la cuenca amazonica
TRANSCRIPT
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Cambio Climático
Necesitamos Los Bosques Amazónicos
1st April, 2008
CaracasVenezuela
Peter Bunyard, MA., FLS
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LA CUENCA AMAZONICA
Un factor clave en la búsqueda de cómo controlar el calentamiento
global.
Un punto crítico, pero no tomado en cuenta.
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Funciones de los Bosques Amazónicas
1.Absorción de CO2
2.El mantenimiento de ciclo hídrico
3.Un sistema vital de trasladar energía
4.Sostener la biodiversidad
5.Territorio Indígena
6.Componente vital para el reciclaje de nutrientes
7.El mantenimiento de la composición atmósferica
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Impactos con la pérdida de bosques amazónicos
1.Emisiones de CO2
2.Reducción en evapo-transpiración
3.Pérdida de nutrientes
4.Reducción en el transporte de energía
5.Incremento (10°
C) en la temperatura de los suelos
6.Colapso del ciclo hídrico
7.Falta en las lluvias
8.Desertificación
9.Supresión del teleconexiónes
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Actualidades
Cuanto hemos perdido? (20 per
cent?)
Los bosques amazónicos tienen 80 giga-toneladas de carbono, igual a 12
por ciento del contenido en la atmósfera.
Es necesario de preocuparnos?
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Bolivia
September
2007
Thousands
of
fires.
Parallels
with
2005?
Leticia/Tabatinga
The
air
filled
with
smoke.
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Road and Edge fires, South Para August 2007
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Fires over South America, during September 2007, as measured by carbon monoxide (CO). Light yellow signifies little to no contamination; dark red, strong contamination.
Grey signifies areas where measurements were not made.
The CO column density is measured in terms of 1018 molecules per cm2. A measurement of 4 is high.
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Tropical Forest Destruction
Forest fires in Mato
GrossoSatellite image from Earth Observatory, NASA, credited Jacques Desdoitres, NASA GFSC
According to a 2006 study by NASA scientists:The rate of Amazon destruction correlates with the market price of soya.2007: Soya prices rising fast, largely due to biofuel expansion:
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Bosques
talados
y quemados
para
campos
de soya.
26.000 Km2 en 200426.000 Km2 en 2004
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African Palm in Indonesia is putting paid to the last vestiges of forest.
Greenhouse gas emissions from the destruction and burning of forests worldwide amounts to as much as one third of global emissions from all sources.
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La ganadería, una causa importante
de la pérdida de bosques humedos
tropicales en Latin
America.
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La ganadería y la
agricultura.
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Deforestación
en el
Putumayo de Colombia.
El año
2005, cuando
la cuenca
sufría
una
sequia
sin precedencia.
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Leticia, agosto
2005
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Agosto
2005.
El Rio Amazonas
con humo
y susniveles
mas
bajosque
nunca.
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CUENCA AMAZONICA: Lo que ha venido sucediendo en la cuenca y sus afectados.
Brasil, 2005.
Encallado
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Muertos por
falta
de oxígeno
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Hurricane Katrina, August 2005, bearing down on New Orleans. In 2005, ocean warming spawned exceptionally strong hurricanes and more of them, the tally being 28 severe tropical storms and 15 hurricanes, 3 of them, including Katrina in category 5.
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A shrimp boat finds its way 6
miles inland
after being carried there by
the storm surge in the wake
of Hurricane Katrina.
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Thunder Horse, a semi-
submersible platform owned by BP, listing as a result of Hurricane Dennis in July 2005. During that year a total of 457 pipeline installations and 113 offshore platforms were destroyed in the Gulf of Mexico.
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La Cuenca Amazónica y su hidrología en relación con la pérdida de bosques.
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El desarrollo de la Cuenca!
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2025 2050 2080
Had
CM
3 N
CA
RGCM Projections
Tem
pera
tura
-°∆
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Roni Avissar
The
Amazon Basin
drives
weather systems
around
the
world
Journal of
Hydrometeorology
April
2005
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Laguna de la Cocha: Parte importante de la Cuenca
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El Putumayo, November
2005.
Aunque
la región
sufría
de sequia, los
árboles
sigan
con su
evapo-
transpiración. También, se
producen
CCNs, nuclei para
la condensación
de agua
vapor.
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También la vida óceanica
es el origin
de CCNs
CoccolithophoresEmiliania huxleyii
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Coccolithophore
Blooms
off the
southwest
coast of
Ireland
and
in the
Bering Straits
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LOS VIENTOS ALISIOS Y LA ZONA DE CONVERGENCIA INTERTROPICAL
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CIRCULACIÓN ATMOSFÉRICA DESDE EL POLO HACIA EL ECUADOR
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SEALAND
ANDES
MOUNTAINS Evaporation
Rain RainRain
Rain
Up to 75% of rainfall is recycled by Amazonian forests throughevapotranspiration. In the Brazilian Amazon no more than 25%of rainfall finds its way into the Amazon River. Water vapourcarried in the air fuels the Hadley Circulation and therefore helpsdrive the Trade Winds
Evapotranspiration
CUMULO-NIMBUS CLOUDS
AMAZON BASIN
Rain
Rain
6 million million tonnes evapotranspired over Brazilian Amazon
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EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION74.1%
GROUNDWATER25.9%
RAIN100%
RECYCLING OF WATER-THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON
6x1012 Cubic metres of water recycled/year
After Salati et al.
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ENHANCED RAIN
HUMID AIR FROM FORESTHUMID AIR FROM FOREST
Small clearing
DRY AIR DESCENDING DRY AIR DESCENDING
Forest intact
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DRY AIR DESCENDING
DIMINISHED CLOUD COVER
DYING FORESTDIMINISHING
HUMIDITYDIMINISHING
HUMIDITY
DRY AIR DESCENDING
Large clearing
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The Critical Point inDeforestation
SmallClearings Critical Point
LargeClearings
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.60 20 40 60 80 100
Avissar
Linear
Inverse
Deforestation %
Rel
ati v
e P
r eci
pit a
t io n
(Werth, Avissar)
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Las Tele-conexiónes. Los EEUU está
en negocio con Brasil para bio-diesel derivado de Soya. Pero, la soya rompe el ciclo hídrico
y, sin bosques amazónicos, el cinturón dorado de los EEUU, donde se sembran
maiz
para el etanol, no reciberá
sus lluvias primaverales.
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20,000 millones de toneladas de agua están evapo-transpiradas cada día sobre la Amazonia
Brasileira, comparada a 17,000
millones de toneladas que vierten en el Océano Atlántico.
La energía para la evapo-transpiración diario es equivalente a toda la producción de Itaipú, la represa para la hídro-
electricidad mas grande en el mundo, para 135 años.
(personal communication, Antonio Nobre)
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La evapo-transpiración sobre los 5 millones de kilometros cuadrados de la Amazonia Brasileira está generada por 2.0 x 1022 joules de energía solar cada año, equivalente a 0.5% de la totalidad de la energía solar recibida a la tierra, y 45 veces mas energía usada cada año por los seres humanos. (13 terawatts).
La Energía
de Evapo-transpiración
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Using data for five terrestrial transects of the international Geosphere
Biosphere Program
A. M. Makarieva
and V. G. Gorshkov
of the St Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute show that:
1. the mean distance to which the passive geophysical air fluxes can transport moisture over non-forested areas, does not exceed several hundred kilometres.
2. Without forests, precipitation decreases exponentially with distance from the ocean.
HYDROLOGY NEEDS THE RAINFOREST
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3. Extensive natural forests enable precipitation over several thousand kilometres from the oceanic prevailing winds, as illustrated for the Amazon and Yenisey
river basins and Equatorial
Africa. This points to the existence of an active biotic pump transporting atmospheric moisture inland from the ocean.
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4. Owing to the high leaf area index, natural forests maintain high transpiration fluxes, which support the ascending air motion over the forest and “suck in”
moist air from the ocean, which is
the essence of the biotic pump of atmospheric moisture.
5. In the result, the gravitational runoff water losses from the optimally moistened forest soil can be fully compensated by the biotically
enhanced precipitation at any distance from the ocean.
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6. Replacement of the natural forest cover by a low leaf index vegetation leads to an up to tenfold reduction in mean continental precipitation and runoff.
7. The analyzed body of evidence testifies that the long-term stability of an intense terrestrial water cycle is unachievable without the recovery of natural, self-
sustaining forests on continent-wide areas.
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4000 Kms0
Atlantic Andes
Distance
Rainfall
with forest
without forest
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Los Modelos Climáticos deben incluir el Ciclo Hídrico de la Cuenca Amazónica
1.No es suficiente de considerar los emisiones de gases invernaderos por la pérdida de los bosques. También, debemos tomar en cuenta el rol climático de la región.
2.Sin los bosques de la cuenca, países como Colombia pueden perder 60% o mas de sus lluvias.
3.Los páramos reciben sus lluvias cortesía de los bosques amazónicos. Los ríos, como el Orinoco, el Caquetá, el Putumayo, el Napo, el Magdalena, dependen de agua vapor trasladado por los bosques.
4.El estado de Sao Paulo en Brasil recibe 75% de sus lluvias por la circulación amazónica. Argentina 50%.
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Es necesario concientizar a la gente.
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Familias GUARDABOSQUES of
the
Kamsá, Valle de Sibundoy
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Sin los bosques amazónicos podemos perder la Laguna de la Cocha y su biodiversidad
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Permitiremos la sustitución de los bosques
con la palma?
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In 2006 the
New
Economics
(UK) Foundation
found
that
global consumption
levels
pushed
the
world
into
"ecological
debt" on
9 October.
By 2007 we
were
in debt
three
days
earlier.
Ecological
debt
means
that
our
demands
exceed
the
Earth's
ability
to
supply
resources
and
absorb
the
demands
placed upon
it.
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El Informe del Británico Nicholas Stern ha declarado que un incremento de la temperatura
en mas de 3°C
pueda resultar en:
1.Un incremento de metros en el nivel del mar.2.Sequias
prolongadas
3.Tempestades y inundación4. Pérdida de los arrecifes5.Pérdida de glaciares 6.Extinción de especias7.Cambios hídricos severos con impactos sobre la agricultura8.Pérdidas económicas9.Refugios ambientales (millones cada año)
Concentración de CO2
-
560 ppm
en 60 años? Hace 2 siglos 280 ppm
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Y si seguimos con nuestras actividades repaces? Habrá
una tierra
en la cual podamos sobrevivir?
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LO QUE OCURRIRÁ
EN LOS PRÓXIMOS.
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LO QUE OCURRIRÁ
EN LOS PRÓXIMOS.
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Our
Planet
in the
centuries
to
come?
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O debemos esperar hasta que llegue alguien del cielo para salvarnos?
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