lab 525 online lesson
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Lab 525 ONLINE LESSON. If viewing this lesson in Powerpoint Use down or up arrows to navigate. Do take notes as we peruse through this lesson…. Radiometric Dating. A question that is often asked… How old is the earth?. And the answer is…. Pretty Old. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Lab 525 ONLINE
LESSON
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If viewing this lesson in Powerpoint
Use down or up arrows to navigate
![Page 3: Lab 525 ONLINE LESSON](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681418e550346895dad77c2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Do take notes as we peruse through this
lesson…
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Radiometric Dating
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A question that is often asked…
How old is the earth?
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And the answer is…
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Pretty Old
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Radiometric dating is the process of
measuring the age of rocks
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By measuring the age of rocks, geologists can determine the age of a number of geologic events...
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To include the age of the earth!!!
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Radiometric dating is based on the concept of radioactivity…the disintegration (falling apart) of atoms
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What is an atom?
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An atom is the smallest particle in the universe
with a distinct set of chemical
characteristics…..
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An atom is a structure…it is a package of particles
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Everything in the universe is comprised of atoms…bicycles
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Cellphones
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Dumbasses
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Everything
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An atom is comprised of three basic components
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ATOM
PPROTON (positively charged)
NNEUTRON (neutral)
e-ELECTRON (negatively charged)
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e-
NUCLEUS
The electron orbits the nucleus which contains the protons and neutrons
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RULE: The number of protons determines the chemical identity
of an element
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For instance… -all Hydrogen contains 1 proton… -all Helium contains 2 protons… -all Uranium contains 92 protons…
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Element = a substance that cannot be broken
down into other substances by chemical
means…
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For instance… Hydrogen is an element Helium is an element Uranium is an element
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CARBON
12C
Carbon-12 is a species of carbon…
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CARBON
12C
It contains 6 protons and 6 neutrons…for a total of 12 particles in the nucleus
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CARBON
14C
Carbon-14 is another species of carbon…
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CARBON
14C
Carbon-14 contains 6 protons but 8 neutrons…for a total of 14 particles…
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CARBON
14C
The neutron count may vary but the proton count remains the same…6 protons…
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SO: The number of protons determines the chemical identity
of an element
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Decay types are part of Radioactivity …
there are three types to be concerned
with…
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DECAY TYPES
ALPHA
BETA
ELECTRON CAPTURE
e-
P P
P
P
N N
N
N
e-
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DECAY TYPES
ALPHA P P
N N
2 protons and 2 neutrons are thrown out of the nucleus…this reduces the number of protons and thus changes the element…
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DECAY TYPES
BETAe-
PN
A neutron turns into a proton
This will change the element
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DECAY TYPES
ELECTRON CAPTURE
P N
e-
A proton turns into a neutron
This will change the element
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With all 3 decay types…elements will
change their chemical identity because of the change in the
number of protons…
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A common decay series is
238U/206Pb
URANIUM = PARENT
LEAD = DAUGHTER
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A decay series is the progression of the disintegration of
elements…a start to finish process…
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This beginning to end process is the essence of radiometric dating…
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238U92
For instance… Uranium 238 is a parent element and it decays over time to to Lead 206…
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238U92
The decay process starts out with 92 protons and 146 neutrons for a total of 238 particles in the nucleus…
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238U92
And includes a series of steps before uranium turns into lead…
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238U92
2 protons and 2 neutrons are ejected from the nucleus and changes the element… uranium to thorium
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234Th90
A neutron is converted to a proton and changes thorium to paladium…
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234Pa91
And so on and so on…
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234U92
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230Th90
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226Ra88
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222Rn86
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218Po84
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214Pb82
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214Bi84
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214Po84
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210Pb82
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210Po84
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206Pb82
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Through a series of steps…uranium is changed to lead…
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So how does radiometric dating allow geologists to date rocks?
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A rock is found in the field…an igneous rock…
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It is formed as a result of melted material from the interior of the planet…
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That eventually cooled…
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The minerals inside the rock solidified with some radioactive material inside the crystals…
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Radioactive elements started at 100% parent material (dark blue dots)…
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Then over time…the parent material decayed to daughter material (light blue dots) one atom at a time…
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Over time a reduction of parent material will occur as well as an increase of daughter material
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Principally, this means that we can make a ratio between parent material and daughter material…
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This ratio can be placed into an equation…
ln(n0/nt)(100000000)
T =0.0154
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ln(n0/nt)(100000000)
T =
“nt” Original amount of parent material
“n0” Leftover amount of parent material (daughter amount subtracted from parent material)
0.0154
“T” Age of a rock
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The bean counting exercise involves counting brown beans which represents parent material nt
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The amount of parent material nt is determined by counting the total number of beans…brown and white…
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The white beans represent daughter material… n0 is calculated by number of brown beans
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ln(n0/nt)(100000000)
T =
Values are then placed into this
equation
0.0154
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ln(n0/nt)(100000000)
T =
And the age of a rock can be calculated…
0.0154
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ln(n0/nt)(100000000)
T =
This is referred to as absolute time…
0.0154
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Absolute time is used in concert with a
Relative Time Scale…
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Periods such as Cretaceous and Jurassic are relative time periods…
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Meaning one period is older or younger than another period…
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Cretaceous rocks are younger than Jurassic rocks…
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Ordovician rocks are older than Triassic rocks…
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A Relative Time scale is older at the bottom
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And younger at the top…
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The Relative Time scale was developed to show the relationship of sedimentary rocks…
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Superimposed relative to each other…
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The Relative Time scale was developed with no absolute time values…
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However, with radiometric dating…real absolute time values can be assigned to each relative time period…
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Geologic Time Scale…