options and strategies for nitrogen removal at...

Options and strategies for nitrogen

removal at WWTP

Susanne Lackner

Institute IWAR, Chair of Wastewater Engineering, TU Darmstadt

Energy requirements for N removal

Nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment: org. N and ammonium

min 30-40 % of total energy requirements for N-Elimination

Energy requirement for aeration:

ca. 16-18 kWh/(PE a) for C and N removal

ca. 13 kWh/(PE a) for N removal

24. Mai 2018 | IWAR – Fachgebiet Abwasserwirtschaft II | Prof. Dr. Susanne Lackner | 2

67%

8%

11%

6%

5%

3%

biological treatment + clarification flocculation/filtration

sludge treatment infrastructure and other

draw works mechanical treatment

Source: Energieeffizienz kommunaler Kläranlagen, Umweltbundesamt, 2009

Classical Technical Nitrogen Cycle: N/DN


𝑵𝑯𝟒+

𝑵𝑶𝟐−

𝑵𝑶𝟑− 𝑵𝑶𝟐

−

org. carbon

𝑵𝑶

𝑵𝟐𝑶

𝑵𝟐

ammonium oxidation

nitrite oxidation

denitrification

1

2

3

23

𝑶𝟐

𝑶𝟐

𝑵𝑶𝟐−

1

𝑯𝟐

Haber-Bosch

…extended – Deammonification


𝑵𝑯𝟒+

𝑵𝑶𝟐−

𝑵𝑶𝟑− 𝑵𝑶𝟐

−

org. Kohlenstoff

𝑵𝑶

𝑵𝟐𝑶

𝑵𝟐𝑵𝑶 𝑵𝟐𝑯𝟒

anaerobic ammonium oxidation

(Anammox)

ammonium oxidation

nitrite oxidation

Denitrification

1

2

3

4

23

4

𝑶𝟐

𝑶𝟐

𝑵𝑶𝟐−

1

May 24, 2018 | IWAR – Fachgebiet Abwasserwirtschaft II | Prof. Dr. Susanne Lackner | 5

1977: E. Broda‘s theoretical

prediction

„inexplicable“ nitrogen losses in

reactor systems

Characterization of the bacteria responsible

First selective full-scale implementations in

Strass, Hattingen, Rotterdam, …

Development of commercial technologies

for side-stream/industrial wwt (DEMON®,

ANAMMOX®, ANITA MoxTM,…)

first targeted research projects on

"anaerobic" ammonium oxidation

1995: Mulder A. et al. first scientific

evidence

more than 100

installations worldwide

further development for

use in municipal wwt

2010

1990‘s

1980‘s

2000‘s

DEMON®

ANAMMOX®

ANITA MoxTM

Development of “Anammox” – based

technologies


Lackner S., Gilbert E.M., Vlaeminck S.V., Joss A., Horn H., van Loosdrecht M.C.M. (2014). Full-scale Partial Nitritation/Anammox Experiences - an

Application Survey. Water Research, 55, 292-303.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

scie

n. .p

ub

lica

tion

s

full

-sca

le i

nst

alla

tion

s

year

installations publications

Implementation of Deammonification

Which reactor concepts can be used?

Which (inflow) parameters are to be considered for the

implementation?

Which operating concepts are promising for the application /

stable operation?


Implementation of Deammonification

24. Mai 2018 | IWAR – Fachgebiet Abwasserwirtschaft II | Prof. Dr. Susanne Lackner | 8Lackner S., Gilbert E.M., Vlaeminck S.V., Joss A., Horn H., van Loosdrecht M.C.M. (2014). Full-scale Partial Nitritation/Anammox Experiences - an

Application Survey. Water Research, 55, 292-303.

Reactor concepts


Flocs

Biofilms

Granules

1-stage

2-stage

Sludge systems

Hybrid systems

PN: Partial Nitritation

A: Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (Anammox)

NH4+

Relevant Parameters


O2

SRT

C:N

Alk.

degree of influence

sidestream - mainstream


0

8

16

24

32

40

Jan. 10 Mai. 10 Aug. 10 Nov. 10 Feb. 11 Jun. 11 Sep. 11 Dez. 11

Tem

pera

ture

[°C

]

0

8

16

24

32

40

Okt. 11 Jan. 12 Mai. 12 Aug. 12 Nov. 12 Feb. 13 Jun. 13 Sep. 13

Tem

pera

ture

[°C

]

sid

estr

eam

ma

instr

eam

Impact of Temperature

Temperature dependency of reaction rates r

θ (theta): Arrhenius coefficient (Ea = activation energy)

Activation energy for Anammox Bacteria:


𝑟𝑇 = 𝑟20°𝐶 ∙ 𝜃𝑇−20

𝜃 = 𝑒𝐸𝑎

𝑅𝑇1𝑇2

Ea Temperature range Referenze

70 kJ mol-1 20 – 43 °C Strous et al. (1999)

94 kJ mol-1 6 – 22 °C Isaka et al. (2008)

128 kJ mol-1 10 – 15 °C Lotti et al. (2015)

Impact of Temperature

depending on biomass

origin and composition, the

temperature dependence

may vary

at low temperatures, the

activation energy is higher,

otherwise an

overestimation of the

activity is likely, especially

at T <15 ° C


0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

5 10 15 20 25 30

Wac

hst

um

srat

e [

1/

d]

Temperatur [°C]

Ea=70 kJ/mol

Ea=94 kJ/mol

Ea=128 kJ/mol

0

0.006

0.012

0.018

0.024

0.03

5 10 15 20

gro

wth

rate

[1

/d

]

Temperature[°C]

Ea=70 kJ/mol

Ea=94 kJ/mol

Ea=128 kJ/mol

Ea µmax,T (ref. temp.)

70 kJ mol-1 0,072 d-1 (30 °C)

94 kJ mol-1 0,028 d-1 (20 °C)

128 kJ mol-1 0,01 d-1 (15 °C)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Jan. 00 Feb. 00 Apr. 00 Jun. 00 Aug. 00 Okt. 00 Dez. 00

Nge

s[m

g/l]

0

400

800

1200

Jun. 11 Sep. 11 Dez. 11 Mrz. 12 Jul. 12 Okt. 12 Jan. 13 Mai. 13 Aug. 13

NH

4-N

[g-N

m-3

]

sidestream - mainstream


sid

estr

eam

ma

instr

eam

residual ammonium concentration


• setting a residual

ammonium concentration

has proven to suppress

NOB

(Nitrospira spp.) @ 20 °C

• the change between NOB

suppression and increase

was at ammonium

concentrations between 2 –

5 mg-N/L with O2

concentrations less than

4 mg/L

Poot, V., Hoekstra, M., Geleijnse, M.A.A., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M. and Pérez, J. (2016) Effects of the residual ammonium concentration on NOB

repression during partial nitritation with granular sludge. Water Research 106(Supplement C), 518-530.

Operating Strategies

IN/OUT

keeping aerobic and anaerobic

ammonium oxidizing bacteria in

the system

Wash-out/suppress nitrite

oxidizing bacteria and

heterotrophic bacteria

ON/OFF

aeration strategies

residual ammonium

concentration

…


IN

OUT

ONOFF

low O2 Set-Pointlow (AnAOB) -

high (AerAOB)

configuration, aeration regime

& inflow regime

ON/OFF – concepts

May 24, 2018 | IWAR – Fachgebiet Abwasserwirtschaft II | Prof. Dr. Susanne Lackner | 17

t or z

O2 N

t or z

suppressing NOBfavoring AnAOB and AOB

incorporating HBNOx˗

substrate supply

temporal (t) / spatial (z)

ON/OFF – concepts


suppressing NOBfavoring AnAOB and AOB

incorporating HBNOx˗

minimizing the aerobic

nitrite availability

delay in nitrate production after the shift

from anoxic to aerobic

residual ammonium (AnAOB and AOB)

minimizing O2 inhibition (AnAOB)

anoxic bCOD availability (HBNOx˗)

inhibitory conditions

exposition to ammonia, free nitrous acid

,…

optimized conditions

e.g. sufficient inorganic carbon

IN / OUT – concepts


Demonstration project at the

WWTP Strass, Austria

Bioaugmentation from the sidestream

into the mainstream, from Wett et al.

2013

Vacum sieve

(Kason, USA)

212 µm

Han et al. 2016https://en.paques.nl/products

/featured/anammox

Selective biomass retention with sieves

ANITA™ Mox, Veolia

carrier based systems

granular biomass

managing the microbiota network


IN – retention & seeding

ON - promotion

washout - OUT

suppression - OFF

PRESENCE

METABOLIC

STATE

NOB

HBAer

AerAOB

AnAOB

HBNO2-

HBNO3-

NH4+

NO2-

O2

bCOD

angepasst aus: Agrawal S., Seuntjens D., De Cocker P., Lackner S., Vlaeminck S.E. (2018) Success of mainstream partial nitritation/anammox demands

integration of engineering, microbiome and modeling insights. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, in press


Thank youfor your

attention

options and strategies for nitrogen removal at...

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