jif{ sfod ug]{, To;/L ;]jf k|j]z u/]sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] clgjfo{ cjsfz x'Fbf ;]jf cjlw @) jif{ gk'u]sf] ePklg lgj[Qe/0f kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 / cEof; ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;'Ts]/L ljbfsf] cjlw () lbg agfpg] / lghfdtL ;lxt ;a} ;fj{hlgs ;]jf -;]gf, k|x/L, lzIfs, :jfoQ ;+:yf ;d]tdf_ df ;'Ts]/L ljbfdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug]{ .

� s'g} klg ljb]zL d'n'sdf :yfoL a;f]af; ug]{ cg'dlt -Permanent Residence_ k|fKt u/]sf JolQm lghfdtL ;]jf nufot ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf nflu cof]Uo x'g] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . ljutdf Ps k6s cWofb]zåf/f lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf ;+zf]wg ubf{ of] Joj:yf /flvPsf] eP klg ;f] Joj:yfn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg ;s]sf] kfOPg . d'n'ssf /fi6«;]js cfkm\gf] d'n'sk|lt cf:yfjfg, ;dk{0f Pjd jkmfbf/L x'g' ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . ;/sf/L ;]jfnfO{ j[lQ Pjd\ cj;/sf] ¿kdf dfq lnO{ df}sf kgf{;fy cGoq :yfoL a;f]af; ug{ hfg] k|j[lQn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ alnof] Pjd\ pQ/bfoL agfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpb}g . To;}n] of] ljifonfO{ /fHon] sfg'gåf/f lgodg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf :ki6 ¿kdf of] ljifonfO{ ;d]6\g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� j}b]lzs ;xof]u lg/Gt/ ¿kdf k|fKt eO/x]sf] ePklg To;af6 ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n x'g g;s]sf]tkm{ ;+j]bgzLn x'g' h¿/L 5 . j}b]lzs ;xof]usf nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf k|fyldstfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . ljb]zL

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;xfotfdf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ljb]z e|d0f / k/fdz{ ;]jfdf ul/g] vr{n] ;sf/fTds glthf lbg g;s]sf] l:yltdf /fi6«lxt / cfd gful/ssf] ;'ljwfdf s]lGb|t sfo{qmdx¿df dfq j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df, ;f] sf] sfof{Gjog Pjd\ cg'udg / d"NofÍgsf x/]s r/0fdf ;d:ofx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ . ag]sf gLltx¿sf] cfjlws ¿kdf k'g/fjnf]sg ;d]t x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . To;}n] ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cWofjlws ug{ Pjd\ ;Gbe{ cg';f/ gLltut Joj:yfdf kl/dfh{g ;d]t ug{sf nflu k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no cGtu{t /xg] u/L gLlt k'g/fjnf]sg s]Gb| -Policy Research Institute_ sf] :yfkgf eO;s]sf] b]lvFbf ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] Joj:yfkg Pjd\ ;'wf/ / k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lhDdf To;nfO{ lbO{ ;f] ;+/rgfnfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ :yfgdf larf}lnofsf] laulauL a9\bf] 5 . ;]jf k|bfos / ;]jfu|fxLsf] aLrdf /xg] u/]sf o:tf larf}lnofx¿n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ dx+uf] / b'lift agfPsf 5g\ . o;n] clgoldttf / e|i6frf/nfO{ dnhn u/]sf] 5 . ;]jfu|fxL / ;]jf k|bfossf aLrsf] ;DaGw / ;~rf/ k|efljt ePsf] 5 . sltko :yfgdf sfof{nosf] clen]v klg ;+/lIft / ;'/lIft x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;]jf ljt/0f ug]{ lgsfodf ;]jfu|fxL ;xfotf 8]:ssf] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{, k|lqmof ;/nLs/0f ug'{ kg]{, Psåf/af6 ;]jf k|bfg ug'{ kg]{, kfnf] k4lt clgjfo{ ug{' kg]{, ;]jfu|fxL ;Gt'li6 ;j]{If0f u/L ;f] cfwf/df sd{rf/L / sfof{nosf] d"NofÍg ug'{ kg]{, sfof{non] xfl;n u/]sf] pknlAwsf cfwf/df sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg x'g' kg]{ h:tf ljifonfO{ ;'wf/sf] ;Gbe{df c+lusf/ ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� cfkm\gf] sfo{If]qsf ;DaGwdf k|:t't k|ltj]bgdf lbOPsf ;'emfjx¿ sfof{Gjogsf nflu x/]s dGqfno Pjd\ s]Gb|Lo lgsfon] 5 dlxgfleq ;'wf/ PsfO{ agfO{ ;f] PsfO{ dfkm{t ;'emfj sfof{Gjogsf nflu sfof{Gjog of]hgf agfO{ ;'emfjx¿ sfof{Gjog ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;}u/L ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf, hgzlQmsf] cj:yf, j[lQ ljsf;sf cj;/ / ;ª\u7gfTds lhDd]jf/L ;d]tsf cfwf/df sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ljBdfg lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf ;]jf ;d"xsf] ;d]t k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf cg'ejL sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ug{sf nflu lglZrt kbdf lglZrt ;]jf cjlw k"/f ePkl5 ;f] kbdf /xFbf lghnfO{ jl/i7sf] pkflw lbg' pko'Qm x'G5 . o;sf nflu /fhkq cglÍt kbdf !) jif{, /fhkqflÍt t[tLo >]0fLdf * jif{, /fhkqflÍt låtLo >]0fLdf ^ jif{ / /fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fLdf % jif{ ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/L ljefuLo sf/jfxLdf gk/]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ lghn] sfo{;Dkfbgdf () k|ltzt cÍ -kl5Nnf] # jif{sf] cf}iftdf_ k|fKt u/]df clVtof/jfnfn] jl/i7sf] pkflw lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

� sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf b]lvPsf] cg'zf;gxLgtf / clgoldttfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ g;s] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g pQ/bfoL x'g ;Sb}g . x/]s ;/sf/L sfof{no /

525

;fj{hlgs lgsfodf ;'kl/j]If0f txaf6 clgjfo{ ¿kdf dlxgfdf Ps k6s 58\s] lg/LIf0f u/L sf/jfxLsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] u/L lhDd]jf/L lbg' kg]{ .

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf sltko Joj:yfx¿ cem;Dd nfu" x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . o; ;Gbe{df pbfx/0fsf] lglDt P]gsf] bkmf % v, bkmf & sf] :ki6Ls/0f -@_, bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -&_, bkmf &u, bkmf !$, bkmf !%, bkmf !* sf] pkbkmf -&_, bkmf @$ s, bkmf @& sf] pkbkmf -!s_, bkmf @(, bkmf #(v, bkmf &@s, bkmf &#v, cflb d'Vo ¿kdf b]lvG5g\ . oL Joj:yfx¿ tTsfn} k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog x'g'kg]{ .

$= 6«]8 o"lgogsf] e"ldsf / ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/ sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogsf] e"ldsfsf] d"NofÍg u/L b]xfo adf]lhd ug]{ M–

� lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] Joj:yf u/] cg's"n lgjf{rgåf/f oyfzL3| cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgog u7g ug]{,

� 6«]8 o'lgogsf] cEof;n] k|zf;goGqdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] j:t'ut d"NofÍg ug]{, 6«]8 o'lgog kbflwsf/LnfO{ sfof{nodf sfd ug'{ / xflh/ ;d]t ug'{ gkg]{ cj:yf dfly k'glj{rf/ ug]{,

� k]zfut lxtdf dfq 6]«8 o'lgog kl/rflnt x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, aGb, x8\tfn h:tf ;]jf cj¿4 ug]{ vfnsf sfo{qmdx¿df 6«]8 o'lgog ;xefuL x'g gkfpg] Joj:yf ug]{,

� lghfdtL ;]js nufot ;du| /fi6«;]jsx¿sf 6«]8 o'lgogx¿sf ;Gbe{df 5ftf P]g NofO{ Jojl:yt ug'{ kg]{,

� 6«]8 o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ug]{ u/fpg],

� 6«]8 o'lgogsf ;b:ox¿sf] gfdfjnL website df /fvL gofF ;b:otfsf cfwf/df k'/fgf] cfa4tf vf/]h ug]{,

� 6«]8 o'lgogdf ;l/s sd{rf/Lx¿ /fhgLlts bnsf] ;b:o ePsf] kfOPdf To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{ sf/jfxLsf] Joj:yf ug]{,

� clws[t :t/sf sd{rf/Lsf] gLlt lgdf{0f / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf s'g} g s'g} lsl;dn] l6Kk0fL p7fpg], /fo lbg] nufotsf] e"ldsf /xg ;Sg] sf/0f To:tf] clws[t :t/sf] sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogdf ;lDdlnt x'Fbf :jfy{ut åGå (Conflict of Interest) sf] l:ylt /xg ;Sg] cj:yf ePsfn] lglZrt ;do ls6fg u/L ;f] ;do kl5 clws[t :t/sf sd{rf/L jf lglZrt ;do ls6fg u/L ;f] cjlw eGbf kZrft\ clws[t :t/df k|j]z u/]sf sd{rf/Ln] sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogdf cfa4 x'g gkfpg] u/L ;xfos :t/sf sd{rf/L dfq o:tf] 6«]8 o'lgogdf ;+nUg x'g kfpg] Joj:yf ug{ ljBdfg Joj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ .

� æ6«]8 o'lgogÆ zAb :jod\n] k]zfut Joj;flostfsf] kIfkf]if0f ug]{ ePsf]n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf 6«]8 o'lgogsf] cEof;nfO{ bL3{sfnLg b[li6sf]0fn] dgg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n] cGo d'n'sn] u/]sf cEof; ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L k]zfut

526

ljlzi6tf k|ltljlDat x'g] u/L ljifout 6«]8 o'lgogsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ u/L ljBdfg Joj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ .

%= b'u{d If]qdf ;]jfk|jfx k|efjsf/L agfpg ckgfpg' kg]{ pkfox¿ != b'u{d If]qdf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] pkl:ylt guGo /xg] sf/0f o:tf If]qx¿df /fHon]

k|jfx ug]{ ;]jfx¿ ;]jfu|fxLn] k|fKt ug{ g;sL b'u{d If]qsf] gful/s bf];|f] bhf{sf gful/ssf] ¿kdf /xg afWo ePsf 5g\ . h;n] gful/ssf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ g};lu{s clwsf/ s'l07t ePsf] 5 . ctM sd{rf/LnfO{ b'u{d If]qx¿df sfd ug{ hfg] cj:yf >[hgf u/L b'u{dsf] cg'ej lbnfpgsf nflu clgjfo{ ¿kdf tf]lsPsf] If]qsf] ef}uf]lns If]qsf] cg'ej tf]lsPsf / b/aGbL ePsf kbx¿df xfl;n gul/sg a9'jfsf] ;+efJo pDd]b\jf/ g} gx'g] Joj:yf nfu" ug{ cfjZos 5 . b'u{d If]qdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf lj:tf/ u/L gful/ssf] ;]jf kfpg] clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug{ b]xfosf] Joj:yf ug]{M

s= ;fdfGotofM b'u{d If]qdf sd{rf/Lx¿ v6L hfg gdfGg], uPklg a:g gdfGg] k|j[lQn] ubf{ b'u{d If]qdf sltko ;/sf/L ;]jf k|efjsf/L gePsf] eGg] u'gf;f] /x]sf] ;Gbe{df To:tf] b'u{d If]qdf a;L hgtfsf] ;]jf ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{sf] nflu To:tf] b'u{d :yfgsf sfof{nodf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] b'u{d :yfg eQf j[l4 ug]{,

v= tLg dlxgfeGbf a9L cjlwsf] j}b]lzs cWoog, tflnd k|fKt u/L kms]{sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kb:yfkgf÷;¿jf b'u{d :yfgsf ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ sfof{nodf ug]{ .

u= b'u{d If]qdf sDtLdf b'O{ jif{ sfd gu/L sd{rf/Ln] a9'jf kmf/fd eg{ gkfpg] u/L lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLdf Joj:yf ug]{ . -b'u{d If]qdf kb gx'g] ;]jfdf of] Joj:yf nfu" gx'g] Joj:yf ug]{_

3= lrlsT;s, OlGhlgo/ h:tf Jofj;flos ;Lk / bIftfsf ;fy} cg'ej ;d]t cfjZos kg]{ kbx¿df gofF Pjd\ cg'ej sd ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ klxnf] k6s sfof{no k|d'vsf] ¿kdf sfd ug'{kg]{ u/L b'u{d If]qdf gv6fpg] .

ª= b'u{d If]qdf kbx¿ l/Qm x'g glbg], kb vfnL x'g] u/L ;¿jf gug]{,

r= …sÚ / …vÚ ju{sf] ef}uf]lns If]qdf sfd u/]jfkt k|fKt x'g] gDa/ a9fpg],

5= b'u{d If]qdf nfdf] cjlw ;]jf u/]sf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ j}b]lzs cWoog, cjnf]sg Pjd\ tflnddf k|fyldstfk"j{s cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ .

@= b'u{d If]qdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jfnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{, ;]jfk|lt sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ b'u{d / cltb'u{d If]qdf sfd u/]sf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lghx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L pTs[i6 sfo{ ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ b'u{d If]q k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ . To:tf] k'/:sf/nfO{ kbf]Ggltdf cÍ u0fgf ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

527

#= ef}uf]lns If]qsf] juL{s/0fsf cfwf/x¿df yk :ki6tf NofO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .

$= b'u{d If]qdf sd{rf/Lsf] pkl:ylt cToGt Go"g x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;]jf, ;'ljwf / cj;/x¿ /fhwfgL / ;'ud If]qdf dfq s]lGb|t x'g] cj:yfn] ubf{ ;s];Dd sd{rf/Lx¿ b'u{ddf hfg rfxFb}gg\ . h;sf] kx'Fr k'Ub}g p;nfO{ b'u{d k7fOG5 . h;n] ubf{ p;sf] sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ sdhf]/ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ctM o:tf] cj:yfsf] cGTo ug{ b'u{d If]qdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cWoog, cjnf]sg e|d0f, tflnd, Ifdtf ljsf; h:tf cj;/x¿ k|bfg ug]{, b'u{ddf sfd gu/L a9'jfsf] ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/ x'g g;Sg] Joj:yf nfu" ug]{, b'u{d eQfdf j[l4 ug]{ tyf cGo ;x'lnotsf Kofs]hx¿ NofO{ pgLx¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t ul/g' kg]{ cj:yf 5 .

%= b'u{d If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ;DefJotf cWoog u/L :yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf/Ls/0f ug]{, u|fdL0f ljsf;nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ ;]jf ljt/0f lnO{ ;xh agfpg] / cfwf/e"t pkef]Uo ;fdu|Lsf] cfk"lt{ ;/n agfO{ ;]jf k|bfos sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ .

^= 5l/P/ /x]sf b'u{d j:tLdf cfwf/e"t ;]jf ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg sl7g x'g] x'Fbf To:tf :yfgdf PsLs[t j:tL ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L k'gjf{; -Re-settlement_ sf] Joj:yfkg ;d]t u/L To:tf 7fpFx¿df vfg]kfgL, ljB't, 9n, :jf:Yo ;]jf, ljBfno, ;'/Iff ;8s h:tf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; u/L cfwf/e"t ;]jf ;'ljwf ljt/0fnfO{ ;xh / k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

&= b'u{d If]qdf ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg / :yfgLo hgtfsf] cfjfudgnfO{ lgjf{w¿kdf Jojl:yt ug{ b'u{d If]qsf] ;8s, k'n / oftfoftsf] e/kbf]{ / bLuf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . s0f{nL nufotsf sltko If]qx¿df ;8s Joj:yf ;xh gx'Fbf ;]jfk|jfx k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;} ;Gbe{df ;f]n'v'Dj', vf]6fË / cf]vn9'Ëf;Ddsf] ;8s oftfoftnfO{ ;xh agfpg oftfoftsf] /fd|f] k|aGw gx'Fbf b'u{d If]qdf ;]jf k|jfx k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . sltko :yfgx¿df nfdf] ;do;Dd ;8s / k'n lgdf{0fsf] ;Demf}tf eO;Sbf klg sfd ePsf] b]lvGg . pbfx/0fsf] lglDt pbok'/sf] 3'dL{ / cf]vn9'Ëfsf] xs{k'/nfO{ hf]8\g dWo kxf8L nf]sdfu{df kg]{ ;'gsf]zL k'n lgdf{0f ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;|f]taf6 e]l/P;g yk;d]t ¿= !$ s/f]8 ($ nfv &( xhf/df @)%*÷)%( df Ps lgdf{0f Joj;foL;Fu ;Demf}tf ePsf]df ;f] k'n lgdf{0fdf xfn;Dd ( s/f]8 @@ nfv $# xhf/ vr{ ePsf] 5 . kmfp08]zgdf s8f r§fg km]nf k/L l8hfOg kl/jt{g u/]/ sfd ePsf]df l8hfO{g kl/jt{g ug{ nfdf] ;do nfu]sf] sf/0f /0fgLlts ;8s ;~hfndf kg]{ ;f] k'nsf] lgdf{0f gx'Fbf jif{df sl/a ^ dlxgf oftfoft aGb eO{ To; gbLb]lv k"j{tkm{ lgdf{0f x'g] ;f]xL cfof]hgfsf] ;8s / xs{k'/–cf]vn9'Ëf ;8ssf] lgdf{0fdf ;d]t cj/f]w cfPsf] / ;f]xL sf/0fn] ;'gsf]zL gbLdf a]lnla|h h8fg / km]l/ lgdf{0f, dd{t / ;~rfngdf k|To]s jif{ 7"nf] /sd vr{ ug'{ k/]sf] l:ylt 5 . ;'k/ :6«Sr/ agfpg k|of]u ul/g] :6Lnsf] nflu @)^^÷)^& df] ¿= $

528

s/f]8 #( nfv &! xhf/ e'QmfgL ePklg ;j–:6«Sr/sf] sfd clxn];Dd ;DkGg gePsf]n] ;'k/ :6«Sr/sf] sfo{ klg x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 egL dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] krf;f}+ jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)^( df pNn]v ePsf] tkm{ ;ldltsf] Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] / ;f] ljifodf ;ldltsf] tkm{af6 :ynut cjnf]sg ;d]t ubf{ 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf ePsf] nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd x'g g;s]sf] / ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 7"nf] wg/fzL vr{ ePsf] cj:yf ;d]t b]lvof] . ljleGg k|fljlws sf/0fn] lgdf{0f x'g g;s]sf] egL ;Da4 lgsfo / clwsf/Lx¿n] hjfkm lbg] u/]sf] ePklg 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf ePsf] !@ jif{;Dd klg k'n lgdf{0f x'g g;Sg'nfO{ :jfefljs dfGg ;lsFb}g . of] ljifodf xfnsf k|fljlws clws[taf6 cfufdL o; cfly{s jif{ leq k'n ;~rfngdf Nofpg ;lsg] hjfkm k|fKt ePsf]n] ;DalGwt lgsfon] uDeL/tfk"j{s of] ljifosf] cg'udg u/L ;dodf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ u/L b'u{d If]qsf] ;]jf k|jfxdf ;xh x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ . o:t} cGo If]qsf] xsdf ;d]t k|efjsf/L cg'udg x'g'kg]{ .

^= lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg -Diversity Management_ s'g}klg ;dfhdf /x]sf] ljljwtfn] k|ltikwf{, gofF vf]h / zf]wsf] ljsf; ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ x'Fbf ljljwtfnfO{ ;dfhsf] ;'Gb/td kIfsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg ljifoj:t'sf] :jefj / k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df ug'{ Gofof]lrt x'g] ePsfn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf cfwf/e"t d"No / dfGotfdf IfoLs/0f x'g] lsl;daf6 ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cGwfw'Gw ¿kdf cjnDag ul/of] eg] To;n] d'n'sdf bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf gsf/fTds kl/0ffd lbg ;Sg] x'G5 . o;tkm{ ;Dj]bgzLn eO{ cf+sng u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfdf k|lts"n k|efj gkg]{ u/L Gofof]lrt ¿kdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu –

s= ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cEof;df Ps¿ktf sfod ug]{ ;dfj]zL ;DaGwL 5'§} sfg'g th'{df ug]{,

v= nlIft ju{n] ;dfj]zLs/0faf6 nfe lng ;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{,

u= ;dfj]zLs/0fn] kf/]sf ;sf/fTds k|efjsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ ug]{, gsf/fTds k|efj Go"gLs/0f ug]{ vfnsf gLltut Joj:yfx¿ cjnDag ug]{,

3= cf/If0f sfof{Gjog tyf k|efj d"NofÍgsf] k|To]s %÷% jif{df k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;f] sf cfwf/df ;do l;df lglZrt ug]{,

ª= ;]jf k|j]zsf lglZrt tx / >]0fLdf dfq cf/If0fsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{,

r= Pp6f JolQmn] Ps k6s dfq ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] sf]6fdf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg],

5= cf/If0fsf ;fy;fy} eGbf ;zlQms/0f dfkm{t ;dfj]zLs/0fdf hf]8 lbg], cf/If0fnfO{ cNksfnLg / ;zlQms/0fnfO{ bL3{sfnLg b[li6sf]0fn] cjnDag ug]{,

h= lzIff, :jf:Yo h:tf cfwf/e"t ;'ljwfdf cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pjd\ z}lIfs ¿kdf lk5l8Psf ju{sf] kx'Fr clej[l4 ug]{,

529

em= cfly{s, ;fdflhs ¿kdf kl5 k/]sf -Principle of Double Disadvantaged) sf cfwf/df Excluded leqsf klg Excluded ju{sf] ;dfj]zLs/0fdf hf]8 lbg],

`= xfn;Dd ul/Psf] cf/If0fsf] cEof; / o;n] kf/]sf] k|efj / c;/sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{,

6= ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zLs/0f agfpgsf nflu cf/If0fsf] cEof; ul/Psf] klg s]xL jif{ eO{;s]sf] 5 / t'ngfTds ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;dfj]zL :j¿ksf] b]lvg k|f/De ePsf] 5 . t/, ;]jf ljt/0f / ;]jf k|jfxdf ;DalGwt ju{af6 To;sf] cg'e"lt ug{ gkfPsf]n] ;DalGwt ;d"xn] pTk|]l/t x'g] jf uj{ ug{ ;Sg] l:yltsf] l;h{gf ug{ tyf ;Dj]bgzLntf k"j{s nlIft ;d"xdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|jfx ug{sf nflu cf/If0faf6 cfPsf hgzlQmnfO{ ;DalGwt ;d'bfo s} If]qdf ;]jf ljt/0f ug]{ u/L cu|efu -Front Line) df v6fpg],

7= ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] gfddf unt / em'Ýf ljj/0f agfpg] / To;af6 kmfObf lng] k|j[lQ b]vf k/]sf]n] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] sf]6fdf ;]jf k|j]z u/]sf JolQmx¿sf] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf 5fgljg u/L unt ljj/0f k]z ug]{n] ljj/0f 9f6\g]nfO{ sf/jfxL ug]{ . o; ;DaGwdf k|zf;sLo cbfntn] klg cfjZos sf/jfxLsf lglDt g]kfn ;/sf/sf gfddf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/;s]sf] b]lvG5 .

&= lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ j:t'ut / j}1flgs agfpg dfkg ;+oGqsf] ljsf; g]kfndf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @$ -s_ tyf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod &* df Joj:yf u/L d"NofÍg ug{ ;'kl/j]Ifs, k'g/fjnf]sgstf{ / k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldlt ;d]t /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . d"NofÍg ul/g] sd{rf/L eGbf sDtLdf Ps tx dflysf] sd{rf/L ;'kl/j]Ifs / ;f] eGbf Ps tx dflysf] ;DalGwt sd{rf/L k'g/fjnf]sgstf{ x'g] Joj:yf 5 . sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg kmf/fddf u'0f, nfut, kl/df0f / ;dosf cfwf/df d"NofÍg ul/g] u/L pNn]v eP klg sltko ;Gbe{df jflif{s nIo g} lglb{i6 ¿kdf tof/ gx'g], ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ Ps} k|sf/sf] sf=;=d"= kmf/fd k|of]u x'g], :YffgLo:t/df sfo{ ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿s]f ;'kl/j]Ifs s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] kbflwsf/L x'g hfg] l:yltdf sltko cj:yfdf ;'kl/j]Ifsn] g} d"NofÍg ul/g] sd{rf/L glrGg] h:tf ;d:ofx¿ b]vf kg]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg k4lt cj}1flgs, j:t'ut cfwf/df d"NofÍg ug{ g;lsg], ckf/bzL{ / c:ki6 ;d]t ePsf kl/k|]Iodf sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg k|0ffnLsf ;Gbe{df j:t'k/s e/kbf]{, kf/bzL{ / j}1flgs agfpg cfjZos ;'wf/x¿ ug'{ h¿/L 5 . o;sf nflu ljZjsf cGo d'n'sx¿df k|of]u ePsf k|efjsf/L sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ug]{ cfwf/x¿ ;d]tsf] cWoog u/L xfd|f] j:t'l:ylt cg';f/ kl/dfh{g ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . o;/L kl/dfh{g ug]{ qmddf sf=;=d"=sf] cjlwdfly klg k'g/fjnf]sg x'g h¿/L 5 . #^)) d"NofÍg, ;]jfu|fxL ;Gt'li6dfkg, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{, Public pol, exit pol h:tf pQ/bfloTjsf ;+oGq -Accountability Tools_ x¿ ;d]tnfO{ sf=;=d"= sf cfwf/sf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljsNkx¿df ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

530

sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfdsf] d"NofÍg u/L sfo{s'zntf clej[l4 ug]{, JolQmsf] sfo{;Dkfbg Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ ug]{, j[lQsf] nIo lgwf{/0f ug]{, tflnd ;DaGwL cfjZostf klxrfg ug]{, sfo{ pknlAwsf] hfgsf/L lbg] tyf sd{rf/Lsf] kb:yfkgf, ;¿jf, a9'jf / b08 ;hfo ;d]tsf nflu pkof]uL x'g] u/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|o'Qm sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg kmf/fd ;a} If]q, sfof{no, ju{df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu Pp6} k|of]u x'g', :yfgLo :t/df sfo{ ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] s]Gb|Lo lgsfodf /xg] kbflwsf/Ln] ;'kl/j]If0f ug'{ kbf{ sltko ;Gbe{df ;'kl/j]Ifsn] d"NofÍsg ul/g] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;fdfGo ¿kdf ;d]t glrGg] cj:yf /xg', u'0f, nfut, kl/0ffd / ;dodf bfFh]/ d"NofÍg ug]{ elgP klg sf=;=d"= kmf/d To;/L j:t'ut tj/n] d"NofÍg ug{ ;Sg] k|sf/n] Jojl:yt gx'g', sf=;=d"=nfO{ a9'jf k|of]hgdf dfq ;Lldt ul/g', ;dodf sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] sfo{ k"/f gx'g', k|efj, kx'Fr / kl/roaf6 sf=;=d"= k|efljt x'g' / sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofËg ug]{ kbflwsf/Lx¿ lhDd]jf/ g/xg' h:tf ;d:of ef]lu/x]sf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf sf=;=d"=sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu –

� o;nfO{ a9'jf jfx]ssf j[lQ ljsf;sf pRr cWoog, ;¿jf, tflnd, k'/:sf/ h:tf kIfx¿sf nflu ;d]t cfwf/sf ¿kdf lng] Joj:yf ug]{,

� sf=;=d"=nfO{ kf/bzL{ / j:t'lgi7 agfpg sd{rf/Ln] ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfdsf ;"rsx¿ ;lxt pNn]v ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{,

� leGgf leGg} lhDd]jf/Ldf /x]sf ;dfg tx / >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lsf nflu ;d]t cfˆgf] sfdsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ 5'§f5'§} sf=;=d'= kmf/fd k|of]u ug]{,

� cfkm" dftxt / cfkm"n] /fd|/L hfg]sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] dfq ;'kl/j]Ifs / k'g/fjnf]sgstf{ /xg ;Sg] k|fjwfg /fVg],

� slDtdf Ps >]0fL dflysf] sd{rf/L dfq ;'kl/j]Ifs /xg] / ;dodf sf=;=d"= ;DaGwL cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L jxg gug]{ kbflwsf/Lsf] sf=;=d"= 36fpg] Joj:yf s8fOsf ;fy nfu" ug]{,

� dflyNnf] >]0fLaf6 dfq sf=;=d"= ul/g] k4ltdf kl/jt{g u/L ;]jfu|fxL, dftxtsf sd{rf/L, ;dsIfLx¿ ;d]taf6 d"NofÍg ug]{ u/L #^)) d"NofÍgsf] ;d]t k|of]u ug{] .

Go"gtd cfwf/e"t tna Ps ;Ldfdf sfod /fvL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg :t/;Fu tna / cGo ;'ljwfnfO{ cfa4 ug'{ g} sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t tna -Performance based pay_ xf] . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] jflif{s sfo{of]hgf, sfo{ljj/0f, sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf, sfo{;Dkfbg k|f]T;fxg sf]if cflbsf] Joj:yf u/L sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t kfl/>ldssf] cg';/0f ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 . t/ sfo{ljj/0fdf c:ki6tf, P]gdf ePsf k|fjwfgsf] sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg' nufotsf sf/0fx¿n] cy{ dGqfno cGt/utsf lgsfox¿afx]s cGoq of] k4lt nfu" x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n]–

531

� ;ª\u7g / sd{rf/Lsf] nIo tyf j:t'k/s sfo{;Dkfbg dfkb08x¿ to u/L sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t kfl/>lds nfu" ug]{,

� o:tf] k4lt ;]jf k|jfxsf] cu|efudf /x]sf -Front line office) x¿af6 z'¿ ug]{,

� dfkg ug{ g;lsg] sfo{x¿sf] xsdf Proxy indicator x¿ agfO{ sfdsf] dfkg ug{] .

*= ;]jf s/f/ ;DaGwdf ;'wf/ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgodn] Psflt/ lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] ug'{ kg]{ sfdsf nflu s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ Hofnfbf/L jf s/f/df lgo'Qm ug{ gkfOg] / s;}n] To;/L lgo'Qm u/] lgo'lQm kfPsf] JolQmn] kfPsf] tna, eQf / cGo ;'ljwf jfktsf] /sd ;/sf/L jfFsL ;/x c;'n pk/ ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf >]0fLljxLg kbx¿af6 ;Dkfbg x'g] u/]sf ;/;kmfO{ h:tf sfo{x¿ tyf s]xL ljz]if k|s[ltsf k|fljlws sfo{x¿sf nflu eg] ;]jf s/f/df lng] Joj:yf klg ul/Psf] 5 . s/f/df /x]sf JolQmx¿af6 /fd|f];Fu sfo{ ;Dkfbg ePsf] oyfy{ /x]tf klg s/f/ ug]{ ;Gbe{df g} cgfjZos bjfj cfpg] tyf ;]jf s/f/nfO{ klg hflu/ s} ¿kdf :yflkt ug]{ k|of; j]nf j]nfdf ljleGg If]qaf6 x'g] ePsfn] o;sf] ;dLIff u/L Jojl:yt ug{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 . To;}n] –

!= s'g}klg ¿kdf nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 l;kmfl/; ug]{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf kbdf s/f/df g/fVg],

@= s/f/df ;]jf lng' kbf{ JolQm;Fu eGbf ;+:yf;Fu lng] s'/fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg],

#= ;]jf s/f/df lnFbf ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g÷lgod Pjd\ cfly{s k|zf;g;DaGwL sfg'gsf] kl/kfngf ug]{,

$= ;]jf s/f/nfO{ s/f/df n]lvPsf zt{x¿ adf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf dfq lbg],

%= sfdsf] k|of]hg ;lsPkl5 s/f/ ;dfKt x'g],

^= s/f/df lnOPsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ljj/0f ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] PsLs[t ¿kdf tof/ u/L Joj:yfkg k/LIf0f ubf{ of] ljifonfO{ cfwf/ lng] .

(= ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ glthfd"ns agfpg ckgfpg' kg]{ gLltut ;'wf/

!= s'g} klg ;]jf k|bfos ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf k|jfx ul/g' kg]{ ;]jfsf ;Gbe{df ;]jfu|fxLsf s]xL u'gf;fx¿ ePdf ltgLx¿sf] ;'g'jfO{sf] pko'Qm Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf u'gf;f] ;'Gg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] ePtf klg ;f] k|efjsf/L eg] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;]jfk|bfosx¿k|lt ;]jfu|fxLx¿sf] s] s:tf] b[li6s]f0f /x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;"rssf ¿kdf /xg] u'gf;f] ;'gjfO{af6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿nfO{ ;d]t cfˆgf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg dxTjk"0f{ k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt x'g] ub{5 . csf]{tkm{ ;ª\u7gleqs} sd{rf/Lsf] ;d]t u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /xG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿df u'gf;f] ;'Gg] clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf / gful/s j8fkqdf ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L k|jfx

532

ul/g] ;]jfsf] ljj/0f /fvL ;f] cg';f/ gePdf sf] ;dIf u'gf;f] /fVg] egL :ki6 ¿kdf /flvg] o;sf cfwf/ x'g\ . ljleGg ljifox¿df x'g] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{, ;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f, ;]jfu|fxL ;Gt'li6 dfkg h:tf ljlwx¿nfO{ klg u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{sf dfWods} ¿kdf ;d]t x]g{ ;lsG5 . u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{sf ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿df Ps¿ktf sfod ug{ g;lsPsf], ;]jf k|bfos k|ltsf] ;]jfu|fxLsf] u'gf;f] / ;Gt'li6nfO{ sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg;Fu hf]8\g g;lsPsf] / ;]jfu|fxLx¿nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbg] Joj:yf k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf dfly uDeL/tfk"j{s ljrf/ u/L ;'g'jfO{ ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

@= ;fj{hlgs lgsfoåf/f k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf tyf ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx¿sf ;DaGwdf ;fj{ef}d hgtfnfO{ ;';"rLt u/fpg], ;]jfk|ltsf] k|ltlqmof lng] / hgu'gf;fx¿sf] ;+af]wg ug]{ tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf ;Dk"0f{ ultljlwx¿nfO{ kf/bzL{ agfO{ hgtfk|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj ;'lglZrt u/fpFb} ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ ;fdflhs k/LIf0f / ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ h:tf pQ/bfloTjsf cf}hf/x¿ -Accountability Tools) sf] cEof; Jofks / clgjfo{ ¿kdf u/fpg' cfjZos 5 .

#= ;'zf;g - ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg _ P]g, @)^$ tyf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$sf sltko k|fjwfgx¿ cGo P]g sfg'g;Fu aflemPsf 5g\ . ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;+:yfut Ifdtf / ;~hfn -Networking) sf] cefj 5 . ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿df ;"rgf n'sfpg] ;+:sf/ sfod} 5 . ;"rgfbftfsf] ;+/If0fsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;"rgfsf] xs ;Fu;Fu} cfa4 x'g'kg]{ uf]klgotfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'g, clen]vLs/0f P]g -Documentation Act) cflbsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sbf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . t;y{M

� ;'zf;g P]g / ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g aLr Ps¿ktf / ;fd~h:otf sfod u/L ;f] sf] k|efjsf/L sfo{Gjog ug'{kg]{,

� ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;fwg ;|f]t pknAw u/fpg],

� hgtf / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;"rgfsf] ;xh kx'Frsf nflu k|lqmofut ;/nLs/0f / 5f]6f] tyf zL3| k|lqmofsf] cjnDag ug]{,

� ;"rgfbftfsf] ;+/If0fsf] k|0ffnLut k|Tofe"lt / ;"rgfsf] xs ;Fu cGt/ ;DalGwt x'g] cGo P]g sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f ug]{,

� ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ n] x/]s ;fj{hlgs sfof{non] cfkm\gf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg k|sfzg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ ;a} lgsfon] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ pQ/bfoL, kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL agfpg / ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ To;k|lt hu¿s agfpg jflif{s

533

k|ltj]bgsf] k|sfzg ug'{kg]{ P]gsf] Joj:yf clgjfo{ ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg],

� ;'zf;g ;DaGwL P]g / ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] ;DaGwdf ;a} txsf hgzlQmnfO{ k|lzlIft ug]{ u/fpg] .

$= cfr/0f, cg'zf;g, ;bfrf/ / lzi6frf/ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ :jlgolGqt, Jojl:yt, dof{lbt / g}lts agfpg] dfWodx¿ x'g\ . vf;u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;]jfu|fxLk|lt ;dlk{t, ;]jfefjn] sfo{ ug]{, ;t\rl/qtf ;DkGg, lgod sfg'gsf dof{bfdf /xg], lgikIftf / t6:ytf sfod ug]{ / k|lt:kwL{ tyf Ifdtfjfg agfpg] s'/fdf ;d]t oL kIfx¿n] of]ubfg k'¥ofpb5g\ . k]zfut lgi7f / g}ltstfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] cfr/0f, :jlgolGqt / ;';+ut aGg ;xof]u ug]{ cg'zf;g, sd{rf/Lsf] hLjg bz{g / Jojxf/nfO{ lgod / Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;bfrf/ tyf ;]jfu|fxL tyf cGo JolQm jf ;d'bfok|lt ;Ddfg k"j{s sfo{ ug{ pTk|]l/t ug]{ lzi6frf/n] g} jf:tljs cy{df s'g} klg sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfk|lt pTk|]l/t ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . ;fy} sd{rf/Lx¿df /x]sf log} u'0fx¿sf cfwf/df ;]jfu|fxLn] sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍg ;d]t ug]{ ub{5g\ . oL u'0fx¿ ;ª\u7gfTds lgod pNn+3g ubf{ sf/jfxL ug{, sfo{s'zntfdf sdL cfP ;'wf/ ug{, /fhgLlts ¿kdf t6:ytf sfod ug{ / cfly{s¿kdf j]bfu /xg klg pkof]uL 5g\ . xfd|f] ;Gbe{df oL u'0fx¿sf ;DaGwdf ePsf] Joj:yf ;]jfnfO{ hgd'vL, ;Ifd / k|lt:kwL{ agfpg] ;Gbe{df k"0f{ gePsfn] kl/dfh{g u/L ;]jfk|lt pQ/bfoL / ;dlk{t hgzlQm ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

%= :jf:Yo, s[lif, kz' h:tf Onfsf :t/Lo sfof{nox¿ tyf uf=lj=;=÷g=kf=x¿ hgtfnfO{ cu|:yfg -Front desk) df a;L ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ lgsfox¿ x'g\ . o:tf :ynut ¿kdf /x]sf sfof{nox¿sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"NofÍg ul/g' h¿/L 5 . oL sfof{nox¿af6 k|jfx x'g] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/, kl/df0f, ;do, nfut / ;dGoflostf cflbsf cfwf/df d"NofÍg u/L k|efjsfl/tf k/LIf0f ug]{ / ;f]sf cfwf/df sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k'/:sf/ / b08sf] Joj:yf ub}{ sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t tna -Performance based Pay) nfO{ :yfgLo :t/sf lgsfox¿af6 nfu" ul/g' kb{5 . o:tf lgsfox¿sf ;]jf lnO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf u/L o:tf lgsfox¿nfO{ :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;'kl/j]If0f / lgoGq0fdf /fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 .

^= ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;+rfng x'g] ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx¿ ljz]if u/L ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿df cg'udg d"NofÍgsf] kIf cToGt sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . cfof]hgf rqmsf] dxTjk"0f{ r/0fsf ¿kdf /x]sf] cg'udg d"NofÍgn] Psflt/ ;DkGg of]hgf s] s;/L ;+rfng eof] < o;af6 ;]jfk|jfx slt k|efjsf/L ¿kdf eof] < ;]jfu|fxLx¿ slt ;Gt'i6 eP < nIo cg';f/ k|ult eof] ePg < egL hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eg] csf{lt/ cfufdL of]hgf th'{dfsf nflu klg cfwf/sf] ¿kdf k|of]u x'g ;Sb5 . cg'udgdf hfg'nfO{ tfn's lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx¿ dftxt lgsfodf 3'Dg hfg] cj;/sf ¿kdf dfq lnOg'n] klg

534

o;df k|efjsfl/tf b]lvPsf] 5}g . of] If]qdf sfd ug]{ hgzlQmdf bIftf / k|efjsfl/tfsf] vfFrf] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ M–

� x/]s ;ª\u7gn] cg'udg d"NofÍgsf] sfo{nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbg],

� c/]s ;ª\u7gdf cg'udg d"NofÍg dxfzfvfnfO{ ;|f]t ;fwg ;DkGg agfpg],

� ;]jf ljt/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cg'udgnfO{ ;]jf k|jfxsf x/]s kIfdf clgjfo{ ug]{,

� lglZrt bfo/fleqsf of]hgfsf] k|efj d"NofÍg ug}{ kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf ug]{,

� cg'udg d"NofÍg k|ltj]bg k|sfzg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{,

� ;xeflutfd"ns cg'udg d"NofÍg k4ltnfO{ clËsf/ ug]{,

� cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgaf6 k|fKt ePsf k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ ;'wf/sf sfo{df cjnDag ug]{ .

&= nf]s;]jf cfof]un] cf=j= @)&)÷)&! b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L /f=k=t[tLo zfvf clws[t -k|zf;g_ tkm{sf] gofF kf7\oqmd nfu" u/]sf] 5 . /f=k= låtLo / k|yd >]0fLsf ck|fljlws / k|fljlws kbx¿df v'nf tyf cfGtl/s k|ltikwf{sf] nflu lgwf{l/t kf7\oqmd s]jn ;"rgfx¿sf] ;Íng ug]{ sfo{;Dd dfq ;Lldt eO{ /rgfTdstf, >[hgzLntf, g]t[Tj, lg0f{o Ifdtf, ;d:of ;dfwfg, Joj:yfkg h:tf kIfx¿sf] k|of]ufTds k/LIf0f x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . t;y{ /f=k= låtLo / k|yd >]0fLsf kbx¿sf] cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmdnfO{ ;d;fdlos agfpg' cfjZos 5 . ;}4flGts Pjd\ lstfaL 1fg xfl;n u/]sf] eGbf Jofjxfl/s 1fg Pjd\ cg'ej ePsf] JolQm cfpg ;Sg] u/L gofF kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

*= j}1flgs / k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t clen]v Joj:yfkg k4ltsf] cjnDag ug]{ / o;sf nflu cfjZos hgzlQmsf] cfk"lt{, Ifdtf ljsf; tyf ;|f]tsf] pknAwtfsf] ;'lglZrt u/L clen]vnfO{ ljB'tLo ¿kdf Jojl:yt ug'{kb{5 .

(= ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;Gt'li6 / u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf g} k|zf;gsf] d"n dd{ xf] . hgtfsf] ck]Iff adf]lhdsf] ;]jf k|jfx eof] ePg eGg] s'/f ;]jfu|fxL ;Gt'li6 dfkgaf6 hfgsf/L x'G5 . ;]jfsf] ;DaGwdf w]/} hgu'gf;fx¿ cfpg] u/] tfklg ;f] sf] ;'g'jfO{ / plrt ;+af]wg x'g] u/]sf] 5}g . To;sf/0f Citizen Report Card, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{, ;fdflhs k/LIf0f, Exit Poll cflbsf] dfWodaf6 ;]jfu|fxLx¿sf] ;Gt'li6sf] :t/nfO{ cfjlws ¿kdf dfkg ul/g' kb{5 .

!)= ;dfg :t/sf jf ;dfg k|s[ltsf sfd ug]{ ;ª\u7g tyf sd{rf/Lx¿df glthfsf cfwf/df pTk|]/0ffd"ns cj;/ tyf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] k|ltikwf{Tds jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/L pTkfbsTj a9fpg] nIo /fvL gLltut Pjd\ sfg'gL k|aGw ug{ ;lsPdf dfgj ;|f]tsf] pRrtd pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

535

!!= ;]jfu|fxLdfly ;]jf k|bfossf] Jojxf/ ¿vf] h:tf] ePsfn] vf; u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ lgsfodf ;se/ hfg gk/f]; eGg] gful/sx¿sf] efjgf ljsl;t eO/x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ pkef]Qmfd'vL, ;]jfu|fxL d}qL / gful/s s]lGb|t agfpg' kb{5 eg] csf{lt/ ;]jfu|fxL gful/sx¿df klg ;]jf k|flKtsf] cfkm\gf] xs clwsf/sf af/]df kof{Kt 1fg / hfgsf/L k|flKt x'g] u/L ;r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

!@= ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf nflu j}b]lzs cWoog tyf cjnf]sg e|d0fsf] cj;/ ljt/0f ;dfg'kflts ¿kdf x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . 5fqj[lQ ;ldltdf gcfO{ cfkm\g} ;~rf/ k|lqmofaf6 o:tf cj;/sf] pkof]u x'Fb} cfPsf] klg kfOPsf] 5 . dgf]gogsf nflu lgwf{/0f u/]sf cfwf/x¿sf] ;d]t k'/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . ePsf cfwf/x¿sf] klg k|of]u j:t'ut ¿kdf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;nfO{ d'Vo lhDd]jf/Ldf /x]sf clwsf/Lx¿af6 g} b'¿kof]u ul/Psf] ;d]t cj:yf 5 . ;a} ;]jf ;d"xdf cj;/sf] ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f x'g g;Sbf o;n] k|zf;goGqdf g}/fZotf pTkGg u/fPsf] cj:yf 5 . ;]jf ljt/0fsf] txdf /x]sf hgzlQmnfO{ o:tf cj;/x¿ Psbd sd cyf{t z"Go k|foM g} /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . Ps} JolQmn] g} af/Daf/ cj;/sf] pkof]u ul//x]sf] cj:yf k|z:t b]Vg kfOG5 . of] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu j}b]lzs cWoog / cjnf]sg ;d]tsf cj;/sf] ;dfg'kflts / ;dGoflos b[li6n] ljt/0f ug]{ u/L dgf]gogsf cfwf/ / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;}u/L ;]jf k|jfxdf ;lqmo /xg] eGbf j}b]lzs e|d0fsf] df]x a9\bf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf To;sf] Joj:yfkg cfjZos 5 . To;}u/L u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf jf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfsf] kxndf ljb]z hfg] k|j[lQnfO{ ;d]t lgoGq0fsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

!)= cfly{s k|zf;gdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/ != g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s s"6gLltsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{' ckl/xfo{

b]lvPsf] 5 . o:sf nflu k//fi6«, cy{, jfl0fHo, pBf]u, >d dGqfno nufotsf lgsfox¿ aLr cfly{s s"6gLltsf] gLltut :ki6tf;lxt cfjZos sfg'gsf] th'{df ug'{kg]{ / ;dGjo tyf lgodg ug{ Ps pRr:tl/o ;+oGq lgdf{0f u/L ;lqmotf Nofpg ckl/xfo{ b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] lxtsf ljifodf cfly{s s"6gLltsf] dfWodaf6 Jofkf/, nufgL, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f, cfly{s ;xof]u, ko{6gsf] k|a4{g, j}b]lzs /f]huf/L k|a4{g ug{sf nflu k//fi6« dGqfno, ljb]zl:yt s"6gLlts lgof]u tyf u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ kl/rfng ug{ 7f]; of]hgf sfof{Gjog ul/g' cfjZos 5 .

@= g]kfnn] ;g\ @))$ df ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt u/] kZrft :yfgLo pTkfbg a9fO{ ljZj ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ lghL If]qnfO{ ;f] cg'¿k ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ g;Sbf j}b]lzs Jofkf/ 3f6f a9\b} uO{ g]kfnn] 7"nf] Iflt Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] ca:yf 5 . lgof{tdf ck]lIft ¿kdf k|a4{g ug{ g;Sg' / cfoftsf] j[l4b/ pRr /xg'n] Jofkf/ 3f6f a9b} uPsf] 5 . b]zsf o'jfju{ /f]huf/L Pjd\ cfly{s ;d'Ggltsf] vf]hLdf vf8L tyf cGo d'n'sdf uPsf x'Fbf ljk|]if0f

536

cfk|jfxaf6 g]kfnL cy{tGq wfg]sf] 5 . ljk|]if0f cfoaf6 tTsfnsf nflu g]kfnL cy{tGqnfO{ e'QmfgL ;Gt'ng /fVg d2t k'u] tfklg o:tf] ljk|]if0fsf] /sd k|fozM pkef]udf vr{ x'g] / o;af6 ljb]zL j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfoft lj:tf/ x'Fb} hfg] ePsf]n] k/lge{/tfsf] ljsf; x'g] ub{5 . ljZjJofkLs/0faf6 nfe lng g]kfnn] pko'Qm ljQ gLltsf] th{'df ug['{sf] cltl/Qm cfkm\gf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{' cfjZos 5 . ef/t / rLgn] u/]sf] cfly{s j[l4 / pknAw ahf/sf] ;DefJotfnfO{ cj;/sf] ¿kdf lnO{ o; If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df b]lvPsf Jojwfgx¿ x6fpb} cufl8 a9\g' cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . o:sf] nflu lghL If]qsf] Ifdtf ljsf; / j}b]lzs nufgL k|a4{gsf nflu gLltut :ki6tf sfod u/L ;dGjofTds 9+un] a9g' cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fy} ljBdfg lghfdtL k|zf;lgs ;+oGqnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf b]lvPsf] kl/jt{g cg'¿k j}b]lzs nufgL leq\ofpg] / j}b]lzs /f]huf/L, cf}Bf]lus/0f tyf cfoft lgof{Tf Jofkf/ k|a4{g ug{ ;Sg] u/L k|lt:klw{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ul/g' cfjZos 5 .

#= g]kfndf j}b]lzs nufgL leq\ofpg cfly{s j[l4tkm{ pGd'v ePsf l5d]sL d'n's ef/t / rLgsf] nufgL cfslif{t ug{ ckl/xfo{ 5 . g]kfnsf] hn;|f]t, ko{6g, h}ljs ljljwtf tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] pkof]u ug]{ gLlt cfjZos 5 . k"jf{wf/ If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{, cfw'lgs k|ljlw, Joj:yfksLo Pjd\ k|fljlws ;Lk leq\ofO{ g]kfnnfO{ ljb]zL nufgL a9fpg b]xfosf pkfo cjnDag ul/g' kb{5 M–

� 7"nf kl/of]hgfsf nufgL leq\ofpg ljBdfg nufgL af]8{ Pjd\ cGo ;Da4 lgsfox?sf] ;DaGwnfO{ :ki6 agfpg'sf ;fy} ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g tyf ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ / a'6 -BOOT_ ;DaGwL sfg'gsf] kl/dfh{g x'g'kg]{ . yk ljz]if cfly{s If]q / lgof{t k|a4{g If]q :yfkgf u/L ;'/Iffsf] ljz]if k|Tofe"ltsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ .

� /f]huf/bftf / >lds aLr b]lvg] ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ >d;DaGwL sfg'gnfO{ nlrnf] agfpg'sf ;fy} >d cbfntsf] ;ª\Vof lj:tf/ u/L >d ljjfb l56f] 6'ª\Uofpg] k|aGw ldnfOg' kg]{ .

� låkIfLo nufgL k|a4{g tyf ;+/If0f ;Demf}tf / bf]xf]/f] s/ pGd'lQm;DaGwL ;Demf}tf ug{ afFsL /x]sf d'n's;Fu k|fyldstfsf ;fy To:tf ;Demf}tfx¿ ul/g' kg]{ .

� ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gdf ul/Psf] k|lta4tf cg'¿k ;]jf pBf]udf ljb]zL nufgLsf] /xg] c+z / ;Ldf Pj+ u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLn] g]kfndf pBf]u jf Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L ;f] adf]lhd sfof{Gjog ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg' kg]{ .

� j}b]lzs nufgL kl/rfng ug]{ sfo{df ljb]zl:yt lgof]ux¿ / u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLnfO{ ;lqmo agfOg' kg]{ .

537

$= /fh:j r'xfj6 lgoGq0f / u}/sfg'gL ;DklQ cfh{g lgoGq0fsf nflu lg/f]wfTds / pkrf/fTds sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngdf cGt/f{li6«o kxn z'¿ ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnn] klg ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f lgjf/0f tyf cft+sjfbL lqmofsnfkdf ljQLo nufgL lgjf/0f ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf hgfO{ ;s]sf] 5 . ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f lgjf/0f / ljb]zL ljlgdo ckrng lgoGq0fsf nflu 5'§} ;+oGqsf] cfjZostf dxz'z u/L ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f cg';Gwfg ljefusf] u7g eO{ cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{ cl3 a9fOPsf] kfO{G5 . ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f / cfly{s ck/fwdf ePsf] kl/jlt{t k|j[lQ / gjLgtd\ k|of]ux¿sf] klxrfg u/L ;Defljt ljrngnfO{ cg';Gwfgsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] sfo{df s]xL k|of; eP klg o;nfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug{ cfjZos k|of; eO;s]sf] 5}g . o; ;DaGwdf ;'wf/ ug{ lgDg sfo{x¿ ug{' kb{5 M

� ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f cg';Gwfg ljefu / cGo /fh:j sfof{nox¿ aLr /fh:j r'xfj6 / cfly{s ck/fw;DaGwL ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ k|ljlwo'Qm j[xt\ ljB'tLo ;"rgf ;~hfnsf] :yfkgf ul/g' kg]{ .

� ;Dklt z'4Ls/0f cg';Gwfg ljefusf] zfvf sfof{no b]zsf] k|d'v zx/x¿df vf]Ng' kb{5 . zfvf g/x]sf :yfgdf /fh:j cg';Gwfg sfof{no;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg' kg]{ .

� ;Dklt z'4Ls/0f lgoGq0fsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf cg'¿k cfjZos sfg'g lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g' kb{5 . ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f P]g;Fu aflemPsf cGo P]gx¿sf] ;+zf]wgsf] sfo{ ul{/g' kg]{ .

� ;DklQsf] cg';Gwfg Pj+ hkmt ;Dkltsf] d"NofÍgaf/] cfGtl/s sfo{ lgb]{lzsf tof/ u/L nfu" ul/g' kg]{ .

� ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿df cfly{s ck/fwk|lt æz"Go ;xgÆ sf] Jojxf/ ljsl;t ug{ ;r]tgfTds sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g' kg]{ .

� ;Dklt z'4Ls/0f ljefunfO{ ;fwg ;|f]t ;DkGg agfO{ ;Ifd hgzlQmsf] k|a4{g ul/g' kg]{ .

%= g]kfnsf] cfwfeGbf a9L lhNnfx¿df vfBsf] pknAwtf Go"g cj:yfdf /xg' / emG8} $! k|ltzt hg;+Vofn] b}lgs lgwf{l/t Sofnf]/Lsf] Go"gtd dfqf pkef]u ug{af6 jl~rt /x]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg\ x'g'n] o; s'/fdf ;/sf/L sfo{qmdsf] cfjZostfnfO{ bzf{pF5 . b]zdf cem} klg oy]i6 dfqfdf l;+rfO{sf] k|aGw x'g g;Sg' / sltko :yfgdf v8]/L, af9L klx/f]sf] k|sf]k / /f;folgs dnsf] lgoldt cfk"lt{ gx'g' tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] gsf/fTds c;/ kg'{ h:tf sf/0f;d]taf6 vfB pTkfbg 36\g uPsf] b]lvG5 . ;8s oftfoft gk'u]sf b'u{dsf 7fpFdf pRr 9'jfgL nfutsf sf/0f kof{Kt vfBfGg ljt/0fdf sl7gfO /x]sf] 5 . :j:ys/ vfgkfg, vfB kbfy{x¿sf] kf}li6s tTjx¿sf] ;|f]t / pkof]uaf/] hg;fwf/0fdf r]tgfsf] sdLn] ubf{ vfB kf]if0fdf hl6ntf /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} vfB j:t'sf] lgodg sfo{ k|efjsf/L /xg g;Sbf vfB ;Dk|e'tfsf] clwsf/ plrt :t/df sfod x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf kIfx¿df ;'wf/ u/L k|To]s gful/ssf] vfB ;Dk|e'tf clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ lgDg ;'wf/x¿ ul/g' kb{5 M

538

� vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff gLlt, vfB ;Dk|e"tf P]g / /fli6«o vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g' kg]{ .

� zx/L If]qdf vfB ;'/Iff cg'udg k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;Da4 lgsfosf] zfvf sfof{no Pj+ hgzlQm yk u/L ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/g' kg]{ . cg'udg ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw ;d]t tof/ u/L lhNnfdf /x]sf s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff ;dGjo ;ldlt / lhNnf vfB ;'/Iff ;~hfndfk{mt vfB tyf kf]if0f l:yltsf] cg'udg ul/g] Joj:yf k|efjsf/L agfOg' kg]{ .

� b'u{d lhNnfsf] vfBfGg dfu k|If]k0f Pj+ tbg'¿k ;dodf g} vl/b sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ hu]8f vfBfGg e08f/0f ug]{ ;DaGwL Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g' kg]{ .

� vfB / kf]if0f hf]lvd If]qx¿sf] kl/rfg u/L :yfgLo :t/df ;DefJo s[lif j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg / pkof]udf hf]8 lbg] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ .

� vfBj:t'sf] u'0f:t/sf] k/LIf0f, k|df0fLs/0f ug{ k|of]uzfnf ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/g' kg]{ .

� lgodg tyf cg'udg Joj:yf k|efjsf/L agfpg :yfgLo pkef]Qmf xslxt;Fu ;DalGwt ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{ a9fO{ kl/rfng ul/g' kg]{ .

^= g]kfnsf] ljBdfg /fh:j k|zf;g s/sf] cfwf/ ;fFu'/f] x'g', /fh:j d"NofÍg æsf/f]jf/ d"NoÆ sf] l;4fGt cg'¿k oyfy{ / kf/bzL{ gx'g', s/sf] nrstf sd x'g', s/bftfdf s/ ltg]{ k|j[lQ gx'g', s/ r'xfj6 x'g', s/;DaGwL sfg'g kf/bzL{ gx'g', /fh:j k|zf;g ;]jfd'vL tyf r':t gx'g'', s/ gLlt l:y/ / cg'dfgof]Uo gx'g', /fh:j;DaGwL ;"rgf k|ljlw–d}qL gx'g', s/ ;xeflutf hgfpg]nfO{ k|efjsf/L k|f]T;fxg lbg g;Sg', s/ bfloTj kfngf gug]{ dfly sfg'g jdf]lhd ;d'lrt cg';Gwfg / sf/jfxL x'g g;Sg', h:tf ;d:ofx¿af6 d'Qm eO;s]sf] 5}g . plNnlvt ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfgsf nflu b]xfosf ;'wf/x¿ x'g' kb{5 M–

� s/ gLlt tyf s/ sfg'gdf ljBdfg cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08adf]lhd s/ sfg'g tyf sfo{k|lqmofx¿, cfly{s sf/f]jf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{g tyf n]vf k|0ffnLdf cfPsf] ljsf; cg'¿k x'g] u/L ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ Pjd\ kl/dfh{g ul/g' kg]{ .

� /fh:j ;DaGwL cg';Gwfg tyf s/bftfsf] cfo ljj/0f;DaGwL n]vfk/LIf0faf6 sfod ePsf a]¿h" ;DaGwdf k'gM s/ k/LIf0f ug{ ;Sg] ;do ;Ldf xfn $ jif{;Dd dfq ePsf]n] k/LIf0fdf ;d:of b]lvPsf]n] s/ sfg'gdf ;'wf/ u/L ;do ;Ldf a9fOg' kg]{ .

� :yfoL n]vf gDa/ glnO{ ljleGg ;]jf Joj;fo ;~rfng ul//x]sf Joj;foL tyf k]zf Joj;fo ;~rfng ul//x]sf k]zfsdL{x¿nfO{ clgjfo{¿kdf s/sf] bfo/f leq Nofpg] sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ .

539

� g]kfnsf] s/ k|0ffnLsf Joj:yf / s/ ltg'{kg]{ bfloTj af/]df ;r]tgf km}nfpg ljBfnosf] kf7\oqmddf ljifo ;dfj]z ug]{ / ;j{;fwf/0fdf ;"rgf k|jfx ug{] af/]df hfgsf/Ld"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g' kg]{ .

� cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 adf]lhd /fh:j k|zf;g tyf s/;DaGwL ;"rgf, ;~rf/ tyf k|ljlw ;~hfnsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ul/ k"0f{tof ljB'tLo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjog ul/g' kb{5 . /fh:j cfh{g ug]{ lgsfox¿ aLr Joj;foLsf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/ ;DaGwL ;"rgfsf] cfbfg k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ul/g' kg]{ .

� k|zf;lgs nfut / ;Defljt s/bftfx¿df ;]jfsf] kx'+rsf] cfwf/df zx/L tyf zx/pGd'v If]qdf /fh:j sfof{nox¿sf] ;]jf yk lj:tf/ ul/g' kg]{ .

� /fh:j k|zf;g;DaGwL k]zfnfO{ ljlzi6Ls/0f u/L sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 1fg, ;Lk tyf Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ cfjZos gLlt, of]hgf tyf /0fgLlt th'{df ul/g' kg]{ .

� g]kfnsf] /fh:j k|0ffnLnfO{ ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug{ lj1;lxtsf] Ps pRr:t/Lo s/ k|0ffnL k'g/fjnf]sg cfof]u u7g ul/g' kb{5 . /fh:jsf gofF If]qx¿sf] klxrfg, ljleGg If]qx¿sf] ljBdfg s/sf b/x¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg / /fh:j ;ª\sng k|lj|mofnfO{ ;/n / Jojl:yt agfpg] sfo{ pQm ;ldltnfO{ lbOg' kg]{ .

� lgoldt k|s[of afx]s ljz]if cfof]u, ;ldlt u7g u/L /fh:j;DaGwL d'2fdfldnf km5\of}{6 ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{df lgoGq0f x'g' kg]{ .

� ljBdfg /fh:j k|zf;g tflnd s]Gb|nfO{ /fh:j ;DaGwL sd{rf/L tflnd lbg] ;|f]t s]Gb|sf æ;]G6/ ckm PlS;n]G;Æ sf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ sfo{ x'g' kg]{ .

� g]kfnnfO{ k|ToIf kmfObf k'Ug] tyf nufgL k|f]T;fxg x'g] d'n'sx¿;Fu bf]xf]/f] s/d'lQm ;Demf}tf ug]{ sfo{ ul/g' kg]{ .

� t:s/L], rf]/L k}7f/L / /fh:j r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug]{ u/L eG;f/ k|zf;gnfO{ /fh:j hf]lvd, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f ug{] ;zSt lgsfosf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ eG;f/ sfof{nox¿sf] ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgfdf ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g u/L ljB'tLo hfFrkf; tyf n]vfs+g k|0ffnL nfu" ul/g' kg]{ .

� /fh:j r'xfj6 lgoGq0f, ljb]zL ljlgdo ckrng / ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg j}1flgs ;"rgf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t cg';Gwfg k|lqmof clw a9fOg' kg]{ .

&= g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs vr{ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg ljZj a}ssf] ;xof]udf ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] pkof]u

540

tyf Joj:yfkgdf kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTjnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbO{ d"NofÍg ul/Psf] ePklg ck]lIft glthf b]lvPsf] 5}g . /fh:j c;'nL ug]{ b]lv sfo{qmd/cfof]hgfx¿sf] klxrfg, sfof{Gjog / k|efjsfl/tfdf b]lvg] u/]sf l9nfO{ cfof]hgf th'{dfb]lv sfof{Gjog / Joj:yfkg;Dd zf;sLo sdhf]/Lx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . kl/of]hgf nfut, kl/of]hgf ;DkGg eO;Sg' kg]{ ;do / cfof]hgfaf6 k|fKt x'g' kg]{ nfe nIocg';f/ k|fKt gx'g'sf k|d'v sf/0fx¿df cfof]hgfsf] ;Demf}tf, 7]Ssf k§f, u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f tyf To;sf] ;du| k|efjaf/] zL3| lg0f{o ;dodf x'g g;Sg' h:tf cfGtl/s lgoGq0f;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/sf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/df /fh:j c;"nL sfg'g;Ddt gx'g', n]vf cWofjlws /fvL ;dodf k]z gx'g', :jLs[t ah]6 sd dfqfdf vr{ x'g', vr{ ubf{ P]g lgodsf] kfngf gx'g', cfjZos k|lt:kwf{ a]u/ vl/b sfo{ ug'{, c;DalGwt vr{ a9g', j]¿h'sf] cfotgdf j[l4 x'g' / vr{ /sdsf] k|efjsfl/tf Go"g /xg' h:tf Joxf]/fx¿ b]lvg] u/]sf]n] plrt :t/df hjfkmb]lxtf / kf/blz{tf sfod ug{ g;s]sf] s'/fnfO{ k'li6 ub{5 . ;fj{hlgs cfly{s sf/f]jf/df kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTj clej[l4 ug{ lgDg ;'wf/ ul/g' kb{5 M

� cfly{s sf/f]jf/sf nflu lhDd]jf/ x'g] sd{rf/Lsf] hjfkmb]xLtfsf] Joj:yf sfg'gåf/f :ki6 tf]sL ;f]xL cg';f/ sfo{ljj/0fsf] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

� ah]6 ;~rfngsf] clVtof/L k|bfgubf{ kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] hjfkmb]xLtf ;DaGwL :ki6 Joj:yf u/L ;f]sf] cfwf/df sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

� n]vfk/LIf0faf6 b]lvPsf Joxf]/fsf] km5\of}{6 ug]{ u/fpg] bfloTj sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng ug]{df /xg] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

� cfly{s sf/f]jf/sf] ;+~rfngdf b]lvg] clgoldttfk|lt k|To]s kbflwsf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/L Pj+ b08 hl/jfgfsf] xb P]g lgodåf/f tf]sL ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog ul/g' kb{5 .

� x/]s ;/sf/L lgsfosf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/nfO{ j]e;fO6df /fvL ;fj{hlgs ug]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

� ljsf;sf sfo{qmd/cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ sfof{no k|d'vx¿;Fu sfd st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L ;lxt sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

� ljsf; cfof]hgfdf v6fOg] sd{rf/Lsf] ;¿jf Joj:yf ;do;Ldf tf]sL ;'lglZrt ul/g' kb{5 .

� sf/f]jf/;DaGwL ljQLo k|ltj]bg;DaGwL ;"rgf ljB'tLo ;"rgf k|0ffnLdf /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfO{ ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg' kb{5 .

*= ljZjJofkLs/0f / cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f ;Fu;Fu} g]kfnn] pTkfbg j[l4 tyf jfXo Jofkf/ Joj:yfkgdf ;d'lrt Wofg k'Ug g;]s]sf]n] lgof{t Jofkf/sf] bfFhf]df

541

cfoft pRr /xg' / e'Qmfg ;Gt'ngsf] d'Vo cfwf/ ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx x'g' r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/ nfdf] ;dob]lv 3f6fdf /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . lgsf;LhGo pBf]ux¿nfO{ d'n'ssf] s[lif, jg, ko{6g h:tf pTkfbgd"ns If]qx¿;Fu PsLs[t x'g g;Sg', clwsf+z lgof{tof]Uo j:t'x¿ cfofltt sRrf kbfy{df cfwfl/t x'g', lgsf;Lsf] nflu kof{Kt ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; x'g g;Sg' Pj+ lgdf{0f ePsf k"jf{wf/x¿ klg k"0f{ pkof]udf cfpg g;Sg', k|d'v lgsf;LhGo pTkfbgsf] lglZrt u'0f:t/ dfkb08 sfod x'g' g;Sg', cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg'¿k pTkflbt j:t'sf] k|df0fLs/0f ug{ g;Sg' cflb lgsf;L ;DaGwL ;d:ofn] ubf{ lgof{t Jofkf/ ck]lIft ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . t;y{ Jofkf/ 3f6f Go"gLs/0fsf nflu lgDg ;'wf/x¿ ul/g' kb{5 M–

� g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s tyf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f / cGt/ dGqfno ;dGjosf nflu ul7t /fli6«o Jofkf/ tyf oftfoft ;xhLs/0f ;ldltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg' kg]{ .

� g]kfnL cy{tGqsf] jfXo If]q lbuf] agfpgnfO{ j:t' Jofkf/sf] 3f6f Go"gLs/0f ug'{ ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . t;y{ g]kfnn] ljZj ahf/df t'ngfTds nfe lng ;Sg] s[lifhGo, h8La'6LhGo / x:tsnfsf j:t'x¿sf] ;+/If0f, pTkfbg tyf lgof{t k|aw{g ug]{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{ kg]{ .

� b]zut / j:t'ut¿kdf Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f ug]{ sfo{ cl3 a9fpg g]kfnsf ljb]zl:yt s"6gLlts lgof]unfO{ ;d]t yk lqmofzLn agfO{ t'ngfTds nfesf If]qaf/] cWoog cg';Gwfg ul/g' kg]{ .

� cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df :yflkt g]kfnL j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ dfkb08 sfod u/L k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ .

� ;]jf Jofkf/sf] k|a4{g u/L lgof{t Ifdtf clej[l4af6 clwstd nfe xfl;n ug{ cGt/dGqfno ;dGjo ;ldltnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g' kg]{ .

� Jofkf/ tyf lgsf;L k|a4{g s]Gb|nfO{ Jofkf/;DaGwL cWoog, cg';Gwfg, lgsf;L k|a4{g, j:t' ljsf; / hgzlQm ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ u/L :jfoQ ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf Jofkf/ k|a4{g tyf cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g' kg]{ .

� cf}Bf]lus Pjd\ j}b]lzs Jofkf/ k|a4{g ug{ g]kfnsf] ;LdfIf]qdf ef}lts tyf ;+:yfut k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; / ljz]if cfly{s cf}Bf]lus If]q Pj+ k|bz{gL:yn lgdf{0f ul/g' kg]{ .

� Jofkf/sf] k|a4{g;DaGwL sfg'gdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ul/g'sf] ;fy} :jb]zL j:t'nfO{ cfjZos ;+/If0f Pj+ ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot k|bfg ul/g' kg]{ .

( d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;df ;/sf/sf] k|d'v e"ldsf /x] tfklg lghL If]q tyf u}/ ;/sf/L If]qx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ klg plts} cfjZos x'G5 . ;/sf/L /

542

u}/;/sf/L If]q aLrsf] ;xsfo{n] ;dfj]zL Pjd\ ;dtfd"ns ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljsf;sf] If]qdf of]ubfg x'g ;Sb5 . /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] btf{ tyf tYofÍLo k|0ffnL Jojl:yt x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f lgodg tyf cg'udg sfo{ k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg'sf ;fy} ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df ;/sf/;Fu oyf]lrt ;fem]bf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ah]6 tyf lqmofsnfknfO{ k"0f{ kf/bzL{ agfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . To;} u/L o:tf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;d'bfok|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ a9L lhDd]jf/, kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL agfO{ d'n'ssf] ;du| cfly{s ljsf;df of]ubfg ug{ lgDg ;'wf/x¿ ul/g' kb{5 M–

� /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ljsf;sf] ;fe]mbf/ Pjd\ ;+jfxssf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/L pgLx¿sf] of]ubfgnfO{ nlIft ju{ tyf If]q;Dd k'¥ofpg Psåf/ k|0ffnLdfkm{t ;~rfng u/fpg] / cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf lj|mofsnfkx¿ ;+lxtfa4 ¿kdf kl/rfng u/fpg] sfo{ x'g' kg]{ .

� u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] a9\bf] ;ª\Vof / lqmofsnfkx¿sf] lj:tf/nfO{ b[li6ut u/L ltgLx¿sf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgdf Psåf/ k|0ffnL dfkm{t k|efjsf/L lgodgsf] nflu ;do;fk]If sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf tfn's dGqfno, lgsfo / ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\sf] k|zf;lgs tyf ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ .

� u}/;/sf/L If]qsf] nufgLnfO{ /fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q / ju{df k|jflxt ug{, cfly{s ;|f]tnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfO{ /fli6«o n]vfk|0ffnLdf cfa4 u/fpg, cfwf/e"t ljsf; sd ePsf lhNnf tyf :yfgx¿df s]lGb|t ug{ If]qut nufgLsf nflu :ki6 dfu{bz{g tof/ ul/g' kg]{ .

� u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] nufgLnfO{ nlIft ;d"x, ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo, lk5l8Psf] If]q, u|fdL0f ljkGg If]q tyf ;d'bfosf] ;zlQms/0f, hLljsf k|a4{g, lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f h:tf /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf If]qdf lglb{i6 ug{ lgb]{lzsf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf / :yfgLo lgsfon] :yfgLo txdf sfo{qmd 5gf}6 Pj+ sfof{Gjog ubf{ ;dGjo ug]{ sfo{ k|0ffnL nfu" ul/g' kg]{ .

� u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf sfo{sf] lgodg tyf cg'udgsf nflu /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, / ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\;lxtsf] ;+oGq lgdf{0f u/L sfo{qmd tyf k|ltkmnsf] glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg of]hgf tof/ ul/g' kb{5 . o:sf nflu u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;DaGwL ljB'tLo ;"rgf s]Gb| :yfkgf u/L lqmofsnfk kf/bzL{ agfpg] sfo{ ul/g' kg]{ .

543

� u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf lqmofsnfkx¿df kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / pQ/bfloTj ;'lglZrt ug{ :yfgLo ;/f]sf/ tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;dGjo / ;xeflutf u/fO{ hg n]vfk/LIf0f tyf vr{sf] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf nfu" ul/g' kg]{ .

� /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] vr{sf] dfkb08÷lgb]{lzsf agfO{ nfu" ul/g' kg]{ . sfo{qmd / k|zf;lgs ah]6 vr{sf] lgoGq0f Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ . cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] g]kfndf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ ;/sf/sf] :jLs[ltdf lglb{i6 ul/Psf] jfl0fHo a}+sdf vftf ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ lgoGqfTds Joj:yf u/L nfu" ul/g' kg]{ .

� cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf sfo{qmdsfnflu hgzlQm, k|j]zf1f, eG;f/, s/ h:tf Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf sfo{qmd ;Demf}tfdf ;dfj]z u/L tbg'¿k ;]jfdf ;/nLs/0f u/fOg' kg]{ . g]kfndf sfof{no gePsf cGt/{fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 ;f]em} kl/rfng x'g] ;|f]tsf sfo{qmd;d]t ;xhLs/0fsf] nflu Ps l;kmfl/; ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ .

!!= ;ª\3fTds ;+/rgfdf sd{rf/Lsf] ¿kfGt/0f g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnnfO{ ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHosf] ¿kdf pb\3f]if ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf PsfTds ;+/rgfaf6 ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf hfFbf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;d]t ;Fu;Fu} ¿kfGt/0f / ;dfof]hg x'g' kg]{ x'G5 . k|b]zx¿sf] lsl;d, cfsf/ / ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug]{ ljifosf] 6'Ëf] gnfu];Dd k|zf;gsf] ;+/rgf s:tf] x'g] eGg] lgSof}{n x'g g;Sg] ePtfklg ;ª\3Lotfdf hfFbf cfjZos kg]{ k|zf;sLo Joj:yfkgsf] k"j{ tof/L ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . ;Da4 kIfsf] ;xeflutfdf df}h'bf sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] ¿kfGt/0fsf] cfwf/ agfOg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu b]xfosf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5–

� d'n's ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfdf ¿kfGt/0f x'Fbf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/n] ug]{ sfo{ / clwsf/ If]qsf] ljifodf ;+ljwfgdf :ki6 Joj:yf x'g g;s]df s]Gb|Lo, k|b]z / :yfgLo lgsfosf ;/sf/sf aLrdf åGå / ljjfb a9\g ;S5 . To;}n] ;+ljwfgdf g} :ki6 ¿kdf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo lgsfosf] sfo{;"rL lgwf{/0f ug'{sf ;fy} ljjfb pTkGg x'g glbg ;Djfb / 5nkmn ug]{ ljz]if ;+oGq / k|lqmof tyf sfg'gL k|Zgdf ljjfbx¿ l;h{gf ePdf To:tf] ljjfb lg¿k0fsf] :ki6 ;+oGq / Joj:yf ;+ljwfgåf/f g} lgSof}{n x'g' kg]{,

� s]Gb|Lo ;+/rgf / k|fGtLo ;+/rgfsf nflu cfjZos hgzlQm k|If]k0f ug]{,

� k|fGtLo ;+/rgfdf ljleGg ;]jf ;d"x u7g u/L df}h'bf sd{rf/Lx¿dWo]af6 To:tf] kbk"lt{ ug]{,

� k|b]zLo / :yfgLo ;]jfdf hfg] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf zt{ / ;'ljwfdf sdL gx'g] u/L ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt ug]{,

544

� k|b]zLo Pjd\ :yfgLo txdf hfg OR5's sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps tx kbf]Gglt lbO{ kb:yfkg ug]{,

� lglZrt kbx¿df k|b]zLo / s]Gb|Lo ;]jfdf ;¿jf x'g ;Sg] u/L Joj:yf ug]{,

� k|b]z Pjd\ :yfgLo lgsfo ;an gx'Gh]n s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf ;]jfaf6 sd{rf/L sfhdf k7fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf ug]{,

� cGt/k|b]z ;¿jfsf] nflu ;d]t lglZrt cfwf/ / k|lqmof lglZrt ug]{,

� df}h'bf sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg geP;Dd k|b]z / :yfgLo lgsfon] gofF sd{rf/L lgo'lQmdf lgoGq0f ug]{,

� ;]jf, ;d"x jf kb gldn]sf jf ;dfof]hg x'g g;s]sf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfsif{s ;'ljwf lbO{ :j]lR5s cjsfzsf nflu pTk|]l/t ug]{, afFsL /x]sf sd{rf/L cltl/Qm ;d"xdf /fvL cfjZos :yfgdf sfd ug{ v6fpg] Joj:yfkg ug]{,

� g]kfnL ;]gf / ;z:q k|x/L annfO{ ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/sf] sfo{;"rL cGtu{t /fVg] / g]kfn k|x/LnfO{ ;ª\3Lo / k|b]zdf ljefhg u/L cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw, /fli6«o gLlt lgwf{/0f, cfGtl/s ;'/Iff Pjd\ uDeL/ lsl;dsf] ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg / ;dGjosf] sfo{ ;ª\3Lo k|x/Lsf] sfo{If]q leq /xg] Pjd\ ;ª\3Lo gLlt lgb]{zgsf] cwLgdf /xL k|b]zsf] ;'/Iff Joj:yf ;d]tsf] k|x/Lsf] cGo sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ lhDdf k|b]zsf] k|x/LnfO{ lbg] .

!@= ljljw � sfg'gåf/f :yflkt ePsf ljleGg :jfoQ ;+:yfx¿df kbflwsf/L lgo'lQm ubf{

/fhgLlts cfwf/df ug]{ ljBdfg Joj:yfn] To:tf ;ª\u7gdf /fhgLlts x:tIf]k x'g] u/]sf] / tL ;ª\u7gx¿n] xfl;n ug'{ kg]{ p2]Zo / k|efjsfl/tf b]lvg g;s]sf] l:yltnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ Pjd\ sltko To:tf sf]if, af]8{, ;ldlt, k|lti7fgdf x'g] /fhgLlts lgo'lQm / /fhgLlts cfwf/df ul/g] cjsfzn] w]/}h;f] ljjfbx¿ cbfntdf kg]{ u/]sf] ;d]tsf sf/0faf6 o;n] To:tf ;ª\u7gsf] sfo{ ;~rfng k|efljt ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . of] ljifonfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lnO{ To:tf lgsfox¿df ul/g] lgo'lQmsf nflu :ki6 dfkb08 / sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . To:tf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] l;kmfl/; ug{ ;dfhdf :jR5 5lj ePsf ;DalGwt If]qsf lj1 ;d]t ;dfj]z /x]sf] ;ldlt u7g u/L To:tf] ;ldltn] lglZrt dfkb08sf cfwf/df l;kmfl/; ug]{ / To;sf cfwf/df g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgo'lQm ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag ug]{ .

� ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ljleGg kbdf ul/g] /fhgLlts lgo'lQmn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ bnLo k|efjdf kf/]sf] 5 . o;n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ pQ/bfoL / hgd'vL agfpg sl7g eO/x]sf] 5 . To;}n] –

!= Joj:yfksLo kbx¿df bnLo b[li6sf]0fnfO{ lg¿T;flxt u/L Jofj;flostfsf] ljsf; ug]{ . /fhgLlts cf:yfsf cfwf/df To:tf kbflwsf/LnfO{ sf/jfxL ug]{ jf cjsfz lbg] k|rng aGb ug]{, o;}u/L

545

;fj{hlgs k|zf;g, ;+:yfg, af]8{, ;ldlt, k|lti7fg, sf]if, s]Gb| h:tf ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf ul/g] /fhgLlts lgo'lQmsf ;DaGwdf l;kmfl/; ug{ ;DalGwt If]qdf lj1;lxtsf] ;dfhdf pRr / :jR5 5lj agfPsf JolQmx¿ /xg] u/L l;kmfl/; ;ldlt u7g u/L ;f] ;ldltn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfkb08 adf]lhd ;f] ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df lgo'lQm ul/g] gLlt cjnDag ug]{,

@= /fhgLlts cf:yfsf] cfwf/df unt sfd ug]{sf] ;+/If0f gug]{

#= To:tf] kbflwsf/L;Fu ;+:yf ;~rfngsf nflu sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/ clgjfo{ ug]{,

$= To:tf kbflwsf/Lsf nflu cfr/0fsf lgodx¿ tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{ .

� d'n'ssf] /fli6«otf, Pstf, cv08tf / ;fj{ef}d;Qf;Fu hf]l8Psf dxTjk"0f{ lnvtx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ ;/sf/sf] bfloTj xf] . /fli6«o ;Ldf;DaGwL, ljleGg d'n'sx¿;Fu ePsf ;lGw, ;Demf}tfx¿, P]ltxfl;s clen]vx¿, d'n'ssf] Oltxf; af]s]sf b:tfj]hx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft / Jojl:yt u/L /fVgsf nflu ljz]if sfg'g Pjd\ sfo{ljlw tof/ ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . To:tf lnvt clen]vx¿ e08f/0f ug]{, ljlw, k|lqmof / lhDd]jf/L lgwf{/0f u/L ;f] sf] cg'udg Pjd\ ;'kl/j]If0fsf] k|aGw ;d]t ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿ lgwf{l/t sfof{no ;dodf pkl:yt gx'g] / sfof{no ;dodf sd{rf/Lx¿ sfof{nodf g/xg], ge]l6g] ;d:of /x]sf] ljifon] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ cljZj;gLo agfPsf] cj:yf 5 . ;do kfngf / cg'zf;g sfod ug]{ ljifodf lgoldt ¿kdf ljefuLo k|d'v, sfof{no k|d'v Pjd\ lhDd]jf/ txaf6 ;'kl/j]If0f u/L sfof{no ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] / lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf %%s= sf] Joj:yf k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .

� ;/sf/nfO{ hgtfsf] glhs k'¥ofO{ pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf, ;dGjo, ;xof]u, ;fem]bf/Ldf ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf pgLx¿s} ;Nnfx / ;'emfjsf cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; u/L ;/sf/k|ltsf] hgtfsf] ckgTj l;h{gf ug{ cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu æ;]jfsf] jl/kl/ hgtf xf]Og hgtfsf] jl/kl/ ;]jfÆ eGg] cleofgsf ;fy ljleGg lsl;dsf hgtfdf k'Ug] kx'Fr -Outreach) sfo{qmdsf] ;+rfng ug'{ kb{5 . hgtfdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gk|lt /x]sf] gsf/fTds efjnfO{ cGTo u/L ;/sf/L sfof{no / sd{rf/Lx¿k|ltsf] b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g Nofpgsf nflu hgtf;Fu k|zf;g k'Ug' kg]{ x'G5 . PsLs[t ;]jf ljt/0fnfO{ s'g} nx8df geO{ Pp6f lgoldt sfdsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g' kb{5 . hgtfsf ck]Iff / u'gf;f ;'Gg] / pgLx¿nfO{ k|zf;gsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] kl/kf6L yfngL ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� b]zdf cf}Bf]lusLs/0fn] ult lng ;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf/ cfofltt j:t'x¿n] cf]u6\g] qmd a9\bf] 5 . s[lif÷u}/ s[lif pTkfbg nfut a9L x'g] ePsfn] b]z aflx/af6 cfpg] j:t';Fu :jb]zL pTkfbgn] k|ltikwf{ ug{

546

g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . csf]{tkm{ dx+uf] d"No lt/]/ ljnfl;tfk"0f{ ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u ug]{ k|rng Jofks¿kdf a9]sf] b]lvG5 . ctM /fli6«o pTkfbgsf] k|a4{g ug{ ;/sf/n] ljz]if gLlt lng'kg]{ b]lvG5 . /fli6«o pTkfbgsf] pkof]udf j[l4 Nofpgsf nflu x/]s ;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] :jb]zL tyf :yfgLo pTkfbg pknAw eP;Dd clgjfo{ ¿kdf To:tf] pTkfbg k|of]u ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .

� ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] ah]6 vr{ k|lqmof x]bf{ cfly{s jif{sf] clGtd b'O{ dlxgfdf clwsf+z ah]6 vr{ x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . To;}u/L k|lqmof k'¥ofP/ vr{ ug]{ ;dofjlw g/x]sf] cj:yfdf klg clGtd dlxgfdf cfP/ 7"nf 7"nf /sdx¿ lgsf;f x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;/L lgsf;f x'g] ah]6df cfly{s clgoldttf / b'¿kof]u x'g] u/]sf] 5 . lgZro g} ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkg /fHosf] bfloTj xf] . of] bfloTj lgjf{x ubf{ o;n] kfg]{ k|efj / c;/sf cltl/Qm vr{ ug{ sfg'gn] lgb]{z u/]sf] ;dofjlw ;d]t ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . cfly{s jif{sf] clGtd ;dodf gofF sfo{qmd :jLs[t ug]{ / k|rlnt P]gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;dofjlw klg gk'Ug] u/L ah]6 lgsf;f ug]{ k|j[lQ aGb ul/g' kb{5 . cfly{s jif{ sfod ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;d]t k'g/fjnf]sgsf] cfjZostf 5 .

� ljsf; ah]6 ;dodf vr{ ug{ g;sL lk|mh x'g], cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;do / nfut a9\b} hfg], cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf vr{sf] dfqf clws x'g], sfdsf] u'0f:t/ sfod gx'g] h:tf ;d:ofx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ . o:tf] x'g'df vf;u/L ah]6 ;dodf kfl/t gx'g', vr{ ug]{ clVtof/L l9nf] u/L k'Ug', lgsf;f ;dodf gx'g', cfof]hgfx¿sf] 7]Ssf k|lqmofnufotsf sfdx¿df w]/} ;do vr{ x'g', sd{rf/Lsf] ;¿jf, :yfgLo cj/f]w cflb 5g\ . To;}n] ;dodf g} jflif{s ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd :jLs[t ug]{, rf}dfl;s lgsf;f / vr{ k|lqmofnfO{ ;do tflnsf -Calender_ df cfa4 u/L sfof{no÷cfof]hgf k|d'v / ;Da4 sd{rf/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg ;s]df tf]lsPsf] nIo k|flKtdf ;xhtf x'g] b]lvG5 . k|To]s lgsfon] o;sf nflu cf=j=sf] klxnf] dlxgfdf g} To:tf] tflnsf :jLs[t u/L ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� sfof{nosf lhG;L ;fdfg Pjd\ ef}lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ sd{rf/Lsf] OR5fzlQm, 1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtf, k|ljlw / ;xof]uL jftfj/0fsf] sdL b]lvPsf] 5 . o;n] /fHosf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;+/If0f / ;b'kof]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] lhG;L Joj:yfkgsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ 5 . sfof{no kl/;/nfO{;d]t Jojl:yt ul/Psf] b]lvFb}g . s]Gb|Lo ;lrjfno /x]sf] l;+xb/af/ leq} cJoj:ytf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fdfGo ;/;kmfO{sf] ;d]t cefj /x]sf] 5 . k'/fgf ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . vl/b k|lqmofdf Pjd\ vr{ k|lqmofdf k|ult b]lvg], t/ pknlJwsf] cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs b]lvFb}g . ctM sfof{nosf ef}lts ;DklQsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{ cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ bIf hgzlQmsf] k"lt{, ljBdfg hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf;, lhDd]jf/L af]w, k|ljlwsf] pknAwtf / k|of]usf ;fy} cg's"n sfo{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ h¿/L 5 . x/]s sfof{nox¿ kl/;/b]lv g} ;kmf / cfsif{s agfOg' kg]{ x'G5 . of] d'n'ssf] k|lti7f;Fu hf]l8Psf] ljifo xf] . l;+xb/af/leq yk

547

ejg lgdf{0fnfO{ lg¿T;flxt ul/g' kb{5 / v'nf 7fpFx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt t'NofOg' kb{5 .

� ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv ljleGg lgsfox¿n] cfly{s ;xfotf rGbf k'/:sf/ zLif{saf6 7"nf] /sd cf–cfkm\gf lgs6:y JolQmx¿nfO{ ljt/0f u/L ;/sf/L /sdsf] b'¿kof]u ug]{ k|j[lQ a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . o;n] /fHoaf6 ;'ljwf k|fKt ug'{kg]{ ju{ pQm ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{af6 jl~rt ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] /fHosf]ifsf] b'¿kof]u ug]{ sfo{df a9f]Q/L ;d]t x'g uPsf] 5 . /fHosf]ifsf] ;+/If0f u/L pQm /sdnfO{ /fi6« ljsf;df nufpg tyf ;'ljwf kfpg' kg]{ jf:tljs JolQmn] dfq o:tf ;xfotf k|fKt u¿g\ eGgfsf vflt/ b]xfosf] Joj:yf ug]{ M–

-!_ cfly{s ;xfotfsf lglDt lglZrt dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug]{ / ;f] dfkb08leq ;xfotf k|fKt ug{ rfxg] JolQmn] sdhf]/ cfly{s l:yltsf] :yfoL a;f]af; ePsf] lhNnfsf] :yfgLo lgsfo / lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 cfly{s ;xfotf k|fKt ug{ of]Uo egL l;kmfl/; k]z ug'{ kg]{ afWofTds Joj:yf ug]{ .

-@_ cfly{s ;xfotf k|fKt ug]{ JolQmx¿sf] gfdfjnL dfl;s¿kdf ;fj{hlgs ug]{ / jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf ;f] s'/f vnfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

-#_ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿df k|To]s jif{ b}lgs eQf tyf e|d0f eQf zLif{sdf 7"nf] /sd ljlgof]hg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . pQm /sd jflif{s nIo tf]lsPsf sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ug{sf nflu vr{ ug'{kg]{df e|d0f cfb]z :jLs[t u/fP/ sfof{nod} a;L ;'ljwf lng] k|j[lQ ;d]t w]/} lgsfodf b]lvPsf]n]] To;nfO{ lgoldt ug{ e|d0f cfb]z :jLs[t u/fP/ tf]lsPsf] :yfgdf e|d0fdf hfg] sd{rf/Lx¿n] pQm e|d0f sfo{qmdsf] k|ltj]bg k]z gu/L e|d0f eQf k]ZsL km5\of}{6 gug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ . e|d0fdf uPsf] :yfgsf] :yfgLo lgsfo jf :yfgLo sfof{non] e|d0fdf cfPsf] Joxf]/f k|dfl0ft ul/lbg' kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

-$_ ;/sf/L sfdsf] nflu dfq k|of]u x'g'kg]{ ;/sf/L ;jf/L ;fwgx¿ lghL sfddf k|of]u ug]{ k|j[lQ a9\b} uO{ b'¿kof]u eO/x]sf]n] o; ;DaGwdf lglZrt dfkb08 agfO{ nfu" ug]{ / dfkb08 adf]lhd k|of]u eP gePsf] lgoldt cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ tyf dfkb08 ljk/Lt ;/sf/L ;'ljwf k|of]u ug]{ JolQmx¿nfO{ sf/jfxLsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] .

-%_ kzfdz{ ;]jfnfO{ lgoldt ug{ 5'§} sfo{ljlw agfpg], :jfy{ hf]l8Psf ljifodf -Conflict of Interest_ k/fdz{ ;]jf glbg] u/L dfkb08 / cfwf/x¿ lgwf{/0f ug]{ Pjd\ cgfjZos ¿kdf k/fdz{bftf / ;Nnfxsf/ g/fVg], :jb]zL ljz]if1k|fKt eP;Dd ljb]zL k/fdz{bftf lgo'Qm gug]{ .

-^_ ;/sf/L sfo{qmdx¿ ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs xndf ;~rfng ug]{, ;Dej eP;Dd ljbfsf] lbg jf ljxfgsf] ;dodf ;~rfng ug]{ / /fqLef]hnfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug]{ ;/sf/L vr{df dxFuf xf]6ndf sfo{qmd gug]{ .

-&_ ;/sf/L vr{df dlb/f;lxtsf] kf6L{ jf ef]hsf] cfof]hgf gug]{ .

548

-*_ sfof{no ;doleq cfkm\g} sfof{nodf cfof]hgf ePsf] a}7sdf a}7s eQf glbg] . a}7s eQfdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug]{ .

-(_ ;fj{hlgs vr{df ldtJolotf sfod ug{ ldtJolotf lgb]{lzsfsf] s8fO;fy kfngf ug]{ u/fpg] .

-!)_ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ tyf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] b'¿kof]unfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 To:tf] b'¿kof]u ;DaGwL ;"rgf lbg ;j{;fwf/0fsf ;dIf lgoldt ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ / k|fKt ;"rgfsf cfwf/df 5fgljg u/L ;DalGwt dGqfno / lhNnf txdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] ;+oGq agfO{ /f]syfd / lgoGq0fsf] plrt sf/jfxL ug]{ .

� s'g}klg ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ jf s'g} lglZrt sfd ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu ;ldltx¿ u7g ug]{ cEof; /lxcfPsf] 5 . Psk6s u7g ePsf ;ldltx¿ :yfoL ;+/rgf ;/x cgGt sfn;Dd /lx/xg] cEof;nfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . o;n] cgfjZos¿kdf ;fj{hlgs vr{ a9fPsf] b]lvG5 eg] nufgLsf] cg'kftdf k|ltkmn ;d]t lbg g;s]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] ljleGg P]g, sfg'g cGtu{t :yflkt ePsf ;ldltx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cf}lrTo gb]lvPsf ;ldltx¿ vf/]h÷lj36g ug]{ Pjd\ tTsfn cfjZostf b]lvPsf ;ldltx¿nfO{ lglZrt ;dofjlwdf lglZrt pknlAw xfl;n x'g;Sg] u/L Joj:yfkg;Fu sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/ u/L ;f] cg';f/ sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ g;s]df lhDd]jf/ agfpg] tyf ;do;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/L :yfoL ;+/rgfaf6 ;Dej gx'g] sfdsf nflu dfq ;ldlt u7g ug]{ gLlt -Sunset Policy_ cjnDag ug'{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

� /fi6« k|d'v, ;/sf/ k|d'v, dGqLx¿, ;+j}wflgs cËsf k|d'vx¿ tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ lgsfosf pRr kb:y kbflwsf/Lx¿dfq geP/ :yfgLo lgsfosf k|d'v kbflwsf/Lx¿ ;d]tn] ljleGg ;Nnfxsf/ /fVg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . /fHosf dxTjk"0f{ lgsfodf /x]sf lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L, sfo{k|s[lt, sfo{af]em / k|efjsf/L sfo{;Dkfbgsf lglDt ;Nnfxsf/ /fVg' ;fdfGo / cfjZos ePklg s'g txsf kbflwsf/Ln] s] s:tf / slt hgf ;Nnfxsf/ /fVg kfpg] eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf gePsf sf/0f sltko ;Gbe{df cgfjZos ¿kdf 7"nf] ;+Vofdf ;Nnfxsf/x¿sf] hd36 eO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf gsf/fTds k|efj kg]{ / ltgLx¿sf] ;]jf ;'ljwfsf nflu /fHosf] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cgfjZos vr{ eO/x]sf] kfOG5 eg] sltko cj:yfdf cTofjZos If]qdf ;d]t ;Nnfxsf/x¿ gx'g' / ePsf ;Nnfxsf/x¿ ;d]t ;DalGwt If]qsf lj1 / ;Nnfx k|bfg ug]{ x}l;otsf gx'g'n] ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿sf lg0f{o / sfo{x¿ ckl/kSj eO{ /fHonfO{ xfgL gf]S;fgL ;d]t k'u]sf] kfOG5 . o;k|sf/sf] cj:yfsf] cGt ug{ s'g s'g kbflwsf/LnfO{ s'g s'g If]qsf slt hgf ;Nnfxsf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ / ;Nnfxsf/x¿sf] of]Uotf, bIftf / Ifdtf s:tf] /xg' kg]{ eGg] :ki6 sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L ;f]xL cg';f/ Jojl:yt ug{ h¿/L 5 . ;Nnfxsf/x¿n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ cfr/0f / cg'zf;g Pjd\ lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{ pQ/bfloTj;d]t ls6fg ul/g'

549

kb{5 . sd{rf/Lx¿af6 ;Dkfbg x'g] sfdsf nflu s'g}klg ¿kdf ;Nnfxsf/ lgo'Qm ug{ gkfOg] k|i6 Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf ljleGg pRr:t/Lo kbx¿df /xL ;]jf u/]sf cg'ejL / k|ltefzfnL hgzlQmnfO{ /fHon] kl/rfng u/L /fli6«o :jfy{sf] ;+/If0fdf of]ubfg lng ;Sg' kb{5 . ;]jfdf /xFbf u/]sf] of]ubfgsf] cfwf/df lj1x¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ lglZrt ljifodf cWoog u/L /fHonfO{ ;]jf ug{;Sg] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsPdf ;/sf/ / k|fl1s JolQmx¿sf aLr 5nkmn / k/fdz{ ug]{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f x'G5 . o;sf nflu ;/sf/n] cu|;/tf b]vfO{ ;DalGwt ljifodf lj1tf xfl;n u/]sf JolQmx¿sf] ;femf d~r jf ljifout cfwf/df 5'§f 5'§} d~r agfO{ cg'ejL / of]ubfg lbg] x}l;ot ePsf hgzlQmnfO{ Pp6f 8f]/f]df cfa4 u/L cfjZos lhDd]jf/L lbg] / ;]jf lng] Joj:yf ug{' cfjZos 5 . o:tf] ;]jf ljleGg cWoog k|lti7fgx¿ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf :yflkt u/]/ jf ;/sf/n] ;NNffxsf/sf] e"ldsf lbP/ klg ug{ ;lsG5 .

� ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f ug]{ sltko lgsfox¿ sd{rf/Lsf cfsif{0fsf s]Gb|ljGb'sf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . sltko lgsfox¿df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ bl08t ePsf] dxz'z u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;/sf/n] To:t} cfsif{0f a9L ePsf 7fpFdf pTk|]/0ff -Incentive) ;d]t lbPsf] b]lvG5 . To:tf lgsfox¿sf] sfo{ k|lqmof ;/nLs/0f ug]{, kf/blz{tf clej[l4 ug]{, lglZrt ;dofjlw gf3]sfnfO{ clgjfo{¿kdf ;¿jf ug]{ / lgu/fgL lgsfoaf6 lgu/fgL a9fpg], dflyNnf lgsfoaf6 cg'udg Pjd\ ;'kl/j]If0f a9fpg] h:tf pkfo cjnDag u/L cfsif{0f 36fpg / To:tf sfof{nosf] ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ lgodg ug{' kg]{ x'G5 .

� ;/sf/sf sfd sf/jfxLx¿nfO{ s'g} g s'g} ¿kn] Ps csf{df lgoGq0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . lgodgsf] e"ldsfdf /x]sf u[x dGqfno, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, sfg'g tyf Gofo dGqfno, cy{ dGqfnosf] lhDdf kfPsf dGqLx¿nfO{ c¿ dGqfnosf] lhDd]jf/L lbFbf lgodg dGqfnosf] e"ldsf sdhf]/ x'g uPsf] ljutsf] cEof;n] b]vfPsf] 5 . To;}n] o:tf dGqfnosf dGqLx¿nfO{ c¿ dGqfnosf] ;d]t lhDd]jf/L lbg' gx'g] l;4fGtsf] cjnDag ug'{ h¿/L 5 .

� ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf g}ltstf, OdfGbfl/tf / ;bfrf/sf] ;+:s[ltdf x|f; cfPsf] 5 . cf}krfl/s lzIffn] dfq g}lts cfr/0f / Jojxf/df ;'wf/ cfpg g;s]sf] cj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;a} txsf sd{rf/LnfO{ g}lts lzIff / /fli6«o :jfy{, /fli6«o lxt Pjd\ ;fdflhs Pstf / ;b\efj h:tf ljifodf lzIff÷k|lzIf0f lbg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . 5f]6f] cjlwdf lbOg] o:tf] lzIffnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbgdf b]lvPsf ljs[lt, lj;Ëlt / cg'zf;gdf cfPsf] x|f;;Fu hf]8]/ jflif{s ¿kdf sDtLdf x/]s sd{rf/Ln] Ps k6s To:tf] lzIff k|fKt ug]{ k|aGw ug{ ;lsG5 . :yfgLo:t/ d} k|lzIfssf] ljsf; u/L ;f]xL:t/df To:tf] k|lzIf0f ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . ljBfno:t/df gful/s lzIffnfO{ hf]8 lbg] Joj:yf cfjZos 5 . o;}u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;]jfdf sfo{/t /xg] t/ 3/ kl/jf/ ljb]zd} eO{

550

To;k|lt g} nufj b]vfpg]x?sf] 5fgljg u/L /fli6«otf / /fli6«o lxtsf] ;+/If0fsf lglDt To;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{ Tolts} cfjZos 5 .

� ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf clen]v Jojl:yt gx'g], vf]h]sf] avt clen]v ge]§fOg], kf]s] kmfOnsf] afx'Notfn] sfof{no Joj:yfkg ug{ sl7gfO{ kg]{, :yfgsf] ;d]t cefj x'g], k|lqmofdf s]lGb|t x'Fbf ;]jf ljt/0f k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg], sfdsf] rfksf cfwf/df sd{rf/L b/aGbL lgwf{/0f gx'Fbf sltko sfof{nodf sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L / rfk g} ePsf], s'g}df clws rfk ePsf] c;Gt'lnt cj:yf b]lvPsf], ;]jfu|fxLk|ltsf] Jojxf/df ;'wf/ cfpg g;s]sf], u}/ sfg'gL nfe lng]tkm{ cfsif{0f a9]sf], xflsdd'vL÷g]tfd'vL k|j[lQ ljsf; ePsf], ;]jfd'vL b[li6sf]0f ljsf; x'g g;s]sf] / ef]lnjfb cyf{t sfd kG5fpg], lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg] k|j[lQ /x]sf] h:tf cf/f]kaf6 d'Qm x'gsf nflu sfo{ k|lqmof / sfo{ ;+:s[ltdf ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf b]lvG5 . d'VotM g]t[TjbfoL Pjd\ ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ lgsfon] of] ljifonfO{ ;+j]bgzLn eO{ ;Daf]wg u/L ;]jf ljt/0fnfO{ ljZjfl;nf] / k|efjsf/L agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .

� ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfng ;DaGwL w]/} sfg'gx¿ k"0f{ 5}gg\ . gLltut kof{Kttf klg 5}g . sfg'g / gLlt th'{df ePsf]df klg To;sf] sfof{Gjog kIf Hofb} lkmtnf] 5 . cg'udg ug]{ k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ;d]t b]lvGg . cg'udgaf6 b]lvPsf jf:tljs s'/fnfO{ ;xL¿kdf k|:t't ug]{ Jojxf/ klg b]lvGg . ljleGg :jfy{ / rnv]nn] ;a} k|lqmofnfO{ k|efljt kf/]sf] 5 . cg'udg / ;'kl/j]If0f cf}krfl/stfdf dfq ;Lldt x'Fbf ck]lIft glthfk|fKt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . d"ntM tfn's lgsfoaf6 ul/g] cg'udg / ;'kl/j]If0f sfo{nfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg jb\lgot jf :jfy{k"j{s unt sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvPdf To:tf] cg'udg ug]{n] yk bfloTj Joxf]g'{ kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf x'g ;s]df g} cg'udg cy{k"0f{ x'g ;S5 . ctM u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf / j:t' kfpg] gful/ssf] g};lu{s clwsf/df cf3ft k'¥ofpg] sfo{ ePsf]df cg'udg / ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ To;sf] jf:tljstf phfu/ gu/L 9fs5f]k ug]{ k|j[lQ /x]df b08xLgtf df}nfpg] x'Fbf To:tf] sfo{ ug]{nfO{ s;"/sf] dfqfg';f/ ;hfo ug]{ / cg'udgsf] unt ljj/0f k]z ug]{nfO{ ;]jfdf /xg cof]Uo x'g] Joj:yf u/L lghaf6 b08 hl/jfgf / Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t e/fpg] Joj:yf u/]df g} cg'udg k|efjsf/L / cy{k"0f{ x'g ;Sg] x'Fbf cg'udgnfO{ lgoldt, Jojl:yt / cy{k"0f{ agfpg ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] Joj:yf sfg'gL ¿kdf g} ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� ;+j}wflgs lgsfo Pjd\ ;'/Iff lgsfox¿ nufotsf] kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] dof{bfqmdnfO{ cGo d'n'sn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] cEof;nfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .

� ;+:yf btf{ P]g vf/]h u/L ;+:yfsf] sfo{ k|s[lt cg'¿k juL{s/0f x'g] u/L u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf -lgodg_ P]g agfpg' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

� /fHoJoj:yfk|ltsf] hgljZjf; a9fpg ;fdflhs Gofosf] dfGotfnfO{ d"t{¿k lbg ;d]t h]i7gful/s, ckfË / c;Qmtf Pjd\ lgw{g ju{sf] lxtdf lglZrt

551

sfo{of]hgf agfO{ To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogåf/f ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] cg'e"lt lbg] .

� nf]stGqdf gful/sn] /fHoaf6 kfpg'kg]{ Go"gtd\ ;]jf ;'ljwf -;8s, oftfoft, 6]lnkmf]g, lah'nL, vfg]kfgL, ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ;"rgf ;d]t_ lgjf{w / Go"gtd z"Nsdf kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ / To:tf ;]jf ;+:yfg lgudx¿af6 lbg] Joj:yf u/]klg ;/sf/sf] cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L ;Dem]/ To;sf] k|ToIf cg'udgsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

� d'n's nfdf] ;dosf] /fhgLlts åGåaf6 zflGt k|lqmofdf ¿kfGt/0f eO{ zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ gofF ;+j}wflgs 9fFrf z}nL / k4ltdf ;~rfng ug]{ k|oTgdf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] åGåaf6 kLl8t / k|efljt JolQmx¿sf] k'g:{yfkgf Pjd\ ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ k|d'v bfloTj /fHonfO{ ;'lDkPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] ck]Iff adf]lhdsf] e"ldsf ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGt cg';f/ ;dod} åGå kLl8tsf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L ljlwsf] zf;g / ;+j}wflgs /fHo Joj:yf k|ltsf] ljZjf; hufpg åGå kLl8tsf] ;d:ofk|lt ;Dj]bgzLn eO{ oyf]lrt ;Daf]wg ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

� ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf ;DklQsf] d:of}6 u/]sf], tfn tn}of, vf]nf gfnf, jghËn, d7 dlGb/, u'7L, ;fj{hlgs tyf P]nfgL hUuf ;d]tsf] ;DklQ s;}n] u}/ sfg'gL ¿kdf btf{ u/] u/fPsf], sAhf lnP lng nufPsf] jf ef]urng u/]sf] ljifodf 5fgljg ug{ Pp6f pRr:t/L clwsf/ ;DkGg 5fgljg cfof]u u7g u/L ;f] cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df u}/sfg'gL lsl;dn] ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ btf{ u/]sf]df ab/ ug{ ;Sg] sfg'gL Joj:yf ;d]t u/L To:tf] ;/sf/L ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'kg]]{ b]lvG5 . o;}u/L e|i6frf/ ;d]tsf ljleGg d'2fdf hkmt ePsf 3/, hUuf, ;jf/L ;fwg Pjd\ cGo ;DklQsf] clen]v cBfjlws /fvL To:tf 3/ hUuf ;/sf/L sAhfdf NofO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf pkof]u ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

;'emfj sfof{Gjog ;+oGq g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;dof]lrt ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfj k|bfg ug{ a]nfa]nfdf ljleGg cfof]u tyf ;ldltx¿ u7g ePsf / ltgLx¿n] ;'emfj k|:t't u/]sf kfOP klg sd} dfqfdf ;'emfjx¿ sfof{Gjog ePsf kfOG5g\ . cfof]u÷;ldltsf ;'emfjx¿ ;d]tsf] sfof{Gjog cj:yfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ Ps clwsf/ ;DkGg / :jfoQ x}l;otsf] k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg s]Gb|Lo ;+oGq u7g u/L sfof{Gjog Pjd\ cg'udg sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg' cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu –

!= k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj sfof{Gjog pRr:t/Lo lgb]{zs ;ldlt u7g ug]{,

@= k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] If]qdf lqmofzLn JolQmx¿ kbflwsf/L /x]sf] Pp6f ;fgf] t/ clwsf/;DkGg k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg ;ldlt u7g ug]{,

552

#= k|:t't k|ltj]bg / ljutsf k|zf;g ;'wf/;DaGwL k|ltj]bgx¿ cWoog u/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ lgb]{zg Pjd\ l;kmfl/; ug]{ Pjd\ ;f] sf] sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ug]{,

$= ;ldltnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbgdf nrstf k|bfg ug{ cfkm\gf] sfo{;~rfng sfo{ljlw tof/ ug]{ clwsf/ lbg],

%= ;ldltnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t ;fwg / hgzlQm g]kfn ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg],

^= ;ldltn] x/]s tLg–tLg dlxgfdf cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxLsf] k|ltj]bg k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{nodf k]z ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

c= k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu", ;dGjo / cg'udg ug{sf nflu b]xfosf] pRr:t/Lo lgb]{zs ;ldlt /xg' kg]{ M–

k|wfgdGqL – cWoIf

u[x dGqL – ;b:o

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqL – ;b:o

cy{ dGqL – ;b:o

:yfgLo ljsf; dGqL – ;b:o

d'Vo ;lrj – ;b:o

g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] ;DalGwt If]qsf] lj1 – ;b:o

cf= pRr:t/Lo lgb]{zs ;ldltn] lbPsf] gLltut lgb]{zgdf /xL k|zf;g ;'wf/sf ;'emfjx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu b]xfosf] æsfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg ;ldltÆ u7g x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 M

s= g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kbdf ;d]t /xL lghfdtL

k|zf;gsf] If]qdf nfdf] cg'ej ePsf] lj1 JolQm – ;+of]hs

v= ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] ;lrj – ;b:o

u= cy{ ;lrj – ;b:o

3= g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf k|fljlws dGqfnosf b'O{ hgf ;lrjx¿ – ;b:o

ª= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{nosf] jl/i7td\ ;lrj – ;b:o–;lrj

r= ;ldltn] ljifout dGqfno;Fu ;DalGwt ;'emfj sfof{Gjogsf lglDt ;DalGwt dGqfnosf] ;lrjnfO{ ;d]t cfdGq0f u/L lg0f{o ug]{5 .

O= sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg ;ldltsf] sfof{b]z

• ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg sfof{Gjogsf nflu x/]s dGqfno tyf s]Gb|Lo lgsfodf sfof{Gjog OsfO{ :yfkgf ug{] u/fpg] / ;'emfj sfof{Gjogsf nflu sfof{Gjog OsfO{nfO{ lgsfout sfof{Gjog of]hgf agfpg sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg]],

• ;'emfj sfof{Gjogsfnflu lgb]{zg lbg] / sfof{Gjogsf] k|efjsfl/tf cg'udg ug]{,

553

• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ pQ/bfoL, hjfkmb]xL Pjd\ k|efjsf/L agfpg lgoldt ¿kdf cg'udg Pjd\ lgu/fgL ug]{ / sfg'g ljk/Lt sfo{ ePsf] kfOPdf ;DalGwt lgsfodf n]vL k7fpg],

• q}dfl;s ¿kdf ;'wf/sf sfdx¿sf] d"NofÍg ug]{ / lgb]{zs ;ldlt ;dIf k]z ug]{,

• gLltut ;'wf/sf nflu lgb]{zs ;ldlt ;dIf cfjZos k|:tfjx¿ k]z ug]{,

• cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] Ps dlxgf leq jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L dlGqkl/ifb\\ ;dIf k]z ug]{ / To;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;d]t ug]{,

• P]g sfg'g gLlt lgod cg'¿ksf] sfo{ gu/]sf] b]lvPdf cfjZos sf/jfxL ug]{ u/fpg],

• ;'emfj sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf cfO{kg]{ afwf cj/f]w km'sfpg] / cfjZos lgsf;f lbg],

• lgb]{zs ;ldltn] lbPsf] gLltut lgb]{zg adf]lhdsf] sfo{ ug]{ .

;'emfj sfof{Gjog of]hgf o; ;ldltn] lbPsf plNnlvt ;'emfjx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ljifout dGqfnox¿ / s]Gb|Lo lgsfox¿n] cf–cfkm\gf] sfo{If]qsf ljifodf 5'§} sfof{Gjog of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . k|ltj]bgdf ;d]l6Psf d"ne"t ljifox¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu b]xfosf] sfof{Gjog of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 M–

sfof{Gjog of]hgf l;=g+ ;'emfjx¿ sfof{Gjog

ug]{ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfo ;dofjlw cg'udg ug]{

lgsfo != ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf

cfwf/e"t d"Nox¿ ;d]tsf ljifox¿ ;+ljwfgdf ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{

;+ljwfg;ef Ps jif{ leq

@= lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf ;+zf]wg ug]{

Joj:yflksf ;+;b

dlGqkl/ifb\, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u / sfg'g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno, cy{ dGqfno

^ dlxgf leq

# lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL ;+zf]wg ug]{

dlGqkl/ifb\ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u / sfg'g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno

^ dlxgf leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

%= tflnd gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{

dlGqkl/ifb\\ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno # dlxgf leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

^= dGqfno / s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] gLlt, kl/nIo / kl/b[io lgwf{/0f ug]{

;DalGwt dGqfno / s]Gb|Lo lgsfo

^ dlxgf leq k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no,

554

k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

&= 6«]8 o'lgogsf] Joj:yfkg != 5ftf P]gsf] th'{df ug]{

Joj:yflksf ;+;b

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno tyf >d dGqfno

^ dlxgf leq

@= P]gdf Joj:yf eP cg';f/ 6«]8 o'lgogsf] lgjf{rg ug]{

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno

>d dGqfno, cy{ dGqfno, ljleGg k]zfut ;ª\u7gx¿

Ps jif{ leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no, ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

#= 6«]8 o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f ug]{

dlGqkl/ifb\\ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, sfg'g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno

^ dlxgf leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

* = k|x/L P]gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{

Joj:yflksf ;+;b

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no, u[x dGqfno, sfg'g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno

k|x/L P]gdf ;fdlos ;'wf/ x'g]

(= k|x/L lgodfjnL th'{df ug]{ g]kfn ;/sf/ u[x dGqfno, g]kfn k|x/L, sfg'g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno

^ dlxgf leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

!)= /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt th'{df ug]{

dlGqkl/ifb\\ /Iff dGqfno, u[x dGqfno, /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\, g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn k|x/L;d]t

Ps jif{ leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

!!= k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg s]Gb|Lo ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ug]{

dlGqkl/ifb\\ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, cy{ dGqfno

# dlxgf leq

!@= ;'zf;g ;DaGwL

!= e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g /

clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{

Joj:yflksf ;+;b

clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, sfg'g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno

^ dlxgf leq

@= ljB'tLo zf;g k4ltsf] cjnDag ug]{

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{n, ;a} dGqfnox¿ tyf s]Gb|Lo lgsfox¿

lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno

Ps jif{ leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt,

!#= k|wfgdGqL sfof{nosf] sfo{If]qsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ -cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug]{ lgsfosf] ¿kdf_

g]kfn ;/sf/ # dlxgf leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

!$= ;ª\3fTds ;+/rgfdf hfFbfsf] sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL gLltut Joj:yf ug]{

g]kfn ;/sf/ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, cy{ dGqfno

Ps jif{ leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

!%= b'u{d If]qdf ;]jfk|jfx != ef}uf]lns If]qx¿sf]

juL{s/0fdf

Joj:yflksf ;+;b

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno / cy{ dGqfno

^ dlxgf leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

555

k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ @= b'u{d If]q k'/:sf/sf]

Joj:yf ug]{ dlGqkl/ifb\\ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, cy{

dGqfno, ;DalGwt dGqfnox¿ ^ dlxgf leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g

;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

!^= ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gsf] ;+zf]wg ug]{

Joj:yflksf ;+;b

cy{ dGqfno, sfg'g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno

^ dlxgf leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

!&= x/]s dGqfno / s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ug]{

;DalGwt dGqfnosf ;lrj

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno / cy{ dGqfno

Ps jif{ leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no

!*= ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg

!= If]qLo lgb]{zgfnox¿ vf/]h ug]{

dlGqkl/ifb\\ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, cy{ dGqfno tyf ;DalGwt dGqfnox¿

Ps jif{ leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

@= x'nfs ;]jfsf] sfo{If]q / lhDd]jf/L k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{

dlGqkl/ifb\\ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno Ps jif{ leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

!(= k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] clwsf/If]qdf k'g/fjnf]sg -5'§} P]gsf] th'{df_ ug]{

Joj:yflksf ;+;b

dlGqkl/ifb\\, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, sfg'g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno

^ dlxgf leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

@)= lzIff If]qdf ;'wf/ ug]{ lzIff dGqfno cy{ dGqfno, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u

^ dlxgf leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

@!= :jf:Yo If]qdf ;'wf/ ug]{ :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno

cy{ dGqfno / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u

^ dlxgf leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

@@= k//fi6« If]qdf ;'wf/

!= s"6gLlts k|ltlglwsf] pGd'lQm ;DaGwL P]gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{

Joj:yflksf ;+;b

k//fi6« dGqfno, sfg'g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno

^ dlxgf leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

@= k//fi6« gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{

dlGqkl/ifb\\ k//fi6« dGqfno Ps jif{ leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

#= 5'§} k//fi6« ;]jf ;DaGwL sfg'g th'{df ug]{

Joj:yflksf ;+;b

k//fi6« dGqfno, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, cy{ dGqfno, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno

Ps jif{ leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

$= s"6gLlts k|ltlglwx¿sf nflu cfwf/e"t of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ug{ cfrf/;+lxtf tof/ ug]{

dlGqkl/ifb\\ k//fi6« dGqfno # dlxgf leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

@#= pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f != g]kfnsf j:t' / ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gx¿ k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{

Joj:yflksf ;+;b

pBf]u dGqfno, cfk"lt{ dGqfno / cGo ;Da4 dGqfno

Ps jif{ leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

@= ahf/ cg'udg ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug]{

jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno

k|wfg dGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no tyf u[x dGqfno

# dlxgf leq x'g]

k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

556

@$= cw{Goflos lgsfosf] sfo{ljlw P]g th'{df ug]{

Joj:yflksf ;+;b

dlGqkl/ifb\\, sfg'g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno tyf cGo ;Da4 dGqfnox¿

^ dlxgf leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

@%= ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] cfjlws k|efj d"NofÍg ug]{

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no

Ps jif{ leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt, gful/s ;dflh Pj+ cfd gful/sx¿

@^= j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{

dlGqkl/ifb\\ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no, k//fi6« dGqfno tyf cy{ dGqfno

^ dlxgf leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

@&= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL

!= :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg ug]{

lgjf{rg cfof]u

g]kfn ;/sf/ Ps jif{ leq ;+;bsf] ;DalGwt ;ldlt

@= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{

Joj:yflksf ;+;b

;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, sfg'g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno tyf cy{ dGqfno

Ps jif{ leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

#= :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] k'g;{+/rgf / juL{s/0f ug]{

dlGqkl/ifb\\ ;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno tyf cy{ dGqfno

Ps jif{ leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

@*= ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;~rfngsf] nflu 5ftf P]g th'{df ug]{

Joj:yflksf ;+;b

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u / cy{ dGqfno

Ps jif{ leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

@(= ;]jf s/f/ Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL dfkb08 lgdf{0f ug]{ / ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no Pj+ ;a} dGqfnox¿

g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;a} lgsfo tyf sfof{nox¿

^ dlxgf leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

#) tna ;'ljwfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{

dlGqkl/ifb\\ cy{ dGqfno ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno

^ dlxgf leq k|:tfljt k|zf;g ;'wf/ cg'udg ;ldlt

#! sfof{Gjog of]hgf ;DalGwt dGqfno / s]Gb|Lo lgsfon] agfpg]

;DalGwt dGqfno / s]Gb|Lo lgsfo

;DalGwt dGqfno / s]Gb|Lo lgsfo

# dlxgf leq ;DalGwt dGqfno / s]Gb|Lo lgsfo

557

cg';"rL–!

s= k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldlt ;dIf ;'emfj k|:t't ug'{ x'g] ;+j}wflgs cËsf kbflwsf/L, g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj Pj+ ;lrjx¿

l;=g+= gfdfjnL 5nkmn ldlt

1. 8f= sof]b]jL odL, cWoIf, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u @)&).%.!)

2. >L gLns07 pk|]tL, k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm, lgjf{rg cfof]u @)&).%.(

3. >L efg'k|;fb cfrfo{, dxfn]vf k/LIfs @)&).$.!&

4. 8f= /fdeQm lkeL 7fs'/, lgjf{rg cfo'Qm –

5. >L nLnfdl0f kf}8\ofn, d'Vo ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ @)&).%.@

6. >L s[i0fxl/ afF:sf]6f, ;lrj, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no @)&).%.@

7. >L dfwjk|;fb /]UdL, k|d'v clws[t, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| @)^(.!).(

8. >L zfGt/fh ;'j]bL, ;lrj, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

9. >L s[i0f 1jfnL, ;lrj, pBf]u dGqfno @)^(.!@.@)

10. >L /fh'dfg l;+x dNn, ;lrj, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no @)^(.!).!&

11. >L xl//fd sf]O/fnf, ;lrj, pmhf{ dGqfno @)&).!.$

12. >L e]if/fh zdf{, ;lrj, sfg'g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno

@)&).$.!%

13. >L hod's'Gb vgfn, ;lrj, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

14. >L gjLgs'df/ l3ld/,] ;lrj, u[x dGqfno @)&).$.#)

15. >L b'uf{k|;fb e§/fO{, ;lrj, k//fi6« dGqfno @)^(.!@.@%

16. >L 1fgbz{g pbf;, ;lrj, e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:Yff dGqfno @)^(.!@.@^

17. >L t'n;Lk|;fb l;6f}nf, ;lrj, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfno @)^(.!@.@#

558

18. >L lbg]zxl/ clwsf/L, ;lrj, dlxnf, afnjflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno

@)&).!.!^

19. >L xl/k|;fb g]kfn, ;lrj, o'jf tyf v]ns'b dGqfno @)&).!.@

20. >L ltns/fd zdf{, ;lrj, /Iff dGqfno @)&).!.#!

21. 8f= s[i0frGb| kf}8]n, ;lrj, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno @)^(.!@.!@

22. >L nfndl0f hf]zL, ;lrj, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno @)&).!.@)

23. >L s]zjk|;fb e§/fO{, ;lrj, lj1fg k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno @)&).!.#

24. >L w/0fLw/ vltj8f, ;lrj, zflGt tyf k'glg{df0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

25. 8f=;f]dnfn ;'j]bL, ;lrj, lzIff dGqfno @)^(.!!.@*

26. >L ;'/]zdfg >]i7, ;lrj, >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno @)&).!.@@

27. >L zfGtaxfb'/ >]i7, ;lrj, ;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno

@)&).%.#

28. >L ;'zLn l3ld/], ;lrj, ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno @)&).!.%

29. >L lszf]/ yfkf, ;lrj, ;x/L ljsf; dGqfno @)&).!.@#

30. >L b'uf{lglw zdf{, ;lrj, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno @)&).$.!*

31. >L k|tfks'df/ kf7s, ;lrj, l;+rfO{ dGqfno @)^(.!@.@&

32. >L w'j|k|;fb zdf{, ;lrj, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno @)^(.!!.#)

33. 8f= k|jL0f ld>, ;lrj, :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfno @)^(.!@.%

34. >L o'j/fh e";fn, ;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno @)&).%.$

35. >L gfy'k|;fb rf}w/L, ;lrj, nf]s;]jf cfof]u @)&).%.!)

36. >L zf/bfk|;fb lqtfn, If]qLo k|zf;s, ;'v]{t @)^(.!@.@!

37. >L ;'/]z k|wfg, lg= ;lrj, ;xsf/L tyf u/LaL lgjf/0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

38. 8f= u0f]z/fh hf]zL, ;lrj, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u @)^(.!).!&

39. >L nId0fs'df/ kf]v/]n, ;lrj, pk/fi6«kltsf] sfof{no @)^(.!).!&

40. >L >L/fd kGt, ;lrj, /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u @)^(.!).!&

41. >L /0faxfb'/ >]i7, ;lrj, ;xsf/L tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f dGqfno @)^(.!).!&

42. >L wgaxfb'/ tfdfË, ;lrj, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no @)^(.!).!&

43. >L g/]Gb| bfxfn, dxfn]vf lgoGqs, dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] sfof{no @)^(.!).!&

44. >L ch'{gs'df/ yfkf, ;lrj, k//fi6« dGqfno

v= k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldltdf lnlvt Pjd\ df}lvs ;'emfj lbg' x'g] ;+j}wflgs

lgsfosf k"j{ kbflwsf/Lx¿, k"j{ d'Vo ;lrjx¿, k"j{ ;lrjx¿, ljleGg If]qsf lj1 tyf JolQmx¿

l;=g+= gfdfjnL 5nkmn ldlt

559

1. >L ;"o{k|;fb >]i7, k"j{ k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm, lgjf{rg cfof]u @)^(.!).*

2. >L ef]h/fh kf]v/]n, k"j{ k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm, lgjf{rg cfof]u @)^(.(.@^

3. >L ;"o{gfy pkfWofo, k"j{ k|d'v cfo'Qm, c=b'=c=cf= @)^(.!).*

4. >L tLy{dfg zfSo, k"j{ cWoIf, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u @)^(.(.@^

5. 8f= jL/]Gb|k|;fb ld>, k"j{ cfo'Qm, lgjf{rg cfof]u @)^(.(.@^

6. 8f= eLdb]j e§, k"j{ ;b:o, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u @)^(.(.@^

7. 8f= >Ls[i0f ofbj, k"j{ ;b:o, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u @)&).(.&

8. df= >L /f3jnfn j}B, sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fg –

9. >L bfdf]b/ uf}td, k"j{ d'Vo ;lrj Pjd\ k"j{ /fhb"t @)^(.(.@^

10. 8f= >L ljdn sf]O/fnf, k"j{ d'Vo ;lrj

11. >L dfwjk|;fb l3ld/], k"j{ d'Vo ;lrj @)^(.(.@^

12. >L ;"o{ls/0f u'¿Ë, k"j{ dxf;lrj, ;+;b ;lrjfno Pj+ k"j{ /fhb"t @)^(.!).!%

13. >L gjnlszf]/ /fO{, k"j{ /fhb"t, @)^(.!).!%

14. >L zDe'z/0f sfo:y, k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/

15. >L >LsfGt /]UdL, k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ @)^(.!).*

16. >L dw'/d0f cfrfo{, k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ @)^(.!).*

17. >L v]d/fh g]kfn, k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ @)^(.!).*

18. >L v]d/fh /]UdL, k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/

19. >L cqm'/g/l;+x /f0ff, k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ @)^(.!).!%

20. >L r08Lk|;fb >]i7, k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ @)^(.!).*

21. >L pd]zk|;fb d}gfnL, k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ @)^(.!).*

22. >L afns[i0f k|;fO{, k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ @)^(.!).*

23. >L o'j/fh kf08], k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ @)^(.!).!%

24. >L d's'Gbk|;fb kf}8]n, k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ @)^(.!).!%

25. 8f=uf]ljGbk|;fb s';'d, k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ @)^(.!).*

26. >L eujtLs'df/ sfkm\n], k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ @)^(.!).*

27. >L tfgf uf}td, k"j{ ;lrj,g]kfn ;/sf/ @)^(.!).*

28. >L afnfgGb kf}8]n, k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ @)^(.!).*

29. >L ;'zLnh+u /f0ff, k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ @)^(.!).!%

30. >L ljdn jfUn], k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ @)^(.!).*

31. 8f= /fds[i0f ltdlN;gf, k"j{ /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt @)^(.!).!%

32. >L bLk]Gb|ljqmd yfkf, k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ @)^(.!).!%

33. >L df]xgk|;fb aGhf8], k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn sfg'g cfof]u @)^(.!!.@)

560

34. >L g/]Gb|k|;fb kf7s, k"j{ gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf

35. >L d'lQmk|;fb sfkm\n], k"j{ cWoIf, pRr:t/Lo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ;ldlt @)^(.(.@^

36. >L jfnfgGb zdf{, k"j{ /yL, g]kfnL ;]gf

37. 8f= lbg]z kGt, k"j{ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg @)^(.!).!%

38. >L k'0ok|;fb Gof}kfg], sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg –

39. 8f= afnrGb| ld>, lgb]{zs, sd{rf/L k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg –

40. 8f= eujfg sf]O/fnf, lgb]{zs, lq=lj=lj= lzIf0f c:ktfn –

41. 8f=rqm/fh kf08], d]l8sn 8fO/]S6/, u|f08L cGt/f{li6«o c:ktfn –

42. 8f= ljdn yfkf, sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, lghfdtL c:ktfn –

43. 8f= lgndl0f pkfWofo, g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;n @)^(.!).&

44. k|f= >L b]j/fh bfxfn, ljZn]ifs @)^(.!).!%

45. k|f= 8f= >Ls[i0f >]i7, hgk|zf;g SofDk; @)^(.!).!%

46. k|f= 8f= uf]ljGbk|;fb 9sfn, hgk|zf;g SofDk; @)^(.!).!%

47. >L zDe'axfb'/ sfsL{, k"j{ df=GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt

48. k|f= >L cfgGb cflbTo, /fhgLlts ljZn]ifs @)^(.!).!%

49. k|f= 8f= t]hs'df/ >]i7, lq=lj= –

50. >L w|'jxl/ clwsf/L, jl/i7 kqsf/ –

51. >L ljho rfln;], ;+:s[tljb\ Pj+ jl/i7 ;flxTosf/ –

52. 8f= bfdf]b/ uh'/]n, sf7df8f}+ @)^(.!!.^

53. 8f= pdf sf]O/fnf, k|fWofks, kßsGof SofDk; –

54. >L ;ljtf e08f/L a/fn, jl/i7 clwjQmf –

55. 8f= r'8faxfb'/ >]i7, ;'/Ifflj1 –

56. >L /ljsfGt cof{n, ;'/Ifflj1 –

57. >L ;gGbgk|;fb s'dL{, ;'/Ifflj1 –

58. >L ;'/]zk|;fb cfrfo{, cWo]tf, :yfgLo lgsfo @)^(.!).!%

59. 8f= uËfk|;fb cs]nf, ljZn]ifs @)^(.!!.^

60. >L o'j/fh l3ld/], jl/i7 kqsf/

61. >L tf/fgfy bfxfn, cWoIf, lk|m8d kmf]/d –

62. >L k|sfzdl0f zdf{, hglxt ;+/If0f d~r @)^(.!).!%

63. >L s]bf/ v8\sf, uf] uf] kmfp08]zg @)^(.!!.^

64. >L Hof]lt aflgof, clwjQmf tyf dxf;lrj, pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f d~r @)^(.!!.!&

65. ;x k|f= >L s]zj/fh kf08], hgk|zf;g SofDk; @)^(.!).!%

66. >L ;'zLn sf]O/fnf, dxfk|aGws, uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg –

561

67. >L nId0f x'dfufO{, dxfk|aGws, g]kfn 6]lnlehg –

68. >L ;'/]zs'df/ sfsL{, sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, /]l8of] g]kfn @)^(.!!.#)

69. >L /fh]Gb|b]j cfrfo{, lgb]{zs, g]kfn 6]lnlehg @)^(.!!.#)

70. >L cf/tL r6f}t, n}lËs tyf ;~rf/ lj1, g]kfn 6]lnlehg –

71. >L alatf a:g]t cWoIf, ldl8of P8ef]s];L –

72. >L wg]Gb| ljdn, pk–lgb]{zs, /]l8of] g]kfn –

73. >L zflGts'df/L /fO{, pkk|fWofks, lq=lj= –

74. >L dGrnf emf, pkk|fWofks, lq=lj= –

75. >L /df kf}8]n, pkfWoIf, 6«]8 o'lgog s+u|]; –

76. >L g/s'df/L u'¿Ë, clwjQmf –

77. >L 1fg]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n, clwjQmf @)&).$.#!

78. >L ljhof k|;fO{, lgb]{zs, zf;sLo ;'wf/ sf]if –

79. >L /]g' l;hfklt, jl/i7 ;b:o, blnt dlxnf ;+3 –

80. 8f= uf]kfnk|;fb bfxfn, clwjQmf, pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f d~r, g]kfn @)^(.!!.!&

81. >L lji0f'k|;fb ltldlN;gf clwjQmf, pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f d~r @)^(.!!.!&

82. >L dfwj kf}8]n, lh=lj=;= dxf;+3 @)&).$.#!

83. >L ljb'/ d}gfnL, dxf;lrj, g]kfn gu/kflnsf ;+3 @)&).$.#!

84. >L k/z'/fd pkfWofo, sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, uf=lj=;= dxf;+3 @)&).$.#!

85. >L gj/fh u]nfn, s]lGb|o ;b:o, uf=lj=;= dxf;+3 @)&).$.#!

86. >L e/taxfb'/ v8\sf, s]lGb|o ;b:o, lh=lj=;= dxf;+3 @)&).$.#!

87. >L snflglw b]jsf]6f, g]kfn gu/kflnsf ;+3 @)&).$.#!

88. >L lIflth bfxfn, o"=P;=P=, xfn sf7df8f}+

89. >L uf}/j k'8f;}gL, sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, dL/]i6, g]kfn

90. >L 3gZofd v8\sf, kqsf/, sflGtk'/

91. >L ;'eb|f uf}td, ;dfrf/ ;Dkfbs –

92. >L nf]sdl0f /fO{, sflGtk'/ b}lgs @)^(.!).%

93. >L z/b/fh ;'j]bL, uf]/vfkq @)^(.!).*

94. >L xl/axfb'/ yfkf, sflGtk'/ @)^(.!).*

95. >L e'jg s]=;L=, ;~rf/sdL{

96. >L ltns kf7s, kqsf/

97. >L ;~ho Gof}kfg], sflGtk'/ @)^(.!).*

98. >L dbg uf}td, /f=;=;= @)^(.!).*

99. >L ;'/]Gb|dl0f lqkf7L, /]l8of] g]kfn @)^(.!).*

562

100. >L lji0f'k|;fb cfrfo{, ;dfrf/ ;Dkfbs, g]kfn 6]lnlehg –

101. >L ;'/]Gb| yfkf, PleGo"h l6=eL= @)&).$.&

102. >L k|bLk rfkfufO{, g]kfn 6]lnlehg @)&).$.&

103. >L /d]z 9sfn, Od]h l6=eL=÷PkmPd @)&).$.&

104. >L lg/Ghg yfkf, PleGo"h l6=eL+ @)&).$.&

105. >L /fh]Gb| gflkt, Od]h l6=eL=÷PkmPd @)&).$.&

106. >L /Tg >]i7, /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt @)&).$.&

107. >L 6]saxfb'/ v8\sf, Sofd]/fDofg, g]kfn 6]lnlehg –

108. >L ljdn uf}td, k|]; ;Nnfxsf/ @)^(.!).(

109. >L O{Zj/L ;'j]bL, kqsf/ @)^(.!).(

110. >L g/xl/ e08f/L, Æ @)^(.!!.#

111. >L /f]lxt/fh kf08], Æ –

112. >L /fdrGb| b]jsf]6f, Æ –

113. >L gj/fh kf}8]n, Æ @)^(.!!.*

114. >L lj=lk= zfxL, cWoIf, u|fdL0f :jf:Yo lzIff tyf ;]jf s]Gb| –

115. >L ;'zLnsfhL aflgofF, pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f d~r @)^(.!).%

116. >L huGgfy ld>, pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f d~r @)^(.!).%

117. >L afa'/fd x'dfufO{, s]lGb|o ;b:o, pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f d~r @)^(.!).&

118. >L dxfbLk kf]v|]n, /fli6«o sd{rf/L ;ª\u7g @)^(.!!.*

119. >L k|sfzk|;fb zfx, /fli6«o sd{rf/L ;ª\u7g @)^(.!!.*

120. >L 1fggfy 9sfn, /fli6«o sd{rf/L ;ª\u7g @)^(.!!.*

121. >L xf]daxfb'/ v8\sf, /fli6«o :jtGq sd{rf/L ;ª\u7g @)^(.!!.*

122. >L /fhg /]UdL, jl/i7 pkfWoIf, g]kfn lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;+3 @)^(.!!.*

123. >L s'df/k|;fb ltdnl;gf, /fli6«o :jtGq sd{rf/L ldng s]Gb| @)^(.!!.!&

124. >L /fdxl/ sfsL{, /fli6«o :jtGq sd{rf/L ;ª\u7g @)^(.!!.!&

125. >L s[i0f e08f/L, /fli6«o :jtGq sd{rf/L ldng s]Gb| @)^(.!!.!&

126. >L s[i0faxfb'/ ph]{n, s]lGb|o ;lrj, /fli6«o :jtGq sd{rf/L ldng s]Gb| @)^(.!!.!&

127. >L dfgaxfb'/ sfsL{, s]lGb|o ;lrj, /fli6«o :jtGq sd{rf/L ldng s]Gb| @)^(.!!.!&

128. >L kf]ifk|;fb vltj8f, s]lGb|o ;lrj, /fli6«o :jtGq sd{rf/L ldng s]Gb| @)^(.!!.!&

129. >L xf]daxfb'/ v8\sf, /fli6«o :jtGq sd{rf/L ldng s]Gb| @)^(.!!.!&

130. >L nIdL yklnof, s]lGb|o ;b:o, /fli6«o :jtGq sd{rf/L ldng s]Gb| @)^(.!!.!&

131. >L gj/fh sfsL{, s]lGb|o ;b:o, /fli6«o :jtGq sd{rf/L ldng s]Gb| @)^(.!!.!&

132. >L g/axfb'/ yfkf, s]lGb|o ;b:o, /fli6«o :jtGq sd{rf/L ldng s]Gb| @)^(.!!.!&

563

133. >L lr/GhLlj g]kfn, s]lGb|o ;b:o, /fli6«o :jtGq sd{rf/L ldng s]Gb| @)^(.!!.!&

134. >L k|jL0f tfdfª, ljefuLo sf]iffWoIf, /fli6«o :jtGq sd{rf/L ldng s]Gb| @)^(.!!.!&

135. >L /fdaxfb'/ u'¿ª, /fli6«o :jtGq sd{rf/L ldng s]Gb| @)^(.!!.!&

136. >L p4jk|;fb d}gfnL, g]kfn jg k}bfjf/ pkef]Qmf Joj;foL dxf;+3 @)^(.!!.^

137. >L /0faxfb'/ l;+x, " @)^(.!!.^

138. >L e'k]Gb|k|;fb rf}nfufO{, " @)^(.!!.^

139. >L Zofd;'Gb/ 9sfn, " @)^(.!!.^

u= k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldlt ;dIf ;'emfj k|:t't ug'{ x'g] lghfdtL ;]jfsf pRr clws[tx¿

l;=g+= sd{rf/Lsf] gfdfjnL 5nkmn ldlt

140. >L hgfb{g zdf{, If]qLo k|zf;s, k"jf{~rn

141. >L cfTdf/fd kf08], If]qLo k|zf;s, ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn

142. >L z+s/k|;fb clwsf/L, ;x;lrj, lj1fg k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno -xfn If]qLo k|zf;s_

@)^(.!!.#

143. >L /fds'df/ cfrfo{, tflnd k|d'v, Gofo ;]jf tflnd s]Gb|

144. >L >Lw/ ;fksf]6f, k|jQmf, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u

145. >L lbNnLaxfb'/ l;+x, ;x;lrj, hnzlQm tyf pmhf{ cfof]u @)^(.!).!&

146. >L nfnz+s/ l3ld/], ;x;lrj, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no @)^(.!).!&

147. >L z+s/k|;fb kf7s, ;x;lrj, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no @)^(.!).!&

148. >L huGgfy sf]O/fnf, ;x;lrj, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f @)^(.!).!&

149. >L nIdLljnf; sf]O/fnf, dxflgb]{zs, ;"rgf ljefu @)^(.!).!&

150. >L r08Lk|;fb bfxfn, ;x;lrj, zflGt tyf k'glg{df0f dGqfno @)^(.!).!&

151. >L s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]n, ;x;lrj, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| @)^(.!).(

152. >L z]/axfb'/ 9'ª\ufgf, pk;lrj, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| @)^(.!).(

153. >L sdnaxfb'/ yfkf, pk;lrj, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| @)^(.!).(

154. >L /fwf/d0f k|;fb, dxflgb]{zs, cf}ifwL Joj:yf ljefu @)^(.!).(

155. >L k"0f{rGb| e§/fO{, dxflgb]{zs, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu @)^(.!).(

156. >L gf/fo0fk|;fb la8f/L, dxflgb]{zs, jfl0fHo Joj:yf ljefu @)^(.!).(

157. >L hLjgk|ef nfdf, dxflgb]{zs, vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu @)^(.!).(

158. >L nId0fk|;fb d}gfnL, ;x;lrj, g]kfn sfg"g cfof]u @)^(.!).!&

159. >L ;'gLns'df/ s0f{, ;x;lrj, ;x/L ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!).!&

160. >L nIdLk|;fb 9sfn, ;x;lrj, u[x dGqfno @)^(.!).!&

161. >L k|]ds'df/ /fO{, ;x;lrj, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u @)^(.!).!&

564

162. >L u0f]z /fO{, ;x;lrj, Æ Æ

163. >L ;"o{k|;fb kf]v/]n, ;x;lrj, lgjf{rg cfof]u @)^(.!).!&

164. >L s]bf/axfb'/ clwsf/L, sfo{sf/L clws[t, sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf @)^(.!!.#

165. >L dfgaxfb'/ v8\sf, of]hgf cg'udg tyf k|zf;sLo clws[t, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no, gjnk/f;L

166. >L b'uf{b]jL b]jsf]6f, sfo{sf/L clws[t, dWok'/ lyld gu/kflnsf @)^(.!!.#

cy{ dGqfno 167. >L s[i0fk|;fb b]jsf]6f, ;x;lrj, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

168. >L dx]zk|;fb bfxfn, ;x;lrj, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

169. >L v'd/fh kF'hfnL, ;x;lrj, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

170. >L j}s'07 cof{n, ;x;lrj, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

171. >L 6+sdl0f zdf{, dxflgb]{zs, cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefu @)^(.!!.@!

172. >L /fhLj uf}td, ;x;lrj, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

173. >L /fhg vgfn, ;x;lrj, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

174. >L hGdho /]UdL, dxflgb]{zs, /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu @)^(.!!.@!

175. >L tf/fb]j hf]zL, jl/i7 k|lzIfs, /fh:j k|zf;g tfnLd s]Gb| @)^(.!!.@!

176. >L bfdf]b/ /]UdL, pk dxflgb]{zs, /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu, @)^(.!!.@!

177. >L tf]od /fof, pk dxflgb]{zs, eG;f/ ljefu @)^(.!!.@!

178. >L /fddl0f b'jf8L, pk dxflgb]{zs, cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no @)^(.!!.@!

179. >L e/t/fh ;'j]bL, lgb]{zs, /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu @)^(.!!.@!

180. >L If]qaxfb'/ e08f/L, lgb]{zs, ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f cg';Gwfg ljefu @)^(.!!.@!

181. >L of]u]Gb| cf]emf, pk;lrj, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

182. >L sfnLk|;fb kf]v/]n, pk;lrj, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

183. >L l8s/b]j e§, pk;lrj, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

184. >L hLjgs'df/ l3ld/], pk;lrj, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

185. >L k|]daxfb'/ kf08], pk;lrj, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

186. >L e"ld/fd zdf{, pk;lrj, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

187. >L o1k|;fb 9'Ë]n, pk;lrj, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

188. >L lzj ltjf/L, pk;lrj, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

189. >L hgs kGt, pk;lrj, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

190. >L ;"o{k|;fb kf]v/]n, pk;lrj, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

191. >L 1fg'/fhf >]i7, pk;lrj, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

192. >L l8nf/fd ;fksf]6f, pk;lrj, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

565

193. >L nfnaxfb'/ IfqL, pk;lrj, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

194. >L r08Lk|;fb l3ld/], pk;lrj, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

195. >L s'nk|;fb r'8fn, k|d'v s/ clws[t, cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no @)^(.!!.@!

196. >L z/bsfGt clwsf/L, k|d'v, eG;f/ hfFrkf; k/LIf0f sfof{no @)^(.!!.@!

197. >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb zdf{, k|d'v s/ k|zf;s, cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no @)^(.!!.@!

198. >L hob]j >]i7, k|d'v s/ clws[t, cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no @)^(.!!.@!

199. >L pQdeQm cfn], k|d'v s/ clws[t, cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no, eQmk'/ @)^(.!!.@!

200. >L rGb|snf kf}8]n, k|d'v s/ clws[t, cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no @)^(.!!.@!

201. >L o'j/fh clwsf/L, zfvf clws[t, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

202. >L /3'gfy k/fh'nL, zfvf clws[t, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

203. >L e/t/fh clwsf/L, zfvf clws[t, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

204. >L cg'kf l;Ub]n, zfvf clws[t, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

205. >L pd]z/fh l/dfn, zfvf clws[t, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

206. >L uf]kfnk|;fb zdf{, zfvf clws[t, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

207. >L ;'zLns'df/ zdf{ g]kfn, zfvf clws[t, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

208. >L O{Zj/LnIdL ef]dL, zfvf clws[t, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

209. >L ch'{g 9sfn, zfvf clws[t, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

210. >L lbg]z u'/fufO{, zfvf clws[t, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

211. >L o'j/fh clwsf/L, zfvf clws[t, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

212. >L clgtf sf]O/fnf, zfvf clws[t, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

213. >L xl/k|;fb zdf{, zfvf clws[t, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

214. >L eujtL 1jfnL, zfvf clws[t, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

215. >L zld{nf ;'j]bL, zfvf clws[t, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

216. >L o'un lszf]/ uf}td, zfvf clws[t, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

217. >L lzj ltjf/L, zfvf clws[t, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

218. >L jn/fd sfkm\n], sDKo"6/ clws[t, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

219. >L k'¿iff]Qd k|wfg, sDKo"6/ clws[t, cy{ dGqfno @)^(.!!.@!

220. >L /fdcfwf/ ;fx, dxflgb]{zs, g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefu @)^(.!!.@@

lzIff dGqfno 221. >L sdn]Zj/ l;Gxf, ;x;lrj, lzIff dGqfno @)^(.!!.@*

222. >L /fds[i0f ;'j]bL, ;x;lrj, lzIff dGqfno @)^(.!!.@*

566

223. >L l8NnL/fd l/dfn, sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb| @)^(.!!.@*

224. >L s]zjk|;fb bfxfn, pklgb]{zs, cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb| @)^(.!!.@*

225. >L nIdL/fd kf}8]n, lgb]{zs, Oe]G6 k|f]h]S6 @)^(.!!.@*

226. >L nf]saxfb'/ nf]Krg, pk;lrj, lzIff dGqfno @)^(.!!.@*

227. >L gj/fh vltj8f, pk;lrj, lzIff dGqfno @)^(.!!.@*

228. >L ef]h/fh zdf{, pk;lrj, lzIff dGqfno @)^(.!!.@*

229. >L n]vgfy kf}8]n, pk;lrj, lzIff dGqfno @)^(.!!.@*

230. >L xl/k|;fb nD;fn, pk;lrj, lzIff dGqfno @)^(.!!.@*

231. 8f= t'n;Lk|;fb yklnof, pk;lrj, lzIff dGqfno @)^(.!!.@*

232. >L em'dk|;fb /fO{, pk;lrj, lzIff dGqfno @)^(.!!.@*

233. >L gf/fo0f s[i0f >]i7, pk;lrj, lzIff dGqfno @)^(.!!.@*

234. >L of]u/fh kf]v/]n, pk;lrj, lzIff dGqfno @)^(.!!.@*

235. 8f= gs'n aflgof, pk;lrj, lzIff dGqfno @)^(.!!.@*

236. 8f= /f]hgfy kf08], pk;lrj, lzIff dGqfno @)^(.!!.@*

237. >L ;'jf;rGb| 9'+u]n, k|d'v k|zf;s, lzIff dGqfno @)^(.!!.@*

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno 238. >L gf/fo0fk|;fb ;~h]n, ;x;lrj, ;~rf/ dGqfno @)^(.!!.#)

239. >L ;'zLns'df/ cf]emf, ;x;lrj, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno @)^(.!!.#)

240. >L nf]sk|;fb cfrfo{, dxflgb]{zs, x'nfs ;]jf ljefu @)^(.!!.#)

241. >L /fds'df/ sf]O/fnf, dxfk|aGws, /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt @)^(.!!.#)

242. >L e/taxfb'/, lg=dxflgb]{zs, ;"rgf ljefu @)^(.!!.#)

243. >L b'uf{bQ 9sfn, lg=dxflgb]{zs, d'b|0f ljefu @)^(.!!.#)

244. >L /fdlszf]/ l;+x, sfo{sf/L cWoIf, uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg @)^(.!!.#)

245. >L s'df/ ljj]sfgGb, pk;Dkfbs, uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg @)^(.!!.#)

246. >L cd/axfb'/ l;+x, k|= lgb]{zs, g]kfn 6]lnlehg @)^(.!!.#)

247. >L k'¿iff]Qd vgfn, lgb]{zs, g]kfn b'/;+rf/ k|flws/0f @)^(.!!.#)

248. >L wd]{Gb|s'df/ ef]v]{n, cWoIf, rnlrq ljsf; af]8{ @)^(.!!.#)

249. >L /ljrGb| k/fh'nL, l/kf]6{/, g]kfn 6]lnlehg @)^(.!!.#)

250. >L lbnLk clwsf/L, /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt @)^(.!!.#)

251. >L u'¿ ;'j]bL, pk;lrj, ;~rf/ dGqfno @)^(.!!.#)

252. >L cg'k g]kfn, pk;lrj, ;~rf/ dGqfno @)^(.!!.#)

253. >L bLks sfkm\n], pk;lrj, ;~rf/ dGqfno @)^(.!!.#)

254. >L z}nhf /]UdL, pk;lrj, ;~rf/ dGqfno @)^(.!!.#)

567

255. >L clgn e'h]n, ;~rf/ dGqfno @)^(.!!.#)

256. >L ;gts'df/ Gof}kfg], ;~rf/ dGqfno @)^(.!!.#)

257. >L r"8f/fh Gof}kfg], zfvf clws[t, ;~rf/ dGqfno @)^(.!!.#)

:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno 258. >L rGb|dfg >]i7, ;x;lrj, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno @)^(.!@.%

259. 8f= ljdnk|;fb 9sfn, eQmk'/ c:ktfn @)^(.!@.%

260. 8f= ldªdf/ u]= ;]kf{, dxflgb]{zs, :Jff:Yo ;]jf ljefu @)^(.!@.%

261. 8f= cfgGb >]i7, lkPrl;cf/l8, :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu @)^(.!@.%

262. 8f= kbdaxfb'/ rGb, k|d'v, gLlt of]hgf, :jf:Yo dGqfno @)^(.!@.%

263. 8f= uLtf zfSo, /f=h=k|= @)^(.!@.%

264. 8f= eLd cfrfo{, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno @)^(.!@.%

265. 8f= rGb|sfGt 1jfnL, j=c=lr, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno @)^(.!@.%

266. 8f= afns'df/ ;'j]bL, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno @)^(.!@.%

267. >L /fdrGb| vgfn, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno @)^(.!@.%

268. >L s';'dfs/ 9sfn, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno @)^(.!@.%

269. >L /fdhLk|;fb a/fn, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno @)^(.!@.%

270. 8f= /fh]Gb| kGt, Pg=l6=;L= @)^(.!@.%

271. >L w|'jk|;fb bfxfn, ;x;lrj, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno @)^(.!).!&

272. >L bLk]Gb| sfkm\n], :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno @)^(.!@.%

273. >L r"8fdl0f e08f/L, Pn= l;=l8= @)^(.!@.%

274. >L ab|Laxfb'/ v8\sf, /fli6«o :jf:Yo lzIff, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ s]Gb| @)^(.!@.%

275. >L lul//fh ;'j]bL, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno @)^(.!@.%

s[lif ljsf; dGqfno 276. >L u]xgfy e08f/L, ;x;lrj, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

277. 8f= k|efs/ kf7s, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

278. >L wd{bQ a/fn, If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno, kf]v/f @)^(.!@.*

279. >L pQds'df/ e§/fO{, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

280. >L ;'/]zafa' ltjf/L, s[lif k|;f/ lgb]{zgfno @)^(.!@.*

281. >L ljhos'df/ dlNns, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

282. >L 8f= ;'/f]h kf]v/]n, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

283. >L n]vgfy cfrfo{, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

284. >L 6]saxfb'/ ad, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

285. >L l8nf/fd e08f/L, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

568

286. >L hubLzeQm >]i7, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

287. >L >Lgf/fo0f zdf{, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

288. >L a]gLaxfb'/ a:g]t, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

289. >L /fh]Gb|s'df/ kf}8]n, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

290. >L lgZrn/fh kf08], s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

291. >L dx]Gb|/fh kGt, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

292. >L clgns'df/ cfrfo{, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

293. >L lbg]z cfrfo{, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

294. 8f= cd/axfb'/ zfx, lxdfnL cfof]hgf @)^(.!@.*

295. >L dx]Gb|dfg >]i7, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

296. 8f= l;l4u0f]z >]i7, s[lif ljefu @)^(.!@.*

297. 8f= xl/afa' ltjf/L, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

298. >L l8NnL/fd zdf{, If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno @)^(.!@.*

299. 8f= s[i0fk|;fb kGt, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

300. 8f= s]zjk|;fb k|]dL, kz'k+IfL ahf/ k|j4{g lgb]{zgfno @)^(.!@.*

301. 8f= /fds[i0f vltj8f, kz' ;]jf ljefu @)^(.!@.*

302. 8f= g/axfb'/ /hjf/, kz' ;]jf ljefu @)^(.!@.*

303. >L uf]ljGbk|;fb kf08], k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ @)^(.!@.*

304. 8f= ljhorGb| emf, k|d'v kz' lrlsT;s, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

305. >L k|df]b sf]O/fnf, /f=k=lå= -k|f=_, vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu @)^(.!@.*

306. >L t]haxfb'/ ;'j]bL, /f=k=k|=-k|f=_,s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

307. >L ;'lgngfy nf]xgL, /f=k=k|=-k|f=_, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

308. >L b'uf{k|;fb bjf8L, /f=k=k|=-k|f=_, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

309. >L nId0fk|;fb kf}8]n, /f=k=k|=-k|f=_, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

310. >L a]gLaxfb'/ a:g]t, /f=k=k|=-k|f=_, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

311. 8f= af]wk|;fb k/fh'nL, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

312. >L /Ltf kf08], s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

313. >L u0f]z bjf8L, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

314. 8f= bfdf]b/ ;]8fO{, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

315. 8f= o'jsWjh hL=;L=, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

316. >L /dfgGb ld>, /f=k|f=tyf s[=h=d=lj=sf= @)^(.!@.*

317. >L k|Nxfbk|;fb k'8f;}gL, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

318. >L kbdk|;fb sf]O/fnf, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

569

319. >L ;lRrbfgGb pkfWofo, If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno, ;'=k= @)^(.!@.*

320. >L O{Zj/k|;fb l/hfn, s[lif ljefu @)^(.!@.*

321. >L /fh]Gb|s'df/ s]=;L=, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

322. >L s]zjs'df/ kf08], s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

323. >L dw';''bg l;+ j:Goft, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

324. 8f=g/xl/k|;fb l3ld/], s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

325. >L sdnk|;fb e';fn, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

326. >L k"0f{ 9'+ufgf, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!@.*

jg dGqfno 327. >L Psgf/fof0f cof{n, ;x;lrj, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f @)^(.!@.!@

328. >L xl/x/ l;Ub]n, ;x;lrj, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno @)^(.!@.!@

329. >L uf]kfnk|;fb pkfWofo, ;x;lrj, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno @)^(.!@.!@

330. >L j|hlszf]/ ofbj, dxflgb]{zs, jg ljefu @)^(.!@.!@

331. >L 8f=cGgk"0f{fgGb bf;, dxflgb]{zs, jg:ktL ljefu @)^(.!@.!@

332. >L ;fx;dfg >]i7, dxflgb]{zs, jg c= tyf ;= ljefu @)^(.!@.!@

333. >L d]3axfb'/ kf08], dxflgb]{zs, /fli6«o lgs'~h ljefu @)^(.!@.!@

334. >L ljZjgfy cf]nL, ;x;lrj, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno @)^(.!@.!@

335. >L odaxfb'/ yfkf, pk–dxflgb]{zs, jg ljefu @)^(.!@.!@

336. >L o1gfy bfxfn, pk;lrj, jg dGqfno @)^(.!@.!@

337. >L df]xg sf]O/fnf, If]qLo lgb]{zs, k"=If]=jg lg= lj/f6gu/ @)^(.!@.!@

338. >L Rojgk|;fb u'/fufO{, pk;lrj, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno @)^(.!@.!@

339. >L w|'j/fh kl08t, pk;lrj, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno @)^(.!@.!@

340. >L 6f]kgf/fo0f zdf{, pk;lrj, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno @)^(.!@.!@

341. >L /fdk|;fb nD;fn, ;x;lrj, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno @)^(.!@.!@

342. >L e/tk|;fb k'8f;}gL, dxflgb]{zs, e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f ljefu @)^(.!@.!@

343. >L rGb| zfxL, dxfk|aGws, h8La'6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL ln= @)^(.!@.!@

344. >L e}/j l;+x, dxfk|aGws, l6=l;=Pg= @)^(.!@.!@

345. >L rGb|sfGt kf}8]n, pk;lrj, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno @)^(.!@.!@

346. >L dgf]h pk|]tL, sf=c=, jg k}bfjf/ ljsf; ;ldlt @)^(.!@.!@

347. >L xl/gf/fo0f a]Njf;], zfvf clws[t, /f=lg=tyf j=h=;+= ljefu @)^(.!@.!@

348. >L lr/l~hjL zdf{, zfvf clws[t, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno @)^(.!@.!@

349. >L hLjgrGb| /fO{, zfvf clws[t, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno @)^(.!@.!@

350. >L 8f]ngfy cof{n, zfvf clws[t, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno @)^(.!@.!@

570

351. >L O{Zj/L/fh bfxfn, pk;lrj, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno @)^(.!@.!@

352. >L d~h' hf]zL, k|=lj=c=, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnoQ @)^(.!@.!@

k//fi6« dGqfno 353. >L z+s//fh a}/fuL, lg=;lrj, k//fi6« dGqfno

354. >L lg/~hgdfg l;+x a:Goft, lzi6frf/ dxfkfn @)^(.!@.!%

355. >L sfnLk|;fb kf]v/]n, ;x;lrj, k//fi6« dGqfno @)^(.!@.!%

356. >L s[i0fk|;fb 9sfn, ;x;lrj, k//fi6« dGqfno @)^(.!@.!%

357. >L o1axfb'/ xdfn, ;x;lrj, k//fi6« dGqfno @)^(.!@.!%

358. >L bLks lwtfn, ;x;lrj, k//fi6« dGqfno @)^(.!@.!%

359. >L cd[taxfb'/ /fO{, ;x;lrj, k//fi6« dGqfno @)^(.!@.!%

360. >L lbnLks'df/ kf}8]n, pk;lrj, k//fi6« dGqfno @)^(.!@.!%

361. >L Clif/fd l3ld/], ;x;lrj, k//fi6« dGqfno @)^(.!@.!%

362. >L hLjgk|sfz >]i7, pk;lrj, k//fi6« dGqfno @)^(.!@.!%

363. >L lnnf u8\tf}nf, pk;lrj, k//fi6« dGqfno

pBf]u dGqfno 364. >L w|'jnfn /fhj+zL, dxflgb]{zs, pBf]u ljefu @)^(.!@.@)

365. >L hLtaxfb'/ yfkf, ;x;lrj, pBf]u dGqfno @)^(.!@.@)

366. >L ;j{hLtk|;fb dxtf], dxflgb]{zs, vfgL tyf e"–ue{ ljefu @)^(.!@.@)

367. >L r]tgfy e§/fO{, ;x;lrj, pBf]u dGqfno @)^(.!@.@)

368. >L Clif/fh sf]O/fnf, ;x;lrj, pBf]u dGqfno @)^(.!@.@)

369. >L ¿b|axfb'/ dNn, pk;lrj, pBf]u dGqfno @)^(.!@.@)

370. >L jn;fu/ lu/L, pk;lrj, pBf]u dGqfno @)^(.!@.@)

371. >L zÍ/ cof{n, /lhi6«f/, sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{no @)^(.!@.@)

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfno 372. >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb g]kfn, ;x;lrj, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfno @)^(.!@.@#

373. >L xl/eQm >]i7, ;x;lrj, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfno @)^(.!@.@#

374. >L s]zjs'df/ zdf{, ;x;lrj, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfno @)^(.!@.@#

375. >L lbgs/ zdf{, dxflgb]{zs, ;8s ljefu @)^(.!@.@#

376. >L /fh]Zj/dfg l;+x, ;'=O{, /]n ljefu @)^(.!@.@#

377. >L ;'bz{gk|;fb 9sfn, dxflgb]{zs, oftfoft ljefu @)^(.!@.@#

378. >L /fh]Gb| g]kfn, pk;lrj -sfg"g_, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfno @)^(.!@.@#

e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno 379. >L t]h/fh kf08], dxflgb]{zs, e"ld;'wf/ ljefu @)^(.!@.@^

571

380. >L sNof0fuf]kfn >]i7, sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, e"ld Joj:yfkg tyf k|zf;g s]Gb|

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381. >L ;'/]zdfg >]i7, cfof]hgf k|d'v, /f=df}=;'=k"=cf= @)^(.!@.@^

382. >L ;Dd/axfb'/ l;+x, lgb]{zs, e"ld ;'wf/ ljefu @)^(.!@.@^

383. >L slkn 8+uf]n, ;x;lrj, e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno @)^(.!@.@^

384. >L /f]lxts'df/ e§/fO{, ;x;lrj, e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno @)^(.!@.@^

385. >L gfu]Gb| emf, dxflgb]{zs, gfkL ljefu @)^(.!@.@^

386. >L s[i0f/fh la=;L=, ;x;lrj, e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno @)^(.!@.@^

387. >L z'sgf/fo0f >]i7, lgb]{zs, e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg ljefu @)^(.!@.@^

388. >L b|f]0f kf]v/]n, lgb]{zs, e"–;"rgf tyf c=lj= @)^(.!@.@^

389. >L dw';'bg clwsf/L, pk–dxflgb]{zs, gfkL ljefu @)^(.!@.@^

390. >L x'k]Gb|dfg s]=;L=, pk;lrj, e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno @)^(.!@.@^

391. >L x[bogf/fo0f ld>, pk dxflgb]{zs, gfkL ljefu @)^(.!@.@^

392. >L 6Lsf/fd l3ld/], pk;lrj, e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno @)^(.!@.@^

393. >L hut/fh kf}8]n, k|=gf=c=, gfkL ljefu @)^(.!@.@^

394. >L gf/fo0f rf}w/L, cf=k|=, /f=e"–pkof]u cfof]hgf @)^(.!@.@^

395. >L uf]kfn lu/L, pk;lrj, e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno @)^(.!@.@^

396. >L nIdLk|;fb uf}td, pk;lrj, -sfg"g_ e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno @)^(.!@.@^

l;+rfO{ dGqfno 397. >L lzjs'df/ zdf{, dxflgb]{zs, l;+rfO ljefu @)^(.!@.@&

398. >L k|sfz kf}8]n, dxflgb]{zs, h=p=k|=lg= ljefu @)^(.!@.@&

399. >L k|df]b/fh zdf{, sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, e"=h=lj=;= @)^(.!@.@&

400. >L /ljGb|dfg sdf{rfo{, ;x;lrj, l;+rfO dGqfno @)^(.!@.@&

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402. >L k|bLk/fh kf08], lgb]{zs, d=If]=l;+rfO lgb]{zgfno @)^(.!@.@&

403. >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb clwsf/L, lgb]{zs, k=If]=l;+rfO lgb]{zgfno @)^(.!@.@&

404. >L k|df]bs'df/ >]i7, l;=l8=O=, l;+rfO dGqfno @)^(.!@.@&

405. >L dw's/ /fgf, l;=l8=O=, l;+rfO dGqfno @)^(.!@.@&

406. >L ;'zLnrGb| ltjf/L, pk dxflgb]{zs, l;+rfO ljefu @)^(.!@.@&

407. >L l;l4k|tfk vfF8, pkdxflgb]{zs, l;+rfO ljefu @)^(.!@.@&

408. >L dfwj a]Njf;], pkdxflgb]{zs, l;+rfO ljefu @)^(.!@.@&

409. >L pQd/fh ltldlN;gf, pkdxflgb]{zs, l;+rfO ljefu @)^(.!@.@&

410. >L cjw]z rGb| emf, k|f]h]S6 Dofg]h/, /fgL hd/f s'n/Lof l;=of], l6sfk'/ @)^(.!@.@&

572

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412. >L ljZj/fh d/fl;gL, zfvf clws[t, h=p=k|=lg=lj= @)^(.!@.@&

413. >L b]jgf/fo0f ld>, ;'=O=, h=p=k|=lg=lj= @)^(.!@.@&

o'jf tyf v]ns'b dGqfno 414. >L j}s'07k|;fb sfkm\n], ;x;lrj, o'jf tyf v]ns'b dGqfno @)&).!.@

415. >L zflGt/fd zdf{, ;x;lrj, o'jf tyf v]ns'b dGqfno @)&).!.@

416. >L /lj bjf8L, pk;lrj, o'jf tyf v]ns'b dGqfno @)&).!.@

417. >L ;"o{k|;fb zdf{, pk;lrj, o'jf tyf v]ns'b dGqfno @)&).!.@

418. >L /fdaxfb'/ xdfn, pk;lrj, o'jf tyf v]ns'b dGqfno @)&).!.@

lj1fg k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno 419. >L k|sfz dfy]d f, ;x;lrj -k|f=_, lj1fg k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno @)&).!.#

420. >L d'lQmgf/fo0f dfgGw/, ;x;lrj, lj1fg k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno @)&).!.#

421. >L slknb]j >]i7, dxflgb]{zs, ;"rgf k|ljlw ljefu @)&).!.#

422. >L nIdLk|;fb ofbj, lgoGqs, k|df0fLs/0f lgoGqssf] sfof{no @)&).!.#

423. >L xl/k|;fb l3ld/], pk;lrj, lj1fg k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno @)&).!.#

424. >L cg'k afF:sf]6f, sf=lg=,/f=;"=k|=s]Gb| @)&).!.#

425. >L /flwsf cof{n, p=d=lg=, jftfj/0f ljefu @)&).!.#

pmhf{ dGqfno 426. >L /Ghg nfsf}n, ;x;lrj, pmhf{ dGqfno @)&).!.$

427. >L s]zjWjh clwsf/L, ;x;lrj, pmhf{ dGqfno @)&).!.$

428. >L ls/0f/fh zdf{, ;x;lrj, pmhf{ dGqfno @)&).!.$

429. >L ;Gtf]ifs'df/ bfxfn, pk;lrj, pmhf{ dGqfno @)&).!.$

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431. >L df]xgs[i0f ;fksf]6f, ;x;lrj, ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno

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432. >L a'l4;fu/ nfld5fg], ;x;lrj, p8\8og ;'/Iff dxfzfvf @)&).!.%

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434. >L e/tdl0f ;'j]bL, ;x;lrj, ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno

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435. >L /fdrGb| 9sfn, sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, g]kfn ko{6g tyf xf]6n Joj:yfkg k|lti7fg

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436. >L /fdk|;fb ;fksf]6f, pk;lrj, ;x;lrj, ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno

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573

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437. >L pk]Gb|k|;fb clwsf/L, ;x;lrj, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno

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438. >L k"0f{eQm t08'sf/, ;x;lrj, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno

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439. >L dbg/fh e§, dxflgb]{zs, dlxnf afnaflnsf ljefu @)&).!.!^

440. >L /fdk|;fb e§/fO{, pk;lrj, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno

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441. >L rGb|axfb'/ l;jfsf]6L, pk;lrj, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno

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442. >L ;'lgtf g]kfn, pk;lrj, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno –

jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno 443. >L bLks ;'j]bL, ;x;lrj, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno @)&).!.@)

444. >L bLks/fh kf08], pk;lrj, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno @)&).!.@)

445. >L ;'/]Gb| yfkf, pk;lrj, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno @)&).!.@)

446. >L /fdcfwf/ ;fx, dxflgb]{zs, g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefu @)^(.!!.@@

>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno 447. >L k'¿iff]Qd kf}8]n, ;x;lrj, >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno @)&).!.@@

448. >L a'l4axfb'/ v8\sf, ;x;lrj, >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno @)&).!.@@

449. >L wgaxfb'/ >]i7, ;x;lrj, >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno @)&).!.@@

450. >L ljgf]b s]=;L=, dxflgb]{zs, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu @)&).!.@@

451. >L s[i0fxl/ k'is/, dxflgb]{zs, >d tyf /f]huf/ ljefu @)&).!.@@

452. >L s]jnk|;fb e08f/L, sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, ;fdflhs ;'/If0f sf]if @)&).!.@@

453. >L lul/hf zdf{, lgb]{zs, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|= s]Gb| @)&).!.@@

454. >L a'l4gfy e§/fO{, pk;lrj, >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno @)&).!.@@

;x/L ljsf; dGqfno 455. >L ljgf]brGb| emf, ;x;lrj, ;x/L ljsf; dGqfno @)&).!.@#

456. >L gf/fo0fk|;fb /]UdL, ;x;lrj, ;x/L ljsf; dGqfno @)&).!.@#

457. >L ;'/]zk|;fb cfrfo{, ;x;lrj, ;x/L ljsf; dGqfno @)^(.!).!&

/Iff dGqfno 458. >L pbo/fh ;fksf]6f, ;x;lrj, /Iff dGqfno @)&).!.#!

459. >L hgs/fh kf}8]n, pk;lrj, /Iff dGqfno @)&).!.#!

460. >L s]bf/gfy zdf{, pk;lrj, /Iff dGqfno @)&).!.#!

461. >L g'gsf Gof}kfg], pk;lrj, /Iff dGqfno @)&).!.#!

462. >L k'is//fh kGt, pk;lrj, /Iff dGqfno @)&).!.#!

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574

463. >L ;fg'sfhL b];f/, pk;lrj, ;xsf/L tyf u/LaL lgjf/0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

464. >L /fdk|;fb cfrfo{, pk;lrj, ;xsf/L tyf u/LaL lgjf/0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

465. >L pk]Gb|axfb'/ 9'+ufgf, pk/lhi6«f/, ;xsf/L ljefu @)&).@.!

466. >L afa'/fd e';fn, pk;lrj, ;xsf/L tyf u/LaL lgjf/0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

467. >L ljh's'df/ >]i7, pk;lrj, ;xsf/L tyf u/LaL lgjf/0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

468. >L rGb|axfb'/ 7s'/L, pk;lrj, ;xsf/L tyf u/LaL lgjf/0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

469. >L e/tk|;fb 9sfn, zfvf clws[t, ;xsf/L tyf u/LaL lgjf/0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

470. >L nIdLgf/fo0f j}B, zfvf clws[t, ;xsf/L tyf u/LaL lgjf/0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

471. >L cfgGb/fh cof{n, zfvf clws[t,;xsf/L tyf u/LaL lgjf/0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

zflGt tyf k'glg{df0f dGqfno 472. >L bLk]Gb|gfy zdf{, ;x;lrj, zflGt tyf k'glg{df0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

473. >L ;fw'/fd ;fksf]6f, ;x;lrj, zflGt tyf k'glg{df0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

474. >L nIdLs'df/L a:g]t, ;x;lrj, zflGt tyf k'glg{df0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

475. >L nIdLz/0f l3ld/], ;x;lrj, zflGt tyf k'glg{df0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

476. >L dw';'bg a'nf{sf]6L, ;x;lrj, zflGt tyf k'glg{df0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

477. >L s[i0faxfb'/ zfxL,pk;lrj, zflGt tyf k'glg{df0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

478. >L uf]kfn/fh ltldlN;gf, pk;lrj, zflGt tyf k'glg{df0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

479. >L uf]ljGb vgfn, pk;lrj, zflGt tyf k'glg{df0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

480. >L /d]z 9sfn, pk;lrj, zflGt tyf k'glg{df0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

481. >L lzjk|;fb rf}w/L, pk;lrj, zflGt tyf k'glg{df0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

482. >L k|]dk|;fb ;~h]n, pk;lrj, zflGt tyf k'glg{df0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

483. >L w'|jk|;fb zdf{, pk;lrj, zflGt tyf k'glg{df0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

484. >L jf;'b]j /]UdL, pk;lrj, zflGt tyf k'glg{df0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

485. >L u+ufaxfb'/ v/]n, pk;lrj, zflGt tyf k'glg{df0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

486. >L bfdf]b/ e08f/L, pk;lrj, zflGt tyf k'glg{df0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

487. >L zDe' sfsL{, pk;lrj, zflGt tyf k'glg{df0f dGqfno @)&).@.!

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490. >L l8NnL/fh l3ld/], ;x;lrj, sfg'g, Gofo,;+ljwfg ;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno

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491. >L wg/fh 1jfnL,pk;lrj, sfg'g, Gofo,;+ljwfg ;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf @)&).$.!%

575

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–

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495. >L lgd{nf 9sfn, zfvf clws[t, sfg'g, Gofo,;+ljwfg ;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno

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496. >L lgd{nf u'¿Ë, zfvf clws[t, sfg'g, Gofo,;+ljwfg ;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno

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497. >L k'¿iff]Qd vltj8f, zfvf clws[t, sfg'g, Gofo,;+ljwfg ;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno

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501. >L ljgos'df/ ld>, zfvf clws[t, sfg"g dGqfno @)&).$.!%

502. >L gj/fh cfrfo{, zfvf clws[t, sfg"g dGqfno @)&).$.!%

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno 503. >L dx]Gb|k|;fb u'/fufO{, ;x;lrj, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno @)&).$.!*

504. >L anb]jk|;fb hf]zL, lg= dxflgb]{zs, lghfdtL lstfjvfgf @)&).$.!*

505. >L lzj/fd Gof}kfg], pk;lrj, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno @)&).$.!*

506. >L cfTdf/fd ;Tofn, pk;lrj, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno @)&).$.!*

507. >L of]u]Gb| kf08], pk;lrj, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno @)&).$.!*

508. >L s]zj e§/fO{, pk;lrj, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno @)&).$.!*

509. >L rqmkfl0f cfrfo{, zfvf clws[t, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno @)&).$.!*

510. >L /fdaGw' zdf{, zfvf clws[t, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno @)&).$.!*

511. >L o'j/fh kf]v/]n, zfvf clws[t, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno @)&).$.!*

512. >L uf]df l3ld/], zfvf clws[t, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno @)&).$.!*

513. >L bfdf]b/ e§/fO{, k':tsfno clws[t, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno @)&).$.!*

514. >L afa'/fd yfkf, n]vf clws[t, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno @)&).$.!*

515. >L ofbjk|;fb kf]v/]n, n]vfkfn, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno @)&).$.!*

u[x dGqfno 516. >L z+s/ sf]O/fnf, ;x;lrj, u[x dGqfno @)&).$.#)

517. >L tf/fgfy uf}td, ;x;lrj, u[x dGqfno @)&).$.#)

518. >L anb]j uf}td, pk;lrj, u[x dGqfno @)&).$.#)

576

519. >L kml0fGb|dl0f kf]v/]n, pk;lrj, u[x dGqfno @)&).$.#)

520. >L dxfb]j kGy, pk;lrj, u[x dGqfno @)&).$.#)

521. >L Clif/fd ltjf/L, pk;lrj, u[x dGqfno @)&).$.#)

522. >L cjgL d}gfnL e§/fO{, pk;lrj, u[x dGqfno @)&).$.#)

523. >L zDe'k|;fb d/fl;gL, pk;lrj, u[x dGqfno @)&).$.#)

524. >L p4jk|;fb e§/fO{ pk;lrj, u[x dGqfno @)&).$.#)

525. >L e"kfn a/fn, pk;lrj u[x dGqfno @)&).$.#)

526. >L k|sfz kf}8]n, pk;lrj, u[x dGqfno @)&).$.#)

527. >L k|]dnfn nfld5fg], pk;lrj, u[x dGqfno @)&).$.#)

528. >L k|bLk/fh s8]+]n, pk;lrj, u[x dGqfno @)&).$.#)

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no 529. >L l8NnL/fd zdf{, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no @)^(.!).!&

530. >L s]zjk|;fb aFf:tf]nf, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no @)^(.!).!&

531. >L sljGb| g]kfn, pk;lrj, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no @)&).%.@

532. 8f=nf]sgfy e';fn, zfvf clws[t, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\ sfof{no @)^(.!).!&

;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno 533. >L af]w/fh lg/f}nf, ;x;lrj, ;+ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno

534. >L /]ZdL/fh kf08], ;x;lrj, ;+ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno

535. >L uf]kLs[i0f vgfn, ;x;lrj, ;+ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno

@)&).%.#

536. >L OGb' l3ld/], pk;lrj, ;+ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno

537. >L ¿b|l;+x tfdfË, pk;lrj, ;+ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno

538. >L z+s/axfb'/ s]=;L=, pk;lrj, ;+ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno -sfg'g_

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno 539. >L uf]kLgfy d}gfnL, ;x;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cof]u

540. >L k'¿iff]Qd l3ld/], ;x;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u @)^(.!).!&

541. >L /fhs'df/ clwsf/L, of]hgf clws[t, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u @)&).%.$

542. >L ljdnf sfkm\n], of]hgf clws[t, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u @)&).%.$

543. >L d]3/fh z+s/, of]hgf clws[t, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u @)&).%.$

s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu 544. >L g]lagnfnf >]i7, lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

545. >L ;'/]z j:Goft, lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

546. >L clgn zdf{, lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

577

547. >L z+s/nfn >]i7, lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

548. >L tLy{/fh rf}nfufO{, lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

549. >L ;'zLn zdf{, lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

550. >L dx]zrGb| k|wfg, lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

551. >L u0f]zk|;fb cfrfo{, lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

552. >L bfdf]b/ 1jfnL, lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

553. >L 1fg]Gb| ah|frfo{, lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

554. >L s[i0f t'nfw/, lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

555. >L ab|Ls'df/ sfsL{, lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

556. >L z}n]Gb| l3ld/], lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

557. >L clDasf j:Goft, lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

558. >L clgn yfkf, lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

559. >L l8NnL/fh hf]zL, lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

560. >L hos'df/ zdf{, lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

561. >L c¿0f uf}td, lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

562. >L 9'08L/fh nfld5fg], lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

563. >L s]zjs'df/ uf}td, lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

564. >L /fh]z lwtfn, lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

565. >L c¿0fs'df/ u'Ktf, lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

566. >L Ct' kGy, lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

567. >L d'lQm vgfn, lgb]{zs, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

568. >L x]d/fh /]UdL, jl/i7 clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

569. >L r]taxfb'/ /f]Ssf, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

570. >L /fhg l;njfn, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

571. >L ;[hgf j}B, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

572. >L ;fGTjgf zdf{, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

573. >L u'0flglw zdf{, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

574. >L j]bk|;fb 9sfn, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

575. >L ljsf; dNn, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

576. >L k|sfz kf}8]n, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

577. >L wd{/Tg jh|frfo{, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

578. >L ;'gLn >]i7, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

579. >L j]bk|;fb zdf{, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

578

580. >L Clif/fd kf]v/]n, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

581. >L /~h' v8\sf, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

582. >L dx]zk|;fb 9'Ëfgf, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

583. >L k/dfgGb kGt, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

584. >L slkn lwtfn, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

585. >L u0f]zk|;fb km'Fofn, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

586. >L uf]ljGbk||;fb 9'Ëfgf, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

587. >L 0f/fh ltjf/L, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

588. >L nf]saxfb'/ vqL, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

589. >L lzjnfn zdf{, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

590. >L ;xgnIdL tfd|fsf/, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

591. >L t'n;Lk|;fb kf}8]n, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

592. >L lszf]/ s]=;L=, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

593. >L tLy{ a/fn, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

594. >L k|sfz kf]v/]n, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

595. >L slknk|;fb ltldlN;gf, clws[t, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfno 596. >L dgf]x/k|;fb e§/fO{, dxf;lrj, ;+;b ;lrjfno

597. >L 7fs'/k|;fb a/fn, ;lrj, ;+;b ;lrjfno

598. >L d's'Gb zdf{, ;x–;lrj, ;+;b ;lrjfno

599. >L emns zdf{ ;fksf]6f, pk;lrj, ;+;b ;lrjfno

600. >L alatf ld>, zfvf clws[t, ;+;b ;lrjfno

601. >L cf]daxfb'/ sfsL{, zfvf clws[t, ;+;b ;lrjfno

602. >L nId0f cof{n, zfvf clws[t, ;+;b ;lrjfno

603. >L bz/y wdnf, zfvf clws[t, ;+;b ;lrjfno

604. >L g]qk|;fb e§/fO{, zfvf clws[t, ;+;b ;lrjfno

605. >L gf/fo0fk|;fb 9sfn, zfvf clws[t, ;+;b ;lrjfno

606. >L xl/x/ kf]v/]n, zfvf clws[t, ;+;b ;lrjfno

607. >L pblj/ g]kfnL, zfvf clws[t, ;+;b ;lrjfno

608. >L /l~ht s'df/ ofbj, zfvf clws[t, ;+;b ;lrjfno

609. >L ;blht /fO{, zfvf clws[t, ;+;b ;lrjfno

610. >L ljdnf l3ld/], zfvf clws[t, ;+;b ;lrjfno

611. >L g]qaxfb'/ sfsL{, zfvf clws[t, ;+;b ;lrjfno

579

612. >L ¿k]zs'df/ ;fx, zfvf clws[t, ;+;b ;lrjfno

lgjf{rg cfof]u 613. >L ;'/]z clwsf/L, ;x;lrj, lgjf{rg cfof]u

614. >L dflqsfk|;fb >]i7, ;x;lrj, lgjf{rg cfof]u

615. >L ;d'Gb| /fh /]UdL, pk;lrj, lgjf{rg cfof]u @)&).%.(

616. >L jf;'b]j u'/fufO{, pk;lrj, lgjf{rg cfof]u @)&).%.(

617. >L nIdL xf]dfufO{, pk;lrj, lgjf{rg cfof]u @)&).%.(

618. >L ;'zLn sf]O/fnf, pk;lrj, lgjf{rg cfof]u @)&).%.(

619. >L /fduf]ljGb cof{n, jl/i7 sDKo"6/ clws[t @)&).%.(

620. >L ;'/hk|sfz cof{n, s=OlGhlgo/, lgjf{rg cfof]u @)&).%.(

621. >L ;dL/ yfkf, s= OlGhlgo/, lgjf{rg cfof]u @)&).%.(

622. >L lzj/fh Gof}kfg], t= zf=, lgjf{rg cfof]u @)&).%.(

623. >L /fh]Gb| kf]v/]n, zfvf clws[t, lgjf{rg cfof]u @)&).%.(

624. >L lbkss'df/ yfkf, zfvf clws[t, lgjf{rg cfof]u @)&).%.(

625. >L pld{nf vltj8f, zfvf clws[t, lgjf{rg cfof]u @)&).%.(

626. >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb s8]n, zfvf clws[t, lgjf{rg cfof]u @)&).%.(

627. >L Clif/fd e'iffn, zfvf clws[t, lgjf{rg cfof]u @)&).%.(

628. >L /]df kf08], -l8=;L=_ zfvf clws[t, lgjf{rg cfof]u @)&).%.(

629. >L o'j/fh u'/fufO+{, zfvf clws[t, lgjf{rg cfof]u @)&).%.(

;jf{]Rr cbfnt 630. >L nf]lxtrGb zfx, /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt –

631. >L >LsfGt kf}8]n, ;x/lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt –

632. >L gxs'n ;'j]bL, ;x/lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt

633. >L dx]Gb|gfy pkfWofo, dxflgb]{zs, km};nf sfof{Gjog lgb]{zgfno –

634. >L afa'/fd bfxfn, pk /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt –

635. >L b]j]Gb| 9sfn, zfvf clws[t, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt –

636. >L k"hf vqL, zfvf clws[t, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt –

dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{no 637. >L ljdnf ;'j]bL, pkdxfn]vf lgoGqs, d=n]=k=sf] sfof{no @)&).$.!&

638. >L hgs/fh uf}td, pkdxfn]vf k/LIfs, d=n]=k=sf] sfof{no @)&).$.!&

639. >L z'sb]j vqL, pkdxfn]vf k/LIfs, d=n]=k=sf] sfof{no @)&).$.!&

640. >L df]xbQ ltldlN;gf, pkdxfn]vf k/LIfs, d=n]=k=sf] sfof{no @)&).$.!&

641. >L lbjfs/k|;fb cfrfo{, gfoj dxfn]vf k/LIfs, d=n]=k=sf] sfof{no @)&).$.!&

580

642. >L /df b'nfn, gfoj dxfn]vf k/LIfs, d=n]=k=sf] sfof{no @)&).$.!&

643. >L u0f/fh >]i7, gfoj dxfn]vf k/LIfs, d=n]=k=sf] sfof{no @)&).$.!&

644. >L O{Zj/ g]kfn, gfoj dxfn]vf k/LIfs, d=n]=k=sf] sfof{no @)&).$.!&

645. >L afa'/fd uf}td, gfoj dxfn]vf k/LIfs, d=n]=k=sf] sfof{no @)&).$.!&

646. >L O{Zj//fh >]i7, gfoj dxfn]vf k/LIfs, d=n]=k=sf] sfof{no @)&).$.!&

647. >L O{Zj/k|;fb Gof}kfg], gfoj dxfn]vf k/LIfs, d=n]=k=sf] sfof{no @)&).$.!&

648. >L p4jrGb| >]i7, gfoj dxfn]vf k/LIfs, d=n]=k=sf] sfof{no @)&).$.!&

649. >L ljZjgfy /]UdL, gfoj dxfn]vf k/LIfs, d=n]=k=sf] sfof{no @)&).$.!&

650. >L /fddfof s'Fj/, gfoj dxfn]vf k/LIfs, d=n]=k=sf] sfof{no @)&).$.!&

651. >L lzjk|;fb Gofkfg], gfoj dxfn]vf k/LIfs, d=n]=k=sf] sfof{no @)&).$.!&

652. >L kbd/fh kf}8]n, lgb]{zs, d=n]=k=sf] sfof{no @)&).$.&

653. >L g]qk|;fb uf}td, lgb]{zs, d=n]=k=sf] sfof{no @)&).$.!&

654. >L hLjg ;'j]bL, lgb]{zs, d=n]=k=sf] sfof{no @)&).$.!&

655. >L gf/fo0f km'ofn, n]vf k/LIf0f clwsf/L, d=n]=k=sf] sfof{no @)&).$.&

656. >L /fds[i0f clwsf/L, n]vf k/LIf0f clwsf/L, d=n]=k=sf] sfof{no @)&).$.&

657. >L hLjgs'df/ dNn, n]vf k/LIf0f clwsf/L, d=n]=k=sf] sfof{no @)&).$.&

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no 658. >L b|f]0f/fh /]UdL, dxfGofoflwjQmf, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no –

659. >L k'ik/fh sf]O/fnf, gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf –

660. >L ;"o{k|;fb sf]O/fnf, gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf –

661. >L /fhgf/fo0f kf7s, gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf –

662. >L k|]d axfb'/ sfsL{, gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf –

663. >L 7f]sk|;fb lzjfsf]6L, gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf

664. >L b'uf{aGw' kf]v/]n, gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf

665. >L dx]z yfkf, gfoj dxfGofolwjQmf

666. >L ls/0f kf}8]n, ;xGofoflwjQmf

667. 8f= >L 6]saxfb'/ l3ld/], ;xGofoflwjQmf

k"j{ k|zf;sx¿, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ 668. 8f= O{Zj/k|;fb pkfWofo, k"j{ d'Vo ;lrj g]kfn ;/sf/ @)&).$.&

669. >L s]zj/fh /fhe08f/L, k"j{ d'Vo ;lrj g]kfn ;/sf/ @)&).$.&

670. >L dw';'bg uf]vf{nL, k"j{ d'Vo ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ @)&).$.&

671. >L e/taxfb'/ yfkf, cWoIf, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

672. >L tf/fgfy ;'j]bL, dxf;lrj, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

581

673. >L dfwjk|;fb l3ld/], k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

674. >L 3ggfy cf]emf, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

675. >L cRo'taxfb'/ /fhe08f/L, ;Nnfxsf/, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

676. >L ljxf/Ls[i0f >]i7, ;Nnfxsf/, k"j{sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

677. >L uf]kfndfg >]i7, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

678. >L l8NnL/d0f l;+x, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

679. >L kjg/fh ;'kf/L, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

680. >L clDjsf s]=;L=, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

681. >L s[i0fk|;fb gflkt, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

682. >L hLjgfy kf]v/]n, s]=;= k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

683. >L lbjfs/ b]jsf]6f, k"j{ dxflgb]{zs @)&).$.&

684. >L /fdKof/L >]i7, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

685. >L lrqdl0f k/fh'nL, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

686. >L gf/fo0f/fh ltjf/L, cf=;=, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

687. 8f= uf}/Lz+s/nfn bf;, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

688. >L ljBfgfy g]kfn, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

689. >L r]tgfy l3ld/], k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

690. >L eLdaxfb'/ clwsf/L, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

691. >L lrqb]j e§, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

692. >L ;f}hGo ;'ne hf]zL, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

693. >L uf]ljGbk|;fb a/fn, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

694. >L gf/fo0fk|;fb sfkm\n], k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

695. >L lxtl;+x >]i7, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

696. >L ab|L ltjf/L, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

697. >L >Lw/ uf}td, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

698. >L xl/k|;fb ;'j]bL, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

699. >L O{Zj/Lk|;fb rfkfufO{, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

700. >L df]xgs'df/ k/fh'nL, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

701. 8f= /]jtaxfb'/ sfsL{, cWoIf, g]=/f=a}+s, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

702. >L h]g t08'sf/, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

703. >L e/t /fO{, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

704. >L ;fg'sfhL 8Ëf]n, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

705. >L kbd af]u6L, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

582

706. >L uf]ljGb yfkf du/, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ @)&).$.&

707. >L O{Zj/k|;fb Gof}kfg], k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ –

708. 8f= Zofds'df/ lszf]/ zfx, k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ –

k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no 709. >L s'j]/l;+x /fgf, k|x/L dxflg/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no, @)&).!.@#

710. >L gj/fh 9sfn, k|x/L cltl/Qm dxflg/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

711. >L u+uf kf08], k|x/L cltl/Qm dxflg/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

712. >L eLid k|;fO{, k|x/L cltl/Qm dxflg/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

713. >L /d]zljqmd zfx, k|x/L cltl/Qm dxflg/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

714. >L k'is/ /]UdL, k|x/L cltl/Qm dxflg/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

715. >L pk]Gb|sfGt cof{n, k|x/L gfoj dxflg/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

716. >L lj1fg/fh zdf{, k|x/L gfoj dxflg/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

717. >L gf/fo0f j:tfsf]6L, k|x/L gfoj dxflg/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

718. >L dx]z l;+x s7fot, k|x/L gfoj dxflg/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

719. >L g]qk|;fb cof{n, k|x/L gfoj dxflg/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

720. >L cd[tsfhL >]i7, k|x/L gfoj dxflg/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

721. >L ;'/]Gb|axfb'/ zfx, k|x/L gfoj dxflg/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

722. >L gj/fh l;njfn, k|x/L gfoj dxflg/LIfs, /fli6«o k|x/L k|lzIf0f @)&).!.@#

723. >L s]zaxfb'/ zfxL, k|x/L gfoj dxflg/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

724. >L x]dGt dNn 7s'/L, k|x/L gfoj dxflg/LIfs, tfnLd lgb]{zgfno @)&).!.@#

725. >L k|tfkl;+x yfkf, k|x/L gfoj dxflg/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

726. >L s]zj clwsf/L, k|x/L gfoj dxflg/LIfs, k|x/L dxflg/LIfssf] ;lrjfno

@)&).!.@#

727. >L /0faxfb'/ rGb, k|x/L jl/i7 pk/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

728. >L /ljk|tfk /f0ff, k|x/L jl/i7 pk/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

729. >L 1fg]Gb|/fh j}B, k|x/L jl/i7 pk/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

730. >L adaxfb'/ e08f/L, k|x/L jl/i7 pk/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

731. >L uf]kfnk|;fb e08f/L, k|x/L jl/i7 pk/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

732. >L hgsaxfb'/ l;+x, k|x/L jl/i7 pk/LIfs, k|x/L ljlw lj1fg k|of]uzfnf @)&).!.@#

733. >L ljhos'df/ e§, k|x/L jl/i7 pk/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

734. >L nId0f g]pkfg], k|x/L jl/i7 pk/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

735. >L pQds'df/ sfsL{, k|x/L jl/i7 pk/LIfs, s]Gb|Lo cg';Gwfg Jo"/f] @)&).!.@#

736. >L ;'efifrGb| rf}w/L, k|x/L jl/i7 pk/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

583

737. >L j;Gts'df/ nfdf, k|x/L pk/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

738. >L 3gfgGb e6\6, k|x/L jl/i7 pk/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

739. >L kz'klt pkfWofo, k|x/L jl/i7 pk/LIfs @)&).!.@#

740. >L /flhj ;'Aaf, k|x/L jl/i7 pk/LIfs, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no @)&).!.@#

;z:q k|x/L an 741. >L sf]if/fh jGt, ;z:q k|x/L dxflg/LIfs, ;z:q k|x/L an @)&).#.^

742. >L 7fs'/df]xg >]i7, ;=k|=c=d=lg=, ;z:q k|x/L an @)&).#.^

743. >L b'h{s'df/ /fO{, ;=k|=c=d=lg=, ;z:q k|x/L an @)&).#.^

744. >L Cifeb]j e§/fO{, ;=k|=c=d=lg=, sfo{ ljefu @)&).#.^

745. >L hLjgs'df/ yfkf,;=k|=c=d=lg=, k|zf;g ljefu @)&).#.^

746. >L s[i0fs'df/ tfdfË, ;=k|=c=d=lg=, ;Lk ;'/Iff ljefu k|d'v @)&).#.^

747. >L ;'zLn s'df/ >]i7, ;=k|=c=d=lg=, dxfgu/Lo ;z:q k|x/L an sfof{no @)&).#.^

748. >L lhtaxfb'/ k'g, ;=k|=gf=d=lg=, shf{ ljefu @)&).#.^

749. >L /fdz/0f kf}8]n, ;=k|=gf=d=lg=, Joj;flostf tyf u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f lg= @)&).#.^

750. >L z}n]Gb| vgfn, ;=k|=gf=d=lg=, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; lg= @)&).#.^

751. >L k'ik/fd s]=;L=, ;=k|=gf=d=lg=, dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; ljefu @)&).#.^

752. >L lg/fsf/ ljqmd zfx, ;=k|=gf=d=lg=, k|zf;g ljefu @)&).#.^

753. >L gf/fo0fafa' yfkf, l8=cfO=hL=, cfO=hL=kL= ;]q]m6l/o6 @)&).#.^

754. >L g/]Gb|s'df/ l;+x, l8=cfO=hL=kL=, ;Ldf ;'/Iff ljefu @)&).#.^

755. >L /fh]z >]i7, P;=P;=kL=, ;z:q k|x/L dxflg/LIfssf] ;lrjfno @)&).#.^

756. >L w'|j s]=;L=, OG:fk]S6/, ;z:q k|x/L dxflg/LIfssf] ;lrjfno @)&).#.^

757. >L xf]daxfb'/ 1jfnL, l8=P;=kL=, k|zf;g ljefu @)&).#.^

758. >L ;lrg sdf{rfo{, ;=k|=lg=, ;z:q k|x/L dxflg/LIfssf] ;lrjfno @)&).$.&

3= k|ltj]bg n]vg tyf ;Dkfbgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] clwsf/Lx¿sf] gfdfjnL

759. >L k|tfks'df/ kf7s, ;lrj, l;+rfO{ dGqfno

760. >L 6]sk|;fb 9+'+ufgf, ;x;lrj, sfg"g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno

761. >L lbg]z yklnof, ;x;lrj, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno

762. >L ljk'n Gof}kfg], ;x/lhi6f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt

763. >L lzlz/ 9'+ufgf, ;x ;lrj, cy{ dGqfno

764. >L dfwj l3ld/], ;xk|fWofks, lqrGb| SofDk;

765. >L /d]zsfGt clwsf/L, lg= /lhi6«f/, k|zf;sLo cbfnt

584

766. >L hgs/fh bfxfn, sf=d'=dxflgb]{zs, d'b|0f ljefu

767. >L dx]z cfrfo{, pk;lrj, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno

768. >L /fdz/0f af]x/f, ;"rgf k|ljlw clws[t, k|]; sfplG;n g]kfn

ª= k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldltdf /xL sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿

769. >L o'j/fh uf}td, ;x;lrj, k|zf;sLo cbfnt @)^(.(.( b]lv @)&).@.* 770. >L /fdaxfb'/ yfkf, pk;lrj, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno @)^(.(.( – @)^(.!!.( 771. >L b'uf{bQ 9sfn, -pk;lrj_ lgb]{zs, d'b|0f ljefu @)^(.(.( – @)^(.!@.( 772. >L eujtL zdf{ 9'+ufgf, zfvf clws[t k|zf;sLo cbfnt – 773. >L lbkss'df/ clwsf/L, zfvf clws[t, k|zf;sLo cbfnt @)&).!.( – @)&).#.( 774. >L sdnf kf}8]n, zfvf clws[t, k|zf;sLo cbfnt @)&).!.( – @)&).#.( 775. >L s[i0fk|;fb ahufO{, n]vf clws[t, k|zf;sLo cbfnt @)^(.(.( – @)^(.!!.( 776. >L afa'/fd yfkf, n]vf clws[t, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno @)^(.(.( – @)&).@.* 777. >L zf]efs/ kf08], zfvf clws[t, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno @)^(.(.( – @)^(.!@.( 778. >L kb\d/fh kf7s, jl/i7 d'b|0f clws[t, d'b|0f ljefu 779. >L j;Gt Gof}kfg], d'b|0f clws[t, d'b|0f ljefu @)^(.(.( – @)^(.!!.( 780. >L Psb]j sf]O/fnf, d'b|0f clws[t, d'b|0f ljefu @)^(.(.( – @)^(.!!.( 781. >L pQd vgfn, -gf=;'= k|f=_, d'b|0f ljefu @)^(.(.( – @)^(.!!.( 782. >L pQd Gof}kfg], a'sjfOG8/ -/f=k=cg+=lå=_, d'b|0f ljefu @)^(.(.( – @)^(.!). 783. >L /ljGb|dfg dxh{g, n]6/ k|]z;'k/efOh/, d'b|0f ljefu – 784. >L xl/k|;fb l3ld/], gf=;'=, k|zf;sLo cbfnt @)&).@.( – @)&).#.( 785. >L xl/eQm ;'j]bL, gf=;'= k|zf;sLo cbfnt @)&).@.( – @)&).#.( 786. >L zzL zdf{, sDKo"6/ ck/]6/, k|zf;sLo cbfnt @)^(.!@.(– @)&).#.( 787. >L bLkf ltlD;gf, gf=;'=, k|zf;sLo cbfnt @)&).@.( – @)&).#.( 788. >L k'¿iff]Qd l3ld/], vl/bf/, d'b|0f ljefu @)^(.(.( – @)^(.!@.!^ 789. >L uLtf e§/fO{, l8Ýf, k|zf;sLo cbfnt @)^(.(.( – @)^(.!@.( 790. >L /fh]z dfgGw/, x=;=rf=, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno @)^(.(.( – @)^(.!).( 791. >L ¿b|axfb'[/ vqL, x=;=rf=, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno @)^(.(.( – @)&).!.( 792. >L lji0f' >]i7, x=;=rf=, k|zf;sLo cbfnt @)^(.(.( – @)^(.!@.( 793. >L nIdL cfrfo{, x=;=rf=, k|zf;sLo cbfnt @)^(.(.( – @)^(.!@.( 794. >L sdnaxfb'/ tfdfË, x=;=rf=, k|zf;sLo cbfnt @)^(.(.( – @)^(.!@.( 795. >L r'g's'df/L If]qL, sf=;=, k|zf;sLo cbfnt @)^(.!@.(– @)&).!.( 796. >L lu/Laxfb'/ sf]O/fnf, sf=;=, k|zf;sLo cbfnt @)^(.(.( – @)&).^.( 797. >L ljGbLof kf]8]gL, sf=;=, k|zf;sLo cbfnt @)^(.(.( – @)&).@.( 798. >L /ldtf zfxL, sf=;=, d'b|0f ljefu @)^(.(.( – @)^(.!).( 799. >L nIdL /fgfdu/, sf=;=, d'b|0f ljefu @)^(.(.( – @)^(.!!.( 800. >L gj/fh l/dfn, sf=;=, d'b|0f ljefu @)^(.(.( – @)^(.!).( 801. >L ljGb' kf]8], :j]R5sdL{, k|zf;sLo cbfnt @)^(.(.( – @)&).!.(

r= k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldlt ;dIf lnlvt ;'emfj lbg] JolQmx¿

802. >L s]zjaxfb'/ l;+x, cg';Gwfg lgb]{zs, /fli6«o cg';Gwfg If]qLo sfof{no,

dWoklZrd If]q, ;'v]{t

803. >L k|]daxfb'/ If]qL, lhNNff lzIff sfof{no, rfd], dgfË

585

804. >L ;Hhg ;'Gb/ >]i7, eQmk'/ lhNnf c:ktfn 805. >L avtaxfb'/ ;fpb, sf7df8f}+ 806. >L Zofdnfn dNn, s'n]Zj/ cfjf; If]q, sf7df8f}+ 807. >L ;f]daxfb'/ lwdfn, s]lGb|o ;b:o, ;fdflhs nf]stflGqs kf6L{, 808. >L uf]kLs[i0f sf]O/fnf, l86\7f, eQmk'/ lhNnf cbfnt 809. >L ch{'gs'df/ zdf{, ;xfos k|=lh=c=, lh=k|=sf= ;'v]{t 810. >L x]d axfb'/ If]qL, pk;lrj, lhNNff lzIff sfof{no, rfd], dfgfË 811. >L dbgdf]xgnfn >]i7, OlGhlgo/, lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no, dsjfgk'/ 812. >L /fhaxfb'/ zfxL, gf=;'=, dfnkf]t sfof{no k|d'v 813. >L p;dfg ;fO{, gf=;'= -uf=lj=;= ;lrj_, s'dfn ufpF, sflnsf]6 814. >L ¿b|k|;fb kl08t, pk;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ 815. >L s[i0fk|;fb ltlD;gf 816. >L cldt g]kfn, ;/sf/L c=s tyf Hofnfbf/L sd{rf/L >lds ;+3 817. >L 6+s k|;fb kfG8]o, lgb]{zs -pk;lrj_, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]if 818. >L /fhdl0f lg/f}nf, d=If]=:jf=lg=, x]6f}+8f 819. >L Clif/fd l;Ub]n, 5fª, tgx'F 820. >L hubLZj/L zfxL, pRr d"No s[lif j:t' ljsf; cfof]hgf, sfnLsf]6 821. 8f= ob'rGb| l3ld/], lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no, ¿s'd 822. >L k'¿iff]Qd/fh ;]8fO{, :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu, jfn :jf:Yo dxfzfvf, 6]s' 823. Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ljleGg sd{rf/Lx¿ 824. ;Dk"0f{ gl;+Ë ;d"xsf :jf:YosdL{x¿ 825. >L dlxg lnDa', >L 8f]/dl0f kf}8]n, Clif/fh n'D;fnL, :yfgLo lgsfo dxf;+3 826. k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf sf7df8f}+, nlntk'/, eQmk'/, sfe|] lhNnf cbfntsf

Goflos tby{ ;ldltsf sd{rf/Lx¿

827. lji0f'k|;fb bfxfn ;d]t, n]vfgL, uf=lj=;=, pbok'/ 5= k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldlt ;dIf lnlvt ¿kdf ;'emfj k|:t't ug]{ ;+j}wflgs cË,

dGqfno tyf ljleGg lgsfox¿

1. pk/fi6«kltsf] sfof{no 2. Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfno 3. lgjf{rg cfof]u 4. nf]s ;]jf cfof]u 5. dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{no 6. dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no 7. clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u 8. k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no 9. cy{ dGqfno 10. pBf]u dGqfno 11. pmhf{ dGqfno 12. sfg"g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg ;ef tyf ;+:fbLo dfldnf dGqfno 13. s[lif ljsf; dGqfno 14. u[x dGqfno 15. k//fi6« dGqfno

586

16. e"ld;'wf/ dGqfno 17. ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfno 18. dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno 19. o'jf tyf v]ns'b dGqfno 20. /Iff dGqfno 21. jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno 22. jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno 23. lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno 24. zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfno 25. lzIff dGqfno 26. >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno 27. :yfgLo ljsf; tyf ;ª\3Lo dfldnf dGqfno 28. ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno 29. ;xsf/L tyf u/LaL lgjf/0f dGqfno 30. ;x/L ljsf; dGqfno 31. ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno 32. l;+rfO dGqfno 33. ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno 34. :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno 35. /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno 36. g]kfnL ;]gf, jnflws[t ljefu 37. g]kfnL ;]gf, sfo{/yL ljefu -;ª\u7g / ;+rfng_ h+uL c8\8f 38. g]kfn k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no 39. ;z:q k|x/L jn, k|wfg sfof{no 40. /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u 41. jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg ljefu 42. :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu 43. cf}ifwL Joj:yf ljefu 44. e"–tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f ljefu 45. d'b|0f ljefu 46. g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefu 47. x'nfs ;]jf ljefu 48. vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu 49. g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;n 50. 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt, k|wfg sfof{no, sf7df8f}+ 51. ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no, sf7df8f}+ 52. s'df/Lrf]s tyf s]lGb|o txl;n sfof{no 53. sd{rf/L k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg, hfjnfv]n 54. s]lGb|o tYofÍ ljefu, yfkfynL, sf7df8f}+ 55. lhNNff k|zf;g sfof{no, ;+v'jf;ef 56. lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, rfd], dgfË 57. g]kfn jg k}bfjf/ pBf]u Joj;foL dxf;+3 58. k"j{ sd{rf/L ;]jf kl/ifb\, g]kfn 59. pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f d+r–g]kfn 60. c;n zf;g kmfp08]zg

587

61. clvn g]kfn ;/sf/L c:yfoL, s/f/ tyf Hofnfbf/L sd{rf/L >lds ;+3 62. g]kfn dw]zL lghfdtL sd{rf/L d~r 63. /fli6«o :jtGq sd{rf/L ldng s]Gb| 64. :yfgLo ljsf; dxf;+3 65. lh=lj=;= :yfgLo lgsfo sd{rf/L ;+3, sflnsf]6 66. :yfgLo lgsfo ;+3 dxf;+3, uf=lj=;= /fli6«o dxf;+3, 67. g]kfn gu/kflnsf ;+3, lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn, s]lGb|o ;dGjo ;ldlt,

sf7df8f}+

68. uf=lj=;= ;ldltsf] sfof{no, xl/jg, ;nf{xL

h= k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldltaf6 ;'emfj ;ª\sng ul/Psf ljleGg If]q / lhNNffsf] ljj/0f

lhNnf ldlt

sfnLsf]6 @)&).!.!) ;'v]{t @)&).!.!@ sf:sL @)&).#.@# bf]nvf @)&).!.@^ wflbª @)&).!.@( g'jfsf]6 @)&).@.* /;'jf @)&).@.( sf7df8fF}+ @)&).@.@$ tfKn]h'Ë @)&).@.@^ kfFry/ @)&).@.@* Onfd @)&).@.@( emfkf @)&).@.#)

;ldltsf] tkm{af6 plNnlvt 5nkmnsf cltl/Qm ;ldltsf ;+of]hsåf/f ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/sf nflu cGo ljleGg lhNnf / tL lhNnfx¿df ;~rflnt cfof]hgfx¿ vf;u/L cf]vn9'Ëf–3'dL{–pbok'/, ;+v'jf;ef, wg'iff -wg'iffwfd_, dxf]Q/L, ;nf{xL, uf]/vf, kfNkf, gjnk/f;L, slknj:t', bfª, afFs], s}nfnL, s~rgk'/ -a]nf}/L–dx]Gb|gu/_ ;d]tsf] :ynut cjnf]sg u/L ;'emfj ;Íng ul/Psf] lyof] .

em= k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldltsf] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd;Fu ;DalGwt emns

-l;+xb/af/b]lv sflnsf]6–tfKn]h'ª;Dd_ o; ;ldltn] cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt sfo{lgb]{zdf plNnlvt ljifox¿df cWoog, ljZn]if0f u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf If]qdf ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ u/L ;'zf;gsf lglDt lng'kg]{ gLltut, ;+/rgfut / sfg"gL ljifodf ;'emfjx¿ k|bfg ug{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿, lj1 tyf ;DalGwt ;a}af6 ;'emfj ;+sng ug]{, k|zf;gsf If]qdf cg'ejL JolQmx¿;Fu cGt/lqmof ug]{, ;]jfu|fxLx¿;Fu k/fdz{ u/L k[i7kf]if0f lng If]qut ¿kdf ;d]t ljleGg r/0fdf cGt/lqmof uf]i7L ;d]t u/]sf] lyof] . o;} ;Gbe{df sf7df8f}+df /fli6«o cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd / uf]li7 ;d]t ;DkGg u/]sf] lyof] . pQm cGt/lqmof tyf /fli6«o uf]i7Ldf /fhgLlts bnsf zLif{:y g]t[Tj, ljifout lj1x¿, pRr k|zf;s ;d]tsf] ;xeflutf lyof] . ;f] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf o;

588

;ldltsf ;+of]hs sfzL/fh bfxfnåf/f æ;'zf;gsf] ;Gbe{df k|zf;g ;'wf/Æ, ;lrj >L s[i0fxl/ afF:sf]6fåf/f æ;'zf;gsf] ;Gbe{df k|zf;g ;'wf/ M r'gf}tL / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿Æ, k"j{ ;lrj pd]z d}gfnLåf/f ælghfdtL ;]jfsf r'gf}tL / ;'wf/sf pkfox¿Æ, k|f=8f= >Ls[i0f >]i7åf/f æglthfd"ns ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'wf/Æ / ljZn]ifs b]j/fh bfxfnåf/f æ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx / ;'zf;gsf r'gf}tLÆ ljifos sfo{kqx¿ k|:t't ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿, g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqfnox¿, ;'/Iff lgsfox¿;Fu cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd u/L ;'emfj ;Íng ul/Psf] lyof] . /fli6«o cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf ljleGg /fhgLlts bnsf pRr:t/Lo g]t[Tj, ;+j}wflgs cËsf k|d'v kbflwsf/L, g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrjnufot jl/i7 pRr k|zf;s / ;'/Iff lgsfosf jl/i7 clws[tx¿ ;d]tsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf /fhgLlts x:tIf]kd'Qm k|zf;g, /fhgLlt / k|zf;g aLr sfo{If]qsf] ;LdfÍg, /fhgLlts efuj08fdf dGqfnosf] ;ª\Vofdf hf]8 36fp x'g gx'g], k|lqmofd'vL eGbf hgd'vL k|zf;g x'g'kg]{, pQ/bfoL / lhDd]jf/Lsf] af]w sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf x'g'kg]{, 6«]8 o'lgogsf] e"ldsfnfO{ Jojl:yt / lgoldt ug{'kg]{, b08 / k'/:sf/sf] oyfof]Uo x'g'kg]{, ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿sf] sfof{no If]qut ¿kdf lj:tf/ x'g'kg]{, k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t k|zf;g x'g'kg]{, of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ lg:s[o kfg]{ lsl;dn] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|of]u sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf ug{ gx'g], b'u{d If]qsf] ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' kg]{, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf pQ/flwsf/L of]hgf nfu" x'g'kg]{, cgfjZos ljb]z e|d0f ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug]{ h:tf ljleGg lgisif{x¿ k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . k|zf;g ;'wf/sf ;Gbe{df ;ldltåf/f cfof]hgf ul/Psf ljleGg uf]i7L / cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf s]xL emnsx¿ oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

-k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldltsf] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf ljrf/ JoQm ub}{ k"j{ k|wfgdGqL dfwjs'df/ g]kfn / ;xefuL dxfg'efjx¿_

589

-cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf ljrf/ JoQm ub}{ g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf g]tf 8f= gf/fo0f v8\sf / ;xefuL dxfg'efjx¿_

-k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldltåf/f cfof]lht /fli6«o uf]li7sf ;xefuL dxfg'efjx¿_

-;ldltsf] ;'emfj ;Íng sfo{qmddf ;DalGwt If]qsf lj1x¿_

590

-cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf lj1 ;xefuLx¿_

-cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf ;DalGwt If]qsf dxfg'efjx¿_

-k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldlt ;dIf ;'emfj k|:'tt ug'{x'Fb} dGqfnosf ;lrj nufot jl/i7 clws[tx¿_

-k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldlt ;dIf ;'emfj k|:'tt ug'{x'Fb} dGqfnosf ;lrj nufot jl/i7 clws[tx¿_

591

-k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldlt ;dIf ;'emfj k|:'tt ug'{x'Fb} dGqfnosf ;lrj nufot jl/i7 clws[tx¿_

-k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldlt ;dIf ;'emfj k|:'tt ug'{x'Fb} k|x/L dxflg/LIfs nufot jl/i7 k|x/L clws[tx¿_

-k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldlt ;dIf ;'emfj k|:'tt ug'{x'Fb} ;z:q k|x/L ansf dxflg/LIfs nufot ;z:q k|x/Lsf jl/i7 clws[tx¿_

-k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldlt ;dIf ;'emfj k|:t't ug'{x'Fb} ljleGg If]qsf dlxnf Pjd\ k|zf;gljb\x¿_

592

;'emfj ;Íng tyf k|ltj]bg tof/Ldf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] clws[tx¿

-;ldltsf ;+of]hs / ;b:osf ;fydf ;ldltdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿_

;ldltnfO{ tf]s]sf] sfo{ lgb]{z adf]lhd sfo{ ;DkGg u/L k|:t't l;kmfl/;nfO{ Jofjxfl/s / j:t'lgi7 agfpg ;ldltsf ;+of]hs dfggLo cWoIf sfzL/fh bfxfn / dfggLo ;b:o >L s'df/ of]~hg tfdfË ;d]tsf] 6f]nL ljleGg lhNNffdf ;'emfj ;+sng ug{ hfg'eO{ ;DalGwt lhNNffsf k|d'v lhNNff clwsf/Lsf] kxndf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd u/L ;'emfj ;Íng ul/of] .

o; ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg ;xeflutfd"ns ¿kdf tof/ kfg]{ p2]Zon] % j6} ljsf; If]qdf 5nkmn Pjd\ cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o u/] cg'¿k sfnLsf]6 / ;'v]{t lhNnfdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] . pQm If]qsf] sfo{qmdsf] ;+of]hg tyf Joj:yfkg If]qLo k|zf;s >L zf/bfk|;fb lqtfnn] ug{' ePsf] lyof] .

593

@)&).!.!! ut] sfnLsf]6 lhNnfdf ePsf] sfo{qmddf s0ff{nL sl/8f]/ ;+3if{ ;ldltsf] tkm{af6 dfukq k]z ePsf] lyof] eg] ;f] lhNnfsf /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglwx¿, lhNnfl:yt lgldQ k|d'v lhNNff clwsf/L, :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L nufot ljleGg sfof{nosf k|d'v, ;+3 ;+:yf / ;~rf/ dfWodsf k|ltlglwx¿n] ;ldltsf kbflwsf/L ;dIf ljleGg ;'emfj k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] . sltko ;xefuLn] lnlvt ;'emfj ;d]t lbg' ePsf] lyof] .

@)&).!.!@ ut] If]qLo txdf ;'v]{tdf sfo{qmd ;DkGg ul/of] . sfo{qmddf sfof{no k|d'vx¿, /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglwx¿, ;~rf/ dfWodsf k|ltlglwx¿n] ;ldltsf kbflwsf/L ;dIf ljleGg ;'emfj k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] . sltko ;xefuLn] lnlvt ;'emfj ;d]t lbg'ePsf] lyof] .

cGt/lqmof sfo{qmds} qmddf @)&).!.@% ut] dWodf~rnsf] bf]nvf lhNnfdf sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof] . ;f] sfo{qmddf ljleGg /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglw, bf]nvf lhNNffsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L >L sfnLk|;fb k/fh'nL nufot ljleGg sfof{nosf k|d'v, ljleGg ;+3 ;:yf ;~rf/ dfWod / gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwx¿n] ;ldltsf kbflwsf/L ;dIf ljleGg ;'emfj k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] . sltko ;xefuLn] lnlvt ;'emfj ;d]t lbg' ePsf] lyof] .

594

@)&).!.@( df wflbË lhNnfdf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] lhNnfsf k"j{ ;f+;b, /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglwx¿, lhNnfl:yt k|d'v lhNNff clwsf/L j]bk|;fb v/]n nufot ljleGg sfof{nosf k|d'v, ;+3 ;+:yfsf / ;~rf/ dfWodsf k|ltlglwx¿n] ;ldltsf kbflwsf/L ;dIf ljleGg ;'emfj k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

ldlt @)&).@.* df g'jfsf]6 lhNnfdf cfof]lht cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] cWoIftfdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglw, lhNNffl:Yft ljleGg sfof{nosf k|d'v, ljleGg ;+3 ;:yf Pjd\ ;~rf/ dfWodsf k|ltlglwx¿n] ;ldltsf kbflwsf/L ;dIf ljleGg ;'emfj k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf pkl:yt sltko ;xefuLn] lnlvt ;'emfj ;d]t lbg' ePsf] lyof] .

:yfgLo :t/af6 ;'emfj ;+sngs} qmddf ldlt @)&).@.( df /;'jf lhNnfdf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglw, lhNNffl:Yft ljleGg sfof{nosf k|d'v, ljleGg ;+3 ;:yf,gful/s ;dfh Pjd\ ;~rf/ dfWodsf k|ltlglwx¿n] ;ldltsf kbflwsf/L ;dIf ljleGg ;'emfj k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf ;xefuL sd{rf/L, ;+rf/sdL{ Pj+ u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ nufot JolQmx¿n] b'u{d If]qdf ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf] nflu ljleGg lnlvt tyf df}lvs ;'emfjx¿ lbg' ePsf] lyof] .

595

ldlt @)&).@.@^ ut] k"jf{~rnsf] tfKn]h'Ë lhNnfdf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglw, tfKn]h'Ësf lhNNff GofofwLz, lhNNffsf k|d'v lhNNff clwsf/L >L ls/0f yfkf, lhNNff l:yt ljleGg sfof{nosf k|d'v nufot ljleGg ;+3 ;:yf, gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwx¿ Pjd\ ;~rf/ dfWodsf k|ltlglwx¿n] ;ldltsf kbflwsf/L ;dIf ljleGg ;'emfj k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] . sltko ;xefuLn] lnlvt ;'emfj lbg' ePsf] lyof] .

ldlt @)&).@.@( ut] k"jf{~rns} kfFry/ lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd lkmlbddf ;DkGg cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf] k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L >L sf]ifx/L lg/f}nfn] ;++of]hg ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;f] sfo{qmddf /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglw, lhNNff l:Yft ljleGg sfof{nosf k|d'v, ljleGg ;+3 ;:yf, gful/s ;dfh Pjd\ ;~rf/ dfWodsf k|ltlglwx¿n] ;ldltsf kbflwsf/L ;dIf ljleGg ;'emfj k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

ldlt @)&).@.#) ut] Onfd lhNnfdf ;DkGg cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L >L afa'/fd vltj8fn] ;+of]hg ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglw, lhNNff l:Yft ljleGg sfof{nosf k|d'v, ljleGg ;+3 ;:yf Pjd\ ;~rf/ dfWodsf k|ltlglwx¿n] ;ldltsf kbflwsf/L ;dIf ljleGg ;'emfj k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] . sltko ;xefuLn] lnlvt ;'emfj ;d]t lbg' ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf ljleGg sfof{no k|d'vx¿ nufotsf JolQmx¿af6 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ ug{ hgzlQm Joj:yfkg, >f]t ;fwg Joj:yfkg nufotsf ljifodf Wofg lbg' kg]{ nufotsf ;'emfjx¿ lbg' ePsf] lyof] .

596

ldlt @)&).@.#! ut] emfkf lhNnfdf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . emfkf lhNnfsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L >L Psd0fL g]kfnn] ;+of]hg ug'{ePsf] pQm sfo{qmddf lhNnf l:yt sfof{no k|d'vx¿n] cf–cfkm\gf] ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglw, lhNNff l:Yft ljleGg sfof{nosf k|d'v, ljleGg ;+3 ;:yf Pjd\ ;~rf/ dfWodsf k|ltlglwx¿n] ;ldltsf kbflwsf/L ;dIf ljleGg ;'emfj k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] . sltko ;xefuLn] lnlvt ;'emfj ;d]t lbg' ePsf] lyof] .

o;}u/L @)&).#.@# df klZrdf~rn If]q cGtu{t sf:sL lhNnfsf] kf]v/fdf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf] ;+of]hg sf:sL lhNnfsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L >L ofbj sf]O/fnfn] ug'{ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf lg= d'Vo GofofwLz df= ljZjDe/k|;fb >]i7 nufotsf dxfg'efjx¿n] dGtJo ;lxtsf] ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . lhNnfl:yt sfof{no k|d'vx¿n] cf–cfkm\gf ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lyof] ;fy} /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglw, lhNNffl:Yft ljleGg sfof{nosf k|d'v, ljleGg ;+3 ;:yf Pjd\ ;~rf/dfWodsf k|ltlglwx¿n] ;ldltsf kbflwsf/L ;dIf ljleGg ;'emfj k|:t't ug'{ eof] . sltko ;xefuLx¿n] lnlvt ;'emfj ;d]t lbg' eof] . o;/L ;DkGg ePsf] ljleGg cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf pkl:yt ;xefuLx¿sf] gfdfjnL 5'§} k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z 5 .

597

cg';"rL –@

s= ;ldltsf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldlt, @)^(

-sfzL/fh bfxfn_

;+of]hs cWoIf

k|zf;sLo cbfnt

-e]if/fh zdf{_

;b:o, ;lrj, sfg"g, Gofo,

;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno

-gjLgs'df/ l3ld/]_

;b:o, ;lrj, u[x dGqfno

-o'j/fh e';fn_

;b:o, ;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf

cfof]u

-s'df/ of]~hg tfdfª_

;b:o, ;b:o, k|zf;sLo cbfnt

-jL/axfb'/ /fO{_ ;b:o–;lrj

;x–;lrj, k|zf;g ;'wf/ tyf cfGtl/s Joj:yf

dxfzfvf ;dfGo k|zf;g dGqfno

-zfGtaxfb'/ >]i7_ ;b:o

;lrj, ;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf;

dGqfno

-zfGt/fh ;'j]bL_ ;b:o,

;lrj, cy{ dGqfno

-b'uf{lglw zdf{_ ;b:o,

;lrj, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno

-k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldltsf ;+of]hsaf6 ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL 8f= jfj'/fd e§/fO{;dIf k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|:t't ub}{_

598

e"ldsf

/fHosf gLltx¿ sfof{Gjog u/L /fHo / gful/s aLr ;xh ;DaGw clej[l4 u/fpg] dxTjk"0f{ lgsfosf] ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g /xL cfPsf] 5 . abln+bf] r'gf}tL / cj;/x¿sf dfem ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g cem lhDd]jf/, pQ/bfoL / kf/bzL{ eO{ sfo{ u/]df nf]stGqfTds ;fdflhs cfwf/ alnof] x'G5 . /fhgLlt / k|zf;g aLr lgwf{l/t ;Ldfsf] kl/lwleq g} /fhgLlts If]q;Fusf] s'zn ;dGjo / ;xsfo{df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] cfkm\gf] p2]Zo ;kmlne"t agfpg ;S5 . /fhgLltsf] ;jn g]t[Tjdf gful/ssf cfsf+Iff cg'¿k ;fj{hlgs ;]jf gful/snfO{ ;/n, ;xh / u'0f:t/Lo ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . /fhgLlts OR5fzlQmn] dfq ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ u/L glthfd'vL agfpg ;lsG5 . /fhgLlt g;'lw|P;Dd k|zf;gdf dfq ul/g] ;'wf/n] ;fy{stf k|fKt ug{ ;Qm}g . o;}n] k|zf;gdf :jR5tf / Jofj;flostf sfod ug{ /fhgLlts bnx¿sf aLrdf lglZrt ;femf ;xdtL aGg' cfjZos 5 .

abln+bf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g cg'¿k gful/ssf kl/jlt{t cfsf+IffnfO{ dWogh/ u/L cGt/fi{6«o :t/df k|lt:kwL{ tyf ;Ifd ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g :yflkt u/L ;'zf;g sfod ug{ g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf ;'emfjx¿ lbg g]kfn ;/sf/af6 o; ;ldltsf] u7g ePsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf If]qdf ;'wf/ ug{ cfufdL lbgdf lng'kg]{ sfg"gL, gLltut tyf ;+/rgfut pkfox¿sf ;DaGwdf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo tyf JolQmx¿ / ;DalGwt lj1x¿;Fu cGt/lqmof u/L k|fKt ;'emfj tyf ;ldltnfO{ ljleGg dfWodaf6 k|fKt ;'emfjx¿sf cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ljleGg If]qx¿df tTsfn ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/sf] k|f/lDes ;'emfj k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pQm k|f/lDes ;'emfjsf] sfof{Gjog k|lqmof tTsfn cufl8 a9]df s]xL xb;Dd ck]lIft ;'wf/x¿ x'g ;Sg] ;ldltn] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf k|zf;lgs lgsfox¿sf] sfof{Gjog Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsPdf cltl/Qm nfut tyf ;fwg;|f]t ljgf g} df}h'bf cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 . ;ldltn] clGtd k|ltj]bg k|:t't ubf{ la:t'[t ¿kdf bL3{sfnLg ;'emfj k]z ug]{5 . k|:t't ;'emfjsf cfwf/df gofF gLltut Joj:yf cGtu{t k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog eO{ cfufdL lbgdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf x'g] ;'wf/n] gful/snfO{ ;/n ¿kdf ;]jfk|fKt x'g] ck]Iff ;ldltn] lnPsf] 5 . ;ldltsf] sfd sf/jfxLdf ;xof]u ug'{ x'g] ;DalGwt ;a}df ;ldltsf] tkm{af6 wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

wGojfb Û

@)^(, kmfu'g ( -sfzL/fh bfxfn_

;+of]hs

599

v08 M Ps

k|f/lDes

k[i7e"ld k|zf;g /fHosf sfg"g / gLltx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{] dxTjk"0f{ lgsfo xf] . k/Dk/fut /fHo Joj:yf ;~rfng ug]{ a]nfb]lv g} k|zf;g oGqsf] cl:tTj /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . sNof0fsf/L /fHo Joj:yfdf /fHon] k/Dk/fut sfo{sf cltl/Qm tdfd hgd'vL sfo{x¿ ;Dkfbg ug{'kg]{ ePsfn] k|zf;lgs lgsfox¿sf] pkl:ylt / pkfb]otf a9\b} uPsf] 5 . k|zf;lgs lgsfox¿ /fHosf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ lgsfo x'g'sf ;fy} hgtf / s]Gb|Lo /fHo ;QfaLr ;Dks{ ;]t'sf] ¿kdf /xg] dxTjk"0f{ lgsfo ePsf sf/0f h'g;'s} zf;g Joj:yf cFufn]sf d'n'sdf klg k|zf;lgs lgsfo s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . jt{dfg ;dodf hgcg'df]lbt ;/sf/ lgdf{0fsf] qmd a9]sf sf/0f k|zf;lgs lgsfox¿ hgd'vL, pQ/bfoL tyf glthfd'vL x'g'k5{ eGg] wf/0ffn] a9fjf kfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . t;y{ pQm wf/0ff cg'¿k k|zf;g ;+oGqnfO{ ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g ug{sf nflu k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldlt tyf ljleGg cfof]ux¿sf] u7g ug]{ k|rng /x]]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf cfw'lgs k|zf;lgs kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; lj=;+= @))& ;fnsf] kl/jt{g kZrft\\ ;'¿ ePsf] kfOG5 . sf]z]9'Ëfsf] ¿kdf k|zf;g ;'wf/ of]hgf cfof]u, @)!# /x]sf] 5 eg] ;du| zf;sLo Joj:yfdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/ cf}NofP/ k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)$* n] g]kfnL k|zf;lgs Joj:yfnfO{ k|hftflGqs Joj:yf cg's"n Jofj;flos tyf ;do;fk]If agfpg] k|of; u/]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnn] cfw'lgs k|zf;lgs kl/kf6L :yfkgf ug{ cfjZos sbd rfn]sf] ;dob]lv s/La ;f7L jif{{sf] cjlwdf 7"nf–7"nf tyf dxTjk"0f{ /fhgLlts tyf ;fdflhs kl/jt{g ePsf 5g\ . k|zf;g /fhgLltsf] pkIf]qsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ;Gbe{ tyf ;dfhsf] P]gfsf] ¿kdf /xg] oyfy{nfO{ dWogh/ u/]/ g} /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrft\\ k|zf;g ;'wf/nfO{ ljz]if dxTjsf ;fy lng] ul/Psf] P]ltxfl;s k|rng cg'¿k jt{dfg ;dodf g]kfnn] k|fKt u/]sf] nf]stGq, ;fdflhs Gofo, ;dfj]lztf k|ltsf] rfxgf cg'¿k g]kfnL k|zf;lgs Joj:yfnfO{ ;dofg"s'n kl/jt{g ub}{ PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf ljsf; ePsf] tLj|t/ ;"rgf ;~hfnn] l;h{gf u/]sf] ljZjJofkLs/0f cfts+jfb, df};d kl/jt{g, cfodf c;dfgtf, cfGtl/s åGå h:tf r'gf}ltx¿;Fu h'Wg ;Sg] tyf g]kfnL gful/sx¿sf] cfsf+Iff cg'¿k glthfd'vL ;]jf k|jfx u/L nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfnfO{ clej[l4 ug]{ k|zf;g oGq :yfkgf / ljsf;ug'{ cfhsf] ckl/xfo{tf ePsf]5 . ljutsf] bzsdf l;h{gf ePsf åGåsf sf/0fx¿dWo] k|d'v sf/0f tTsfnLg ;dodf g]kfnL zf;sLo Joj:yfdf ;'zf;gsf] cefj /x]sf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnL zf;sLo Joj:yfdf ;'zf;gsf cfwf/e"t rl/qx¿sf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{ cTofjZos ePsf]5 . ;fy} ;dfj]zL zf;gsf] cfwf/:tDesf] ¿kdf /x]sf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljljwtfsf] plrt Joj:yfkg u/L g]kfnL k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfdf qmlds ;'wf/ u/L hgzlQm ljljwLs/0f (Work force Diversity) sf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff ;kmnLe"t agfpg' kg]{] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf clwsf+z If]qdf gful/sn] k|fKt ug]{ /fHo k|bQ ;]jfx¿ clwsf/d'vL x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ eg] sltko cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿ gful/sn] k|fKtug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . plNnlvt ljifox¿s}

600

cfnf]sdf ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ ub}{ hgd'vL, kf/bzL{ tyf pQ/bfoL k|zf;g oGqsf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ lbzfdf lng'kg]{ gLltut, sfg"gL tyf ;+/rgfut ;'emfjx¿ klxrfg ug]{, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf If]qdf ljsf; ePsf gjLgtd ;}4flGts cjwf/0ffx¿nfO{ g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ckgfpg' pkfox¿ ;'emfpg] / ;du| ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ glthfd'vL / sfof{Tds agfpg] ;DAfGwdf lng'kg]{ gLltut ;'emfjx¿ g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf k|:t't lbg] u/L ldlt @)^(.)(.)# ut] k|zf;sLo cbfntsf cWoIfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldlt, @)^( u7g u/]sf] 5 . ;ldltsf] u7g

g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|zf;gnfO{ ;dofg's"n ultzLn, kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg, ;'zf;g / kf/blz{tf sfod ub}{ ljZjsf gjLg dfGotf / l;4fGtnfO{ k|zf;gleq k|j]z u/fO{ hgtfsf] cfsf+Iff cg'¿k ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ / k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug{ ljBdfg k|zf;gnfO{ ;dfog's"n ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ ljifox¿sf] cfjZostf / cf}lrTosf] cfwf/df If]qut, ljifout gLltsf] lgdf{0f / jt{dfg df}h'bf sfg"gdf ;'wf/ u/L lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ hgd'vL / hgpQ/bfoL agfpg k|zf;gdf s] s:tf gLltut, sfg"gL / ;+/rgfut Joj:yf ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] af/]df cWoog u/L ;'emfj k]z ug{ ldlt @)^(.)(.)# ut] u7g u/]sf] ;ft ;b:oLo ;ldltdf ldlt @)^(.!).)# ut] u[x dGqfnosf ;lrj / ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf ;lrjnfO{ ;d]t ;ldltsf] ;b:o tf]sL ;ldltnfO{ gf} ;b:oLo agfPsf] 5 .

!= df=>L sfzL/fh bfxfn, cWoIf, k|zf;sLo cbfnt – ;+of]hs @= df=>L s'df/ of]~hg, ;b:o, k|zf;sLo cbfnt – ;b:o #= ;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno – ;b:o $= ;lrj, u[x dGqfno – ;b:o %= ;lrj, sfg"g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg ;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno – ;b:o ^= ;lrj, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno – ;b:o &= ;lrj, cy{ dGqfno – ;b:o *= ;lrj, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno – ;b:o (= ;x;lrj, k|zf;g ;'wf/ tyf cfGtl/s Joj:yf dxfzfvf, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno – ;b:o;lrj

;ldltsf] sfo{lgb]{z (Terms of Reference) ;ldltnfO{ cfkm\gf] sfo{ k|f/De u/]sf] ldltn] tLg dxLgfleq sfo{ ;DkGg ul/;Sg] u/L

lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ a9L hjfkmb]xL, glthfd"ns, ;]jf k|wfg / ljsf;d}qL agfpg ljBdfg P]g, sfg"gdf ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos ljifox¿df ljZn]if0ffTds ;'emfj lbg b]xfo adf]lhdsf sfo{ lgb]{z k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

!= ;du| ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL / hgpQ/bfoL agfpg ljBdfg ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgf, sfg"g / gLltut ljifodf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/ .

@= lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ Jofj;flos, u'0f:t/Lo / ;]jfu|fxLk|lt lhDd]jf/ agfpg ul/g'kg]{ ;+:yfut / hgzlQmdf ;'wf/ .

#= lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jf, j[lQ ljsf;, ;¿jfnfO{ cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg / lgoGq0f k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg] ;DaGwdf jt{dfg sfg"gL Joj:yf / k|lqmofdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/ .

$+= 6«]8 o'lgogsf] e"ldsf / ltgdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/ .

601

%= b'u{d If]qdf ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ul/g'kg]{ k|lqmof / ;'wf/ . ^= lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg -Diversity Management_ ;DaGwL ;'wf/ . &= lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ j:t''ut / j}1flgs agfpg

dfkg ;+oGqsf] ljsf; . *= ;]jf s/f/ ;DaGwdf ;'wf/ . (= ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ glthfd"ns agfpg ckgfpg' kg]{ gLltut ;'wf/ .

;ldltn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfo{x¿ k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldltn] cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt sfo{lgb]{zdf plNnlvt ljifox¿df cWoog,

ljZn]if0f u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf If]qdf ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ u/L ;'zf;gnfO{ a9fjf lbg lng'kg]{ gLltut, ;+/rgfut / sfg"gL ;'wf/sf ;'emfjx¿ k|bfg ug{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿, lj1 tyf ;DalGwt ;a}af6 ;'emfj ;+sng ug]{, k|zf;gsf If]qdf cg'ejL JolQmx¿;Fu cGt/lqmof ug]{, ;]jfu|fxLx¿sf] k[i7kf]if0f lng If]qut ¿kdf uf]i7L ug]{, ljutdf k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;DaGwdf ul7t cfof]ux¿n] k|bfg u/]sf ;'emfjx¿sf]] cWoog ug]{, k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt gjLgtd k':tsx¿ tyf cGo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cWoog ug]{ h:tf ljlwx¿ k|of]u ug{] lg0f{o u/] cg'¿k xfn;Dd b]xfosf sfo{x¿ ;Dkfbg ePsf 5g\ . s= ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf ;'emfj cfXjfg

;ldltn] cfkm\gf] k|yd a}7ssf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ldlt @)^(.)(.!) ut] uf]/vfkq b}lgsdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu lnOg'kg]{ ;+/rgfut, gLltut tyf sfg"gL pkfox¿ ;DaGwdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] @! lbgleq ;ldltdf cfOk'Ug] u/L ;'emfj k7fOlbg ;/f]sf/jfnf, lj1x¿ tyf ;DalGwt ;a}df cg'/f]w u/]sf] 5 . o;/L lhNnf txaf6 k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;DaGwdf ;'emfj lbg OR5's JolQmx¿sf] ;xhtfsf nflu k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ldfkm{t ;d]t ;'emfj ;+sng ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lhNnf txdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] To; ;DaGwL uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf u/L ;'emfj k7fpg] Joj:yf ldnfPsf]df pQm ;"rgfaf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt u/L ljleGg JolQmx¿n] k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;DaGwdf cfufdL lbgdf lng'kg]{ ;'wf/sf ;'emfjx¿ ;ldlt ;dIf k7fPsf 5g\ .

v= cGt/lqmof ;ldltn] k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;DaGwdf cfufdL lbgdf lng'kg]{ ;'wf/sf pkfox¿ ;DaGwdf ljleGg lj1 JolQmx¿nfO{ ;d"x ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf] 5 . lj1 JolQmx¿;Fu cGt/lqmof ug]{ s|ddf ldlt @)^( kf}if @^ ut] ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf k"j{ kbflwsf/Lx¿ tyf g]kfn ;/sf/sf k"j{ d'Vo ;lrjx¿;Fu cGt/lqmof ul/of] . pQm cGt/ls|ofdf k"j{ k|d'v cfo'Qm clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;"o{gfy pkfWofo, k"j{ k|d'v cfo'Qm lgjf{rg cfof]u ef]h/fh kf]v/]n, k"j{ cWoIf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u tLy{dfg zfSo, k"j{ cfo'Qm lgjf{rg cfof]u 8f= jL/]Gb|k|;fb ld>, k"j{ d'Vo ;lrj bfdf]b/ uf}td, k"j{ sf=jf= k|d'v cfo'Qm lgjf{rg cfof]u gLns07 pk|]tL, k"j{ ;b:o nf]s ;]jf cfof]u eLdb]j e§, k"j{ d'Vo ;lrj dfwj l3ld/], k"j{ ;+of]hs pRr :t/Lo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ;ldlt d'lQmk|;fb sfkm\n], sfo{jfxs dxfn]vf k/LIfs ljdnf ;'j]bLsf] ;xefuLtf /x]sf] lyof] eg] sfo{qmddf g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj lnnfdl0f kf}8]nsf] ;d]t pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . To;}u/L ;ldltn] ldlt @)^( df3 # ut] k"j{ k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm ;"o{k|;fb >]i7 nufot

602

g]kfn ;/sf/sf cjsfz k|fKt ;lrjx¿;Fu cGt/lqmof u/]sf] lyof] h;df pd]z d}gfnL, afns[i0f k|;fO{, dw'/d0f cfrfo{, 8f=uf]ljGb s';'d, ljdn jfUn], r08L >]i7, v]d/fh g]kfn, tfgf uf}td, afnfgGb kf}8]n, eujtL s'df/ sfkm\n], >LsfGt /]UdL tyf k|f=b]j/fh bfxfnsf] ;xefuLtf /x]sf] lyof] . cGt/ls|ofsf s|ddf ;ldltn] ldlt @)^( df3 !) ut] g]kfn ;/sf/sf /fhkqfls+t k|yd >]0fLsf clws[tx¿;Fu tyf ldlt @)^( df3 !% ut] g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;]jflgj[Q ;lrjx¿, g]kfn hgk|zf;g SofDk;sf k|fWofksx¿, k"j{ /fhb"t nufot lj1x¿;Fu cGt/lqmof ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . pQm sfo{qmddf k"j{ ;lrj ;'zLn h+u /f0ff, k"j{ ;lrj o'j/fh kf08], k"j{ /lhi6«f/ 8f= /fds[i0f ltdlN;gf, k"j{ ;lrj d's'Gbk|;fb kf}8]n, k"j{ ;lrj bLk]Gb|ljs|d yfkf, k|fWofks 8f= >Ls[i0f >]i7, k|fWofks 8f= uf]ljGb 9sfn, k"j{ ;lrj cqm'/ g/l;+x /f0ff, k|f=s]zj/fh kf08], :6fkm sn]hsf k"j{ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs 8f= lbg]z kGt, ;+;bsf k"j{ dxf;lrj tyf k"j{ /fhb"t ;"o{ls/0f u'¿Ë, k"j{ /fhb"t gjnlszf]/ /fO{, k|fWofks cfgGb cflbTo, :yfgLo lgsfosf cWo]tf ;'/]z cfrfo{ nufotsf JolQmx¿n] k|zf;gsf ;du| kIfdf cf–cfkm\gf ljrf/ k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] . o;}u/L ;ldltn] @)^(.!).* df ljleGg 6«]8 o'lgogsf kbflwsf/L;Fu ;d]t cGt/lqmof u¥of] . ;ldltn] ljleGGf ldltdf ;~rfng u/]sf] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf ;xefuL dxfg'efjx¿af6 b]xfosf ;'emfjx¿ JoQm ePsf lyP M– • dGqfnosf] ;+Vofdf Hofb} g} ptf/ r9fj (Fluctuation) cfpg] u/]sf]n],

dGqfnosf] ;+Vof clwstd !@ b]lv !% j6f dfq sfod u/L l:y/ /flvg' kg]{, kl/of]hgfx¿ dGqfno ljefu jf sfof{nodWo] Pp6f lgsfoaf6 dfq ;~rfng x'g'kg]{ .

• ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u x'g'kg]{, ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;]jfu|fxLsf] clwsf/sf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/L ljs]lGb|t ¿kdf ljt/0f ul/g'kg]{, ;]jfu|fxL tyf sd{rf/L aLrsf] ;DaGw k'gk{l/eflift x'g'kg]{ .

• ;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0f k|0ffnL nfu" x'g' kg]{, ;/sf/L lgsfox¿af6 k|jfx x'g] ;]jfx¿sf] Pp6f dfkb08 lgdf{0f x'g'kg]{, lg=;]=lg=sf] cfr/0f dxnsf] kfngf x'g'kg]{, tnaeQf ;dofg's"n k'g/fjnf]sg x'g'kg]{, clen]vLs/0fdf ;'wf/ x'g'kg]{ tyf k|To]s tx tyf kbnfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg'kg]{ .

• a9'jf Ho]i7tfdf cfwfl/t agfpg'kg]{, k|To]s txsf] a9'jfdf pDDf]bjf/ x'g sf7df8f+} aflx/ sfd u/]sf] cg'ej x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

• lghfdtL ;]jfdf /fhgLlts cf:yfsf cfwf/df 6«]8 o'lgog u7g x'g gx'g], ;Dk"0f{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu Psn 6«]8 o'lgog dfq /xg] Joj:yf ug{'kg]{, 6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/ /fhkqcgls+t / >]0fLljxLg sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ dfq lbg] .

• b'u{ddf sd{rf/Lsf] cg'kl:ylt /xg] ePsf]n] o:tf sfof{nox¿sf] lgoldt cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{, ;]jf k|bfos sfof{nox¿sf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{, pgLx¿ aLr ;dGjo / ;xof]usf] efjgf l;h{gf ug]{ .

603

• ;dfj]lztfsf ;DaGwdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf lgodfjnLsf] k|fjwfg adf]lhd bz jif{{ cEof; u/]/ dfq o; Joj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{, ;fy} u'0fsf] (quality) gfddf ;dfj]lztf (Inclusive) nfO{ /f]Sg gx'g] .

• tNnf] txdf ;]jf k|jfx k|efjsf/L x'g]u/L sd{rf/L ;+Vof a9fpg' kg]{ . ;lrjsf nflu cfjZos gb]lvPsf b/aGbL s6fpg], s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] ug]{ sfd :ki6 kfg]{, dGqfnox¿sf] ljefuLo gLlt g/x]sf sf/0f JolQmk/s sfo{z}nL xfjL ePsf]n] ljefuLo gLlt th'{df x'g'kg]{, clws[td"ns ;]jf agfpg'kg]{, ;]jf k|jfx x'g] sfof{nox¿nfO{ ;]jfu|fxL d}qL agfpg' kg]{ .

• k|zf;gdf ePsf] bnLos/0f aGb ug'{kg]{ . sd{rf/LtGqn] ug]{ sfo{df cGo lgsfosf] e"ldsf la:tf/ ul/Psf] sf/0f k|zf;g ckfË ePsfn] To:tf] sfo{ tTsfn aGb ul/g'kg]{, ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] pQ/bfloTj ;'lglZrt ug]{ Joj:yf pko'Qm gePsf] / ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj (Social Accountability) sfod x'g g;s]sf]n] o; ;DAfGwdf cfjZos Joj:yf ug'{kg]{, sfo{k|lqmof ;/nLs/0f / kf/blz{tf clej[l4 ug'{kg]{, Citizen Jury u7g ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{, cfly{s / ljQLo pQ/bfloTj k|zf;lgs k|d'vsf ;fy} /fhgLlts k|d'vdf klg x'g] Joj:yf ug]{, ;lrj dGqLsf] xf] jf ;/sf/sf] xf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'g'kg]{] .

• ;lrj a9'jfdf a9'jf ;ldltn] cfjZos ;+Vofsf] tLg u'0ff l;kmfl/; ug]{] Joj:yf Psbd} v/fa ePsf]n] pQm Joj:yf ;+zf]wg ug]{, ;¿jfnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg'kg]{ / @$3 -!_ sf] ;d:of tTsfn ;dfwfg ug'{kg]{, b'u{d If]qdf sfo{ gu/L a9'jf x'g g;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{, a9'jfdf Zf}lIfs of]Uotfsf] c+s u0fgf gx'g] Joj:yf ug]{ .

• :yfgLo :t/df ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ lgoldt agfpg 3'DtL ;]jf k|efjsf/L agfpg], ljs]lGb|t zf;g Joj:yf cFufNg] .

• ljljwtf Joj:yfkg cf/If0feGbf Jofks ljifo xf] egL a'em\g'kg]{, ljleGg ;d'bfox¿sf] ;fdflhs ;zlQms/0f / Plss/0fdf (Integration) Wofg lbg' kg]{ .

• sd{rf/Ln] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg kmf/fddf zt k|ltzt cÍ k|fKt ug]{ t/ jf:tljstfdf sfd gx'g] kl/kf6L cGTo ug{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ dGqfnout / ;]jfut ¿kdf k'g;{+/rgf u/L j:t''ut agfpg] .

• ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno vf/]h u/L k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no dftxt k|zf;g ljefu /fVg], lgofds lgsfox¿sf] b/aGbL / sfof{no a9fpg], ;xfos:t/df ax'k|ltefo'Qm (Multi-skill) sd{rf/Lx¿ lng] Joj:yf ug]{, /fHosf]ifaf6 tna vfg] ;d:t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df dfq ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ .

• Nff]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 l;kmfl/; eO{ cfpg] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] z'¿ lgo'lQmsf] z'¿ kb:yfkgf b'Uf{d If]qdf ug]{ .

• lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jf kmf/fd a9'jf x'g of]Uo ePkl5 Psk6s dfq eg]{ / pQm kmf/fd k|To]s jif{{ gjLs/0f ug]{ Joj:yf u/L k'gM kmf/fd eg{ gkg]{

604

Joj:yf ug]{, ;¿jf ubf{ lng] / lbg] dGqfnosf] sldl6n] ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{, a9'jf cg'dfgof]Uo -Predictable_ x'g'kg]{, 58\s] k|j]zn] kb;f]kfg lauf/]sf] / dgf]an v:s]sf] tyf cfb]zsf] PsfTdstf (Chain of Command) sdhf]/ agfPsf]n] vf/]h x'g'kg]{, cjsfzsf] pd]/ ;d:t ;]jfdf Ps¿k agfO{ ^) jif{{ agfpg' kg]{, cjsfz k|fKt JolQmNffO{ ljleGg ;fdflhs sfo{df nufpg cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{, sd{rf/L cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

• lhNnf:t/sf ;xof]uL sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQmdf lhNnfs/0f ug]{ • sd{rf/Lsf] JolQmut tyf ;fd"lxs pQ/bfloTj :ki6 x'g'kg]{ • Pp6f lglZrt kb;Dd ljefuLo lg/Gt/tf x'g'kg]{, k|zf;gdf tflnd / j[lQ

ljsf;sf] kf6f]tkm{ pko'Qm Wofg lbg' kg]{, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfgdf ljz]if hf]8 lbg'kg]{ . ;ldltn] clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u / /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf k|d'v

clws[t -;lrj_ dfwj /]UdL, ;x;lrj s[i0f kf}8]n nufotsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ tyf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf dxflgb]{zs k"0f{rGb| e§/fO{, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg ljefusf dxflgb]{zs gf/fo0fk|;fb lj8f/L, vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefusf dxflgb]{zs hLjg k|ef nfdf, cf}ifwL Joj:yf ljefusf dxflgb]{zs /fwf/d0f k|;fb, k//fi6« dGqfnosf k|jQmf ch'{gaxfb'/ yfkf, /fxbfgL ljefusf dxflgb]{zs ofbj vgfn, pBf]u ljefusf dxflgb]{zs w|'jnfn /fha+zL, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefusf dxflgb]{zs j]u]Gb| kf}8]n, pkTosf 6«flkms dxfzfvfsf k|d'v pk]Gb|sfGt cof{n, g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;nsf cWoIf 8f=bfdf]b/ uh'/]n tyf /lhi6«f/ 8f=lgndl0f pkfWofo, sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfsf sfo{sf/L clws[t s]bf/axfb'/ clwsf/L, nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf sfo{sf/L clws[t g/x/L e08f/L ;fy} dWok'/ l7dL gu/kflnsfsf sfo{sf/L clws[t b'uf{b]jL b]jsf]6f;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfox¿af6 ;Dkflbt sfo{x¿, ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿s]f ljifodf 5nkmn u/]sf] lyof] . To;}u/L ;ldltn] pkef]Qmf xslxt ;+/If0f d~rsf Hof]tL jflgof, 8f= u+uf cs]nf, ;'zf;gsf If]qdf sfo{/t s]bf/ v8\sf, hglxt ;+/If0f d~rsf k|sfzd0fL zdf{ nufotsf JolQm Pjd\ g]kfn jg k}bfjf/ pBf]u dxf;+3 tyf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx¿;Fu ;d]t 5nkmn u/]sf] lyof] .

u= uf]i7L tyf k/fdz{ uf]i7L– ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg ;xefuLtfd"ns ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff cGtu{t tof/ kfg]{ p2]Zon] % j6} ljsf; If]qdf ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQmx¿ tyf cfd gful/sx¿;Fu cGt/lqmof ug{ uf]i7L ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . pQm uf]i7Lx¿ qmdzM lj/f6gu/, jL/u~h, kf]v/f, wgu9L, g]kfnu~h tyf sf7df08f}+df oxL kmfu'g d;fGtleq ;DkGg u/L ;Sg] u/L tof/L ul/;lsPsf] 5 . k/fdz{— ;ldltn] ;ldltaf6 tTsfn ug{ kg]{ egL ljleGg lgsfox¿df ul/g] l;kmfl/;x¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfo{Gjog ;'lglZrt u/fpg, ;'emfjx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf af/] lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug{] tyf ;'wf/ sfo{qmddf g]kfn ;/sf/sf pRRf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] :jfldTj af]w u/fpg] p2]Zon] ;DDffggLo k|wfgdGqLsf] ;d'kl:yltdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqfnosf ;lrjx¿, cfof]usf k|zf;lgs k|d'vx¿ tyf cGo s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf k|d'vx¿;Fu ldlt @)^( df3 !& ut] k/fdz{ sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] lyof] .

605

pQm sfo{qmddf ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{af6 pRr kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ k|zf;g ;'wf/ lg/Gt/ x'g] ljifo ePsf]n] ;ldltsf] sfo{nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf ;xof]u u/L ;/sf/n] ablnbf] ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ug{ vf]h]sf] ;'wf/nfO{ k|efjsfl/tf ;fy cl3 a9fpg lgb]{zg lbg' ePsf] lyof] .

3= ljutsf cfof]ux¿sf] k|ltj]bg cWoog g]kfndf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu ljutdf k6s–k6s k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]ux¿ u7g ePsf 5g\ . o;/L ul7t cfof]ux¿sf] k|ltj]bgdf cf}+NofOPsf ;'emfjx¿ s]xL nfu" ePsf 5g\ eg] sltko ;'emfjx¿ sfo{Gjog x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . sfof{Gjog x'g afFsL sltko ;'emfjx¿sf] ;fGble{stf cfh ko{Gt plQs} /x]sfn] To:tf ;'emfjx¿df plNnlvt ljifox¿nfO{ klg ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg tof/Lsf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lng] lg0f{o u/L ljutsf cfof]ux¿sf] k|ltj]bg cWoog u/]sf] 5 .

ª= ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿n] tTsfn ug{'kg]{ ljifox¿ cfd gful/ssf] b}lgs hghLljsf;Fu k|ToIf ¿kdf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf sfo{x¿ ;DaGwdf k|fKt ;'emfjx¿sf] cfwf/df ;DalGwt lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx¿;Fu a}7s u/L To:tf lgsfox¿sf sfd sf/afxL ;DAfGwdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿ tTsfn ;'wf/ ug{ lgb]{zg lbg'sf ;fy} ;ldltn] cfkm\gf a}7sx¿df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;DaGwdf lnPsf ljleGg lg0f{ox¿ tTsfn sfof{Gjog ug{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿nfO{ n]vL k7fPsf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;DaGwdf k|fKt ;'emfjx¿ • g]kfnsf] dxTjk"0f{ k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] jg If]qdWo] /fli6«o jgsf] ljgfz

tLj| ¿kdf x'Fb} uPsf] tyf pQm sfo{df jg ;+/If0fsf] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf ;/sf/L kbflwsf/L, ;fd'bflos jg tyf pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf JolQmx¿ ;d]tsf] ;xefuLtf /x]sf]n] To;sf] lgoGq0f ;DAfGwdf cfjZos Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ .

• /fHon] ;LdfGts[t JolQm, ;d"x tyf ;d'bfonfO{ ;fdflhs Gofo k|Tofe"t u/fpg] p2]Zon] dfl;s ¿kdf k|bfg u/]sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf ljt/0fdf k|efjsf/L pkfo cjnDag ug{ g;Sbf o;/L ljlgof]lht /sd sltko cj:yfdf ;dod} k'Ug g;s]sf], nlIft JolQm ;dIf k'Ug g;s]sf], tyf o;/L ;'lawf k|fKt ug{ of]Uo JolQmsf] d[To' ePsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t d[tssf] gfddf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf b'¿kof]u x'g] u/]sf]n] To;sf] /f]syfd x'gkg]{ .

• ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿af6 ;Dkflbt sfd sf/afxL tyf pQm lgsfox¿;Fu ;DalGwt gLlt lgod tyf sfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg] p2]Zon] ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g tyf ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ n] kf/bzL{tf clej[l4 ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf u/]sf] eP tfklg ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿sf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{ ;]jfu|fxL ;dIf hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zon] lgdf{0f ul/Psf j]j;fO6x¿ lgoldt ¿kdf cBfjlws gx'g] u/]sf sf/0f ;]jfu|fxL nufot ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQmx¿n] sl7gfO{ Joxf]g'{ k/]sfn] To; ;DaGwdf cfjZos Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ .

• ;fj{hlgs ktL{ tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf hUufx¿ JolQmsf] gfddf btf{ eO{ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] cg'lrt lsl;dn] bf]xg eO/x]sf] x'Fbf o:tf sfo{df ;+nUg x'g]x¿nfO{ s8f sf/afxL u/L ;fj{hlgs hUuf JolQmx¿sf] gfddf btf{ ePsf]df To;sf] 5fglag u/L ab/ ug'{kg]{ .

606

• pkef]Qmfsf] xs clwsf/ ;+/If0f u/L v'nf cy{tGqsf] efjgf tyf dd{ cg'¿k ahf/ lgdf{0f ug{ NofOPsf] pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, ahf/ ;+/If0f P]gsf k|fjwfgx¿ sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf], ahf/ lgodgsf] dxTjk"0f{ lgsfo jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg ljefun] ck]Iffs[t k|efjsf/L 9+un] sfd ug{ g;s]sf sf/0f :jR5 / k|lt:kw{L{ ahf/ ;+oGqsf] nfe pkef]u ug{ gkfP/ pkef]Qmfsf] xs clwsf/ xgg\ eO/x]sfn] jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg ljefunfO{ ;s[o agfO{ ahf/nfO{ lgoldt agfpg' kg]{ . ;fy} pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ plrt d"Nodf u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf / j:t''sf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g'kg]{ .

• hgtfsf] :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt Kf|d'v sfo{x¿dWo] /fHon] gful/sx¿nfO{ lgMz'Ns k|bfg ug]{ hLjg /Ifs cf}ifwLx¿sf] v/Lbdf 7"nf] clgoldttf x'g] u/]sf], u'0f:t/ljxLg cf}ifwLx¿ v/Lb x'g] u/]sf], o:tf cf}ifwLx¿ :yfgLo:t/df /x]sf :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k'Ubf Dofb ;dfKt eO;Sg] tyf /fHon] cfd gful/snfO{ lgMz'Ns ¿kdf ljt/0f ug{ k7fPsf cf}ifwLx¿ lghL lSnlgsx¿af6 laqmL x'g] u/]sf]n] To;sf] /f]syfd / lg¿k0f x'g'kg]{ .

• :jf:Yo ;+:yf btf{ ubf{ kfngf ug'{kg]{ Go"gtd dfkb08 kfngf gx'g] u/]sf], dfkb08 ljkl/t :f+:yfx¿ btf{ x'g] u/]sf], o;/L btf{ ePsf :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿sf] xr'jfsf] cfwf/df :t/f]GGflt ug]{ ul/Psf] tyf lghL :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿sf] lgoldt ¿kdf cg'udg x'g] gu/]sf]n] cg'udg x'g'kg]{ .

• :jf:Yo If]qdf k|fKt x'g] j}b]lzs ;xof]u ;/sf/sf] ah]6 k|0ffnLdfkm{t k|fKt gx'g] sf/0f o;sf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u x'g g;s]sf] tyf pQm /sd nlIft ju{;DDf k'Ug g;s]sf]n] To;sf] cg'udg x'g'kg]{ .

• :jf:Yo ;]jf h:tf] ;+j]bgzLn If]qdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] cfjZos bIftf tyf 1fg lagf g} :t/ j[l4 ug]{ ul/Paf6 u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ ;]jfu|fxLsf] xs clwsf/ xgg ePsf] ;fy} ;]jfu|fxLdf hf]lvd l;h{gf ePsf]n] To;sf] plrt Joj:yfkg x'g'kg]{ .

• :jf:Yo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt u'0f:t/Lo hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy ;/sf/n] k|bfg ug]{ 5fqj[lQ ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{df clgoldttf x'g] u/]sf]n] pQm 5fqj[lQ ljt/0f sfo{nfO{ lgikIf tyf kf/bzL{ agfpg' kg]{ .

• b'u{dIf]qsf :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf vl6g] :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt hgzlQm sfo{:yndf ga:g] sf/0f ;]jfu|fxL cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jfaf6 jl~rt x'g'k/]sf]n] :jf:Yo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt hgzlQmsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg u/L b'u{d If]qdf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/Lo / k|efjsfl/tf k|jfxsf] Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ .

• sltko lghL :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿n] e|dk"0f{ lj1fkg k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f u/L pkef]Qmfx¿df e|d l;h{gf ug]{ u/]sf]n] :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf ;+k|]if0f / tT;DaGwL e|dk"0f{ lj1fkg k|sfzg cljnDa lgoGq0f ug'{kg]{ .

• cfd gful/ssf] :jf:Yo;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] g]kfndf pTkflbt tyf cfofltt cf}ifwLx¿sf] u'0f:t/ dfkb08 adf]lhd gePsf], sltko :yfgdf Dofb gf3]sf cf}ifwLx¿ ljqmL ljt/0f x'g] u/]sf] tyf cf}ifwL ljqm]tfx¿sf] tf]lsP adf]lhd Go"gtd of]Uotf;d]t g/x]sf], ahf/df laqmL ljt/0f x'g] cf}ifwLx¿sf] u'0f:t/ lg/LIf0f ug]{

607

cf}ifwL Joj:yf ljefu tyf /fli6«o cf}ifwL k|of]uzfnfn] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfo{ ug{ g;s]sf] .

• g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;nn] dfkb08 adf]lhd cg'udg gug]{, cg'udg ubf{ clgoldttf / e|i6frf/hGo sfo{ ePsfn] To;sf] 5fglag u/L sf/jfxL ug'{kg]{ .

• j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefun] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;DAfGwL >d Ohfht hf/L ug]{ h:tf sfo{ ;d]t ug'{ k/]af6 ljefusf] x}l;otdf ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿df kof{Kt Wofg lbg g;s]sf], ;]jfu|fxLx¿nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ cg'dltkq k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ ;DaGwL ;]jf ;/n / ;xh ¿kdf k|bfg ug{ g;s]sf], ljefusf] sfof{no sf7df8f}+df dfq /x]sf sf/0f j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;DaGwL ;;fgf sfdx¿ ug{ ;d]t ;]jfu|fxLx¿ sf7df8f}+ cfpg afWo x'g'k/]sf]n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt 7uLsf ph'/Lx¿ lhNnf txdf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no dfkm{t k7fpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, ljefunfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;foL ;+:yfx¿nfO{ Ohfht k|bfg ug]{, To:tf ;+:yfx¿sf] cg'udg ug]{, j}b]lzs /f]huf/;Fu ;DalGwt 7uLsf] ljifodf cg';Gwfg txlssft ug]{h:tf sfo{df k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nufpg j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg rfxg] JolQmx¿nfO{ >d :jLs[lt kq k|bfg ug]{ nufotsf b}lgs sfo{x¿ x]g]{ u/L 5'6} s]Gb|Lo >d :jLs[lt sfof{no :yfkgf ug'{kg]{ .

• k|rlnt ljleGg sfg"gn] k|zf;sLo lgsfosf clwsf/LnfO{ -cw{Goflos lgsfox¿_ Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] ;d]t lhDd]jf/L lbPsf]df lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf ;+/If0f If]q, jg sfof{no, /fhZj k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfox¿ ;d]tn] ljleGg kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ;d]t ub}{ cfO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df tL lgsfox¿n] u/]sf] km};nf adf]lhdsf] nutsf] clen]v Joj:yfkg tyf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf], To:tf lgsfox¿n] u/]sf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+/rgf, ljlw, k|lqmof :ki6 gePsf] tyf tL lgsfox¿n] slt s}b h/Ljfgf u/]sf 5g\, ltgsf] c;"n tx;Lnsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 eGg] ;DaGwdf cBfjlws tYofÍsf] klg cefj /x]sfn] o; ;DaGwdf cfjZos Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

• oftfoft ;~rfngnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ul7t lgsfox¿n] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfo{ ug{ g;s]sf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs oftfoft Joj:yfkgdf cJoj:yf a9]sf], Go"gtd ;jf/L 1fg k|fKt gu/]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkq k|bfg ug]{ ul/Psf], ;jf/L rfnsx¿n] ;jf/L ;~rfng ubf{ kfngf ug'{kg]{ Go"gtd ;fjwfgL kfngf gu/]sf sf/0f cToflws b'3{6gf a9]sf], sf7df8f}+ pkTosf nufot k|d'v zx/L If]qx¿df ;fj{hlgs kfls{Ë cJojl:yt eO{ k}bn ofqL tyf oftfoft ;~rfngdf sl7gfO{ cfPsf], Hofb} k'/fgf ;jf/L ;fwgx¿sf sf/0f jftfj/0f k|b"if0f a9\g uPsf]n] ltgsf] lgoGq0f / Joj:yfkg ug]{ .

• ;DalGwt lgsfox¿n] d]l8sn sn]hnfO{ cg'dlt k|bfg ubf{ dfkb08 ljkl/t lbg] u/]sf], k|lt z}lIfs ;qdf labfyL{ ;ª\Vof lgwf{/0fdf dfkb08 kfngf gu/L clgoldttf ePsf] tyf sltko d]l8sn sn]hn] labfyL{x¿af6 tf]lsPsf] eGbf a9L /sd c;'Ng] u/]sf] .

• ahf/df ljqmL ljt/0f x'g] ld7fO{, vfB ;fdu|L cflbdf cvfB ;fdu|L ld;fj6 u/L cfd gful/ssf] :jf:Yodf k|lts"ntf l;h{gf ul/Psf] t/ o; ;DaGwdf lgofds lgsfo vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefun] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfo{ ug{ g;s]sf] .

608

• :yfgLo:t/df /fHo k|bQ ;]jfx¿ ;]jfu|fxLx¿n] 3/ b}nf]df k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf], cfwf/e"t ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿af6 ;d]t ;j{;fwf/0f jl~rt x'g' k/]sf], cfwf/e"t ¿kdf cGt/lglxt ;]jfx¿ km/s–km/s lgsfoaf6 leGg leGg :yfgaf6 k|jfx x'g] sf/0f ;]jf k|jfx k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf]n] :yfgLo:t/df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|jfx u/L ;'zf;g k|Tofe"t ug{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿sf] k|jfx Ps} :ynaf6 x'g'kg]{ .

• ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf ;/n / ;xh ¿kdf k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] lgdf{0f ePsf ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿sf j]j;fO6x¿ lgoldt ¿kdf cBfjlws x'g'kg]{ .

• :yfgLo:t/df cjl:yt sfof{nox¿df vl6g] sd{rf/Lx¿ Go"gtd ;dofjlw cufj} ;¿jf eO{ cGoq hfg] sf/0f ;]jf k|jfxdf cj/f]w cfPsf], clwsf+z sfof{nox¿df tf]lsPsf] kbeGbf tNnf] tx tyf kbsf] kbflwsf/Laf6 ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg x'g] sf/0f ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/df x«f; cfPsf] tyf sltko sfof{nox¿ sfof{no ;xof]uLx¿sf] e/df rln/x]sf] x'Fbf o; ;DaGwdf k|efjsf/L Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

• :yfgLo:t/df pBf]u ljefu / 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu cGtu{t btf{ x'g] pBf]u Joj;fox¿ ;DalGwt sfof{nox¿n] sfg"gsf] p2]Zo alv{nfk Go"gtd dfkb08 ;d]t kfngf gx'g] u/L :ynut lg/LIf0f lagf g} sfuhL¿kdf dfq /Lt k'–ofO{ btf{ ug]{ u/]sf / ;f]af6 pBf]u /x]sf] :yndf jftfj/0fLo k|lts"ntf h:tf ;d:ofx¿ ;[hgf ePsf]n] To;sf] /f]syfd x'g'kg]{ .

• g]kfnsf] h}ljs ljljwtf tyf ef}uf]lns b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{ r'/] >[+vnf tyf To;sf] blIf0fL efudf cjl:yt efj/ If]q nufotsf ljleGg :yfgdf ;DalGwt lgsfox¿af6 Ohfht g} glnO{ qm;/ pBf]ux¿ ;~rfng ePaf6 Psftkm{ r'/] If]qsf] cl:tTj ;+s6df k/]sf] / tL :ynx¿df jftfj/0fLo k|lts"ntf l;h{gf ePsf] tyf csf]{tkm{ sfg"gL zf;gsf] alv{nfk sfo{ ePsf]n] Ohfht g} k|fKt gu/L u}/ sfg"gL ¿kdf ;~rflnt o:tf qm;/ nufotsf cGo pBf]ux¿ cljnDa aGb x'g'kg]{ .

• v'nf ahf/ cy{tGqdf ahf/ lgodgsf] dxTjk"0f{ sfg"gL cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf k|lt:kwf{ ;+/If0f P]g, pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g tyf lgodsf k|fjwfg adf]lhd ul7t kl/ifb\ tyf ;ldltx¿sf] a}7s nfdf] ;dob]lv a:g g;sL lgis[o ePsf]n] a}7sx¿ lgoldt x'g'kg]{ .

• /fHoaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] k|d'v lgodgsf/L sfo{ ;~rfng x'g] k|d'v lgofds lgsfox¿df hgzlQmsf] Go"gtf /x]sf sf/0f lgodgsf/L sfo{x¿ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg g;s]sf] x'Fbf b/aGbL yk x'g'kg]{ .

• jt{dfg ;dodf sfg"g ;+sfodf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx vf/]h ePsf] / nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 Gofo ;]jfsf ;xfos:t/sf kbx¿df ;d]t PsLs[t k/LIff k|0ffnL cg'¿k cGo ljifodf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx pQL0f{ JolQmx¿dWo]af6} pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 u/L l;kmfl/; ul/g] sf/0f To:tf sd{rf/Lx¿df sfg"g / Gofosf] cfwf/e"t 1fg gx'Fbf ;DalGwt lgsfox¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf k|lts"ntf l;h{gf ePsf] / Gofo ;]jfdf ;xfos:t/sf kbx¿n] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg] ePsf]n] o; ;DaGwdf tTsfn ;+af]wg x'g' kg]{ .

609

• zx/L If]qsf cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/x¿ ;8s, 9n, 6]lnkmf]g, ljB't ;]jfx¿sf ;]jf k|bfos lgsfox¿ aLr cf–cfkm\gf ljifo ;Da4 of]hgfx¿sf] sfo{Gjog ;DAfGwdf plrt ;dGjo x'g g;s]sf sf/0f o:tf ;]jfx¿sf] cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/sf] nfut a9\g uPsf] ;fy} o:tf ;]jfx¿sf] PsLs[t of]hgf tof/ x'g g;Sbf zx/L If]qsf] oftfoft, ;/;kmfO{ h:tf If]qx¿df k|lts"ntf l;h{gf eO{ cfd gful/sn] ;d:of ef]Ug' k/]sf]n] PsLs[t of]hgf nfu" x'g'kg]{ .

• cfd gful/ssf] df}lns xssf] ¿kdf /x]sf] lzIff k|bfos lghL tyf cfjf;Lo ljBfnox¿n] lzIff dGqfnoaf6 lgwf{/0f ePsf] dfkb08 ljkl/t labfyL{x¿af6 clws z'Ns lng] u/]sf], jflif{s labfyL{ egf{ sfo{qmd ;do cufj} ug]{ u/]sf] tyf labfyL{ egf{ ;DaGwdf c:j:Yfs/ k|lt:kwf{ x'g] u/L kqklqsfdf lj1fkg ug]{ u/]sfn] o:tf sfo{x¿sf] /f]syfd x'g'kg]{ .

• ljleGg rf8kj{ tyf ;fj{hlgs ;df/f]xx¿df ;fj{hlgs labf lbg] k|rng a9\b} uPsf sf/0f g]kfn blIf0f Plzofd} ;a}eGbf w]/} ;fj{hlgs labf lbg] d'n's aGg uO{ ;]jfu|fxLx¿ dsf{df k/]sf x'Fbf cgfjZos vfnsf sfo{qmd, sd dxTj af]Sg] rf8kj{x¿ tyf ;df/f]xdf lbOg] ;fj{hlgs labf s6f}tL x'g' kg]{ .

• e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f tyf /f]syfdsf nflu ul7t lgsfox¿n] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfd ug{ g;s]sf sf/0f e|i6frf/ df}nfPsf], ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] /fhgLltsf] cf8df e|i6frf/ ug]{ k|j[lQ a9]sf]n] o;sf] cGTo u/L e|i6frf/ Go"gLs/0f ug{{ k|efjsf/L sbd rfNg' kg]{ .

• ;fj{hlgs oftfoft Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L gePsf sf/0f ofq' ju{n] b'Mv kfPsf]n] ;fj{hlgs oftoft Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{ .

• Jojl:yt / of]hgfa4 hUuf ljsf; of]hgfsf] cefj tyf ;DalGwt lgsfox¿sf] pbfl;gtfsf sf/0f cToGt cJojl:yt tj/df hUuf Knl6Ë sfo{x¿ x'g] u/]sf sf/0f g]kfnsf zx/x¿ ;fx«} eb|uf]n aGb} uPsf] / s[lifof]Uo e"ld, ;fj{hlgs hUuf, ;Ld;f/ If]qx¿ cltqmldt x'Fb} uPsf]n] o; ;DaGwdf tTsfn sbd rfNg' kg]{ .

• ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ sfo{:yndf cjl:yt lgsfox¿df sd{rf/Lx¿ l/Qm eO/xg] sf/0f ;]jfu|fxLx¿ dsf{df k/]sf x'Fbf ;/sf/n] o:tf sfof{nodf sd{rf/L l/Qm gx'g] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ .

• lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] a9'jf tyf ;¿jf cg'dfgof]Uo aGGf g;s]sf], tna ;'lawf t'ngfTds ¿kdf Go"g ePsf] sf/0f sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an vl:sPsf], ahf/sf Ifdtfjfg hgzlQm o; ;]jfk|lt cfsif{s x'g g;s]sf]n] a9'jf tyf ;¿jf cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg' kg]{ tyf lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tnaeQf blIf0f PlzofnL d'n'sx¿ lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;/x agfO{ o; ;]jfnfO{ dof{lbt, ;Ifd tyf pTkfbgd"ns agfpg' kg]{ .

• ljutdf 36]sf] åGåaf6 kLl8t JolQm tyf åGå k|efljt JolQmx¿nfO{ /fHosf tkm{af6 k|bfg x'g] ljleGGf ;xof]u tyf /fxt ;'ljwfx¿ jf:tljs kLl8t tyf k|efljt JolQmx¿n] cem} k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] eGg] u'gf;f] cfPsfn] To:tf JolQmx¿sf] klxrfg u/L oyf;So rfF8f] /fxt pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ .

610

• gful/sn] Pd=cf/=lk-MRP_ /fxbfgL k|fKt ug{sf nflu lhNnfaf6 ;d]t kmf/fd eg{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] eP tfklg lhNNff txaf6 /fxbfgLsf nflu lgj]bg lb+bf /fxbfgL k|fKt ug{ nfdf] ;do nfUg] ePsfn] ;]jfu|fxL ;f]em} k//fi6« dGqfnodf cfpg] sf/0f ;]jfu|fxLx¿sf] 7"nf] ;+Vof s]Gb|Ls[t eO{ eL8ef8 a9]sf], ;]jfu|fxL ljxfg}b]lv nfOgdf a:g afWo ePsf]n] lhNnfaf6 lgj]bg a'emfpbf klg Go"gtd ;do leq} /fxbfgL hf/L x'g] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ .

• cbfntL sf/jfxLsf] qmddf lwtf] hdfgtsf] k|of]hg tyf a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] C0f k|jfx ubf{ hdfgtsf] ¿kdf lng hUuf hdLgsf] d"NofÍg jf:tljs eGbf Hofb} a9L ug]{ ul/Psf] sf/0f cbfntsf] km};nf cg';f/ c;"n pk/ x'g'kg]{ hl/jfgf p7\g g;s]sf] tyf a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] C0f c;'n pk/ ug{ sl7gfO{ x'g] u/]sf]n] lwtf] d"NofÍg ;DaGwdf s8fO{ ug'{ kg]{ .

611

v08 M b'O{

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf tTsfn ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/

;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;DaGwdf ;ldltnfO{ k|fKt sfo{ lgb]{z adf]lhd ;/f]sf/jfnf ;d"x / ;j{;fwf/0f gful/sx¿af6 k|fKt ;'emfj, lj1x¿;Fusf] cGt/lqmof / k/fdz{ tyf ljutdf k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;DaGwdf ul7t cfof]u, ;ldltx¿sf] ;'emfj ;d]tsf cfwf/df ;du| k|ltj]bg cfufdL lbgdf a'emfpg] u/L tTsfn ug'{kg]{ egL g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfox¿nfO{ n]vL k7fOPsf ljifox¿ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu tTsfn lng'kg]{ sbdsf ;DaGwdf b]xfosf ;'emfjx¿ l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 . oL l;kmfl/;x¿ ;DalGwt dGqfno tyf lgsfox¿n] kGw| lbgleq 7f]; of]hgf agfO{ nfu" ug{ u/fpg ;ldlt l;kmfl/; ub{5 .

!= :jf:Yo If]qdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/ ;DaGwdf :jf:Yo ;]jf cfd gful/ssf] hLjg;Fu k|ToIf ;DalGwt If]q xf] . /fHon] k|To]s jif{{ cfkm\gf] cfosf] 7"nf] lx:;f o; If]qdf ljlgof]hg ub{} cfPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ / efjgf cg'¿k k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;'ljwf ;'lglZrt ug]{ p2]Zon] ;/sf/L tj/df :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt y'k|} sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rflnt ul/Psf 5g\ . :yfgLo:t/;Dd :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 eg] ;/sf/åf/f ;~rflnt :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿n] lgMz'Ns tyf ;x'lnot b/df :jf:Yo ;]jf pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . To;}u/L lghL :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿ ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf ;~rflnt x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . To:tf ;+:yfx¿sf] btf{, cg'udg tyf lgodgsf ;DaGwdf /fHosf] e"ldsf ck]Iffs[t k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf]n] k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos sfo{ ub}{ hfg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;/sf/n] b'u{d If]q tyf :yfgLo:t/df cjl:yt :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿df sltko hLjg /Ifs cf}ifwLx¿ lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . o:tf cf}ifwLx¿ ;dod} nlIft ju{;Dd gk'Ug], u'0f:t/xLg cf}ifwL ;d]t cfk"lt{ x'g] h:tf ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf] ;Gbe{df :jf:Yo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf tTsfn lgDg sfo{x¿ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5M

-!_ :yfgLo:t/df ;/sf/af6 lgMz'Ns ljt/0f x'g] cf}ifwLx¿ ;dod} k'Ug] Joj:yf ug]{ .

-@_ lgMz'Ns ljt/0f x'g] cf}ifwLx¿ lghL lSnlgsx¿af6 ljqmL ljt/0f x'g] u/]sf] ;DaGwdf To;sf] lgoGq0fsf] lglDt lgoldt cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

-#_ :jf:Yo ;]jf ;DaGwdf lghL :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿af6 k|jfx ul/Psf e|dk"0f{ lj1fkg tTsfn aGb ug]{ .

-$_ cf}ifwLx¿sf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f ug]{ cf}ifwL Joj:yf ljefunfO{ ;lqmo agfpg pQm ljefusf] b/aGbL k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;e]{If0f -O and M survey_ cl3 a9fpg] .

-%_ lghL :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿sf] lgoldt cg'udg u/L To:tf ;+:yfx¿n] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf, u'0f:t/ tyf nfut cBfjlws ug]{ .

612

@= ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0fdf k|efjsfl/tf ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ gful/ssf] g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] . :yfgLo:t/df gful/sx¿nfO{ l56f], 5l/tf] / ;/n ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f x'g ;s]df dfq cfd gful/sn] nf]stGqsf nfex¿ pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\ / /fHosf k|lt gful/sx¿sf] ckgTj clej[l4 x'G5 . t/ :yfgLo:t/df ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f k|efjsf/L aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . sfof{nosf] ;+/rgf ;]jfu|fxL d}qL x'g g;Sg', :yfgLo:t/df cem vf; u/L b'u{d :yndf sd{rf/Lx¿ cg'kl:yt /xg', ;fj{hlgs labfsf] ;+Vofdf a9f]Q/L x'g', :yfgLo lgsfox¿ /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTjljxLg x'g' h:tf sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ ;]jf ljt/0f k|0ffnL sdhf]/ aGg k'u]sf] 5 . o;df ;'wf/ ug{ b]xfosf ;'emfjx¿ ;'emfOPsf 5g\M

-!_ dGqfnox¿n] cf–cfkm\gf] jflif{s jh]6sf] lglZrt /sd :yfgLo:t/sf sfof{nox¿sf] ef}lts ;'wf/df ljlgof]hg ug]{ .

-@_ sd dxTjsf ;fj{hlgs labfx¿ s6f}tL ug]{ .

-#_ lhNnfdf /xg] ;xfos:t/sf kbx¿sf] lj1fkg lhNnfut ¿kdf u/L kbk"lt{ ug]{ / To:tf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;¿jf Go"gtd bz jif{{ pQm lhNnf aflx/ gx'g] Joj:yf ug]{ .

-$_ sfo{:ynsf sfof{nox¿af6 k|jfx x'g] ;]jf gful/s j8fkqdf pNn]lvt ;doleq ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ k|fKt gePdf ;]jfu|fxLn] Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt ug]{ u/L Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt x'g] Joj:yf ;lxtsf] gful/s j8fkq clgjfo{ ¿kdf /fVg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

-%_ 3'DtL ;]jf sfo{qmdnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{,

-^_ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f ug]{ :yfgLo:t/df /x]sf sfof{nodf ;]jfu|fxLx¿sf] eflifs ;3gtf cg'¿k jx'eflifs gful/s j8fkq nfu" ug]{ .

-&_ ;]jf ljt/0f ug]{ sfof{nox¿df ;]jfu|fxL ;Gt'i6L kmf/fd Joj:yf u/L To:tf sfof{nox¿df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] jflif{s sf=;=d"=df To;nfO{ klg cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lng] Joj:yf ug]{ .

-*_ jif{{e/L pTs[i6 ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfof{nonfO{ k|f]T;fxg :j¿k pTs[i6 sfof{nosf] ¿kdf ;Ddfg ug]{ k/Dk/fsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

-(_ lhNnfdf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Lsf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Lsf] 5gf}6 lglZrt dfkb08sf] cfwf/df ug{] Joj:yf nfu" ug]{ .

-!)_ dxfgu/ If]qleq ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf] ;~rfngsf] k|jGw ug]{ clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ ;'lDkg' kg]{ .

#= ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ tyf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] b'¿kof]u ;DaGwdf g]kfndf ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv ljleGg lgsfox¿n] cfly{s ;xfotf rGbf k'/:sf/ zLif{saf6 7"nf] /sd cf–cfkm\gf lgs6:y JolQmx¿nfO{ ljt/0f u/L ;/sf/L /sdsf] b'¿kof]u ug]{ k|j[lQ a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . o;n] /fHoaf6 ;'ljwf k|fKt ug'{kg]{ ju{

613

pQm ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{af6 jl~rt ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] /fHosf]ifsf] b'¿kof]u ug]{ sfo{df a9f]Q/L ;d]t x'g uPsf] 5 . /fHosf]ifsf] ;+/If0f u/L pQm /sdnfO{ /fi6« ljsf;df nufpg tyf ;'ljwf kfpg' kg]{ jf:tljs JolQmn] dfq o:tf ;xfotf k|fKt u¿g\ eGgfsf vflt/ b]xfosf] Joj:yf ug]{M

-!_ :jf:Yo pkrf/, cfly{s j[lQ nufot sfo{sf nflu ;/sf/L lgsfox¿af6 cfly{s ;xfotf k|fKt ug{sf] nflu lglZrt dfkb08sf] cfwf/df pQm ;xfotf k|fKt ug{ rfxg] JolQmsf] gfd pQm JolQmsf] :yfoL a;f]af; ePsf] lhNnfsf] :yfgLo lgsfo / lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 cfly{s ;xfotf k|fKt ug{ of]Uo egL l;kmfl/; eP/ cfpg'kg]{ afWofTds Joj:yf ug]{ .

-@_ cfly{s ;xfotf k|fKt ug]{ JolQmx¿sf] gfdfjnL ;fj{hlgs ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

-#_ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿df k|To]s jif{{ b}lgs eQf tyf e|d0f eQf zLif{sdf 7"nf] /sd ljlgof]hg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . pQm /sd jflif{s nIo tf]lsPsf sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ug{sf nflu vr{ ug'{kg]{df e|d0f cfb]z :jLs[t u/fP/ sfof{nod} a;L ;'ljwf lng] u/]sf]n] To;nfO{ lgoldt ug{ e|d0f cfb]z :jLs[t u/fP/ tf]lsPsf] :yfgdf e|d0fdf hfg] sd{rf/Lx¿n] pQm e|d0f sfo{qmdsf] k|ltj]bg k]z gu/L e|d0f eQf k]ZsL km5\of}{6 gug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

-$_ ;/sf/L sfdsf] nflu dfq k|of]u x'g'kg]{ ;/sf/L ;jf/L ;fwgx¿ lghL sfddf k|of]u ug]{ k|j[lQ a9\b} uO{ b'¿kof]u eO/x]sf]n] o; ;DaGwdf lglZrt dfkb08 agfO{ nfu" ug]{ / dfkb08 adf]lhd k|of]u eP gePsf] lgoldt cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ tyf dfkb08 ljkl/t ;/sf/L ;'ljwf k|of]u ug]{ JolQmx¿af6 ;jf/L ;fwg hkmt ug]{ .

-%_ ;fj{hlgs vr{df ldtJolotf sfod ug{ ldtJolotf lgb]{lzsfsf] s8fO;fy kfngf ug]{ u/fpg] .

-^_ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ tyf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] b'¿kof]unfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 To:tf] b'¿kof]u ;DaGwL ;"rgf lbg ;j{;fwf/0fsf ;dIf lgoldt ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ / k|fKt ;"rgfsf cfwf/df 5fglag u/L ;DalGwt dGqfno / lhNnf txdf k|d'v lhNnf clws[tn] ;+oGq agfO{ /f]syfd / lgoGq0fsf] plrt sf/jfxL ug]{ .

$= ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf ;DaGwdf sNof0fsf/L /fHo Joj:yfdf ;/sf/n] ;LdfGtLs[t, /fHosf] d"nk|jfxaf6 aflx/ /x]sf JolQmx¿, czQm, ckfË ePsf JolQmx¿ nufotnfO{ ;fdflhs Gofo k|Tofe"t u/fpg ljleGg lsl;dsf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ ub{5 . g]kfndf ax'bnLo Joj:yf :yfkgf eP kZrft\\ o; sfo{sf] z'¿jft ePsf] / nf]stGq :yfkgf kl5sf jif{{x¿df o;tkm{ ljz]if Wofg lbPsf] kfOG5 . /fHon] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQfsf] ¿kdf plNnlvt ;d'bfo, ju{ / ;d"xsf gful/sx¿nfO{ k|bfg ug]{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf cGtu{tsf j[4 eQf, Psn dlxnf eQf nufotsf eQfx¿ nlIft ;d"xnfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf OsfOx¿af6 ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . t/ jt{dfg ;dodf :yfgLo lgsfox¿ lgjf{lrt /fhgLlts k|ltlglw ljxLg ePsf]n] / k|zf;lgs

614

sd{rf/Ln] :yfgLo ;/sf/af6 ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ ;d:t sfo{x¿ ug'{kbf{ of] sfo{ k|fyldstfdf kg{ ;s]sf] 5}g . h;sf] sf/0f /fHoaf6 k|fKt ;x'lnot nlIft ju{n] oyf;dodf k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] b]lvG5 eg] csf]{lt/ of] /sdsf] b'¿kof]u x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf]n] o; ;DaGwdf b]xfosf] Joj:yf ug'{ pko'Qm b]lvG5M

-!_ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt÷gu/kflnsfsf] ;lrjn] o; sfo{qmdjfkt k|fKt eQf÷j[lQ÷cg'bfg /sd kl/rokq k|fKt u/]sf ;DalGwt JolQmx¿nfO{ cf–cfkm\gf] If]qdf k|yd rf}dfl;sdf a8f bz}+ k"j{ c;f]h Ps ut], bf]>f] rf}dfl;sdf zxLb ;Ktfxsf] ;dodf df3 afx« ut] / t]>f] rf}dfl;sdf g]kfndf u0ftGq 3f]if0ff ePsf] P]ltxfl;s lbg h]i7 kGw| ut];Dddf e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{, To:tf] sfo{qmdsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ ;d]t ug'{kg]{, ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;lrj / gu/kflnsfsf] ;lrjn] tf]lsPsf] ldltdf eQf÷j[lQ÷cg'bfg kfpg] JolQmn] ;f]xL cfly{s jif{{leq /sd a'lem;Sg' kg]{ . Hofb} czQm ePsf] sf/0faf6 eQf÷j[lQ cfkm}+ a'lemlng g;Sg] JolQm, k"0f{ czQm ckfË ePsf JolQm, afnaflnsf, gfafns, nf]kf]Gd'v, cflbjf;L÷hghfltsf] xsdf ;DalGwt lgsfon] sd{rf/L v6fO{ oyf;Dej kfos kg]{ 7fpFdf /sd a'emfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

-@_ gofF kl/rokq kfPsf / kl/rokq gjLs/0f ePsf nfeu|fxLx¿sf] cBfjlws gfd gfd];L, 7]ufgf, kl/rokq gDa/, gful/stf k|df0fkq gDa/, hGdbtf{ k|df0fkq gDa/, a}Í vftf gDa/ ;lxtsf] ljj/0f / ;+Vof ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt÷ gu/kflnsfn] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf k7fpg] . o;/L ljj/0f cBfjlws ubf{ cfkm}+ pkl:yt eO{ /sd a'em\g g;Sg] JolQmx¿, k"0f{ c;Qm ckfË / c¿sf] ;xf/f lagf lx8\8'n ug{ g;Sg], cf]5\ofgd} a;L c¿sf] ;xof]un] dfq p7\g / a:g ;Sg] jf a}Í;Dd cfkm}+ cfpg g;Sg] cj:yfsf nfeu|fxLx¿ / afnaflnsfx¿sf] klxrfg u/L To:tf nfeu|fxLsf] xsdf OR5fPsf] JolQm÷cleefjs÷;+/Ifssf] ljj/0f ;d]t cBfjlws u/L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf k7fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

-#_ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt÷gu/kflnsfaf6 ljj/0f k|fKt ePkl5 rf}dfl;s ¿kdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] ;DalGwt ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfsf nfeu|fxLx¿sf] a}Í vftfdf hDdf x'g] u/L ;DalGwt a}Ísf] gfddf r]s hf/L ug]{ / ;f]sf] hfgsf/L ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt÷gu/kflnsfnfO{ lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

-$_ To:tf] ljj/0f / lgsf;f /sd k|fKt ePkl5 ;DalGwt a}Ín] nfeu|fxLsf] gjLs/0f ;lxtsf] kl/rokqsf] cfwf/df eQf÷j[lQ÷cg'bfg kfpg] nfeu|fxLx¿sf] z"Go df}Hbftdf 5'§f 5'§} jrt vftf vf]nL pQm vftfdf /sd hDdf u/L a}Ísf] lgod cg';f/ r]sa's / kf;a's lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ . 5'§} jrt vftf vf]Nbf :jod\ nfeu|fxL cfkm}+ a}Ídf pkl:yt eO{ a}Ísf] /f]xj/df b:tvt gd"gf sf8{df b:tvt / cf}+7f 5fk nufpg' kg]{ . a}Ín] nfeu|fxLsf] vftfdf /sd hDdf ePsf] :ki6 b]lvg] u/L ljt/0f ul/Psf nfeu|fxLsf] gfd / a}Í vftf gDa/;lxtsf] ljj/0f rf}dfl;s ¿kdf ;DalGwt

615

ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt÷gu/kflnsf / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf k7fpg] / o;} ljj/0fnfO{ /sd ljt/0f ePsf] e/kfO{ dflgg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

-%_ afnaflnsf tyf zf/Ll/s czQmtfsf sf/0f a}Ídf cfkm}+ cfpg g;Sg] cj:yfsf nfeu|fxLx¿sf] xsdf nfeu|fxL / cleefjs÷;+/Ifssf] ;+o'Qm vftf vf]nL s'g} Pssf] x:tfIf/af6 vftf ;~rfng x'g] u/L a}Í vftfdfkm{t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf ljt/0f ug{ ;lsg] . t/ a}Ín] s'g} nfeu|fxLsf] kl/rokqsf] cflwsfl/stf a'em\g rfx]df To:tf nfeu|fxLsf] jrt vftf vf]Ng] sfo{ tTsfn /f]sL hlt;Sbf] l56f] ;DalGwt ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt÷gu/kflnsf jf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltaf6 a'emL PsLg ePkl5 dfq vftf vf]lnlbg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

-^_ gu/kflnsf / ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx¿n] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf÷ j[lQ÷cg'bfg a}Ídfkm{t e'QmfgL ubf{ g]kfn a}Í lnld6]8, /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}Í / s[lif ljsf; a}Ísf zfvf, pkzfvf sfof{no jf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlts]f l;kmfl/;df dGqfnosf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lnO{ ;Dej eP;Dd g]kfn /fi6« a}Íaf6 …sÚ ju{sf dfGotf k|fKt jfl0fHo a}Íaf6 / ;Dej gePdf …vÚ ju{sf dfGotf k|fKt ljsf; a}Íaf6 /sd ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] . Ps ufpF ljsf; ;ldltn] Pp6} a}Íaf6 dfq eQf ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{ . dxfgu/kflnsf÷ pkdxfgu/kflnsf tyf gu/kflnsfsf] xsdf PseGbf a9L a}Íaf6 eQf ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg ;lsg] t/ To;/L /sd ljt/0f ubf{ Pp6f j8fsf] nflu Pp6} dfq a}Í 5gf}6 ug'{kg]{ . o;/L a}Í 5gf}6 eO{ e'QmfgLsf] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] ;ft lbgleqdf ;f] sf] hfgsf/L dGqfnonfO{ k7fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

%= :yfgLo lgsfo ;~rfng ;DaGwdf -!_ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#( adf]lhd :yfgLo lgsfosf]

lgjf{rg ug]{ . lgjf{rg geP;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t :yfgLo lgsfo ;|f]t kl/rfng tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw, @)^( sf] Joj:yf adf]lhd lh=lj=;=,g=kf= / uf=lj=;df ul7t PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df ;ldltnfO{ yk sfd, st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L tf]sL pQ/bfoL ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

-@_ uf=lj=;= ;lrjx¿sf] kbk"lt{ ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;a} uf=lj=;= ;lrjsf kbx¿ k"lt{ ug{ l/Qm kbsf] cj:yf / kbk"lt{sf] cj:yfsf] ljj/0f cBfjlws ug]{, lhNnfsf cGo sfof{nodf /x]sf sfo{/t gf=;'= / v/Lbf/:t/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ uf=lj=;= ;lrjdf v6fpg k|=lh=c= / :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Lsf] Ps ;ldlt agfO{ l;kmfl/; ug{ lgb]{zg lbg] / ;f] l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{non] ;f]xL lhNnfdf ;¿jf ug]{, uf=lj=;= ;lrjx¿nfO{ cGoq ;¿jf gug]{ Joj:yfsf nflu ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno / ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon] ;dGjo u/L cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg] . nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ uf=lj=;= ;lrjx¿sf] kbk"lt{ k|fyldstf;fy ul/lbg cg'/f]w ug]{, uf=lj=;= ;lrj kb l/Qm x'gf;fy kbk"lt{sf nflu nf]s;]jf cfof]udf dfu ug]{

616

k4ltnfO{ Jojl:yt u/L ;a} uf=lj=;= ;lrjx¿sf] kbk"lt{ # dxLgfleq ul/;Sg] .

-#_ uf=lj=;=x¿nfO{ hg;+Vof, If]qkmn, cfGtl/s cfDbfgL, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] cj:yf / ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] cj:yf ;d]tsf] cfwf/df tLg ju{df ljefhg u/L …sÚ ju{sf] uf=lj=;=df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] clws[t / n]vfkfn, …vÚ / …uÚ ju{sf] uf=lj=;=df gf=;' jf v/Lbf/ ;/xsf] b/aGbL sfod u/L sd{rf/L Joj:yf ug]{ .

-$_ gu/kflnsfx¿df sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] ;fy} n]vf k|zf;g / k|fljlws tkm{sf] !÷! hgf sd{rf/L b/aGbL l;h{gf u/L sd{rf/L v6fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

-%_ :yfgLo lgsfox¿dWo] uf=lj=;=x¿nfO{ tLg:t/df juL{s/0f u/L k|yd:t/df clws[t :t/sf] b/aGbL l;h{gf ug]{ / tTsfnsf nflu @$ 3 -!_ cg';f/ a9'jf ePsf clws[t v6fpg], låtLo:t/df gf=;'= :t/sf] b/aGbL l;h{gf ug]{ / @$ 3 -!_ cg';f/ a9'jf ePsf gf=;'= v6fpg], t[tLo:t/sf uf=lj=;= df v/Lbf/sf] b/aGbL oyfjt /fVg] .

-^_ dxfgu/kflnsf, pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt cg'bfg /sd cfkm\gf] If]qleqsf nlIft ju{nfO{ a}+Ídfkm{t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf /sd lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

-&_ sd{rf/Lsf] cefjdf xfn sltko lhNnfdf Ps} sd{rf/Ln] PseGbf a9L uf=lj=;= ;lrjsf] lhDd]jf/L lng'k/]sf] ;Gbe{df uf=lj=;= ;lrj tTsfn k"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

^= ahf/ cg'udg tyf lgodg ;DaGwdf v'nf ahf/ cy{tGqsf] ;~rfngdf /fHosf] lgodgsf/L lgsfox¿sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . /fHosf] lgodgsf/L lgsfox¿ lgik|efjL / pbf;Lg ePdf cfd pkef]Qmfsf] xs clwsf/ s'l07t x'g hfG5 . ahf/nfO{ k|rlnt P]g sfg"g / gLltut Joj:yf cg'¿k k|efjsf/L ¿kdf lgodg ug{ g;Sbf Psftkm{ pkef]Qmfn] clgolGqt d"No j[l4sf] df/ v]Kg' kg]{ x'G5 eg] csf]{tkm{ u'0f:t/xLg j:t'' tyf ;]jfsf] pkef]u ug{ afWo x'g'k5{ h;sf sf/0f cGtt cfd gful/ssf] :jf:Yo tyf ;'/Iffdf g} cf3ft kg{hfG5 . g]kfndf v'nf ahf/ cy{tGqnfO{ ;xh¿kdf a9fpg lgodgsf/L lgsfosf] ¿kdf jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno / jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg ljefun] pkef]Qmfsf] xs lxt ;+/If0f ug{ cfjZos ahf/ lgodgsf] sfo{ ug]{ lhDd]jf/L kfPsf 5g\ . t/ pkef]Qmf xs lxt;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ;ldlt tyf kl/ifb\x¿sf] a}7s lgoldt ¿kdf a:g g;s]sf], jfl0fHo ljefudf hgzlQm tyf cGo ;fwg;|f]tsf] Go"gtf /x]sf] h:tf sf/0fn] ahf/ lgodg k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] ;Gbe{df b]xfosf sfo{x¿ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5M

-!_ v'nf ahf/ cy{tGqdf ahf/ lgodgsf] dxTjk"0f{ sfg"gL cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] k|lt:kwf{ P]g, pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g tyf lgodsf] k|fjwfg adf]lhd ul7t kl/ifb\ tyf ;ldltx¿sf] a}7s tTsfn ;'rf¿ ug]{,

617

-@_ sfnf] ahf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] jflif{s ¿kdf sfo{of]hgf agfO{ cg'udg ug'{ kg]{ u/L lhNnfsf] juL{s/0f u/L ahf/ cg'udgsf nflu cfjZos ah]6 / hgzlQm pknAw u/fpg] / k|=lh=c= sf] sf=;=d'= kmf/fd ebf{ o; ljifonfO{ ;d]t d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/sf ¿kdf lng] Joj:yf ug]{ .

-#_ jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg ljefudf hgzlQm yk ug{ ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f sfo{ cl3 a9fpg] .

-$_ jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg ljefun] jflif{s sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L lgoldt ¿kdf ahf/ cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0fsf] sfo{ u/L tf]lsPsf] dfkb08 ljkl/t sfo{ ug]{x¿ pk/ ;s[o ¿kdf sf/jfxL ug]{ .

-%_ sf6]{lnË, s[lqd cefj, ld;fj6 ug]{, cvfB kbfy{ lalqm ug]{, gfktf}n 7uL ug]{, d"No ;"rL g/fVg], Dofb gf3]sf] jf u'0f:t/ gePsf] j:t'' pTkfbg / laqmL ljt/0f ug{]nfO{ s8f sf/jfxL ug{ ;'/IffsdL{ ;lxtsf] cg'udg ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug]{ ;fy} pkef]Qmf lzIff ;~rfng ug]{ .

&= vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ;DaGwdf cfd pkef]Qmfsf] :jf:y / u'0f:t/Lo j:t'' pkef]u ug{ kfpg] xsnfO{ pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g tyf k|lt:kwf{ P]gn] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . pQm sfg"gL k|fjwfgnfO{ Jojxf/df nfu" ug{ vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefusf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g] b]lvG5 . vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefun] cfkm\gf] sfof{nosf] ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] cefjdf pkef]Qmfsf] rfxgf adf]lhd ahf/ cg'udg tyf lgodg sfo{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;s]sf] 5}g . pkef]Qmfsf] :jf:Yo;Fu ;d]t rf;f] /xg] o; ljifonfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg b]xfosf sfo{x¿nfO{ tTsfn cufl8 a9fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5M

-!_ vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefusf] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf tyf b/aGbL k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg' kg]{ .

-@_ vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu dftxt lhNnf txsf sfof{nox¿ :yfkgf ug]{ .

-#_ vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefun] jflif{s sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L ahf/ cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f / u'0f:t/ k/LIf0fsf] sfo{ ug]{ / tf]lsPsf] dfkb08 adf]lhd gePsf]df To:tf] sfo{ ug]{ pk/ sf/jfxL ug{ ;lqmotf b]vfpg] .

*= If]qLo k|zf;g ;DaGwdf k|zf;lgs ;'udtfsf nflu % j6} ljsf; If]qdf ljleGg dGqfnox¿sf If]qLo sfof{nox¿ :yflkt ePsf 5g\ t/ sltko If]qLo sfof{nox¿ sfd ljxLg ePsf 5g\ . o:tf sfof{nox¿df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ dfl;s ¿kdf lbg] tnj eQf tyf sfof{no ;~rfng vr{ cg'Tkfbs k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 . t;y{ o:tf sfof{nox¿nfO{ ;fwg ;|f]t / ljz]if clwsf/o'Qm agfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{ jf vf/]h ug]{ .

618

(= cj}w ¿kdf ;~rflnt pBf]u ;DaGwdf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gn] s'g} klg Joj;fo ;~rfngsf] nflu Ohfht k|fKt ug'{kg]{ / To;sf nflu tf]lsPsf lglZrt dfkb08x¿ kfngf ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg /fv]sf] eP tfklg k|fs[lts ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux¿ vf;u/L qm;/, /f]8f tyf vlgh nufotsf pBf]ux¿ cj}w ¿kdf ;~rfng eO/x]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . g]kfnsf] h}ljs ljljwtf tyf ef}uf]lns b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{ r'/] >[ª\vnf tyf To;sf] blIf0fdf cjl:yt efj/ If]qdf ;DalGwt lgsfox¿af6 Ohfht g} glnO{ qm;/ tyf /f]8f pBf]ux¿ ;~rfng ePaf6 Psftkm{ r'/] If]qsf] cl:tTj ;Í6df k/]sf] / tL :ynx¿df jftfj/0fLo k|lts"ntf l;h{gf ePsf] tyf csf]{tkm{ sfg"gL zf;gsf] alv{nfk sfo{ eO/x]sf] / o; ;DaGwdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 clwjQmf gf/fo0f k|;fb b]jsf]6f lj¿4 g]kfn ;/sf/ ;d]t ePsf] l/6 g+=@)^^–WO–521 sf] d'2fdf ePsf] cfb]z ;d]tsf cfwf/df b]xfosf] sfo{ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5M

-!_ k|rlnt sfg"gn] tf]s] adf]lhdsf lgsfox¿af6 Ohfht k|fKt gu/L u}/ sfg"gL ¿kdf ;~rflnt qm;/ nufot sf7 / hl8a'6L hDdf ug]{ pBf]ux¿ ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L u[x dGqfnon] tTsfn aGb ug{ u/fpg k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ lgb]{zg lbg'kg]{ .

-@_ r'/] If]q nufot jg hËnsf] ;+/If0f ug{ r'/] / jg hËndf % lsnf]ld6/leq s'g} klg pBf]u ;~rfng ug{ glbg] Joj:yfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L s8fOsf ;fy To;sf] kl/kfngf ug]{ u/fpg] .

-#_ jg hËnsf] ;+/If0f / j[Iff/f]k0f ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t ;fwg pknAw u/fO{ jg ;+/If0fsf clGtd lhDd]jf/L ;DalGwt lhNnfsf jg clws[tx¿nfO{ agfpg] / pgn] lgjf{x u/]s]f e"ldsfsf cfwf/df lghsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

!)= cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo ;DaGwdf g]kfndf k|hftGq k'g:{yfkgf kZrft\\ cFuflnPsf] pbf/ tyf v'Nnf ahf/ cy{tGqsf] gLlt cg'¿k pBf]u Joj:ffo :yfkgf / ;~rfngdf ;/ntf NofO{ d'n'sdf pBf]usf] ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zon] pBf]u Joj;fo btf{df ;/n k|lqmofx¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]df pQm Joj:yf cg'¿k d'n'ssf] cf}Bf]uLs/0fsf] lbzfdf vf;} k|ult x'g ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf d'n'snfO{ kmfObf k'Ug] vfnsf pTkfbgd"ns pBf]ux¿sf] :yfkgf ug]{eGbf tTsfn kmfObf k'Ug] vfnsf dlb/f tyf qm;/, lu§L, /f]8f h:tf k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;Dkbfdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux¿ :yfkgf x'g] k|j[lQ a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L d'n'sdf pBf]u Joj;fosf] ljsf; xf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( n] pBf]ux¿sf] btf{ :yfgLo:t/d} pBf]u ljefu, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu / ;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt dftxtsf :yfgLo sfof{noaf6 x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf]df :yfgLo sfof{non] pBf]u btf{sf] nflu k"/f ug'{kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofx¿ sfuhL ¿kdf dfq /Lt k'¥ofO{ Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf sfg"gsf] p2]Zo jlv{nfk Go"gtd dfkb08 ;d]t kfngf gx'g] u/L :ynut lg/LIf0f lagf g} btf{ ug]{ u/]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg

619

/x]af6 pBf]u /x]sf] :yndf jftfj/0fLo k|lts"ntf ;[hgf ePsf] tYox¿ k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . o:tf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfgsf ;DaGwdf b]xfosf] sfo{ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5M

-!_ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g cGtu{t pBf]u ljefu, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu / 3/]n' pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt dftxtsf lgsfox¿af6 pBf]u btf{ ubf{ :ynut ¿kdf lg/LIf0f u/]/ dfq btf{ ug{] / o;/L btf{ x'g] pBf]un] tf]s]sf] zt{ tyf dfkb08 adf]lhd sfd u/] gu/] ;DaGwdf sfo{:ynsf] ;d]t lgoldt cg'udg u/L To;sf] k|ltj]bg tfn's ljefudf cBfjlws ¿kdf k7fpg] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ .

-@_ sfg"g adf]lhd ;~rfng ul/Psf / g]kfnLn] k|ToIf /f]huf/ kfPsf pTkfbgzLn pBf]ux¿sf] ;'/Iffsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ .

!!= oftfoft Joj:yf ;DaGwdf g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs oftfoft k|0ffnL Jojl:yt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fj{hlgs oftfoft jt{dfg ;dodf dxTjk"0f{ k"jf{wf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] eP tfklg ;jf/L cg'dlt k|bfg ug]{ sfo{df /x]sf] cJoj:yf, ;jf/L ;~rfng ;DaGwdf ljBdfg l;l08s]6 k|0ffnL, ;jf/L ;~rfngdf x'g] nfk/jfxL, ;fj{hlgs kfls{Ësf] b'/fj:yf h:tf ;d:ofn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs oftfoft k|0ffnL cToGt b'¿x /x]sf] kfOof] . t;y{ pQm If]qdf ;'wf/sf nflu b]xfosf sfo{x¿ cljnDa ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5M

-!_ oftfoft ;DaGwdf /fli6«o gLlt th'{df ug]{,

-@_ ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkq k|bfgsf nflu lnOg] k|of]ufTds k/LIff k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug]{,

-#_ ;jf/L rfns cg'dlt k|bfg ug['{ k"j{ ;f] ;DaGwL clgjfo{ k|lzIf0f k|bfg ug]{,

-$_ ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf nflu 7"nf a;x¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .

-%_ ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkqsf nflu lnOg] k|of]ufTds k/LIff :yndf CCTV h8fg x'g afFsL c~rn oftfoft sfof{nodf tTsfn CCTV h8fg ug]{ / k|efjsfl/tf;fy ;~rfng ug]{,

-^_ P]gn] ;jf/L ;~rfngdf l;l08s]6 k|0ffnLsf] cGt ul/;s]sf] eP tfklg cem} Jojxf/df l;l08s]6 k|0ffnL sfod /x]sf]n] To;sf] cGt ug]{ .

-&_ ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L rfnssf] klxrfgsf lglDt lglZrt kf]zfs lgwf{/0f ug]{ .

-*_ g]kfnsf /fli6«o /fhdfu{x¿sf] ef/jxg Ifdtf !) 6g dfq /x]sf]df sltko dfnafxs ;jf/L ;fwgn] ;8ssf] ef/jxg IfdtfeGbf clws ef/ af]Sg] u/]af6 ;8s tyf k'nx¿ lau|g], eTsg] u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] k|d'v /fhdfu{x¿df ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ef/ dfkg oGq h8fg ug{ / a9L ofq' af]s]sf oftfoftsf ;fwg ;~rfngdf lgoGq0f ug'{sf ;fy} /fhdfu{x¿sf] ef/jxg IfdtfeGbf a9L ef/ af]Sg] ;jf/Lsf] ;jf/L ;~rfng Ohfht (permit) /2 ug]{ .

620

-(_ zx/L If]qleq / /fhdfu{sf] 5]p5fpdf cglws[t ¿kdf ;8s sAhf ug]{, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L y'kfg]{, cj}B 9f6 /fvL /sd ;Íng ug]{, hah{:tL kfls{Ë:yn sfod u/L /sd p7fpg], ;8s dfu{df 3/kfn'jf kz' 5f8\g], ljleGgvfn] cj/f]wx¿ l;h{gf ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lgoGq0fdf lnO{ sf/jfxL ug]{ .

!@= j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;DaGwdf g]kfnL cy{tGqsf] k|d'v If]qsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ lgoldt / lgb]{lzt ug{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @)^$ hf/L ePsf] 5 . pQm P]gn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefunfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] lgodg ug]{ lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] JolQmsf] ;+Vof lbgfg'lbg a9\b} uPsf] t/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] ;ª\u7g s]Gb|Ls[t ¿kdf /x]sf], ljefun] j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg cfjZos >d :jLs[t hf/L ug]{, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;foL ;+:yfx¿sf] Joj;fo ;~rfngsf] Ohfht lbg], To:tf ;+:yfx¿sf] lg/LIf0f, cg'udg ug]{, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ 7uL ;DaGwL d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg txlssft ug]{ nufotsf sfo{x¿ ;Dkfbg ubf{ ljefu sfo{ ;~rfng:t/sf] lgsfo h:tf] eO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg txsLsft, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;foL ;+:yfx¿sf] cg'udg lg/LIf0f h:tf sfo{df kof{Kt Wofg lbg g;s]sf] x'Fbf b]xfo adf]lhdsf ;'wf/x¿ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5M

-!_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] JolQmnfO{ >d :jLs[lt k|bfg ug{ 5'§} s]Gb|Lo j}b]lzs /f]huf/ :jLs[lt sfof{no :yfkgf ug]{,

-@_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ 7uLsf] lgj]bg kLl8tn] ;DalGwt lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodfkm{t ;d]t lbg kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

-#_ uGtJo d'n'sx¿df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] pkl:ylt k|efjsf/L agfpg g;lsPaf6 g]kfnL gful/sx¿n] kL8f ef]Ug' k/]sf]n] g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿sf] k|d'v uGtJo :ynx¿dWo] %))) eGbf a9L sfdbf/ /x]sf] b]zdf >d ;xrf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / k|To]s yk !)))) sfdbf/sf nflu Ps sd{rf/L /xg] u/L sNof0fsf/L clws[tx¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{ tyf k|To]s uGtJo d'n'sdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf Pshgf dlxnf sd{rf/L sNof0fsf/L clws[t /fVg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

!#= ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ;DaGwdf -!_ zx/L If]qsf cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/x¿ vfg]kfgL, ;8s, 9n, 6]lnkmf]g, ljB't

;]jfx¿sf ;]jf k|bfos lgsfox¿ aLr cf–cfkm\gf ljifo ;Da4 of]hgfx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ;DAfGwdf plrt ;dGjo x'g g;s]sf sf/0f o:tf ;]jfx¿sf] cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/sf] nfut a9\g uPsf] ;fy} o:tf ;]jfx¿sf] PsLs[t of]hgf tof/ x'g g;Sbf zx/L If]qsf cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/sf If]qx¿df k|lts"ntf l;h{gf ePsf] ;Gbe{df o:tf lgsfox¿ aLr ;dGjo u/L PsLs[t sfo{of]hgf ;lxt sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

-@_ ;/sf/n] xfn sf7df8f}+ nufot zx/L If]qdf ;8s la:tf/sf] sfo{ ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . zx/L If]qsf] ;f}Gbo{, ;jf/L cfjfudg tyf ;fj{hlgs oftfoft k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/df pQm sfo{n] gofF cfofd l;h{gf ug]{ g} 5 . t/ o;/L

621

la:tf/ ul/Psf ;8sx¿ nfdf] cjlw;Dd sfnf]kq] x'g g;s]sf sf/0f zx/sf] ;f}Gbo{ lau|g uPsf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ hg:jf:ydf gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] 5 . o; sfo{nfO{ oyfzL3| ;DkGg u/L zx/sf dxTjk"0f{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f tyf Joj:yfkgdf ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿sf] ;xefuLtfdf PsLs[t of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ .

-#_ ejg dfkb08 ;+lxtf -Building Code_ s8fOsf ;fy kl/kfngf ug]{ u/fpg] .

!$= hUuf pkof]u ;DaGwdf j}1flgs e"–pkof]u of]hgfsf] cefjdf g]kfnsf ljleGg gu/kflnsfx¿ tyf gu/f]Gd'v u|fdL0f If]qx¿df cJojl:yt ¿kdf hUUff Knl6Ë ug]{, Knl6Ë ul/Psf hUUffx¿df hfg] af6fx¿ cToGt ;fF3'/f /fVg], k|To]s Kn6 hUUffsf] If]qkmn cToGt Go"gtd /fVg] h:tf sf/0fn] eljiodf :yfkgf x'g] zx/ cToGt cJojl:yt, e"sDk nufotsf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf b[li6sf]0fn] cToGt hf]lvdk"0f{, jftfj/0fLo kIfaf6 cToGt cg'ko'Qm x'g hfg] ePsf]n] Jojl:yt zx/Ls/0f lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu oyfzSo l56f] j}1flgs e"pkof]u gLlt th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ / pQm gLlt th'{df gx'~h]n ;DalGwt lgsfosf] If]qleq Knl6Ë ul/g] hUUffsf] Go"gtd If]qkmn, pQm hUUffdf hfg] af6f]sf] Go"gtd gfk h:tf kIfdf :ki6 dfkb08 tf]s]/ dfq ug]{ u/fpg] Joj:yf ug]{] .

!%= ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ;DaGwdf /fHon] gful/snfO{ pknAw u/fpg] ;]jf ;/n / ;xh ¿kdf k|bfg ug{ cfjZos ;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf] u7g x'g] / pQm lgsfodf /xg] b/aGbL cfjZostf cg';f/ ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L ;do–;dodf k'/fjnf]sg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;ª\u7gx¿sf] :yfkgf / To:tf ;ª\u7gdf /xg] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;+Vof ;DaGwdf s'g} :ki6 cfwf/ / dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ePsf] kfOFb}g . :ki6 dfkb08 / cfwf/sf] cefjdf tby{jfbL 9Ën] b/aGbL yk36 x'g] k|rng /x]sf] 5 . h;sf sf/0f s'g} cd's JolQmnfO{ pkNnf] txdf a9'jf ug{ ;xh agfpg] p2]Zon] a9'jf lj1fkg x'g] ;dodf s'g} vf; lgsfodf /fhkqflÍt låtLo / k|yd >]0fLsf] b/aGbL yKg] sfo{x¿ ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . t;y{ ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;/n / ;xh agfpg sfo{:ynsf lgsfo tyf To:tf lgsfodf ;]jfu|fxLn] ;]jf k|fKt ug{ sfof{nodf k]z ug]{ sfuhftx¿sf] k|zf]wg ug]{ ;xfos:t/ tyf zfvf clws[t:tsf b/aGbL yk gu/L sfof{no k|d'vsf] b/aGbL :t/f]GgtL ug]{ k|j[lQn] /fHonfO{ 7"nf] ljQLo ef/ kg{ uPsf] / b/aGbL :t/f]GgtLn] ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfdf s'g} ;/ntf ;[hgf gug]{ ePsf]n] b]xfosf sfo{x¿ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5M

-!_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿df b/aGbL yk ug]{, s6fpg] tyf :t/f]GgtL ug]{ ;DaGwdf :ki6 cfwf/ / dfkb08 to ug]{,

-@_ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿df b/aGbL yKg] jf s6fpg] sfo{ k|To]s cfly{s jif{{ z'¿ x'g] dxLgfleq clGtd 6'Ëf] nufO;Sg] u/]/dfq cl3 a9fpg cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{ .

622

!^= ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns xs æ;"rgfsf] xsÆ sfof{Gjog ug{ th'{df ePsf] ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] sfd sf/jfxLdf ;]jfu|fxLsf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ tyf kf/blz{tf clej[l4 ug]{ Joj:yf u/] cg'¿k o;sf] dxTjk"0f{ dfWodsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿sf] j]j;fO6 -website) lgoldt ¿kdf cBfjlws gx'g] sf/0f ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] ;"rgf / ;f] lgsfo;DaGwL sfg"gL k|fjwfg af/] ;]jfu|fxLx¿ ;';"rLt x'g g;s]sf]n] pQm clwsf/sf] k|efjsf/L k|rng u/fpg b]xfoadf]lhd ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5M

-!_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] j]a;fO6 -website) lgoldt ¿kdf cBfjlws ug]{ .

-@_ ;a} ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿df ;"rgf clwsf/L tf]Sg] .

-#_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿sf] j]a;fO6 -website) df upload ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ ;"rgfx¿ ;s];Dd w]/} /fi6« efiffx¿df k|sfzg ug]{ .

!&= Gofo ;]jfsf ;xfos:t/sf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;]jf k|j]z tflnd ;DaGwdf g]kfndf ljut Ps bzsb]lv sfg"g ;+sfoaf6 k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx vf/]h ul/Psf] / ;f] eGbf cufl8 Gofo ;]jfsf /fhkqcglÍt k|yd -gf=;'=_ sf kbx¿df sfg"gdf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq pQL0f{ JolQmx¿n] dfq k/LIff kmf/d eg{ kfpg] u/L of]Uotfsf] Joj:yf /x]sf]df sfg"gdf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx vf/]h eP kZrft\\ k|jL0ftf tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ JolQmx¿ pQm kbsf] nflu of]Uo x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eg] o;} jif{{af6 nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;xfos:t/sf kbx¿df PsLs[t k/LIff k|0ffnL z'¿ u/]sf] 5 . h;sf sf/0f Gofo ;]jfsf ;xfos :t/sf kbx¿sf nflu lgo'Qm x'g] sd{rf/Lx¿df sfg"g tyf Gofosf] cfwf/e"t 1fg g/xg] cj:yf ;[hgf ePsf] 5 . Gofo k|zf;gdf ;xfos:t/sf kbx¿n] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{x¿ dxTjk"0f{ /xg] t/ o:tf kbx¿df l;kmfl/; x'g] JolQmx¿df Gofo sfg"gsf cfwf/e"t 1fg g/xg] sf/0f ljleGg sl7gfO{x¿ ;[hgf ePsf] ;Gbe{df lgDg sfo{ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5M

-!_ nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 PsLs[t k/LIff k|0ffnL cg'¿k Gofo ;]jfsf ;xfos:t/sf kbx¿df l;kmfl/; eO{ cfpg] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ To:tf kbx¿df sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;xh x'g] u/L sfg"g tyf Gofo ;DaGwL ljifox¿df cfwf/e"t 1fg lbg lglZrt cjlwsf] ;]jf k|j]z tflnd lbg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

-@_ sfg"gsf] k|df0fkq tx g/x]sf sf/0f sfg"g ljifosf] ;xfos:t/sf] hgzlQm pTkfbgdf ;d:of b]lvPsf]n] lqe'jg ljZjljBfno sfg"g ;+sfon] lglZrt cjlwsf] ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

!*= cw{Goflos lgsfo ;DaGwdf k|zf;lgs sfd sf/jfxLdf zL3|tf, Jofj;flostf tyf ljlzi6Ls/0fsf nflu k|zf;lgs lgsfox¿nfO{ Goflos sfo{sf] clwsf/ lbg] k|rng /x] ad]flhd cf–cfkm\gf ljifout If]qdf ;DalGwt k|zf;lgs lgsfox¿– lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, jg sfof{no, jGohGt' cf/If0f tyf lgs'~h sfof{no, /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu h:tf

623

lgsfox¿nfO{ cw{Goflos lgsfosf] ¿kdf k|rlnt sfg"gn] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o:tf lgsfox¿n] sfg"g k|bQ clwsf/ adf]lhd u/]sf km};nfx¿sf] cBfjlws ljj/0f /fVg], pQm km};nf adf]lhdsf b08 h/Ljfgf c;"nLsf] nut /fVg] h:tf sfo{ Jojl:yt x'g g;sL Psftkm{ sfg"gL /fHosf] cfwf/e"t dfGotfdf bvn k'u]sf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ /fHon] k|fKt ug]{ cfosf] 7"nf] lx:;f u'Dg uPsf] 5 . t;y{ cw{Goflos lgsfox¿sf] sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpFg lgDg sfo{x¿ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5M

-!_ cw{Goflos lgsfox¿n] ;Dkfbg ug]{ Goflos sfo{sf] clen]v Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ ug]{ .

-@_ km};nf sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

-#_ km};nf adf]lhdsf] b08 h/Ljfgfsf] c;"nL nut /fVg] .

-$_ cw{Goflos lgsfoaf6 x'g] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+/rgf, ljlw / k|s[of :ki6 x'g] u/L sfg"gL Joj:yf ug]{ .

-%_ km};nf adf]lhdsf] b08 h/Ljfgfsf] nut ;DalGwt uf=lj=;=÷g=kf=÷ lh=lj=;, lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no Pj+ ;DalGwt Onfsf k|x/L sfof{nodf !÷! k|lt k7fO{ ;/sf/L afFsL aSof}tf ;dod} km5of]{6 ug]{tkm{ cfjZos sf/afxL tTsfn} cufl8 a9fpg] .

-^_ km};nf sfof{Gjog;DaGwL h/Ljfgf, s}bsf] nut k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] dflyNnf] lgsfo Pj+ s]Gb|Lo tx;Ln sfof{nodf k7fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ . cw{Goflos lgsfox¿n] km};nf ;DaGwdf df:s]jf/L k|ltj]bg ;DalGwt dflyNnf] lgsfodf tyf s]Gb|Lo tx;Ln sfof{nodf k7fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

-&_ cw{Goflos lgsfox¿sf] tfn's lgsfox¿n] To:tf lgsfox¿sf] lg/LIf0f ug]{ qmddf o; ljifodf ;d]t lg/LIf0f cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

-*_ cw{Goflos lgsfosf k|d'vnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf Goflos k|lzIf0f / k'gtf{huL tflnd lbg] Joj:yf ug]{ tyf ;fwg;|f]t ;DkGg agfpg] .

-(_ cw{Goflos lgsfox¿dWo] cfjZos sfof{nox¿df Gofo ;]jfsf clws[t:t/sf kbsf] b/aGbL l;h{gf ug]{ .

!(= lghfdtL sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgog ;DaGwdf g]kfndf nf]stflGqs cEof; z'¿ eP kZrft\\ ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhLsf nflu ljleGg ;ª\u7gx¿ vf]Ng] qmd;Fu} ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg cg'¿k ;/sf/L lgsfox¿df ;d]t ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhLsf nflu 6«]8 o'lgogx¿ u7g ePsf 5g\ . @)^@÷^# sf] cfGbf]ng kZrft\\ lghfdtL ;]jfsf clws[t:t/sf sd{rf/Ln] ;d]t 6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/ k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . ;f] cg'¿k xfn lghfdtL ;]jfdf * j6f 6«]8 o'lgogx¿ u7g ePsf 5g\ . o;/L lghfdtL ;]jfleq ax'n 6«]8 o'lgog /xg] k|fjwfgn] ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhLsf] sfo{ hl6n aGg uPsf] / sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 6«]8 o'lgogn] bnut cf:yfsf cfwf/df ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ kl/l:ylt l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L sd{rf/L ;¿jfsf ljifox¿df ;d]t ;/sf/df /x]sf bn lgs6 6«]8 o'lgogsf] c3f]lift e"ldsf ljsf;

624

x'Fb} uPsf] 5 eg] 6«]8 o'lgogsf] sfo{sf/L ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ sfof{nodf vl6+bf ;ª\u7gsf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf To:tf sd{rf/Ln] bf]xf]/f] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ sl7gfO{ eO{ sfof{nosf] sfddf afwf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . log} tYox¿sf] ;Gbe{df ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpFb} pQ/bflo / lhDd]jf/ sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] ljsf; ug{ 6«]8 o'lgog ;DaGwdf b]xfosf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 M

-!_ oyf;So l56f] cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgogsf] lgjf{rg u/fpg] .

-@_ 6«]8 o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f ug]{ .

-#_ 6«]8 o'lgogsf ;b:ox¿sf] gfdfjnL website df /fvL gofF ;b:otfsf cfwf/df k'/fgf] cfa4tf vf/]h ug]{ .

@)= lzIffIf]q–;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgn] lzIff;DaGwL xsnfO{ df}lns xssf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . k|To]s jif{{ ;/sf/n] jflif{s ah]6sf] 7"nf] lx:;f lzIff If]qdf vr]{sf] 5 eg] ljb]zL bft[ /fi6« tyf lgsfox¿af6 ;d]t k|To]s jif{{ lzIff If]qdf 7"nf] /sd k|fKt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;/L lzIff If]qdf vlr{g] /sdaf6 k|fKt x'g] k|ltkmn eg] ;Gtf]ifhgs aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . s]xL afx]s clwsf+z ;/sf/L ;fj{hlgs ljBfnox¿af6 pTkflbt hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf lghL If]qaf6 pTkflbt hgzlQmsf] t'ngfdf sdhf]/ b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿df kof{Kt lzIfssf] Joj:yf x'g g;Sg', /fxt sf]6fdf lzIfs lgo'lQmdf clgoldttf x'g' / b'u{d :yfgdf :yfoL lgo'Qm lzIfsn] cGo JolQmnfO{ sfdsfhdf nufO{ cfkm" cGoq sfddf hfg] k|j[lQn] ;fj{hlgs ljBfnox¿df lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ vl:sPsf] 5 . b'u{d :ynsf ljBfnox¿df kf7\ok':ts tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlwleq k'Ug g;Sg', k9fO lgoldt x'gg;Sg' h:tf ;d:ofx¿n] yk k|lts"ntf l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 eg] ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkgdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] e"ldsf ;'lglZrt u/fpg] axfgfdf Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf bnLotfdf cfwfl/t /fhgLtLs/0f ePaf6 ljBfnosf] k|zf;gdf hl6ntfx¿ l;h{gf ePsf 5g\ . h;sf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs z}lIfs Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . plNnlvt ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿sf ;Gbe{df lgDg sfo{x¿ cljnDa ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5M

!= ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿df sfo{/t lzIfsx¿n] lgoldt ¿kdf cWofkg u/] gu/]sf], /fxt lzIfs labfyL{ cg'kft pko'Qm /x] g/x]sf] lgoldt cg'udg ug]{, cGo JolQmnfO{ sfddf nufO{ tna eQf vfg] lzIfsx¿nfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd sf/jfxL ug]{, /fxt lzIfs labfyL{ cg'kft Go"g ePdf pQm sf]6f s6f}tL u/L /fxt lzIfs labfyL{ cg'kft pko'Qm ePsf] ljBfnodf :yfgfGt/0f ug]{ .

-@_ ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf cWoog/t labfyL{x¿nfO{ cfjZos kf7\oqmd oyf ;dodf lbnfpg To:tf kf7\oqmd k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ lghL If]qaf6 ;d]t 5kfO{ ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

-#_ lrlsT;fzf:q–cWoog ;DaGwdf lgDg Joj:yf nfu" ug]{M

-s_ s'g} klg ;+:yfnfO{ d]l8sn sn]h jf 8]06n sn]h vf]Ng Letter of intent (LOI) lbg' cufj} g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof

625

dGqfno, lzIff dGqfno / ;DalGwt ljZjljBfno÷k|lti7fg / ;DalGwt sfplG;naf6 k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L Ps bLuf] ;+oGq agfP/ zt{ ;lxt sn]h vf]Ng Letter of intent ljt/0f ug]{ .

-v_ lrlsT;fzf:q k9fpg] jf ;DaGwg lbg] ljZjljBfno tyf :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fgx¿n] MBBS/BDS labfyL{ 5gf}6 ubf{ k"0f{ kf/blz{tf ckgfpg' kg]{ . k|j]z k/LIff -MBBS/BDS Entrance) kZrft\ of]Uotf ;"rL -Merit List_sf] cfwf/df dfq d]l8sn sn]hx¿n] labfyL{ egf{ lng'kg]{ Joj:yf ldnfPdf ;Ifd labfyL{x¿n] k9\g kfO{ u'0ffTds lx;fjn] bIf lrlsT;ssf] pTkfbg x'gfsf ;fy} egf{ z'Ns -Admission Fee_ hyfefjL t/Lsfn] lng] k|yf cGt ug]{] .

-u_ Go"gtd egf{ / z'Ns -Tuition fee_j}1flgs t/Lsfn] d"NofÍg u/L lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ / ls:tfaGbLdf k9\g rfxg] labfyL{x¿nfO{ To:tf] k|fjwfgsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ .

-3_ g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;nsf] e"ldsfnfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L agfO{ tT;DaGwL dfkb08sf] ;'lglZrtf / lrlsT;sLo cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf eP gePsf] k|efjsf/L cg'udgsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

@!= e|i6frf/ /f]syfd / lgoGq0fsf ;DaGwdf e|i6frf/ / clgoldttfaf6 d'Qm eO{ sfg"gL zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] dfq ;'zf;g sfod u/L gful/ssf] ;jf]{Qd lxtd'vL ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿ ljt/0f ug{ ;S5 . e|i6frf/n] ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f, /fi6« ljsf; tyf ;fdflhs hLjgdf ;d]t cToGt b"/fj:yf l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . gful/sn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|fKt ug{sf nflu cltl/Qm /sd lbg'kg]{ cj:yfb]lv /fi6«sf dxTjk"0f{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f h:tf sfo{x¿df ;d]t e|i6frf/ x'g] u/]sf] tYo ;fj{hlgs ePsf 5g\ . e|i6frf/ /f]syfd / lgoGq0f gu/L ;'zf;g :yfkgf gx'g] / ;'zf;g :yfkgf geO{ /fi6« ;d'Ggt kydf cl3 a9\g g;Sg] tYonfO{ x[boËd u/L e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu kof{Kt gLltut, sfg"gL / ;+:yfut Joj:yfx¿ ul/Psf 5g\ . t/ b]zsf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfsf] kmfObf p7fO{ ;fj{hlgs clwsf/sf] b'¿kof]u u/L e|i6frf/ / clgoldttf ug]{ sfo{x¿ a9\b} uPsf] dxz'z ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] hgtfx¿df nf]stflGqs Joj:yfk|lt g} pbf;Lgtf pTkGg u/fPsf] 5 . t;y{ e|i6frf/ /f]syfd / lgoGq0f ;DaGwdf b]xfosf sfo{x¿ cljnDa cufl8 a9fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5M

-!_ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo e|i6frf/ lj¿4sf] dxf;lGwn] lghL If]qdf x'g] e|i6frf/nfO{ klg sfg"gL bfo/fdf Nofpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] / pQm dxf;lGwsf] g]kfn kIf /fi6« /x]sf] ;Gbe{df lghL If]qdf x'g] e|i6frf/hGo sfo{nfO{ sfg"gL bfo/fdf Nofpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

-@_ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f / sf/afxL ug]{ lgsfox¿nfO{ ;an, ;Ifd tyf ;fwg;|f]tn] o'Qm agfpg] ;fy} /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|nfO{ ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf JolQmx¿sf] ;DklQ cg'udg ug]{ clVtof/L k|bfg ug]{ .

626

-#_ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] k|To]s ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf JolQmn] k|To]s cfly{s jif{{ ;dfKt ePsf] ^) lbgleq ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ afWofTds Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;n] cfufdL lbgdf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;DklQ ljj/0fsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of b]lvg] / k|To]s jif{{ ;DklQ ljj/0f ;+sng ug'{ k|of]hg ljxLg b]lvPsf] ;Gbe{df To;sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ .

-$_ :yfgLo lgsfodf /fhgLlts k|ltlglw gePsf sf/0f sd{rf/Laf6 :yfgLo lgsfox¿ ;~rflnt x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ eg] :yfgLo lgsfosf] jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogdf s'g} klg hjfkmb]lxtf / pQ/bfloTj gePsf JolQmx¿ bnLo ;+oGqsf] gfddf xfjL x'g k'u]sf sf/0f :yfgLo lgsfodf e|i6frf/ a9\g uPsf] x'Fbf cljnDa :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg ug]{ .

-%_ e|i6frf/ ;Defljt (Corruption prone) lgsfox¿df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;DklQ ljj/0fsf] lgoldt cg'udgsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

-^_ sfo{:ynsf ;]jf k|bfos lgsfox¿df x'g] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu pQm lgsfox¿df 6f]sg k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ .

-&_ dlGqkl/ifb\\sf ;b:o ;lxt ;a} lgsfodf cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" ug]{ / ;DkQL ;fj{hlgsLs/0fsf] gLlt clVtof/ ug]{ .

-*_ ;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g tyf lgoddf ePsf Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs v/Lb cg'udg sfof{nonfO{ ;fwg ;|f]t ;DkGg t'NofO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cg'udgnfO{ ;lqmo agfpg] .

-(_ ;'zf;g -;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg_ P]g lgodsf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] / x]nf] ;/sf/ tyf u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgnfO{ yk Jojl:yt u/L k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

-!)_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] sfd sf/jfxLdf ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] l;4fGt cg';f/ kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf ;lxt sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ sfo{k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ ug]{ .

@@= lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;an agfpg] ;DaGwdf lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;/sf/åf/f lnOPsf lg0f{ox¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{, P]g lgod sfof{Gjog u/fpg], ljsf; sfo{x¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ tyf ;du| ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] g]t[Tj ub{5 . t;y{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL / pQ/bfoL agfpg lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;an agfpg' h¿/L x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;an agfpg tTsfn lgDg sfo{x¿ ul/g' k5{M

-!_ ;¿jf cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg] / ;¿jf cjlw k'u]kl5 hlxn] klg ;¿jf ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

-@_ a9'jfsf ;DaGwdf ljefuLo sf/jfxLdf k/]sf jf tf]lsPsf] kbLo lhDd]jf/L ;Gtf]ifhgs ¿kdf axg gu/]sf sd{rf/L afx]snfO{ kbf]GgtL ug]{ u/L h]i7tfdf cfwfl/t a9'jf k|0ffnL -Batch Promotion System) nfu" ug]{ .

627

-#_ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @$3 -!_ cg';f/ sfo{ cg'ejsf] cfwf/df ljz]if a9'jf k|fKt u/]sf JolQmx¿sf] oyfzL3| ;dfof]hg ug]{ .

-$_ ahf/d"Nosf] cfwf/df jflif{s ¿kdf tnj eQf j[l4 ug]{ .

-%_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf /f=k=t[tLo >]0fLsf clws[t kbdf v'nf k|lt:kwf{af6 lgo'Qm x'g] sd{rf/LnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf k|j]z tflnd ^ dxLgfsf] ug]{ tyf /f=k= cglÍt kbdf v'nf k|lt:kwf{af6 lgo'Qm x'g] sd{rf/LnfO{ tLg dxLgfsf] ;]jf k|j]z tflnd lbg] .

-^_ () lbg;Dd labf :jLs[t gu/fO{ a:g] lghfdtL sd{rf/L tyf ^) lbg;Dd labf :jLs[t gu/fO{ a:g] :jf:Yo ;]jfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f] Dofb gf£gf;fy tTsfn sf/jfxL ug]{ . o;/L ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug]{ lg0f{o ubf{ l6Kk0fLaf6 geO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt / k|zf;sLo cbfntn] hf/L u/]sf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd k|rlnt sfg"gsf] /Lt k'¥ofO{ krf{ v8f u/L ug]{ . o:tf] /Lt gk'¥ofO{ sf/jfxL ug{ kbflwsf/Lsf] ToxL cg'¿k sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

-&_ sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg nfO{ j:t''ut agfpg dGqfno tyf ;]jf ;d"xut cfwf/df km/s–km/s d"NofÍg cfwf/ to ug]{, P]g tyf lgodfjnLn] u/]sf] Joj:yf cg'¿k sfo{ljj/0f clgjfo{ ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg], sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍgdf ;]jfu|fxL ;Gt'i6L ;j]{If0f kmf/fd h:tf k[i7kf]if0fsf cf}hf/x¿nfO{ ;d]t cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lng] .

-*_ nIo dfkg ug{ ;lsg] lgsfox¿df vl6g] sd{rf/Lx¿;Fu sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf (Performance based contract) ug]{ .

-(_ sd{rf/Lsf lglDt j}b]lzs cWoogsf] nflu 5fqj[lQdf dgf]gog ug]{ ;DaGwdf :ki6 dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/L nfu" ug]{ .

-!)_ /fHoaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] k|d'v lgodgsf/L sfo{ ;~rfng x'g] k|d'v lgofds lgsfox¿df hgzlQmsf] Go"gtf /x]sf sf/0f lgodgsf/L sfo{x¿ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg g;s]sf] eGg] /x]sfn] lgodgsf/L lgsfox¿– vfB k|lalw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu, cf}ifwL Joj:yf ljefu, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg ljefu h:tf lgsfox¿df b/aGbL yk ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf]n] ;f]sf lglDt ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f sfo{ cl3 a9fpg] .

@#= ;'/Iff Joj:yf k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;DaGwdf sfg"gL /fHo nf]stflGqs Joj:yfsf] k|d'v zt{ xf], ;'/Iff lgsfosf] ;Ifdtfn] g} sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff :yflkt ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ . nf]stGqdf ;'/Iff Joj:yfsf] g]t[Tj gful/s k|zf;gn] ub{5 / of] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] dxTjk"0f{ If]qsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . ;'/Iff Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;Gbe{df b]xfosf sfo{x¿ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5M

-!_ ck/fwsf] /fhgLlts/0f / /fhgLltsf] ck/fwLs/0f cGTo ug'{kg]{ .

628

-@_ k|x/L gful/s ;fem]bf/Ldf ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg gLlt cjnDag ug]{ .

-#_ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t k|x/L sfo{ cg';Gwfg k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

-$_ hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df yk k|x/L hgzlQm Joj:yf u/L yk ;fwg ;|f]t ;DkGg agfpg] .

-%_ k|x/L ;]jfdf ;Ifd hgzlQm cfslif{t ug{ k|x/L ;]jf cfof]u u7g ug]{ .

-^_ b]zsf] ;'/Iff Joj:yfnfO{ dfu{lgb]{z ug{ / ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/Ldf Nofpg cfGtl/s ;'/Iff gLlt th'{df ug]{ .

-&_ ;'/IffsdL{sf] dgf]an pRr /fVg j[lQ ljsf; of]hgf th'{df ug]{ .

-*_ gful/s / k|x/Lsf aLr ;';DaGw / ;b\efj clej[l4 ug{ ;fd'bflos k|x/L kl/rfng ;DaGwL gLlt th'{df ug]{ .

-(_ lhNnfdf zflGt ;'/IffnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] 5gf}6 lglZrt dfkb08sf] cfwf/df ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

@$= b'u{d If]qdf ;]jf la:tf/ ;DaGwdf b'u{d If]qsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] pkl:ylt guGo /xg] sf/0f o:tf If]qx¿df /fHon] k|jfx ug]{ ;]jfx¿ ;]jfu|fxLn] k|fKt ug{ g;sL b'u{d If]qsf] gful/s bf];|f] bhf{sf gful/ssf] ¿kdf /xg afWo ePsf 5g\ . h;n] gful/ssf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ g};lu{s clwsf/ s'l07t ePsf] 5 . b'u{d If]qdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf la:tf/ u/L gful/ssf] ;]jf kfpg] clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug{ b]xfosf] Joj:yf ug]{M

-!_ b'u{d :yfgsf sfof{nodf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] b'u{d :yfg eQfdf j[l4 ug]{,

-@_ tLg dxLgfeGbf a9L cjlwsf] j}b]lzs cWoog, tflnd k|fKt u/L kms]{sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kb:yfkgf÷;¿jf b'u{d :yfgsf ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ sfof{nodf ug]{ .

-#_ k|To]s dxLgf ;b/d'sfdaf6 ;a}eGbf clws b"/Ldf /x]sf uf=lj=;= x¿df 3'DtL ;]jf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug}{ kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

-$_ tf]lsPsf] ju{sf] ef}uf]lns If]qdf sfo{ gu/L a9'jf k|fKt gx'g] Joj:yf ug]{ .

@%= jftfj/0fLo k|b'if0fsf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0f ;DaGwdf k|b"if0f sd ug]{, x6fpg] jf lgoGq0f ug]{ tyf k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f jf jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍgsf sfdx¿ k|efjsf/L¿kn] ug{ u/fpg jftfj/0f lg/LIfs lgo'Qm ug'{ kg]{ eGg] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]gsf] Joj:yf sfof{Gjog ePsf] gb]lvFbf jftfjf/0f lg/LIfssf] lgo'lQm ug'{sf ;fy} jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu jftfj/0f P]g tyf lgodfjnLn] u/]sf Joj:yfx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ sfo{ jftfj/0f dGqfno÷ljefun] cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿;Fusf] ;dGjodf 7f]; sfo{of]hgf agfO{ nfu" ug]{ u/fpg] .

629

@^= 6«flkms Joj:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf -!_ lglZrt dfkb08 th'{df u/L k'/fgf ;jf/L ;fwgx¿sf] lj:yfkg ug]{ .

-@_ 6«flkms Joj:yfkg k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t agfpg] .

-#_ ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkq k|bfg ug]{ sfo{df k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ^ dxLgf k/LIf0f cjlw /fvL tTkZrft\\ k'gM k|of]ufTds k/LIff lnP/ dfq :yfoL ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkq k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

-$_ 6«flkms hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{ k|fylds txb]lvs} kf7\oqmddf ;f] ljifo ;dfj]z ug{] .

@&= ;+j}wflgs cËsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ;DaGwdf -!_ clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u nufotsf ;+j}wflgs cËx¿df l/Qm kb

j:t''ut dfkb08sf] cfwf/df oyfzL3| k"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

-@_ ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿nfO{ ;fwg ;|f]t ;DkGg agfpg] .

@*= nf]8;]l8Ë ;DaGwdf -!_ g]kfndf ljBdfg nf]8;]l8Ë Go"gLs/0f ug{ ljB't ljt/0fdf /x]sf] r'xfj6

lgoGq0fsf nflu k|efjsf/L sbd rfNg] .

-@_ yk ljB't pTkfbgsf nflu lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nufgLdf !)) MW ljB't cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ elgP tfklg o; ;DaGwL cfjZos sfo{ k|f/De gePsfn] sfo{ k|f/De ug]{ .

-#_ ljB't k|;f/0f nfOgsf] cefjdf pTkflbt ljB't /fli6«o k|;f/0fdf hf]8\g g;lsPsf] x'Fbf k|;f/0f nfOg lgdf{0fdf tbf¿stfsf ;fy sfo{ cl3 a9fpg] .

-$_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] JolQmsf] nufgL /xg] u/L gofF ljB't cfof]hgf z'¿ ug{ cfjZos sfo{ cl3 a9fpg] .

-%_ ljB't arfpgsf nflu ;/sf/L lgsfox¿df Po/ sl08;g k|of]udf lg¿T;flxt ug]{ ;fy} qmlds ¿kdf ;f}o{ k|0ffnL / j}slNks pmhf{sf] :yfkgf ug{ cfjZos sfo{ k|f/De ug]{ .

-^_ hn tyf zlQm cfof]usf] ;lrjfno, ljB't ljsf; ljefu, ljB't k|flws/0fn] ;dGjofTds ¿kdf 7f]; of]hgf ;lxt bL3{sfnLg gLlt th'{df ug]{ .

@(= dlxnf lx+;f lgoGq0f ;DaGwdf != g]kfndf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ a9\b} uO{ dlxnf clwsf/ xgg

ePsf]n] dlxnfdfly x'g] o:tf 36gfx¿ Go"g ug{ dlxnf xs lxt ;DaGwdf ul7t ;+3 ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw, ;'/Iff lgsfosf k|ltlglw tyf gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwx¿ ;lDdlnt ;femf ;+oGq :yfgLo :t/;Dd u7g ug]{ .

630

-@_ ;fj{hlgs lzi6tf, dof{bf tyf g}ltstfdfly k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ clZnn ;fdu|Lx¿sf] pTkfbg, k|;f/0f, laqmL ljt/0f / k|bz{gnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;DalGwt k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] k|efjsf/L sbd rfNg] .

#)= ljljw ;'wf/ ;DaGwdf -!_ xjfO{ ;]jf k|of]u u/L sf7df8f}+aflx/ hfg] tyf cfpg] ofq'x¿sf] ;'ljwfsf

nflu lqe'jg jLdfg:ynb]lv sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf k|d'v If]qx¿df a; ;]jf ;~rfng ug'{ kg]{ . ;fy} xjfO{ ;]jf k|of]u ug]{ czQm, j[4 JolQmx¿nfO{ xjfOhxfh r9fpg] tyf lng hfg] Pshgf ;xof]uL security check in ;Dd hfg kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

-@_ g]kfnsf] s]Gb|Lo ;lrjfno l;+xb/jf/df ljleGg ;/sf/L sfd lnO{ cfpg] gful/snfO{ l;+xb/jf/ k|j]zdf sl7gfO{ /x]sf] ;DaGwdf k|To]s dGqfnon] l;+xb/jf/ xftfaflx/ ;Dks{ 8]:s /fvL ;]jfu|fxLx¿sf] sfo{ km5\of]{6 ug]{ jf l;+xb/jf/leq hfg rfxg] gful/snfO{ lghsf] kl/ro v'Ng] sfuhftsf] cfwf/df l;+xb/jf/ k|j]zsf] plrt Joj:yf ug]{ .

-#_ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] bL3{sfnLg c;/ ug]{ ;d]tsf ljifox¿df l6Kk0fLdfkm{t lg0f{o ug]{ kl/kf6L /x]sf] / o;/L l6Kk0fL k]z ubf{ / kqfrf/ ubf{ sd{rf/Ln] cfkm\gf] x:tfIf/ tn :ki6 ¿kdf cfkm\gf] gfd, kb tyf ldlt pNn]v ug{ o;cl3 ;d]t k6s–k6s kl/kq ePsf]df cem} sltko sd{rf/Lx¿n] To;sf] kfngf u/]sf] gb]lvPsf]n] pQm k|fjwfg s8fOsf ;fy nfu" ug]{ / pQm k|fjwfg kfngf gug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug]{ .

631

cg';"rL –#

v= ;ldltsf] cGtl/d k|ltj]bg

k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldlt, @)^(

-sfzL/fh bfxfn_ ;+of]hs

cWoIf, k|zf;sLo cbfnt

-e]if/fh zdf{_ ;b:o,

;lrj, sfg"g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf

dGqfno

-gjLgs'df/ 3ld/]_ ;b:o,

;lrj, u[x dGqfno

-o'j/fh e';fn_ ;b:o,

;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u

-s'df/ of]~hg tfdfª_ ;b:o,

;b:o, k|zf;sLo cbfnt

-d's'Gb/fh kGyL_ ;b:o–;lrj

;x–;lrj, k|zf;g ;'wf/ tyf cfGtl/s Joj:yf dxfzfvf ;dfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno

-zfGtaxfb'/ >]i7_ ;b:o

;lrj, ;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf;

dGqfno

-zfGt/fh ;'j]bL_ ;b:o,

;lrj, cy{ dGqfno

-b'uf{lglw zdf{_ ;b:o,

;lrj, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno

632

e"ldsf

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^(.(.# sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL, hgpQ/bfoL, glthfd"ns / ljsf; d}qL agfpg ljBdfg P]g sfg"g nufotsf ljleGg If]qdf ljZn]if0ffTds ;'emfj lbg ul7t o; k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldlt, @)^( n] tTsfn ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k]z ul/;s]sf] / ;f] k|ltj]bgsf l;kmfl/;x¿ nfu" ug{ u/fpg k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{noaf6 ;DalGwt dGqfno / lgsfox¿nfO{ n]vL k7fP adf]lhd sltko ;'emfjx¿ sfof{Gjog x'Fb} uPsf / sltko ;'emfjx¿ sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf /x]sf 5g\ . To; ;DaGwdf o; ;ldltaf6 cg'udg ;d]t eO/x]sf] 5 .

o; ;ldltnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f tf]lsPsf] sfo{lgb]{zleq /xL sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ qmddf dGqfno, ljleGg lgsfo, ;DalGwt If]qsf ljz]if1;Fusf] cGt/lqmof, b'u{d If]qsf] ;]jf k|jfxsf] l:yltsf ;DaGwdf cWoog cjnf]sg, ljleGg lhNnfdf ;'emfj ;Íng ;DaGwL cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L ;ldltn] ljleGg ;'emfj k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . o;} l;nl;nfdf dGqfnosf] ;ª\Vof, sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgogsf] e"ldsf / ltgdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/, lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg, ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] ljifo h:tf ljleGg kIfdf /fhgLlts b[li6sf]0f / k|lta4tf;d]t :ki6¿kdf JoQm xf];\ eGg] clek|fon] /fhgLlts bnsf zLif{:y g]t[Tj, pRr k|zf;sx¿ ;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf /fli6«o:t/sf] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;d]t ;~rfng u/L ;'emfj ;Íng ug]{ sfo{ eO;s]sf] 5 .

d'n'sdf ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g . ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs gx'g'df ;]jf k|bfos lhDd]jf/Ldf a;]sfx¿df ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] sld, sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjogdf lkmtnf]kg, cg'udg / d"NofÍgsf] ck|efjsfl/tf, sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|fyldsLs/0fsf] cefj, sfd sf/jfxLdf cToflws /fhgLtLs/0f x'g', hjfkmb]xL / pQ/bfloTjsf] ;+:s[ltsf] cefj, b08lxgtf ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;, lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg] k|j[lQ, cfTds]lGb|t kmfObfdf a9L Wofglbg] k|j[lQ h:tf sf/0fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . To;df ;'wf/ x'g /fhgLltdf OR5fzlQm / sd{rf/LtGqdf ;Ifdtf / Jofj;flostf Tolts} cfjZos 5 . /fhgLltsf] d'xfg ;kmf geP;Dd cGo If]q ;kmf x'g ;Sb}g . o;sf lglDt /fhgLlt, sd{rf/L k|zf;g / lghL If]q ;d]tsf] ;sf/fTds ;f]r, ;dGjo / tfbfTDotf cfjZos 5 . o; ;Gbe{df g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f ul7t o; ;ldltnfO{ tf]lsPsf] sfo{lgb]{z adf]lhdsf] ljifosf ;DaGwdf ;'emfj ;lxtsf] l;kmfl/; ;dfj]z x'g] clGtd k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ sfddf ;ldlt sfo{/t 5 . ;du| kIfnfO{ ;d]6]/ k|:t't ul/g] clGtd k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ s]xL ;do nfUg] / o;} aLrdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 -cf=j=@)&)÷)&!_] k|:t't x'g] ePsfn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf ah]6df ;Daf]wg ug{ ;fGble{s b]lvPsf k|zf;g ;'wf/;Fu ;DalGwt s]xL ljifox¿nfO{ pNn]v u/L ;+lIfKt k|ltj]bg k]z ul/Psf] 5 .

@)&) cfiff9 &

-sfzL/fh bfxfn_

;+of]hs

633

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf ah]6df ;Daf]wg x'gkg]{ k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;DaGwL ljifosf] ;DaGwdf k|:t't ul/Psf] l;kmfl/;

!= tnj, eQf / cfly{s ;['ljwf ;DaGwdf

s= sd{rf/Lsf] tnj eQf s]xL aif{b]lv j[l4 ePsf] 5}g t/ ahf/ d"No lg/Gt/ ¿kdf al9/x]sf] 5 . h;sf] sf/0f sd{rf/LnfO{ b}lgs hLjg ofkgdf ;d]t sl7gfO{ k/]sf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn ;/sf/af6 u7g ePsf] k] sld;gn] lbPsf] k|ltj]bg, g]kfn /fi6« j}+saf6 k|To]s jif{ hf/L ug]{ pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rL / ;fs{ /fi6«x¿df /fi6« ;]js sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lbPsf] ;'ljwfnfO{ ;d]t t'ngf u/L cfufdL ah]6df sd{rf/Lsf] tnj ahf/ d"No;Fu ;fdfGh:o x'g] u/L a[l4 ul/g' kg]{ .

v= sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOPsf] jflif{s tnj j[l4 -u|]8_ ahf/ d"Nosf] cfwf/df sDtLdf klg x/]s sd{rf/Lsf] Ps lbgsf] tnj a/fa/ agfOg' kg]{ .

u= ahf/ d"Nosf] cfwf/df Ps nfv ¿k}Fofsf] ljdf /sd sd eO{ To;af6 sd{rf/LnfO{ kof{Kt /fxt k'Ug ;Sg] cj:yf gb]lvPsf]n] sd{rf/Lsf] ljdf /sd ! nfv / cfsl:ds ljdfsf] /sd ! nfv %) xhf/af6 % nfv k'¥ofpg' kg]{ .

3= lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOPsf] kf]zfs eQf ahf/ d"Nosf] t'ngfdf sd ePsfn] To;nfO{ ;dofg's"n agfpg sDtLdf klg !))Ü j[l4 u/L ¿= !%,))).– agfpg' kg]{ Pj+ lxdfnL lhNnf -h'Dnf, x'Dnf, d'u', sflnsf]6, 8f]Nkf, d':tfË, dgfË, ;f]n'v'Dj', aemfË / afh'/f_ df sDtLdf Ps jif{ To; If]qdf a;L ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]sf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] nflu kf]zfs eQf ¿= #),))).– x'g' kg]{, ;fy} kf]zfsnfO{ ef}uf]lns cfwf/df ldnfpg' kg]{ .

ª= lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] nflu lbOg] b}lgs e|d0f eQf ahf/ d"Nosf] t'ngfdf Hofb} Go"g /x]sf sf/0f sfhdf vl6O{ uPsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ vfg a:g gk'Ug] ePsf]n] To;nfO{ ;dofg's"n j[l4 u/L ahf/ d"No cg';f/ agfpg' kg]{ .

r= ;fs{ d'n'sx¿df /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lsf ;GttLsf] ;DaGwdf ePsf Joj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf sDtLdf klg b'O{ hgf ;GttLsf] nflu z}lIfs eQfsf] ¿kdf k9fO vr{ pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

5= sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg eQfnfO{ Jojxfl/s agfO{ ;a} lgsfosf aLr Ps¿ktf sfod ul/g' kg]{ .

@= sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DaGwdf

-s_ ;fd"lxs sd{rf/L cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;s]df sd{rf/LnfO{ oftfoftsf] Joj:yf klg ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ug{ ;xh x'g] tYonfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ sd{rf/Lsf] JolQmut Pjd\ ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] sd{rf/L ;~rosf]if;Fusf] ;xsfo{df ;fd"lxs cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ug{ dflyNnf] >]0fLsf

634

sd{rf/LnfO{ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf cfjf; pknAw u/fpg] tyf tNnf] >]0fLsf sd{rf/LnfO{ km\Nof6 pknAw u/fpg] gLlt cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ . sd{rf/LnfO{ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf cfjf; ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] cj:yf;Ddsf] nflu x/]s sd{rf/Lsf] tnj :s]nsf] Ps rf}yfO{ !÷$ /sd cfjf; ;'ljwfsf] nflu eQf :j¿k pknAw u/fpg] . sd{rf/Lsf] cfjf; Joj:yf s]Gb|df dfq ;Lldt gu/L qmdzM lhNnf txdf ;d]t nfu" ub}{ hfg] .

-v_ lghfdtL c:ktfn sf7df8f}+df dfq ;Lldt x'Fbf :yfgLo txdf sfo{/t lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] ;f] c:ktfnsf] ;'ljwf ;xh ¿kdf k|fKt ug{ sl7gfO{ ePsfn] lghfdtL c:ktfnsf] ;]jfnfO{ la:tf/ u/L If]qLo Pj+ lhNnf :t/;Dd k'¥ofpg' kg]{ / To;/L ;f] c:ktfnsf] ;]jf :yfgLo :t/;Dd la:tf/ gx'Fbf;Dd sf7df8f}+ cfpg hfgsf] nflu lj/fdL sd{rf/L / p;sf] Pshgf s'¿jfnfO{ cfjt hfjtsf] nflu ef8f /sd eQfsf] ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ .

-u_ lga[Q lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] 1fg l;knfO{ /fHon] pkof]u ug{ g;ls/x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L ;dfhdf d]nldnfkstf{ tyf ljjfb ;xhstf{ nufot cGo Ifdtf / lj1tfsf] cfwf/df lgj[Q sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf lng k|fyldstf lbg] gLlt th'{df ug'{sf ;fy} lgj[Q sd{rf/Lsf] k]G;g lghsf] j}+s vftfdf hDdf x'g] Joj:yf ug]]{ .

#= b'u{d If]qdf ;]jf k|jfx ;DaGwdf

s= ;fdfGotofM b'u{d If]qdf sd{rf/Lx¿ v6L hfg gdfGg], uP klg a:g gdfGg] k|j[lQn] ubf{ b'u{d If]qdf sltko ;/sf/L ;]jf k|efjsf/L gePsf] eGg] u'gf;f] /x]sf] ;Gbe{df To:tf] b'u{d If]qdf a;L hgtfsf] ;]jf ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{sf] nflu To:tf] b'u{d :yfgsf sfof{nodf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ k|bfg ul/cfPsf] b'u{d eQf j[l4 ug]{,

v= tLg dlxgfeGbf a9L cjlwsf] j}b]lzs cWoog, tflnd k|fKt u/L kms]{sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kb:yfkgf÷;¿jf b'u{d :yfgsf ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ sfof{nodf ug]{ .

u= aflif{s sfo{tflnsf tof/ u/L k|To]s dlxgf ;b/d'sfdaf6 ;a}eGbf clws b"/Ldf /x]sf uf=lj=;= x¿df PsLs[t 3'DtL ;]jf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

3= sf7df8f}+ pkTosfeGbf aflx/ sDtLdf b'O{ aif{ / ljBdfg lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLsf] æsÆ ju{ cGt/ut b'u{d lhNnfdf sDtLdf Ps aif{ ;]jf cjlw k"/f gu/]sf] sd{rf/Ln] a9'jfdf kmf/fd eg{ gkfpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

ª= nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 klxnf] k6s l;kmfl/; ePsf sd{rf/LnfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf b'u{d If]qdf k7fpg] Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ . To:t} :jf:Yo ;]jfsf ;DaGwdf cg'ejL JolQmx¿nfO{ ;d]t b'u{d If]qdf k7fpg] Joj:yf x'g ;s] hgtfn] u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jf k|fKt ug{;Sg] x'Fbf To;tkm{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ .

635

$= :yfgLo lgsfodf ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg] ;DaGwdf

s= :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg nfdf] ;dob]lv gePsf] sf/0fn] :yfgLo :t/sf] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfo{df sl7gfO{ ePsf] Pj+ :yfgLo lgsfodf hfg] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cg'lrt k|of]u Pj+ b'¿kof]u ePsf] eGg] Jofks hgu'gf;f] /x]sf] x'Fbf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg o;} aif{ ug]]{ .

v= :yfgLo lgsfo :jfoQ lgsfosf] ¿kdf /x]sf]n] To:tf lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;¿jf ug{ g;lsg] cj:yfsf] sf/0f To:tf lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿ hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL gx'g] u/]sf] eGg] u'gf;fx¿ k|fKt x'g cfPsf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/, hjfkmb]xL agfpg lglZrt cfwf/ / cj:yfdf :yfgLo lgsfox¿aLr ;¿jf ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf;lxtsf] 5'§} :yfgLo lgsfo ;]jf cfof]u u7g u/L To;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ .

%= lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 6«]8 o'lgogsf ;DaGwdf

s= lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] Pp6f cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgog gePsf sf/0f 6«]8 o'lgogx¿ /fhgLlts kf6L{;Fu cfa4 x'g] kl/kf6L ljsf; ePsf] ;Gbe{df oyfzSo l56f] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgodn] u/]sf] Joj:yf d'tfljs cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgogsf] lgjf{rg u/fpg] .

v= 6«]8 o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ug]{ .

u= 6«]8 o'lgogsf ;b:ox¿sf] gfdfjnL clgjfo{ ¿kdf website df /fVg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

^= e"ld Joj:yfkg tyf hUuf pkof]u ;DaGwdf

s= /fli6«o e"ld gLlt th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g' kg]{ .

v= ljBdfg P]g÷lgoddf kl/dfh{g u/L e"–pkof]u gLlt sfof{Gjogdf NofOg' kg]{ .

u= cglws[t / clgolGqt a:t'L ljsf;df /f]s nufO{ To;nfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg] .

3= e"ld j}Ísf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ nfu" ug]{ .

ª= j}1flgs e"–pkof]u of]hgfsf] cefjdf g]kfnsf ljleGg gu/kflnsfx¿ tyf gu/f]Gd'v u|fdL0f If]qx¿df cJojl:yt ¿kdf hUUff Knl6Ë ug]{, Knl6Ë ul/Psf hUUffx¿df hfg] af6fx¿ cToGt ;fF3'/f /fVg], k|To]s Kn6 hUUffsf] If]qkmn cToGt Go"gtd /fVg] h:tf sf/0fn] eljiodf :yfkgf x'g] zx/ cToGt cJojl:yt, e"sDk nufotsf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf b[li6sf]0fn] cToGt hf]lvdk"0f{, jftfj/0fLo kIfaf6 cToGt cg'ko'Qm x'g hfg] ePsf]n] Jojl:yt zx/Ls/0f ug{sf nflu oyfzSo l56f] j}1flgs e"pkof]u gLlt th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ / pQm gLlt th'{df gx'~h]n ;DalGwt lgsfosf] If]qleq Knl6Ë ul/g] hUUffsf] Go"gtd If]qkmn, pQm hUUffdf hfg] af6f]sf] Go"gtd gfk tyf clgjfo{

636

j[Iff/f]k0f h:tf jftfj/0fLo kIfnfO{ ;d]t ;d]6\g] u/L :ki6 dfkb08 tof/ ug]{ .

r= hUufsf] d"No sfod ubf{ ljleGg lgsfon] ljleGg k|of]hgsf lglDt cnu–cnu d"No sfod u/]sf], dfnkf]t sfof{non] sfod u/]sf] ;/sf/L d"No / jf:tljs rngrNtLsf] d"Nodf Ps¿ktf g/x]sf]n] ;a} lgsfosf aLrdf ;dGjo u/L hUufsf] d"NofËg ubf{ Ps¿ktf Nofpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

&= ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf

s= ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] j]a;fO6 lgoldt ¿kdf cBfjlws ug]{ .

v= ;a} ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿df ;"rgf clwsf/L tf]Sg] .

u= ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿sf] j]a;fO6df Upload ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ ;"rgfx¿ ;s];Dd w]/} /fi6« efiffx¿df k|sfzg ug]{ .

3= /fHo Joj:yfdf v'nf ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{ u/fpg /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]unfO{ a9L ;lqmo / lqmofzLn agfpg] .

*= ;'zf;gsf ;DaGwdf

s= ;'zf;gsf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xL, ;xeflutfd"ns, cg'dfgof]Uo / sfg"gsf] zf;gdf cfwfl/t k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf] ljsf; u/L /fHo k|bQ ;]jf / ;'ljwf ;j{;'ne ¿kdf pknJw u/fO{ ljsf; tyf lgdf{0f;DaGwL sfo{x¿ ;dodf ;DkGg u/fpg ;Ifd, lgikIf, ldtJooL, 5l/tf], hgd'vL / pQ/bfoL k|zf;g ;+oGqsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]gsf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;dofg';f/ ;'wf/ u/L ;f]sf] cIf/zM kfngf u/fpg] .

v= e|i6frf/ lj¿4sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo dxf;lGwn] lghL If]qdf x'g] e|i6frf/nfO{ klg sfg"gL bfo/fdf Nofpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] / pQm dxf;lGwsf] g]kfn kIf /fi6« /x]sf] ;Gbe{df lghL If]qdf x'g] e|i6frf/hGo sfo{nfO{ sfg"gL bfo/fdf Nofpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

u= e|i6frf/ ;Defljt lgsfox¿df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;DklQ ljj/0fsf] lgoldt cg'udg tyf ;fj{hgLs/0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

3= dlGqkl/ifb\\sf ;b:o;lxt ;a} lgsfodf cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" ug]{ / ;DklQ ;fj{hlgsLs/0fsf] gLlt clVtof/ ug]{ .

ª= ljBdfg ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g 7]s]bf/d}qL ePsf] eGg] u'gf;f /x]sf]n] To;df ;'wf/ u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs vl/b tyf cg'udg sfof{nonfO{ ;fwg ;|f]t ;DkGg t'NofO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cg'udgnfO{ ;lqmo agfpg] .

r= ;a} ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf u'gf;f] ;'Gg] / ;"rgf lbg] clwsf/L tf]Sg' kg]{ .

637

5= ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿af6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf] ;DaGwdf gful/s j8fkq /fVg] k|rng eP klg Ifltk"lt{sf] ;DaGwdf pNn]v gx'g] eGg] u'gf;f] /x]sf] ;Gbe{df Ifltk"lt{ ;lxtsf] gful/s a8fkqx¿ /fvL lgoldt ¿kdf cBfjlws ug]{ .

h= ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] sfd sf/jfxLdf ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] l;4fGt cg';f/ kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf ;lxt sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ sfo{k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ ug]{ .

(= ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0fdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg] ;DaGwdf

s= sfo{sf/L g]t[Tjsf] ljrf/wf/f / Joj;flos :jfoQtfsf] ljrf/wf/faLr ;Gt'ng sfod x'g] u/L sfof{Gjogsf k|lqmofdf /fhgLlt k"0f{tM cnu /xg' kg]{ .

v= sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm, ;¿jf, a9'jfdf of]Uotfsf cfwf/x¿nfO{ /fhgLlts cfwf/x¿n] lj:yfkg ug{ gkfpg] :ki6 Joj:yf ug]{ .

u= ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\ P]gnfO{ ;d;fdlos agfO{ /fli6«o :jfy{ ljkl/t sfd ug]{ u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;:yfnfO{ sf/afxLsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg' kg]{ ;fy} g]kfn ;/sf/n] nfu" u/]sf] cf/If0fsf] gLltnfO{ INGO, NGO / lghL If]qn] klg cjnDag ug]{ u/fpg] Joj:yf ug]{, To;}u/L u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;:yfx¿af6 ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{x¿df bf]xf]/f]kg gx'g] u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ lglZrt 9fFrf agfO{ ;/sf/sf] lgodgsf/L e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

3= ;¿jf, a9'jfdf /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] x:tIf]k x6fpg pRr kb:y sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;ldlt agfO{ oL sfd pQm ;ldltnfO{ lbg] / s]jn gLlt lgdf{0fsf] e"ldsfdfdfq /fhgLlt1nfO{ s]lGb|t ug]{ .

ª= dGqfnodf ;Nnfxsf/x¿sf] lgo'lQm ubf{ ;]jf leqaf6 x'g g;Sg] ljz]if1 k/fdz{sf nflu dfq ug]{ / pgLx¿nfO{ sfof{nosf] uf]kgLotfdf kx'Fr gx'g] u/L cfrf/ ;+lxtf tof/ u/L nfu' ug{] .

r= ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ glthfd'vL agfpg æk|lqmofd'vLÆ Joj:yfaf6 æ;]jfu|fxL s]lGb|tÆ / ægful/sd'vLÆ ;+/rgf / sfo{k|0ffnLtkm{ pGd'v u/fpg] .

!)= lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;an agfpg] ;DaGwdf

s= ;¿jf cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg] / lglZrt ;dofjlw k'u]kl5 cfjZostf cg'¿k ;¿jf ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

v= ;lrj a9'jfdf b'O{ ltxfOsf] ;§f @%Ü dfq yk l;kmfl/; ug]{ .

u= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @$3 -!_ cg';f/ sfo{ cg'ejsf] cfwf/df ljz]if a9'jf k|fKt u/]sf JolQmx¿sf] xsdf cfjZos z}lIfs of]Uotf k'u]sfnfO{ dfq ;f] kb / Joj;fosf] sfdsf] lhDdf lbg] t/ of]Uotf gk'u]sf] eP kb -h:tf] ejg clws[t÷;8s clws[t x'g;Sg] t/ k|fljlws kb OlGhlgo/ jf 8fS6/sf] kb\jL lbg gldNg]_ lhDd]jf/L ;fljs adf]lhds} lbg] h:t}M MBBS u/]sf] d]l8sn clws[tn] dfq kf]i6d6{d ug{ kfpg] /x]5 eg] d]l8sn

638

clws[tdf :jtM a9'jf ePsf t/ MBBS sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf gePsf JolQmnfO{ ;f] sfo{ ug{ glbg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

3= cWoog labf nufotsf cGo labfx¿sf ;DaGwdf lglZrt dfkb08 tof/ ug]{, () lbg;Dd labf :jLs[t gu/fO{ a:g] lghfdtL sd{rf/L tyf ^) lbg;Dd labf :jLs[t gu/fO{ a:g] :jf:Yo ;]jfsf sd{rf/L tyf !% lbg;Dd labf :jLs[t gu/fO{ a:g] lzIff ;]jf cGtu{tsf] lzIfsnfO{ ;f] Dofb gf£gf;fy tTsfn sf/jfxL ug]{ . o;/L ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug]{ lg0f{o ubf{ l6Kk0fLaf6 geO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt / k|zf;sLo cbfntn] hf/L u/]sf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd k|rlnt sfg"gsf] /Lt k'¥ofO{ krf{ v8f u/L ug]{ . o:tf] /Lt gk'¥ofO{ sf/jfxL ug{] kbflwsf/Lsf] ToxL cg'¿k sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg 36fpg] k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

ª= sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg nfO{ j:t''ut agfpg dGqfno tyf ;]jf ;d"xut cfwf/df km/s–km/s d"NofÍg cfwf/ to ug]{, P]g tyf lgodfjnLn] u/]sf] Joj:yf cg'¿k sfo{ljj/0f clgjfo{ ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg], sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍgdf ;]jfu|fxL ;Gt'li6 ;j]{If0f kmf/fd h:tf k[i7kf]if0fsf cf}hf/x¿nfO{ ;d]t cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lng] .

r= /fHoaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] k|d'v lgofds lgsfox¿df hgzlQm / ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Go"gtf /x]sf sf/0f lgodgsf/L sfo{x¿ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg g;s]sf] eGg] /x]sfn] lgodgsf/L lgsfox¿– vfB k|lalw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu, cf}ifwL Joj:yf ljefu, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg ljefu h:tf lgsfox¿df b/aGbL yk ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf]n] ;f]sf lglDt ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f sfo{ cl3 a9fpg] .

5= sd{rf/Lx¿sf] dgf]jn pRr agfO{ ;]jf k|jfxdf u'0f:t/Lotf sfod ug{ a[lQ k|0ffnL nfu" u/L ;]jf k|jfx / a[lQ ljsf;sf] aLr ;Lwf ;DaGw sfod ug'{ kg]{ Pj+ sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ oyfy{k/s, a:t'ut / j}1flgs agfpg ;"rs+fs ;lxtsf] sfo{ ljj/0f agfO{ glthf / ;"rsf+ssf cfwf/df d"NofÍg ug]{ Joj:yf nfu" ul/g' kg]{ .

h= lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfly{s of]hgf ;d"x u7g ug]{ / ;f] ;d"xdf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L, of]hgf clws[t, sfo{sf/L clws[t nufot cGo ;DalGwt lj1x¿ ;d]tnfO{ ;d]l6g' kg]{ .

em= uf=lj=;=x¿nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;a} uf=lj=;=x¿df clgjfo{¿kdf ;lrj, k|fljlws nufot n]vf sd{rf/L / cGo ;xfos sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{ . o;/L Joj:yf ubf{ tTsfn uf=lj=;=x¿nfO{ auL{s/0f u/L ¿= %) nfv;Dd ah]6 x'g] uf=lj=;=df vl/bf/:t/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ v6fpg], ¿= %) nfvb]lv ! s/f]8;Dd ah]6 x'g] uf=lj=;=df gf=;'= :t/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ v6fpg] / ¿= ! s/f]8eGbf dfly ah]6 x'g] uf=lj=;=df zfvf clws[t:t/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ v6fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ / ;lrjx¿nfO{ ljz]if tflnd k|lzIf0f lbO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf nufpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

639

!!= ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ;DaGwdf

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQmdf /x]sf] /fhgLlts x:tIf]k Pj+ To:tf ;+:yfx¿df cfkm\gf sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ etL{ ug]{ kl/kf6Ln] ubf{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] etL{s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] / ;/sf/af6 ePsf] nufgLsf] Jofks b'¿kof]u ePsf] eGg] u'gf;fx¿ /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L ;+:yfgdflysf] /fhgLlts x:tIf]k /f]Sg df}h'bf Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ u/L ;Ifd JolQmx¿sf] 5gf}6, ;¿jf, a9'jfsf] nflu tTsfn ;+:yfg ;]jf cfof]usf] u7g u/L sd{rf/L Pj+ Joj:yfkssf] 5gf}6 ug]{ Joj:yf nfu" ug]{ .

!@= 5fqa[lQ ;DaGwdf

g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|bfg ul/g] ljleGg 5fqa[lQsf] nflu ul/g] dgf]gogdf lglZrt dfkb08 gePsf] sf/0f kbdf /x]sf JolQmx¿sf] dgf]ut cfwf/df cfkmGt / glhssf JolQmx¿nfO{ 5fqa[lQsf] nflu dgf]gog ul/g] ul/Psf] eGg] u'gf;f] /x]sf] ;Gbe{df 5fqa[lQsf] nflu dgf]gogdf kf/blz{tf sfod ug{ dgf]gogsf cfwf/x¿ lglZrt u/L j}1flgs / kf/bzL{ dfkb08 agfO{ To;sf] cfwf/df 5fqj[lQdf dgf]gog ug{ Joj:yf ug{] .

!#= ;'/Iff ;DaGwdf

;'/Iff lgsfodf b/aGbL l;h{gf ubf{ xr'jfsf] cfwf/df b/aGbL l;h{gf x'g] u/]sf] eGg] u'gf;f] /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;'/Iff lgsfodf b/aGbL l;h{gf ubf{ ef}uf]lns cj:yf / hg;+VofnfO{ ljrf/ u/L lglZrt dfkb08 agfO{ b/aGbL l;h{gf ug'{ kg]{ . o;/L b/jGbL yk ubf{ sfo{:yndf sfd ug]{ hgzlQmsf] b/jGbL yk ug]{ . o;}u/L ;'/Iff Joj:yfnfO{ dha'b agfpg g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an / /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ ;dGjofTds ¿kdf kl/rfng ug]{ .

!$= ;]jf s/f/nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ ;DaGwdf

;]jf s/f/sf] ;xL ¿kdf ;b'kof]u x'g g;s]sf] / ;/sf/L cf]xbfdf /x]sf pRr kb:y JolQmx¿sf] eg;'gdf s/f/df lgo'Qm ug]{ / To:tf JolQmx¿sf] s/f/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/xg] kl/kf6L /x]sf] eGg] u'gf;f] /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;]jf s/f/ lng ;lsg] ;]jfx¿sf] ls6fg u/L ;f]sf] sfo{ljlw tof/ u/]/ x/]s sfof{nosf sfdnfO{ d'Vo sfd / ;xfos sfddf ljefhg u/L sfdsf] k|s[lt 5'6\ofO{ ;xfos sfdnfO{ s/f/of]Uo sfd dfgL Ps jif{nfO{ rf/ v08df ljefhg u/L k|To]s v08df Ps rf}yfO{ sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf s/f/ lng] u/L ;]jf s/f/nfO{ Jojl:yt ul/g' kg]{ .

!%= /fhgLlts lgo'lQmsf ;DaGwdf

/fhgLlts lgo'lQmn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ bnLos/0fsf] k|efjdf /fv]sfn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ pQ/bfoL / hgd'vL agfpg sl7g eO/x]sf] eGg] cj:yf /x]sfn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf If]qdf ul/g] /fhgLlts lgo'lQmsf ;DaGwdf l;kmfl/; ug{ ;DalGwt If]qsf lj1 ;lxt ;dfhdf pRr / :jR5 5lj agfPsf JolQmx¿ /xg] u/L

640

l;kmfl/; ;ldlt u7g u/L ;f] ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df lgo'lQm ul/g] gLlt cjnDag ug]{ .

!^= ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ;DaGwdf

zx/L If]qsf cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/x¿ vfg]kfgL, ;8s, 9n, 6]lnkmf]g, ljB't ;]jfx¿sf ;]jf k|bfos lgsfox¿aLr cf–cfkm\gf ljifo ;Da4 of]hgfx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ;DAfGwdf plrt ;dGjo x'g g;s]sf sf/0f o:tf ;]jfx¿sf] cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/sf] nfut a9\g uPsf] ;fy} o:tf ;]jfx¿sf] PsLs[t of]hgf tof/ x'g g;Sbf zx/L If]qsf cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/sf If]qx¿df k|lts"ntf l;h{gf ePsf] ;Gbe{df o:tf lgsfox¿ aLr ;dGjo u/L PsLs[t sfo{of]hgf ;lxt sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

!&= j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;DaGwdf

uGtJo d'n'sx¿df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] pkl:ylt k|efjsf/L agfpg g;lsPaf6 g]kfnL gful/sx¿n] kL8f ef]Ug' k/]sf]n] g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿sf] k|d'v uGtJo :ynx¿dWo] %))) eGbf a9L sfdbf/ /x]sf] b]zdf >d ;xrf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / k|To]s yk !)))) sfdbf/sf nflu Ps sd{rf/L /xg] u/L sNof0fsf/L clws[tx¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{ tyf k|To]s uGtJo d'n'sdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf Pshgf dlxnf sd{rf/L sNof0fsf/L clws[t /fVg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

!*= cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo ;DaGwdf

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g cGtu{t pBf]u ljefu, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu / 3/]n' pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt dftxtsf lgsfox¿af6 pBf]u btf{ ubf{ :ynut ¿kdf lg/LIf0f u/]/ dfq btf{ ug{] / o;/L btf{ x'g] pBf]un] tf]s]sf] zt{ tyf dfkb08 adf]lhd sfd u/] gu/] ;DaGwdf sfo{:ynsf] ;d]t lgoldt cg'udg u/L To;sf] k|ltj]bg tfn's ljefudf cBfjlws ¿kdf k7fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

!(= cj}w ¿kdf ;~rflnt pBf]u ;DaGwdf

s= k|rlnt sfg"gn] tf]s] adf]lhdsf lgsfox¿af6 Ohfht k|fKt gu/L u}/ sfg"gL ¿kdf dfkb08 lj¿4 ;~rflnt qm;/ nufotsf pBf]ux¿n] /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;Dkbfdf uDeL/ Iflt k'¥ofPsf] sf/0f tTsfn aGb ug]{ .

v= r'/] If]q nufot jg hËnsf] ;+/If0f ug{ r'/] / jg hËndf % lsnf]ld6/leq s'g} klg pBf]u ;~rfng ug{ glbg] Joj:yfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L s8fOsf ;fy To;sf] kl/kfngf ug]{ u/fpg] .

@)= ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ;DaGwdf

s= ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿df b/aGbL yk ug]{, s6fpg] tyf :t/f]Gglt ug]{ ;DaGwdf :ki6 cfwf/ / dfkb08 to ug]{ .

v= ;/sf/L lgsfox¿df b/aGbL yKg] jf s6fpg] sfo{ k|To]s cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf clGtd 6'Ëf] nufO;Sg] u/]/dfq b/jGbLsf] cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{ .

@!= ljljw

641

s= g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof Ps s/f]8 krf; nfv x'Fbf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL Ps nfv b'O{ xhf/ /x]sf]df ;f]nfO{ 36fO{ xfn &) xhf/dfq /x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof a[l4 eO{ b'O{ s/f]8 rf};¶L nfv k'lu;s]sf] cj:yfdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL sd eO{ hgtfnfO{ ;]jf k|jfx ug{ sl7gfO{ x'g uPsf] eGg] /x]sf]n] ljBdfg b/jGbLsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ .

v= ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 lgdf{0f ul/g] ;a} ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0fsf ;DaGwdf s'g} lglZrt dfkb08 gePsf] sf/0f Jofks ¿kdf /fHosf] >f]t ;fwgsf] b'¿kof]u ePsf] eGg] u'gf;f] /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f ;DaGwL lglZrt dfkb08 agfO{ nfu" ug]{ .

u= Gofodf cfd hgtfsf] ;xh kx'Fr clea[l4 ug{ Goflos k|lqmofsf ljlwx¿ ;/n agfpgsf ;fy} Goflos ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ljjfb ;dfwfgsf j}slNks pkfo cGt/ut d]nldnfksf] Joj:yfnfO{ a9L k|fyldstf lbg] gLlt lnO{ ;f] cg'¿ksf] k"jf{wf/x¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ .

3= b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t'' tyf ;]jf lgoldt / ;xh¿kdf cfk"lt{ x'g] Joj:yf ldnfO{ pkef]Qmfsf] lxt ;+/If0f ug{ b|"t Gofo k4lt -kmfi6 6«ofs hl:6; l;:6d_ sf] ;d]t cjnDag ug]{ .

ª= dfgj clwsf/sf] ljifonfO{ ;a} If]qut ljifo, ljsf; gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmdx¿df ;dfj]z u/L dfgj clwsf/ d}qL /fHo Joj:yfsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] sfg"gL Joj:yf / sfo{ k|0ffnL cjnDag ug]{ .

r= ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0fsf sfo{ ug]{ pkef]Qmf ;ldltdf clgoldttf al9/x]sf] eGg] u'gf;f]sf] ;Gbe{df pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL agfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ug]{ .

5= g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿sf] lgdf{0f / Joj:yfkgdf Ps¿ktf gePsf], g]kfn ;/sf/sf kbflwsf/LnfO{ lbOg] ;'ljwfdf ;d]t Ps¿ktf gePsf] cj:yf b]lvPsf] egL ljleGg lgsfoaf6 u'gf;f] cfPsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn ;/sf/sf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] dof{bfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L ;/sf/L sfof{no, ;f]sf] ;hfj6, uf8L ;'ljwf / cfjf;df ;d]t Pp6f dfkb08 agfO{ kbLo dof{bfsf] cfwf/df ;jf/L ;fwgsf] :t/ / cGo ;'ljwfdf lglZrttf x'g' kg]{ . ;fy} g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfno, cfof]u, sfof{nox¿df /x]sf k'/fgf ;jf/L ;fwgsf] dd{t ;Def/ / lnnfdLsf] nflu ;lrj >L o'j/fh e'iffnsf] ;+of]hsTjdf @)^% ;fndf ul7t ;ldltn] lbPsf] k|ltj]bg adf]lhd ug]{ .

h= åGå k|efljtx¿sf nflu /fxt, kl/k'/0f, k'gM :yfkgsf sfo{nfO{ pRr k|fyldsLs/0fdf /fVg] / ;dfhdf x'g;Sg] åGåsf sf/s tTjx¿nfO{ oyf ;dodf klxrfg u/L lbuf] zflGt agfO /fVg] .

em= k|zf;sLo ;'zf;gsf lglDt /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf aLrsf] ;DaGw / ;LdfnfO{ :ki6 u/L Jofj;flostfsf] dfGotfdf ;~rfng x'g] u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;'lglZrt ub}{ k|ljlw d}qL k|zf;gsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

642

`= cfly{s ;'zf;gsf lglDt ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gdf ;'wf/ ug'{sf ;fy} ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkgsf k|lqmofx¿nfO{ kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ agfpg] .

6= ufpF ufpFdf bnLo xf]8afhLsf cfwf/df af6f]3f6f] aGg yfn]sfn] ;d:of a9]sf] eGg] u'gf;f] /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;8s÷af6f] agfpg] s]Gb|Lo gLlt :ki6 x'g'kg]{]{ .

7= ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf /xg] ;b:ox¿sf] of]Uotf / bfloTj k|i6 gx'Fbf bnLo efuj08faf6 ;ldltdf cof]Uo dflg;x¿ cfpg] u/]sf] eGg] u'gf;f]sf ;Gbe{df ;ldltdf /xg] ;b:ox¿sf] :ki6 of]Uotf / bfloTj ls6fg ug'{sf ;fy} lgoldt -;fKtflxs÷kflIfs÷dfl;s_ ¿kdf ljBfno cg'udg ug]{ / ;f] sf] k|ltj]bg lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf lbg'kg]{ ;d]t Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ .

8= g]kfn ;/sf/n] dlxnf, blnt tyf cflbjf;L hghfltsf nflu egL 5'6\ofPsf] /sd ;DalGwt nlIft ;d'bfodf gk'uL bnLo ;xdltdf cGoq} k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] eGg] u'gf;f]sf] ;Gbe{df ;/sf/n] tf]s]adf]lhdsf] /sd, k|ltzt ;d]t v'nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;'gjfO{ tyf ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfåf/f hgtfdf ;';"lrt u/fpg] Joj:yf :yfgLo txdf u/L nlIft ;d'bfodf k'¥ofpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

9= ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQfx¿ nlIft ju{sf]df k'Ug g;s]sf], b'¿kof]u ePsf], k'u] klg ;dodf gk'u]sf] h:tf u'gf;f]x¿ cfPsf] ;Gbe{df ;fdflhs ;r]tgf j[l4 sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{, k|rf/ k|;f/sf ;fdu|Lx¿ k|zf/0f ug]{ / nlIft ;d'bfonfO{ g} ;r]t u/fpg], ;fdflhs eQf b'¿kof]u ug]{nfO{ s8f sf/jfxL ug]{ tyf tf]lsPsf ;fdflhs eQfsf] /sdx¿ s]Gb|af6 ;DalGwt If]q÷ lhNnf÷ uf=lj=;=x¿df ;dodf g} k'Ug]÷k'¥ofpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ ;fy} cg'udg / Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;d]t ah]6sf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

0f= ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ / ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] k|fyldsLs/0fsf] :ki6 9fFrf tof/ u/L hg;+Vofsf] If]qLo ;Gt'ng glalu|g] u/L a;fO ;/fOnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ sfo{ ;+rfng ug]{ .

t= sltko 36gfqmdaf6 ;dfhdf ljj]s / g}ltstf u'Db} uPsf] l:ylt b]lvbf g}ltstfnfO{ k|a4{g ug]{ lzIffdf hf]8 lb+b} lzIff k|bfosx¿ ;]jfu|fxL k|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g] lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L PsLs[t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff gLlt agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

y= ;du| zf;sLo Joj:yfdf u'0ffTds x«f; cfO/x]sf]n] zf;sLo ;'wf/sf sfo{qmd th'{df u/L To;nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿jdf nfu" ug]{ .

b= o; k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldltn] @)^(.!!.* df ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL ;dIf tTsfn ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf k]z u/]sf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgsf ljifox¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug'{ u/fpg' kg]{ .