scott moliver Reproductive system: anatomical structures, gametogenesis, histology, and info about STDs Male reproductive anatomical structures Structure (in order) Function State of spermatozoa Seminiferous tubules Produce spermatozoa Immature Epididymis Store sperm to maturation Mature but inactive Vas deferens Pass sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct Mature but inactive Ejaculatory duct Junction of vas deferens and seminal vesicle Pushes semen into the urethra Prostate gland Injects sperm activating liquid into the urethra Active Urethra Exit point of sperm—prostate gland joins with urethra FINAL Female reproductive anatomical structures Structure (in order) Function Ovaries Egg storage Oviduct Carry the egg to the uterus Uterus Egg is stored as it grows Cervix Opening of the uterus leads to vagina Vagina Point of passage for the baby Vulva Opening of the female reproductive system Gametogenesis Spermatogensis Product in male 1

Spermatogonium 1 Primary

spermatocyte 2 Secondary spermatocyte 4 Spermatids 4

Spermatozoa 1 Zygote

Process Mitosis Meiosis I Meiosis II Differentiation Fertilization # of chromosomes Diploid—2n Diploid—2n Haploid—n Haploid—n Haploid—n Diploid—

2n Oogenesis

Product in female Oogonia 1 Primary oocyte 1 Secondary oocyte 1 Zygote 2 Polar body

Process Move to the ovary Meiosis I Meiosis I + II

Produced by the second cells from

1) the primary oocyte’s division

2) fertilized cells’ division

Stop process Prophase I Metaphase II

Period to resume 1 oocyte every 28 days After fertilization

# of chromosomes Diploid—2n Diploid—2n Haploid—n Diploid—46

STD Info Bacterial 1) Chlamydia 2) Gonorrhea 3) Syphilis

Viral 1) Hepatitis A, B, C 2) Genital Herpes 3) HIV/AIDS 4) HPV—most common

Parasitic

Trichomoniasis

scott moliver Oogonium Primary Oocyte

Secondary Oocyte Polar body

Leydig cells Seminiferous tubules

scott moliver Genetics/Gel electrophoresis: understanding restriction enzymes and what they do, and interpreting DNA fragments on a gel - how fragment patterns relate to alleles, and fragment/gene size estimation from the gel. Restriction enzyme—is an enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific recognition point in a nucleotide sequence, restriction sites. Hot spots—are locations where mutation is highly likely, area between is the point of mutation

scott moliver Nervous system: brain and eye structures, and histology. Brain structures Structure Description Longitudinal fissure

Top full, vertical line down the middle

Transverse fissure Top full, horizontal line separating cerebrum and cerebellum Cerebrum All, front half of the brain Cerebellum All, back bulby half of the brain Sulcus Top, indentations in the cerebrum cortex Gyri Top, raised folding in the cerebrum cortex Spinal cord All, extends off the medulla oblongata Medulla oblongata

All, from spinal cord to the first bump in the brain stem

Pons Bottom and half, bulb-like bump after the medulla oblongata Mammillary body Bottom and half, bulb-like bump 1/4th inch after the pons, bottom left of the triangle Optic chiasma Bottom and half, last bulb-like bump follows the mammillary body, bottom right of the triangle Thalamus Half, circle in the brain about half-way between the mammillary body and optic chiasma, top of

the triangle Hypothalamus Half, area of the brain inside of the triangle Pineal body Half, bulb inside the middle of the brain Lateral ventricle Half, fissure in the middle of the brain Corpus callosum Half, meets with the fornix (on top) to form the lateral ventricle Fornix Half, meets with corpus callosum (on bottom) to form the lateral ventricle)

scott moliver Eye Structure Sclera White covering of the eyeball Choroid Black, reflective, blood vessel containing layer inside the sclera Retina Brown loose tissue inside the choroid Blind spot/ Optic disc Point where retina joins the optic nerve Optic nerve Tube leaving the eye from the back Vitreous humor Sac containing liquid that fills the majority of the eye Aqueous humor Liquid filling the front chamber of the eye Lens Hard circle in the front of the eye, behind the pupil Ciliary body Muscle that controls the size of the lens Suspensory ligaments Attached to the ciliary body and connects to the lens Pupil Opening of the eye Iris Behind the cornea and surrounds the pupil Cornea Clear portion of the front of the eye

scott moliver Histology Spinal cord—white circle with a grey butterfly inside White matter Outside Grey matter Inside Dorsal side, horn, sulcus Side—upper half, horn—point, sulcus—area between Ventricle side, horn, sulcus Side—bottom half, horn—point, sulcus—area between Meninges Outer cells Cerebrum—looks like an eye or brown neuron filled circle White matter Inside Grey matter Outside Motor neuron smear Dendrite Finger-like extensions off the cell body Cell body Contains the nucleus Axon hillock Cone-shaped extension of the cell body that starts the axon Axon Travels from the cell body to the synaptic terminal Myelin sheath Only in white matter—covers the axon Synaptic terminal Finger-like extensions off the axon

Eye—clear distinguishable layers Sclera Pink muscle layer Choroid Mostly dark black dots Retina Interchanging dark purple n Optic nerve (9) Top pink layer Ganglion cells (8) Large purple circles, low concentration Bipolar cells (6) Smaller purple circle, high concentration Cone (4) Super-small purple circles, very high concentration Rod (2) Vertical structures at the bottom

scott moliver Muscle-skeletal systems: histology for both systems, and bone identification on a skeleton. Skeletal Muscle—striated, multi-nucleated, long un-branched tubes Cardiac Muscle—striated, intercalated disks, lightly branched tubes Smooth Muscle—not striated, woven, circular smooth muscle is horizontally oriented, longitudinal smooth muscle is vertically oriented

Bone—looks like a tree Central Canal

Dark circle in the middle

Lacuna Dark stripes that are arranged in concentric circles around the central canal

Lamellae Layers between lacuna circles Canaliculi Vertical lines off of the lacuna Dense fibrous connective tissue—pink running lines Collagenous fibers Weaving pink fibers Fibroblasts Dark ovals

Hyaline cartilage—purple homogenous mixture with floating cells Matrix Purple mixture Lacuna Floating cell Cartilage cell White and red portion in the lacuna Fibrocartilage—Starry Night cells Collagen fibers Horizontal blue and purple lines in the matrix Chondrocyte in lacuna Circles suspended by collagen fibers

scott moliver Population genetics: Understanding the basic concepts from the computer simulation - how sickle cell anemia and malaria relate, and the difference between the alleles. Also, you should know the Hardy-Weinberg equation and how to use it. NO CALCULATORS will be allowed - any calculations will be 'simple math.' The higher malaria death rates are, the more common sick cell anemia is. HbA—Standard blood allele HbB—Sickle cell mutated allele Hardy-Weinberg Equation p + q =1 p= dominant allele frequency q= recessive allele frequency At equilibrium; p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p2 = frequency of homozygous dominant 2pq= frequency of heterozygous q2 = frequency of homozygous recessive This requires:

1) Random mating 2) Large population size 3) No genetic drift 4) A set population (no mutation and new or loss of persons)