Page-31Idioms

1) The fat is in the fire: something that you say which means there will soon be problems because of something that has happened.

E.g. Susan knows you have been seeing her boyfriend, so the fat is in the fire.

2) To pass through the fire: to go with many difficulties.E.g. Bangladesh passed through the fire in the liberation war of 1971.

3) To go through fire and water for someone or something: to experience many difficulties or dangers in order to achieve something

E.g. I can go through fire and water for my mother.

4) No smoke without fire: There is usually some truth behind every rumor.

E.g. The word in the street is that National Bank is having problems regarding security and there is no smoke without fire.

5) Out of the frying-pan into the fire: from a bad situation to a worse situation.

E.g. Why didn’t you stay quiet even though you are guilty instead of arguing with your father? You jumped straight out of the frying pan into the fire.

6) To hang fire: To delay or be delayed.E.g. Some students still didn’t pay the science-fair-money. They are hanging fire.

7) To heap coals of fire on one's head: to create burden for someone

E.g. Just because you do not like Tom personally does not mean that you should heap coals of fire in his head.

8) To play with fire: to put one’s self in a situation with a high risk of getting harmed.

E.g. James bond is a brave spy and loves to play with fire.

9) To set the Thames on fire: to do something remarkable.E.g. Rabindrath Tagore was the first banngalee to receive the novel award. He sat the Thames on fire.

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10) To be between two fires: Being attacked from two sources or sides simultaneously.

E.g. My mom wants me to study medical science whereas my father wants me to study business. I am between two fires.

11) Fire and sword: to be in trouble from both sides.E.g. A child cannot choose between mom or dad, he has to go through fire and water to make a decision.

12) The burnt child dreads the fire: a bad incident or horrifying experience may scar one’s attitude or thinking for a lifetime.

E.g. he has a bad experience of drowning in water, so he is one of those burnt child who dreads the fire.

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Idioms

1) To pour oil on troubled waters: to make problems in a situation where or when the environment is already full of problems. E.g. When I was accused of writing a letter to a girl, James tried to pour oil on troubled waters by saying that I also cut my hands for her.

2) To nail one's colours to the mast: To say something publicly and firmly what you believe or who you support.E.g. Sakib is a brave boy, he is never scared to nail his colours to the mast.

3) To be in deep water: to be in a difficult situation which is hard to deal with.E.g. William’s father died last week, so he is in deep water.

4) To be left stranded: to be left alone or abandoned by somebodyE.g. In the fight with Bob, I was left stranded by Charles.

5) To cut a drift from: Separated or detached from.E.g. That boy is not very social, he likes to cut a drift from our friend circle.

6) To be all at sea: to be completely bewilded, puzzled or lost.E.g. Junayed was all at sea when the teacher asked him the formula of limestone.

7) To sail close to the wind: to take a rush by doing something that is dangerous or that may be illegal. E.g. James Bond sailed close to the wind as he wanted to destroy the Russian river ridge.

8) To raise the wind: to initiate or start a movement or revolution.E.g. The Americans wanted to raise the winds against communism.

9) To take the wind out of one's sails: to make somebody less confident or angry especially when one says something that others don’t expect.E.g. Masud Rana took the wind out of Colonel Hamilton by revealing his master plan.

10) To sail against the wind: to work under difficulties or against direct opposition

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E.g. Mahin is sailing against the wind as his friends are constantly disturbinghim while he is doing his assignment.

11) To trim one's sails: to reduce one’s expense or cost to economize.E.g. He is having financial troubles, so he is trying to trim his sails.

12) Ships that pass in the night: people who meet each other briefly by chance.E.g. I did not expect to run into Tom in Venice, we both are ships that pass in the night.

13) When one's ship comes home: when one becomes rich and successful.E.g. Mahmud finally achieved his goal in becoming a successful businessman. His ship came home.

14) Shipshape and Bristol fashion: in perfect working order.E.g. The generator is in shipshape and Bristol fashion

15) To go by the board: to get rejected (of plan, idea).E.g. Although I was so eager to ride the roller coaster, I had to go by the board because I am short.

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Page: 50C. Idioms

1) Too many cooks spoil the broth: many people trying to do the same job will not be able to do it properlyE.g. I think there should be two teams for science fair this year as there are many students and too many cooks spoil the broth.

2) To take something with a pinch of salt: to not believe in everything somebody saysE.g. Try not to believe in everything you sister says to you. Take everything with a pinch of salt.

3) The proof of the pudding is in the eating: to proclaim something as success after it has actually been tried out or usedE.g. The machine that he built may work but we are not sure as the proof of the pudding is in the eating.

4) You can take a horse to water but you can’t make him drink: you can give somebody the opportunity to do something but you cannot force him to do it if they do not want to. E.g. I requested him so much to study hard. Ut I guess you can take a horse to water but you cannot make him drink it.

5) Hard cheese: an ironic way of saying sorryE.g. Even after doing such a hard cheese how can you still give me a hard cheese?

6) To go like hot cake: be sold quickly and in great quantitiesE.g. The CDs we are selling are going like hot cake.

7) That takes the biscuit: be especially surprising, annoying, etc.E.g. When I saw his report card I was extremely surprised. It took the biscuit.

8) To kill the fatted calf: to welcome somebody who has been away for a E.g. long time by having a big celebrationE.g. We killed the fatted calf after big brother came home from Canada.

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9) To cook the books: change facts or figures in order to make the situation seem better than it is or to hide the fact that you have stolen moneyE.g. Many lawyers cook the books to win their cases.

10) To be in the soup: to be in troubles or difficultiesE.g. His father died last week, so he is in the soup now.

11) Sour grapes: used to describe behavior of somebody who pretends that something that they cannot have is of little value or interestE.g. John is such a sour grape. Whenever he can’t get what he wants, he discriminates kids who have them.

12) The pot calling the kettle black: used to say that you should not criticize somebody for a fault that you have in yourselfE.g. You should not laugh at him because he cannot speak properly as you too have problems while speaking. It seems the pot is calling the kettle black.

13) A watched kettle never boils: used to say that when you are impatient for something it seems to take longerE.g. When you wait for something very eagerly it seems to take longer. I guess a watched kettle never boils.

14) To have an egg on one’s face: be made to look one stupidE.g. Tom is looking for chances so that he can have an egg on my face.

15) Do not pull your eggs in one basket: do not risk all your money, effort, etc. so that if it is not successful you will have another chanceE.g. You should not bet all you money in roulette as if you lose you will have another chance. I am requesting you to not pull all your eggs in one basket.

16) You can’t have your cake and eat it: one cannot have all the advantages of something without having its disadvantages

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E.g. James skipped many classes for his basketball practice. He can’t have his cake and eat it.

17) To eat humble pie: to show and say that you are sorry for a mistake that you madeE.g. I was eating humble pie as I slapped him hard yesterday.

18) To eat one’s word: to admit that what you said or did was wrongE.g. After he failed to play the game, he began to eat my words.

19) It’s a piece of cake: a thing that is very easy to doE.g. Writing poems is a piece of cake for me.

20) To eat someone out of the house and home: to eat a lot of somebody else’s foodE.g. When we went to KFC, Morshed ate me out of the house and home.

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A. Idioms

1. to be under the weather: feeling slightly ill or depressedE.g. John was under the weather yesterday and couldn’t come to school.

2. to feel A 1: to feel very well or excellentE.g. I think I will be able to win the race tomorrow as I am feeling A 1.

3. to feel a hundred percent: to be very confidentE.g. I expect him to say yes to the proposal. In fact, I am hundred percent sure about it.

4. to break one's heart: to make one feel very sad or depressedE.g. Mary’s behavior broke John’s heart.

5. the walking wounded: soldiers of warE.g. The three million unemployed people in this country are the walking wounded of the current recession.

6. to blow hot and cold: to keep on changing one's opinionE.g. He is blowing hot and cold about the problem and can’t seem to find an answer.

7. to put one's head on the block: to take risk for someoneE.g. Ayat is my best friend, so I am not afraid to put my head on the block.

8. to be a hot head: to lose one's temper or control easilyE.g. James is a very hot headed boy.

9. to lose one's head: to lose one's calmE.g. When his father saw his report card, he lost his head.

10. to keep one's head: to keep calm in a difficult situationE.g. Sakib is a very smart boy and can keep his head and think even in the most stressful situations.

11. to bite someone's head off: to taunt or irritate someoneE.g. Tom is a very naughty boy and likes to bite his sister’s head of.

12. to eat one's heart out: to feel very unhappy E.g. After he lost the race, he felt that someone has ate his heart out.

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13. in cold blood: to do something bad deliberately, without pity or regret.E.g. Tito Charles is a dangerous assassin and kills people in cold blood.

14. to make one's blood boil: make one very angry and indignantE.g. When he heard that his girlfriend was betraying him it made his blood boil.

15. to run in the blood: habits that one inherits or gets from generationE.g. Officer Morgan is just as good as a police officer as his father was. I guess it runs in the blood.

16. to doctor the wine: to solve the problemE.g. The police doctored the wine and caught the thief.

17. to doctor the accounts: to cheatE.g. I knew that he had doctored the accounts in our last cricket match.

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A. Idioms

1) to hunt with the hounds and run with the hare: to try to remain friendly with both sides in a quarrelE.g. Rahim is very dangerous and a bad man and is always looking for opportunities. He therefore hunts with the hounds and runs with the hare.

2) flogging a dead horse: to waste one's efforts to do something that is no longer possible E.g. I missed my only chance to visit Japan. I guess there is no point in flogging a dead horse now.

3) hold your horses: to ask somebody to remain patientE.g. Hold your horses Tom, don’t run away with the idea yet. First think the proposal through.

4) to hound someone: to look for or hunt someone fiercelyE.g. The National Security Agency are hounding for General Macintosh as he has defected from C. I. A.

5) to look a gift horse in the mouth: to find fault in something that was given as a giftE.g. Why are you being so selfish? You should just be satisfied with the gift you had instead of not look a gift horse in the mouth.

6) straight from the horse’s mouth: that comes directly from the person who is involved E.g. The military had to close the road as the order came straight from the horse’s mouth.

7) to back the wrong horse: to support the person or group who later looses the contest E.g. Brazil lost the FIFA World Cup. We had been backing the wrong horse all along.

8) to be one's high horse: affecting a superior view, giving oneself airs; behaving pretentiously or arrogant E.g. It doesn’t take much to get her up on her high horse and looking down snootily at common folk like you and me.

9) to lock the stable door after the horse has bolted: to take action to prevent something after it has already happened

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E.g. After a thief had robbed his house, he put on better lock systems. He locked the stable doors after the horse has bolted.

10) to put the cart before the horse: to put or do something in a wrong orderE.g. After the guests arrived, she began to cook the food. It seemed that she was putting the cart before the horse.

11) you can take a horse to water but you can't make him drink: you can offer something to somebody but you can't force him to take or do itE.g. It doesn’t matter how much I scold Shuvro, he still doesn’t study. I guess you can take a horse to water but you cannot make him drink it.

12) To set a fox to keep the geese: to give somebody completely unreliable a work, which he might mess up deliberatelyE.g. Why did you give your money to Tom to secure it, even though you know he cannot be trusted with money? You set a fox to keep your geese.

13) to start a hare: introduce a diversion into discussion, etcE.g. A classic tactic of this government is to start a hare going as soon as they get into the slightest difficulties.

Page: 144,145C. Idioms and Expressions

1. to throw in the towel: to admit defeat or failure

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E.g. He was wise enough to throw in the towel when he understood he could not defeat John in a fight.

2. with gloves off: ready to fightE.g. Bring it on James. I am ready with my gloves off.

3. to let something slip through one’s fingers: to let something escapeE.g. You are an idiot as you let such a good proposal slip through your fingers.

4. it’s not cricket: It's unfairE.g. You can’t do that in a duel. It’s not cricket.

5. to run into the ground: to work so hard that you cannot work anymore.E.g. You should not pressure yourself; you might run into the ground.

6. all is fish that comes to my net: favor of luckE.g. Masud Rana did not expect to find the war-heads so quickly. I guess all is fish that comes to his net.

7. there’s as good fish in the sea as ever came out of it: inexhaustibleIt is hard to find good labor these. There’s no longer as good fish as ever came out of it.

8. to be punch drunk: to be dazed or confused after working hardE.g. After his exam was over, he was punch drunk.

9. to score a bull’s eye: to achieve the goal perfectlyE.g. You arrow hit the mark perfectly; you scored a bull’s eye my friend.

10. to hit below the belt: to deal someone an unfair blowE.g. Chris did not deserve to win the wrestling match as when things got tough for him, he hit below the belt.

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11. to be under starter’s orders: waiting for the order to startE.g. All the racers were in position and were under starter’s orders.

12. to be beaten on/at the post: to be defeated in the last momentE.g. It was a very close race and everyone expected James to win but Masud won. James was beaten at the post.

13. to be in at the finish: to be present at the end of something.E.g. Today Mary arrived in the class at the finish.

Page-34 and 35C.        Words from names

1. Promethean fire: Doing something in an individual and original way, showing no respect to the authority.

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Origin :  From the Greek myth, in which Titan Prometheus, stole the fire from the Olympian Torch for the human.

2. Herculean task – A task that needs great strength and effort.Origin : From the Greek myth, in which Hercules had to perform twelve very difficult task, usually known as the 12 Labors of Heracles.

3. Volcano – A mountain with a large opening at the top through which gases and lava are forced out into the air, or have been in the past.

Origin : From Italian Volcanus, from Vulcan, the Roman god of fire.

4. Martial – Connected with war or fighting.Origin : From Latin Martialis, from Mars, the god of war in Roman mythology.

5. as wise as Solomon – Very wise.Origin : From Solomon in the Bible, a king of Israel , who was famous for beingwise.

6. A Jezebel – A shameless and immoral woman.Origin : From Jezebel, a Phoenican Princess, traditionally the grat aunt of Dido, was the wife of Ahab, king of Israel .

7. An Achilles’ heel – A weak point or fault in one’s character which can be attacked by other people.

Origin : Named after the Greek hero Achilles. When he was a small child, his mother held below the surface of the river Styx to protect him against any injury. She held by the heel which was therefore not touched by the water. Achilles died after being wounded by an arrow in the heel.

8. a Job’s comforter – The fact of being extremely patient.Origin : From Job, a man in the Bible who experienced much suffering including losing is family, his home and his possessions, but continued to believe in and trust God.

9. Christianity – The religion based on the belief that Jesus Christ was the son of God.

Origin : From Jesus Christ, the prophet of Christian religion.

10. Marxism – The political theories of Karl Marx (1818-83) which explains the changes and development in society as the result of opposition between classes.

Origin : From the German economist, Karl Marx.

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11. a sandwich – Two slices of bread often spread with butter, cheese , jam, or with a layer of meat, etc.

Origin : Named after the 4th Earl of Sandwich ( 1718-92), and English nobleman said to have eaten food in this form, so as to not leave the gaining table.

12. a cardigan – A knitted jacket made of wool usually with no collar and fastened with buttons at the front.

Origin : Named after James Brudenel( 1797-1868) of Cardigan, leader of the Light Brigade, whose troops first wore such garments.

13. a Macintosh – coat made of rain proof materials.Origin : From Charles Macintosh ( 1786-1823), a Scottish inventor, who developed a material made up of rubber to keep out water.

14. as strong as Samson – Very powerful.Origin : Samson, in the Old testament, a Hebrew, who for 20 years had been the 12th judge of Ancient Israel.

15. Hobson’s choice – A situation in which somebody ahs no choice because if they don’ accept what is offered, they will get nothing.

Origin : Tobias Hobson, a man who hired horses in the 17th century. He gave the customers the choice of the horse near the stable door or none at all.

16. the Napoleon of crime – A very big criminal.Origin : The French emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte, who ascended the throne in 1804 and was dethroned in 1813. He was defeated in the battle of Waterloo , and he was sent to Saint Helena .

17. Quixotic – Having fine and romantic ideal and good intentions that are not at all practical or realistic.

Origin : From the character Don Quixote in the novel by Miguel de Cervants,whose adventures are a result of his trying to achieve things that are impossible.

Page: 50B. National Dishes

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1) Pizza: Pizza is a baked pie of a shallow bread-like crust covered with toppings such as seasoned tomato sauce, cheese, sausage, or olives. Pizza is an Italian food.

2) Hamburger: A flat fried cake of minced beef, often served in a bread roll. It is a German food.

3) Chow mein: A Chinese-American dish consisting of a combination of stewed vegetables and meat served over fried noodles.

4) Champagne: Champagne is British wine. It is a sparkling white wine made from a blend of grapes.

5) steak and kidney pie: Steak with sautéed kidneys and onions cooked in wine and stock then covered with pastry and baked. It is British food.

6) Spaghetti: An Italian dish that contains pasta as its main ingredient

7) Frankfurter: A German dish that has smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked.

8) Salami: Highly seasoned fatty sausage of pork and beef usually dried. It is an Italian dish.

.9) Porridge: A soft food made by boiling oatmeal or another meal in

water or milk. It is associated with Scottish.

10) Vodka: an alcoholic drink made from grain, potatoes, etc., usually consisting only of rectified spirit and water. Vodka is a Russian drink.

11) Moussaka: A Greek dish, consisting of layers of ground lamb or beef and sliced eggplant topped with a cheese sauce and baked.

12) Chapattis: A flat, unleavened, disk-shaped bread, made of wheat flour, water, and salt. It is an Indian dish.

13) Cheddar cheese: Cheddar cheese is hard smooth-textured cheese that came from southwestern England.

14) Shish kebab: A Turkish dish, consisting of small pieces of meat and vegetables threaded onto skewers and grilled.

15) Chop suey: Meat or fish stir-fried with vegetables seasoned with ginger and garlic and soy sauce; served with rice. This food came

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from the United States.

16) Whisky: A liquor made from fermented mash of grain. It was first made in Scotland.

17) Ravioli: Small squares of pasta containing a savoury mixture of meat, cheese, etc. Ravioli is an Italian dish.

18) Salt fish: the fish that is preserved with salt. Salt fishes came from both India and Bangladesh.

19) Paella: A Spanish, saffron-flavored dish made with varying combinations of rice, vegetables, meat, chicken, and seafood.

20) Beetroot soup: It is a soup made from different vegetable specially beetroot. Beetroot soup came from the United Kingdom.

21) Hot dog: a sausage, esp. a frankfurter, served hot on bun.They came from Germany/USA.

Page: 144- 145A. Referee

1. payee: the person to whom money is to be, or has been, paid; the person named in a bill or note, to whom, or to whose order, the amount is promised or directed to be paid

2. addressee: i) a person or organization to whom a letter, parcel, etc., is addressedii) a person who is addressed in conversation, a speech, a poem, etc

3. trustee: i) one, such as a bank, that holds legal title to property in order to administer it for a beneficiary.

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ii) a member of a board elected or appointed to direct the funds and policy of an institution.iii) a country responsible for supervising a trust territory

4. lessee: A person or entity who receives the use and possession of leased property (e.g., real estate or equipment) from a lessor in exchange for a payment of funds. The person to whom a lease is made

5. devotee: i) one who is ardently devoted to something; an enthusiast or advocate: a devotee of sports.ii) an ardent or fanatical adherent of a religion

6. licensee: one to whom or to which a license is granted.

7. absentee: i) of or relating to one that is absent.ii) not in residence: absentee landlords

8. examinee: one that is examined.

9. appointee: i) one who is appointed to an office or position. ii) one to whom a power of appointment of property is granted.

10. refugee: one who flees in search of refuge, as in times of war, political oppression, or religious persecution.

11. patentee: the party that possesses or has been granted a patent

12. bargee: (Transport / Nautical Terms) a person employed on or in charge of a barge

13. warrantee: one to whom a warranty is made or a warrant is given

14. mortgagee: one to whom a warranty is made or a warrant is given

15. invitee:.one that is invited

16. grandee: i) a nobleman of the highest rank in Spain or Portugal.ii) used as the title for such a nobleman.iii) a person of eminence or high rank.

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17. legatee: the inheritor of a legacy

18. divorcee: a person divorced

19. dedicatee: one to whom something, such as a literary work, is dedicated.

Conslidation I

A. Language

Q:1. What is the name given to the word ‘a’?Ans. ‘A’ is called the indefinite article and is used when what we are talking about anyone of its kind.E.g. Give me a banana.

Q:2. What is the name given to the word ‘the’?Ans. The word ‘the’ is called the definite article and is used when we are talking about a particular object.E.g. Give me the banana.

Q:3. When do we use the word ‘an’?Ans. ‘An’ is also an indefinite article like ‘a’. The word ‘an’ is used before words beginning with a vowel and before words beginning with silent ‘h’. E.g. An apple, an hour, an instrument, etc.

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Q:4. Explain the difference in meaning between the following sentences.Ans. i) Fetch a book from the library. anyone can be fetched - In this sentence the word ‘a’ shows an indefinite article and explains that someone can bring any book and not a particular one. ii) Fetch me the book at once. - In this sentence the word ‘the’ shows a definite article and explains that a particular book is to be brought.

Q:5. What is a vowel?Ans. A vowel is an open word uttered in speaking. The vowels are: ‘a’, ‘e’, ‘i’, ‘o’ and ‘u’.

Q:6. Name the vowels.Ans. The name of the vowels are: ‘a’, ‘e’, ‘I’, ‘o’. ‘u’. Sometimes ‘y’ is also considered as a vowel.

Q:7. What is a consonant?Ans. A consonant is a sound formed by stopping the breath by using the lips or the teeth. ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’ are examples of some vowels. There are twenty one vowels in English language.

Q:8. What is a diphthong? Ans. A diphthong is different kinds of combinations of vowels. These combinations form words containing vowels in a certain way of two or vowels.E.g. pain, wound, shield, lain, etc.

Q:9. Give an example of a word in which ‘y’ is used as a vowel.Ans. ‘Hymn’ is a word in which ‘y’ is used as a vowel.

Q:10. What is a syllable?Ans. A syllable is a single word. It can consist of a vowel alone or a vowel with consonants preceding and/or following it.E.g. O!, Ah!, go, god, fry, cry, lie die, awe, etc.

Q:11. Divide the word ‘unforgettable’ into its various syllables.Ans. Un-for-get-table.

Q:12. What is an idiom?

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Ans. An idiom is a method of saying something that is peculiar to a particular language and cannot be translated literally into another language.E.g. tit for tat, crocodile tears, black sheep of the family, to be A 1.

Q:13. What does ‘to heap coals of fire on one’s head’ mean?Ans. ‘To heap coals of fire on one’s head’ means to create burden for someone.

- You should not heap coals of fire on his head just because he is not your friend.

Q:14. Give a definition of the word ‘sentence’.Ans. A sentence is a statement that makes complete sense and contains a finite verb. For example: I am very tired.Q:15. What does a sentence begin with and end with?Ans. A sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop or a question mark or an exclamation mark. Example: Why did not you come yesterday?

Q:16. What is a phrase?Ans. A phrase is the name given to a group of words which forms an unit within a sentence but which does not contain a finite verb. E.g. While Swimming in the ocean, I got very tired.

Q:17. What is a clause? Ans. A clause is the name given to a group of words which forms an unit within a sentence and which contains a finite verb. E.g. I am not feeling very well.

Q:18.Write down a sentence and underline the subject.Ans. The car was standing in the parking lot.

Q:19. Write down a sentence containing a complement.Ans. The freedom fighter was very brave.

Q:20. Explain whether ‘under the car’ is a phrase or a clause?Ans. ‘Under the car’ is a phrase because the word ‘under’ is serving as an adjective for the subject-‘the car’. The statement also lacks of a finite verb.

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Q:21. What is a main clause?Ans. A main clause can form the main statement of a sentence and stand independent of the rest of the sentence. For example- I do not like sharing my ice-cream.

Q:22. What is a subordinate clause?Ans. A subordinate clause can do the same work as an adjective, an adverb or a noun and be dependent on the main clause. A subordinate clause therefore cannot work lone in a sentence and need the assistance of a main clause. For example- When I was young, I was a very cute boy.

Q23. How many clauses are in this sentence?Ans23.When we arrived home, we found that the milk bottle was still on the doorstep and the newspapers had not been delivered. -There are two clauses in this sentence: ‘when’ I arrived home’ being the subordinate clause and ‘we found that the milk bottle and the newspaper had not been delivered’ the main clause.

Q24. Divide the following sentence into clauses and state which are main clauses and which are subordinate clauses.Ans. He was resting quietly and had nearly fallen asleep when the doorbell suddenly rang. -‘He was resting quietly’: subordinate clause. -‘When the doorbell rang’: subordinate clause. -‘Had nearly fallen asleep’: Main clause

Q25.What is a simple sentence?Ans. A simple sentence is a sentence which consists of one main clause. For example-I went to Sakib’s house yesterday.

Q26. What is a complex sentence?Ans. A complex sentence is a sentence which consists of one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. For example- I listen to music whenever I get a chance.

Q27. What is a compound sentence?Ans. A compound sentence is a sentence which consists of two or more main clauses.

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For example- The dog nearly died when the car ran at a quick speed on the road..

Q28. What is a compound complex sentence?Ans. A compound complex sentence is a sentence which consists of two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses, For example- After the party was over, John asked me to stay and we tidied up the room.

Q29. What kind of sentence is this?After everyone had left, she tidied up the room and began to wash up.Ans. It is a compound-complex sentence.

Q30. Why is varying the sentence structure of your writing important?Ans: The varying sentence structure is important for the following reasons:

i) It can prevent the writing from being boringii) The varying structure of the writing will make it more interestingiii) Readers will enjoy reading if variety types of sentences are used.

B. Vocabulary

Q1. What does the word pommelled mean Ans. Pommelled: to move an old-fashioned weapon, such as dagger, sword, old guns, etc.

Q2. Give an example of a word which has come down to us incorrectly because of confusion between ‘’a’’ and ‘’an’’.Ans: An apron was originally a napron.

Q3. What is the original name of the surname ‘Jackson?Ans: The original name of the surname ‘Jackson’ is the son of a lumber jack.

Q4. What is the origin of the name ‘Hunter’?ANS. The surname ‘Hunter’ came from the occupation of people who hunted, killed or captured beasts.

Q5. Use the word ‘flower’ in a sentence as a metaphor.Ans: Because Otushi took a shower early in the morning, she seems to be a blooming flower.

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Q6. What is a nuclear family?Ans: A nuclear family is the name given to the family having a father, a mother and two children with no other extended family member like grandfather etc.

7. Use the word ‘light’ in three different sentences, in each sentence, in each case as a different part of speech. Name the part of speech in each case.Ans: i) ‘light’ as adjective: He ran at a lightning speed. ii) ‘light’ as noun: Please turn off the light. iii) ‘light’ as verb: Sir Isaac Newton enlighted the world of science.

Q8. Use the word ‘last’ in three different sentences, in each case as a different part of speech. Name the parts of speech in each case.Ans: i) ‘last’ as adjective: I was the one who got the last chocolate. ii) ‘last’ as adverb: Lastly I found the pen I was looking for.

iii)‘last’ as noun: I came last in the race.

Q9. What is saga?Ans: Saga is a long, involved account or series of incidents. For example: Dragon Ball Z: Cell Saga etc.

Q10. What is an allegory?Ans: A story, picture, or play employing such representation. Hard Times is an example of allegory.

Q11. Explain the origin of sandwich?Ans: Sandwich is a food names after the 4th Earl of Sandwich, an English nobleman said to have eaten food of this form.

Q12. Explain the origin of the expression ‘’an Achilles’ heel’’Ans: The origin of this phrase started in the Iliad, from the famous story about the Trojan War by the Greek poet Homer, Achilles was a great hero and warrior. However, he had one weak spot, the heel of one foot. When he was a baby, his mother wanted to be certain that he son could never be harmed, so she dipped little Achilles upside-down in the magical River Styx. Wherever the water touched his body, he became invulnerable. But since she was holding him by his heel, that part of him never got wet. Years later Achilles was killed in the Trojan War by an enemy who shot a poisoned arrow into his heel.

Q13. What is a compound word?

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Ans: A compound word is a word that is composed of two or more separate words that are combined to make a new word. For example: fire-alarm, fireplace, fire-ship, etc.

Q14. What is a gourmet?Ans. Gourmet is the name given to the person who likes eating food and has better knowledge about different types of foods and wines.

Q15.With which country do we associate ‘champagne’?Ans: Champagne is an alcoholic drink made using the process of fermentation. It is associated with France.

Q16. With which country do we associate paella?Ans: It is a traditional dish containing rice, meat and saffron. It contains any meat from rabbit to chicken to sausage to seafood. It is associated with Spain.

Q17. What does the expression ‘to eat humble pie’ mean?Ans: to eat humble pie: an ironic way of saying sorry.

Q18. What is the expression ‘sour grapes mean’?Ans: Sour grapes: used to describe behavior of somebody who pretends that something that they cannot have is of little value or interest

C. SPELLINGQ1. Give three reasons for the importance to be able to spell correctly?ANS. Three reasons for the importance to spell correctly are given below:-

i) a mispelt word can make readers confuse or give a wrong concept.

ii) To avoid being looked down as people disgrace those who cannot spell correctly.

iii) To avoid doing any mistake or altering the meaning of a word.

Q2.Give five words that sounds ‘f’ but spelled ‘ph’.ANS. The words are given below:-

i) Physicalii) Telegraphyiii) Orphaniv) Spherev) atmosphere

Q3. What is the difference between the meaning ‘business’ or ‘busyness’?ANS. The difference is given below:-

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i) business: a commercial organizationii) busyness:- to be engaged or having to do a lot.

Q4. What is the rule for adding to a word ending in ‘y’?ANS. When adding to a word ending in ‘y’, the ‘y’ is kept if the preceding letter is a vowel and if by a consonant, then it is replaced by ‘i’.

Q5. Give five examples of words ending in ‘y which change the ‘y’ into ‘i’ before adding an ending.ANS. Five examples of words ending in ‘y’ which change the ‘y’ into ‘i’ before adding an ending are given below:-

i. pretty, prettilyii. happy, happily

iii. try, triediv. study, studiedv. cry, cried

Q6. Write down the adjective form of ‘charity’.ANS. The adjective form of charity is ‘charitable’

Q7. What is the adjective form of ‘excuse’.ANS the adjective form of excuse is excusable.

Q8. Write down the word meaning of the word ‘able to be heard’.ANS ‘able to be heard’: to be taken as an important person.

Q9. Write down the word meaning of the word ‘full of sense’.ANS. ‘full of sense’: a person with knowledge and a lot of capability of understanding situations.

Q10.Give ten words ending in ‘ic’.ANS. Ten words ending in ‘ic’ are given below:-

i) mysticii) sarcasticiii) picniciv) classicv) exoticvi) arithmeticvii) publicviii) tragicix) magicx) logic

Q11. Give the past tense of the word ‘picnic’.ANS. The past tense of the word picnic is ‘picnicked’

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Q12. Give the adjective form of the verb ‘panic’ANS. The adjective form of the verb ‘panic’ is panicy.

Q13.Write five words containing short vowels and five containing long vowel.ANS. a. Five short vowels are written below:

i) fatii) petiii) cativ) thatv) hat

b. Five log vowels are listed below:i) lateii) waitiii) waiteriv) holyv) scary

Q14 What is the rule about single and double consonants in relation to short and long vowels.? ANS The rule I words of two or more syllables, a long vowel is followed by a single consonant and a stressed vowel is followed by a double consonant.

CONSOLIDATION-II

A. Language Q1. What is phrase?

Ans: A phrase is the name given to a group of words which forms a unit within a sentence but does not contain a finite verb. There are various types of phrases, such as adverbial phrase, adjectival phrase, etc. E.g. Looking down on the ground, my head was suddenly spinning. Q2. What is a prepositional phrase?Ans: A prepositional phrase is a phrase beginning with a preposition. E.g. He kept the box under the bed.

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Q3. Write down a sentence containing a prepositional phrase.Ans: A sentence containing a prepositional phrase is written below: E.g. There is a hospital beside John’s house. Q4. What is a participial phrase?Ans: A participial phrase is a phrase beginning with a participial. E.g. Walking towards the stage, Mary was very scared.

Q5. Write down a sentence containing a participial phrase.Ans: A sentence containing a participial phrase is written below: Shaken by the experience, he sat down on the pavement.

6. What is an adjectival phrase?Ans: An adjectival phrase is a phrase acting like an adjective, describing a noun. E.g. The house by the road was crumbling away.

Q7. Write down a sentence containing an adjectival phrase.Ans: A sentence containing an adjectival phrase is written below: The man in the black suit is the owner of the building.

Q8. What is an adverbial phrase?Ans: An adverbial phrase is a phrase acting like an adverb, describing a Verb E.g. Mary finished her work without any problem. Q9. Write down a sentence containing an adverbial phrase.Ans: A sentence containing an adverbial phrase is written below: The boy ran with unbelievable speed.

Q10. What is a noun phrase?Ans: A noun phrase is a phrase which acts like a noun, as the subject, object or complement of a verb. E.g. Acting as the hero was easy for him.

Q11. Write down a sentence containing a noun phrase.Ans: A sentence containing a noun phrase is written below: E.g. John likes to watch sunsets.

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Q12. What do we mean by apposition?Ans: An apposition is a word or phrase placed next to another word or phrase as an addition or as an explanation of it. E.g. Mary, class prefect, is a cute girl.

Q13. Write down a sentence containing a phrase in apposition.Answer: The river Jamuna is being polluted.

Q14. What do we mean by misrelated participles?Ans: Sometimes participle or participial phrases are not related to the correct object or person. This grammatical error is called a misrelated participle. E.g. Held y the throat, the idea of escape was impossible.

Q15. Rewrite this sentence so that the meaning is clearer: Swimming out to sea, the shore looked more and more distant.Ans: The shore looked more and more distant as he was swimming out to sea. Q16. What is an adjectival clause?Ans: An adjectival clause is a clause which acts as an adjective, describing a noun. E.g. The statue which represented Peace stood I the center of the square.

Q17. What does an adjectival clause normally begin with?Ans: An adjectival clause normally begins with a relative pronoun (who, whom, which, that) and nearly always follow the noun or pronoun they qualify or describe.

Q18. Name the relative pronouns.Ans: The relative pronouns are: who, whom, whose, that, which. Q19. Write down a sentence containing an adjectival clause.Ans: The horse with the red fur ran towards the stable.

Q20. What do you mean by an antecedent?Ans: An antecedent is the noun or pronoun which the adjectival clause qualifies or describes. E.g. The school he was looking for is just around the corner.

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Q21. What do the antecedent and the relative pronoun in a sentence share?Ans: The relative pronoun and the antecedent share the same number, person, gender and clause.

Q22. What does the case of a relative pronoun depend on?Answer: The case of a relative pronoun depends on the verb or preposition in the adjectival clause. Q23. When do we use the form ‘who’ and when do we use the form ‘whom’?Ans: a. We use ‘who’ in the subjective case i.e. when it is the subject of the verb in its own clause. b. We use whom in the objective case i.e. when it is the object of the verb in its own clause or when it is governed by a preposition.

Q24. Rewrite this sentence choosing the correct word: That is one of those things which is/are particularly objectionable.Ans: That is one of those things which are particularly objectionable.

Q25. Rewrite this sentence choosing the correct word: The girl who/whom he met on holiday wrote him a letter.Ans: The girl whom he met on holiday wrote him a letter.

B. VOCABULARY

Q1. What does the expression ‘to bite someone’s head off’ mean? Ans: To bite someone’s head off: to irritate someone, to taunt

Q2. Write a sentence containing the expression ‘to doctor the accounts.’Ans: To doctor the accounts: When Morrison understood he would lose the wrestling match, he doctored the accounts and took the championship belt.

Q3. What is ‘hypothermia’?Ans: Hypothermia: the condition of having an abnormally (typically dangerously) low body temperature

Q4. What is ‘amnesia’?

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Ans: Amnesia: partial or total loss of memory

Q5. What is the original meaning of ‘disease’?Ans: Disease: originally meant discomfort

Q6. What does the prefix ‘dis’ mean?Ans: The prefix ‘dis-‘ has the following meaning:

i. expressing negation: disadvantage.ii. denoting reversal or absence of an action or state: diseconomy.

iii. denoting removal, separation, or expulsion: disbud iv. expressing completeness or intensification of an action: disgruntled.

Q7. Write down ten words beginning with the prefix ‘dis’.Ans: Ten words containing the prefix ‘-dis’ are written below:

i) displayii) dischargeiii) disadvantageiv) dislikev) disordervi) dispatchvii) discardviii) disarmix) disgustx) disconnect

Q8. What does them expression ‘flogging a dead horse’ mean?Ans: Flogging a dead horse: wasting one’s efforts on an activity that is no longer possible

Q9. Write a sentence containing the expression ‘straight from the horse’s mouth’.Ans: Larry got the information straight from the horse’s mouth.

Q10. What does the suffix ‘-eur’ mean?Ans: ‘-eur’: French equivalent of –or or –er, indicating the doer of an action

Q11. What language does ‘-eur’ come from originally?Ans: The suffix ‘-eur’ comes from France

Q12. What is raconteur?

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Ans: raconteur: a person who can tell stories in a very amusing way

Q13. What is masseuse?Ans: masseuse is a female who gives messages

Q14. Give three suffixes which indicate that the person is feminine.Ans: Some feminine suffixes are: ‘-euse’, ‘-ess’, ‘-ice’ E.g.: chauffeuse, actress, directrice

Q15. What part of speech is the word ‘hound’ in this sentence? The police were determined to hound down the criminal. Ans: The word ‘hound’ is a verb in the above sentence.

Q16. What part of speech is ‘chase’ in this sentence? The pack immediately gave chase. Ans: the word ‘chase’ is a verb in the above sentence.

Q17. Use the word ‘whip’ in a sentence as a verb.Ans: The word ‘whip’ is used as a verb in the following sentence: The cruel man whipped his servants.

Q18. Use the word ‘cry’ in a sentence as a noun.Ans: When I heard the shrilling cry, I ran downstairs.

C SPELLING:

1. When do we use ‘a’ and when do we use ‘an’?Ans: ‘A’ is used:

When we are talking of any of its kind and not a particular one. Before words starting with consonants (except silent ‘h’) example: a

book. Before words starting with vowels but not open sounds, example: a

one-eyed man.‘An’ is used: When we are talking of any of its kind and not a particular one. Before words starting with vowels and silent ‘h’, example: an apple, an honour. Before words starting with open sounds, even though they may start

with consonants, example: an MBBS.

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2. Name three words which begin with silent ‘h’.Ans: The three words which begin with silent ‘h’ are: hour, honest and honor.

3. Name five different ways in which the sound ‘sh’ is spelled.Answer: The five different ways in which the sound ‘sh’ is spelled are:

i. ‘Sh-‘(E.g. Show, shall, shower, etc.)ii. ‘-tion’(E.g. nation, location, etc.)

iii. ‘-sion’(E.g. pension, expulsion, etc.)iv. ‘-ssion’(E.g. passion, omission, etc.)v. ‘-cient’(E.g. ancient, sufficient,etc.)

4. Give two examples for each of these spellings.Ans: The two examples for each of these spellings are:

a. ‘sh’: shave, shallow, b. ‘tion’---ration, location, c. ‘sion’---convulsion, expulsion, d. ‘ssion’---passion, omission, e. ‘cient’---sufficient, efficient.

5. Spell the word meaning the state of being mean.Ans: The word meaning for the state of being mean is ‘meanness’.

6. Spell the adverb formed from the adjective ‘usual’.Ans: The adverb formed from the adjective ‘usual’ is ‘usually’.

7. Write down the word meaning the opposite of ‘necessary’.Ans: The word meaning for the opposite of ‘necessary’ is ‘unnecessary’.

8. Write down five words beginning with ‘ex’.Ans: Five words beginning with ‘ex’ are written below:

i. Exerciseii. Exterior

iii. Extensioniv. Extractionv. Extravagant

9. Write down ten other words containing the letter ‘x’.Ans: The ten other words containing the letter ‘x’ are listed below:

I) fox, II) taxi,

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III) hoax, IV) annex, V) vertex, VI) complex, VII) perplex, VIII) relax, IX) extra, X) suffix.

10. Write down the word meaning a person you are acquainted with.Ans: The word meaning for a person you are acquainted with is ‘acquaintance’.

11. The object you prefer would be your prefer---.Ans: The object I prefer would be my ‘preference’.

12. Give the noun meaning something that has occurred.Ans: The noun meaning for something that has occurred is ‘occurrence’.

Conslidation III

A.Language

Q: 1 . What is an adverbial phrase?

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Ans:1. Adverbial Phrase: An adverbial phrase is a group of related words which play the role of an adverb.  Like all phrases, an adverbial phrase does not include a subject and a verb.E.g. Tony decided to move to Slough in June last year. There are several types of adverbial phrase, which includes:

i) Adverbial Phrase of Manner (E.g. He put the cup on the table with care.);

ii) Adverbial Phrase of Place (E.g. Put it on the table);iii) Adverbial Phrase of Time (E.g. The guests left at eleven o’clock.);iv) Adverbial Phrase of Degree (E.g. he got mare marks than

expected.);v) Adverbial Phrase of Reason (E.g. John left early because of his

sickness).

Q: 2. Write down a sentence containing an adverbial phrase of manner.Ans:2. A sentence containing an adverbial phrase of manner is written below: The spectators screamed out with joy.

Q: 3. Write down a sentence containing an adverbial phrase of time.Ans:3. A sentence containing an adverbial phrase of time is written below: The stadium was empty after one o’clock.

Q:4. Describe the phrase in italics in the following sentence: You will find the box with the silver clasp in the top drawer.Ans:4. You will find the box with the silver clasp in the top drawer.

i) With the silver clasp: adjectival phraseii) In the top drawer: adverbial phrase of place. It is showing where

the box can be located.

Q:5. What is an adverbial clause?Ans:5. Adverbial Clause: An adverbial clause is a clause that functions as an adverb. In other words, it contains subject (explicit or implied) and predicate, and it modifies a verb.E.g. I saw Ayat when I went to school. Adverb clauses can indicate:

i) Manner,ii) Place,iii) Reason,iv) Time,v) Concession,vi) Purpose,vii) Condition,viii) Degree andix) Result.

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Q:6. Write down a sentence containing an adverbial clause of time.Ans:6. A sentence containing an adverbial clause of time is written below: After I finished my exam, I left the exam hall with my pencil box.

Q:7. Write down a sentence containing an adverbial clause of reason.Ans:7. A sentence containing an adverbial clause of reason is written below John failed the exam because he didn’t study.

Q: 8. Write down a sentence containing an adverbial clause of concession.Ans.8. A sentence containing an adverbial clause of concession is written below: Although Rahat has no interest in history, he intends to become an archaeologist.

Q:9. Name the clauses in italics in the following sentence: Although you are rather late, I shall let you into the hall because you are so keen to hear him speak.Ans:9. Although you are rather late, I shall let you into the hall because you are so keen to hear him speak.

i) Although you are rather late: Adverbial Clause of Concessionii) Because you are so keen to hear him speak: Adverbial

Clause of Reason

Q:10. What is indirect speech?Ans:10. Indirect Speech: Indirect speech is reported speech that is presented with grammatical modifications, rather than as it might have been uttered by the original speaker.E.g. Sakib said that he was exhausted and wanted to go home.

Q:11. Change this sentence into indirect speech: She asked, “Why are you looking so sad?’’Ans:11. She asked me why I was so sad.

Q:12. Explain which abbreviations require a full stop after them and which don’t.Ans:12 . The tendency is to use a full stop only when the final portion of a word has been omitted. E.g. capt. for captain, a.m. for anti meridiem Where letters are dropped from the middle of the word, no full stop is required. E.g. Mr for Mister, Ltd for limited.

Q:13. Write down five abbreviations which require a full stop and which do not.Ans:13. Five words which require a full stop are:

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i) Ante meridiem : a.m.ii) For Example : E.g.iii) Captain :Capt.iv) In other words : i.e.v) etcetera or so on : etc.

Five words which do not require a full stop are:i) Street or Saint : Stii) Mister : Mriii) Avenue : Aveiv) Bangladesh International Tutorial: BITv) British Braodcasting Corporation: BBC

Q:14. What is the abbreviation for ‘postscript’?Ans:14. Abbreviation of postscript: P.S.

Q:15. What is the abbreviation for ‘British Broadcasting Company?Ans:15. Abbreviation for British Broadcasting Company: BBC.

Q:16. What is a noun phrase?Ans:16. Noun Phrase: Noun Phrases can take the place of or can be used like one word nouns and contains no finite verb. Hence, the serve the following functions in the sentences:

i) In apposition to a noun;ii) As the subject of a sentence;iii) As the direct of the verb and iv) As the complement

Example of a noun phrase: The people that I saw coming in the building were actually the owners.

Q:17. Write down a sentence containing a noun phrase.Ans:17. A sentence containing a noun phrase is written below: Passing the exams was very difficult for me.

Q:18. What is a noun clause?Ans:18. Noun Clause: Noun Clause is a form a subordinate clause with a finite verb. Noun clause can do the same work as a noun. E.g. I must decide which English course to take.

Q:19. Write down a sentence containing a noun clause.Ans:19. A sentence containing a noun clause is written below: I asked Ayat where Salman hid the cards.

Q:20. Write down a sentence containing a noun clause as the object of the verb.

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Ans:20. A sentence containing a noun clause as the object of the verb is written below: Saeed asked where I was going for vacation.

Q:21. What is the negative form of ‘something’?Ans:21. The negative form of something is nothing.

Q:22. Rewrite the sentence correctly: I didn’t do it without hardly any effort.Ans:22. I did it with hardly any effort.

Q:23. Why does the position of the word ‘only’ require care?Ans:23. The word ‘only’ requires care because it can often lead to confusion and can make the meaning of the statement blurry. E.g.: Boys wearing only sneakers will be allowed. The sentence suggests that boys wearing sneakers and nothing else will not be allowed. The correct statement is: Boys who are wearing sneakers will be allowed only.

Q:24. Rewrite the sentence correctly: Genuine offers only acceptedAns:24. Only genuine offers are accepted.

Q:25. Give five examples of abstract noun.Ans:25. Five examples of abstract noun are listed below:

i) Visionii) Brotherhoodiii) Loveiv) Envyv) Thought

Q:26. Give five examples of adverbs indicating manner.Ans:26. Five examples of adverbs indicating manner are listed below:

i) Gently,ii) Carefully,iii) Quickly,iv) Nicely,v) Slowly,

Q:27. What is a relative pronoun?Ans:27. Relative pronoun: Relative pronoun "relates" a subordinate clause to the rest of the sentence. It may be found in adjective and noun clauses. A relative pronoun is found only in sentences with more than one clause. The relative pronouns are: that, which, who, whom, and whose. E.g. I cannot believe that he said it.

Q:28. What is a finite verb?

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Ans:28. Finite Verb: A finite verb is a verb that forms a tense and contains a subject. Finite verbs are always present in clauses. E.g. The dog was resting on the footpath.

Q:29. What is an intransitive verb?Ans:29. Intransitive verb: Intransitive verb is a verb of action which does ot have a direct object. E.g. : I run around the block daily.

Q:30. Give five examples of conjunctions.Ans:30. Five examples of conjunctions are written below:

i) And,ii) Because,iii) But,iv) As,v) When.

Q:31. Write down a sentence containing a participial phrase.Ans:31. Talking on the phone, he was not aware of his surroundings.

Q:32. Write down a sentence containing an adjectival phrase.Ans:32. The shirt with red stripes suited him.Q:33. Write down a sentence containing two finite verbs and point out the main clause.Ans:33. When I turned on the TV, I saw that Bangladesh was playing cricket with Ireland.

i) When I turned on the TV: subordinate clauseii) I saw that Bangladesh was playing cricket with Ireland: main

clause.

Q:34. What is an adjectival clause?Ans:34. Adjectival Clause: Adjectival Clause is a subordinate clause that can do the work of an adjective. Like all clause, adjectival clause contains a finite verb. Adjectival clauses usually begin with a relative pronoun and nearly always follow the noun or pronoun they qualify or describe. E.g. The cat he saw was resting.

Q:35. Write down a complex sentence.Ans:35. A complex sentence is written below: When he entered the room, he saw all the students laughing.

Q:36. What is a compound complex sentence?Ans:36. Compound Complex sentence: Compound complex sentence is one of the four basic sentence structures. A compound complex sentence contains two or more main clause and one or more subordinate clause.

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E.g. After the game was over, everybody was satisfied because of the result and returned home.

B. Vocabulary

Q:1. What is the difference in meaning between ‘affect’ and ‘effect’?Ans:1. Affect: To have an influence on or effect a change in something Effect: Something brought about by a cause or agent

Q:2. What is the difference in meaning between ‘amend’ and ‘emend’?Ans:2. Amend: to make minor improvements on something Emend: to correct or revise a text

Q:3. ‘Bob’, ‘Maggie’, ‘Ted’, ‘Bill’ and ‘Liz’ are shortened versions of what names?Ans:3. Bob: The full name of Bob is Robert. Maggie: Margaret is the full name of Maggie. Ted: The full name of Ted is Theodore. Bill: William is the full name if Bill. Liz: Elizabeth is the full version of the name Liz.

Q:4. ‘Messrs’ is the abbreviated form of what word?Ans:4. Messrs is the abbreviated form of Messieurs.

Q:5. What does ‘G.O.M’ stand for?Ans:5. G.O.M stands for Gulf of Mexico

Q:6. ‘Exam’ is commonly used in this shortened form. Name five words similarly found in the shortened versions.Ans:6. Five words that are normally found in shortened form are listed below:

i) Ad: advertisementii) Phone: Telephoneiii) Fridge: refrigeratoriv) Bus: omnibusv) Pub: Public House

Q:7. Write down two sentences using the word ‘student’, first in its ordinary sense, and then as a term of abuse.Ans:7. The word ‘student’ in its ordinary sense: The only work of a student is to learn. The word ‘student’ being abused: The political leaders abuse students for their selfish purposes.

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Q:8. Write down five words beginning with the prefix ‘un-’ = not.Ans:8. Five words beginning with the prefix ‘un-’ are written below:

i) Unnecessaryii) Unconsciousiii) Unusualiv) Unprofessionalv) Unappreciated

Q:9. Write down five word beginning with prefix ‘mis-’ = wronglyAns:9. Five words beginning with the prefix ‘mis-‘ are written below:

i) Misbehaveii) Misunderstandiii) Mistype iv) Misusev) Misplaced

Q:10. What does ‘outmoded’ mean?Ans:10. ‘Outmoded’ means old-fashioned.

Q:11. What does ‘outflank’ mean?Ans:11. Outflank means to move round the side of (an enemy) so as to outmaneuver or outwit them.

Q:12. Explain the difference in meaning between ‘cancel’ and ‘postpone’.Ans:12. Postpone: arrange for something to take place at a time later than that first scheduled Cancel: Any kind of occasion that was arranged but does not take place later

Q:13. Explain the difference in meaning between ‘contagious’ and ‘contiguous’ .Ans:13. Contagious: something- such as disease, emotion- that is likely to affect with or without contact and affects other. Contiguous: sharing a common border

Q:14. What does the suffix ‘-ee’ mean?Ans:14. The suffix ‘–ee’: denotes a person described as or concerned with anything. E.g. Trustee, employee, etc.

Q:15. What is a trustee?Ans:15. Trustee: an individual or member of a board given powers of administration of property in trust with a legal obligation to administer it solely for the purposes specified.

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Q:16. What is a legatee?Ans:16. Legatee: a person who receives a legacy

Q:17. Explain the meaning of the expression ‘to be punch drunk’. Ans:17. To be punch drunk: to act as if one is dazed or in a state of confusion E.g. Sakib looked totally punched drunk as he did not get any sleep last night for the upcoming exams.

Q:18. Explain the meaning of the expression ‘to het below the belt’?Ans:18. To hit below the belt: to deal someone an unfair blow. E.g. John Morrison doesn’t deserve the championship title since he hit the other wrestler below the belt.

Q:19. What is a ‘birdie’?Ans:19. A birdie is one stroke under par for a hole in golf.

Q:20. What is ‘a maiden over’?Ans:20. A maiden over is a word from the sport of cricket. It is an over where no runs are scored.

C. Spelling

Q:1. Write don ten words which end in ‘–le’.Ans:1. Ten words that end with ‘-le’ are listed below:

i) Ableii) Bottleiii) Cattleiv) Noodlev) Comfortablevi) Tablevii) Stableviii) Hustleix) Bicyclex) Uncle

Q:2. Write don ten words which end in ‘-al’.Ans:2. Ten words ending with ‘al’ are listed below:

i) Normalii) Numericaliii) Trialiv) Betrayal

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v) Nasalvi) Burialvii) Centralviii) Colonialix) Finalx) Hospital

Q:3. Write don ten words which end in ‘–el’.Ans:3. Ten words ending with ‘el’ are listed below:

i) Angelii) Chapeliii) Funneliv) Fuelv) Duelvi) Levelvii) Hotelviii) Motelix) Rebelx) Shovel

Q:4. What does the suffix ‘-ize’ mean?Ans:4. The suffix ‘-ize’: The suffix ‘-ize’ can form verbs meaning make or become. E.g. Privatize, economize, etc.

Q:5. Write don ten words which end in ‘–ize’.Ans:5. Ten words ending with ‘-ize’ are written below:

i) Personalizeii) Categorizeiii) Agonizeiv) Pasteurizev) Hospitalizevi) Maizevii) Baptizeviii) Colonizeix) Carbonizex) Minimizexi) Organize

Q:6. Write down ten words ending in ‘-ise’ Ans:6. Ten words ending with ‘-ise’ are listed below:

i) Improviseii) Advertiseiii) Compromiseiv) Advise

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v) Clockwisevi) Disguisevii) Deviseviii) riseix) wisex) televise

Q:7. What five ways are there of representing the sound ‘k’?Ans:7. The five methods by which the sound ‘k’ can be represented by the sound ‘k’ are written below:

i) The sound can be represented by the letter ‘c’ii) ‘ch’ can also assist to represent the sound ‘k’iii) ‘que’ too represents the sound ‘k’iv) ‘ck’ also holds the ability to represent the found ‘k’v) The letter ‘k’ itself also represents the sound ‘k’

Q:8.Give five words illustrating each of these five words.Ans:8. Representations of the sound ‘k’

The letter ‘c’ representing the sound ‘k’:i) Catii) Actiii) Doctoriv) Cabv) Cabbage

‘ck’ representing the sound ‘k’:

i) Mockii) Lockiii) Stockiv) Shockv) Back

‘ch’ representing the sound ‘k’:i) Christmasii) Chorusiii) Characteriv) Chaosv) Echo

‘que’ representing the sound ‘k’ i) Chequeii) Techniqueiii) Uniqueiv) Queenv) Question

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‘k’ representing the sound ‘k’i) Kiteii) Karateiii) Killiv) Keepv) Kettle

Q:9. Write ten words beginning with silent ‘k’.Ans:9. Ten words beginning with silent ‘k’ are listed below:

i) Knifeii) Knockiii) Knitiv) Kneelv) Kneevi) Knowvii) Knightviii) Knobix) Knucklex) Knead

Q:10. Write down five words ending with ‘-eur’.Ans:10 Five words ending with ‘-eur’ are written below:

i) Raconteurii) Amateuriii) Masseuriv) Chauffeurv) Connoisseur

Q:11. Write down the word meaning ‘able to burst into flames’.Ans:11. Flammable is the word that means able to burst into flames or easily burned.

Q:12. Write down the word meaning ‘full of skill’.Ans:12. Skillful is the word that means ‘full of skill’.

Q:13. Write down the word meaning ‘something you own’.Ans:13. Possession means something that you have in your custody or something you own.

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