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Sequestration Options

Klaus S. Lackner

Columbia University

April 2006


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0.01

0.1

1

10

100

100 1000 10000 100000

GDP ($/person/year)

Primar

yEnergyConsumption

(kW/person)

Norway

USAFranceUK

Brazil

Russia

India

China

$0.38/kWh(primary)

Energy, Wealth, Economic Growth

EIA Data 2002


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IPCC Model Simulations of CO2Emissions


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Growth in Emissions

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100Year

FractionalC

hange

Cons tant Growth 1.6% Plus Population Growth to 10 billion Clos ing the Gap at 2%

Energy intens ity drop 1%/yr Energy Intens ity drop 1.5%/yr Energy Intens ity drop 2% per year

Constant growth

Plus Population Growth

Closing the Gap

1% energy intensity reduction

1.5% energy intensity reduction

2.0% energy intensity reduction


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Comparison With Keelings Data


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A Triad of Large Scale Options

backed by a multitude of opportunities

Solar

Cost reduction and mass-manufacture

Nuclear

Cost, waste, safety and security

Fossil Energy

Zero emission, carbon storage andinterconvertibility


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Carbon as Low Cost Energy

Rogner 1997

LiftingCost


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Refining

Carbon

Diesel

Coal

Shale

Fossil fuels are fungible

Tar

Oil

NaturalGas

Jet Fuel

Heat

Electricity

Ethanol

Methanol

DME

Hydrogen

SynthesisGas


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Resource Estimates

H.H. Rogner, 1997


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Net Zero Carbon Economy

CO2extractionfrom air

Permanent &safe

disposal

CO2 fromconcentrated

sourceselectricity or hydrogen

Geological Storage

Mineral carbonate disposal

Capture of distributed emissions


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Sequestration at the Verge of

Commercial Development Economic realities not quite there yet

Projects require special circumstances

Statoil

Pilot Plants


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Private SectorCarbonExtraction

CarbonSequestration

Farming, Manufacturing, Service,etc.Certified Carbon Accounting

certificates

certification

Public Institutionsand Government

Carbon Board

guidance


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The Role of the University Innovation & Basic Research

Integration and Setting Goals

Exposing the Problems

De-emphasize assessments

We all did badly on sulfur

In 1980 estimate the cost of 2000 CD-ROM


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Storage

Life Time

5000 Gt of C

200 years at 4 times current rates of emission

Storage

Slow Leak (0.04%/yr)

2 Gt/yr for 2500 years

Current Emissions: 6Gt/year

L = S/R


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Dividing The Fossil Carbon Pie900 Gt C

total

550 ppm

Past

10yr

Growth 10% per decade


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Removing the Carbon Constraint

5000 Gt C

totalPast


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Biomass Sequestration Time Constant 50 years or less

Scale 600 Gt C

Environmental Concerns


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Ocean Disposal


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Underground Injection

statoil

Enhanced Oil Recovery

Deep Coal Bed Methane

Saline Aquifers Storage Time

Safety

Cost

VOLUME


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Hutchinson, Kansas January 17, 2001

3 days & 15 km away, 1000 tons of natural gas

M. Lee Allison, Geotimes, October 2001


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Gravitational Trapping of CO2

Below the ocean floor Large Capacity

Permanence

Need to demonstrate injectivity

Understanding of long term behavior

Role of hydrate formation

Rate of dispersal


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Clathrate Trapping Deep Ice

John Longhi

David Sevier


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Rockville Quarry

Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 + 3CO2(g) 3MgCO3 + 2SiO2 +2H2O(l)

+63kJ/mol CO2


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Peridotite and Serpentinite Ore Bodies

Magnesium resources that far exceed

world fossil fuel supplies


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Adapting Power PlantsAmine Scrubbing

Plus variations on the theme

Oxygen Blown Combustion

Entry to zero emission plants

IGCC with Capture

Completely changes the mass flow in the power plant

- Emphasis on better efficiency


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CO2 N2

H2OSOx, NOxandother

Pollutants

Carbon

Air

Zero Emission

Principle

Solid Waste

Power Plant


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Steam Reforming


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Boudouard Reaction


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Hydrogenation


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Relative size of a tank

Electrical,mechanical storage

Batteries etc.

hydrogen

gasoline


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Biomass Fuels Corn Alcohol?

Switch Grass

Cellulosic Alcohol

Biodiesel


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60m by 50m

3kg of CO2per second

90,000 tons per year

4,000 people or

15,000 cars

Would feed EOR for 800

barrels a day.

250,000 units forworldwide CO2emissions


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Wind area that

carries 22 tonsof CO2per year

Wind area thatcarries 10 kW

0.2 m2

for CO2 80 m2

for Wind Energy

How much wind?(6m/sec)

50 cents/ton of CO2

for contacting


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A First Attempt

Air contactor:

2Na(OH) + CO2 Na2 CO3

Calciner:

CaCO3CaO+CO2

Ion exchange:

Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)22Na(OH) + CaCO3


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Sorbent Choices

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

100 1000 10000 100000

CO2 Partial Pressure (ppm)

BindingEnergy(kJ/mole)

350K

300KAir Power plant

P


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ProcessReactions

Capture

Device TronaProcess LimestonePrecipitateDryer

FluidizedBed

HydroxylationReactor

MembraneDevice

(1)

(2)(3)(6)

(5)

(4)

Membrane

(1) 2NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O Ho = - 171.8 kJ/mol

(2) Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 2NaOH + CaCO3 Ho = 57.1 kJ/mol

(3) CaCO3 CaO + CO2 Ho = 179.2 kJ/mol

(4) CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 Ho = - 64.5 kJ/mol

(6) H2O (l) H2O (g) Ho = 41. kJ/mol

(5) CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O Ho = -890.5 kJ/mol

Source: Frank Zeman

CO2

O2Fuel


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Hydrogen or Air ExtractionCoal,Gas Fossil Fuel Oil

Hydrogen Gasoline

Consumption Consumption

Distribution Distribution

CO2Transport Air Extraction

CO2Disposal


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Hydrogen or Air ExtractionCoal,Gas Fossil Fuel Oil

Hydrogen Gasoline

Consumption Consumption

Distribution Distribution

CO2Transport Air Extraction

CO2Disposal

Cost comparisons

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