Labor ForcesLabor Forces

Chapter 12Chapter 12

Terms to KnowTerms to Know

Labor QualityLabor Quality

Labor QuantityLabor Quantity

Labor MobilityLabor Mobility

Labor MobilityLabor Mobility

1945-1970s--30 million workers1945-1970s--30 million workers Two groupsTwo groups

Foreign-bornForeign-born ForeignForeign

ImmigrationImmigration 11.5%11.5% NaturalizationNaturalization U.S. Citizenship and Immigration ServicesU.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services

Two missionsTwo missions Illegal immigrantsIllegal immigrants

American PoliciesAmerican Policies HistoryHistory Federal LawFederal Law

19211921 19651965 19861986

Visa TypesVisa Types B visaB visa E visaE visa F visaF visa H visaH visa I visaI visa J visaJ visa L visaL visa

American PoliciesAmerican Policies

Immigrant VisasImmigrant Visas Refugee/Asylum SeekersRefugee/Asylum Seekers

75 million75 million Historical trendsHistorical trends RequirementsRequirements Population trendsPopulation trends U.N. High Commission for RefugeesU.N. High Commission for Refugees

ImmigrationImmigration

Fueled economyFueled economy Brain DrainBrain Drain

What is it?What is it? Why does it happenWhy does it happen Example: JamaicaExample: Jamaica

Reverse Brain DrainReverse Brain Drain Why is it occurring?Why is it occurring?

Guest WorkersGuest Workers Why use them?Why use them? ProblemsProblems

Labor Force ProductivityLabor Force Productivity

““How many acceptable units are How many acceptable units are produced by a worker during a given produced by a worker during a given time and cost per unit.”time and cost per unit.”

ForcesForces

Considerations in Employment Considerations in Employment PoliciesPolicies

Social StatusSocial Status SexismSexism RacismRacism Minorities in Traditional StudiesMinorities in Traditional Studies Developing NationsDeveloping Nations

Social StatusSocial Status

Great BritainGreat Britain IndiaIndia

Caste systemCaste system BrahminBrahmin KshatriyacKshatriyac BaniaBania ShudraShudra

RulesRules JapanJapan

Warrior-samauriWarrior-samauri Farmers and artisansFarmers and artisans MerchantsMerchants ““Dirty” occupationsDirty” occupations

SexismSexism

ExtremesExtremes Maternity and Family LeaveMaternity and Family Leave Women’s educationWomen’s education

Global literacy ratesGlobal literacy rates Opportunities in decision-makingOpportunities in decision-making

RacismRacism

Does globalization reduce it?Does globalization reduce it?

Minorities in Traditional Minorities in Traditional SciencesSciences

Traditional SciencesTraditional Sciences What are they?What are they?

Use of minorities to create inroadsUse of minorities to create inroads AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Developing CountriesDeveloping Countries

What is causing problems?What is causing problems?

Effects of higher educationEffects of higher education

Employer-Employee Employer-Employee RelationshipsRelationships

Importance of PreparationImportance of Preparation Labor marketLabor market

ResearchResearch What to look for?What to look for?

Labor trendsLabor trends

Labor UnionsLabor Unions

EuropeEurope Political Political Government activeGovernment active

United StatesUnited States More pragmaticMore pragmatic Collective bargainingCollective bargaining

JapanJapan Enterprise-basedEnterprise-based Focus on companyFocus on company Least satisfiedLeast satisfied

Labor UnionsLabor Unions

Membership TrendsMembership Trends Union free businessesUnion free businesses Women and teenagersWomen and teenagers Union successUnion success Knowledge economyKnowledge economy

Multinational Labor Multinational Labor ActivitiesActivities

Globalization EffectsGlobalization Effects Union ResponseUnion Response

European UnionEuropean Union European Trade Union ConferenceEuropean Trade Union Conference AFL-CIOAFL-CIO

International Labor OrganizationInternational Labor Organization What does it do?What does it do?

Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECDTrade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD What does it do?What does it do?

Would harmonized labor standards boost trade and Would harmonized labor standards boost trade and income?income? UnionsUnions IMFIMF

Worker ParticipationWorker Participation

CodeterminationCodetermination Originated in EuropeOriginated in Europe How does it work?How does it work? ExpansionExpansion

U.S.?U.S.?

Works CouncilsWorks Councils Objective:Objective: Two formsTwo forms Spreading to the U.S.?Spreading to the U.S.?