last bellwork ever!!!!! explain the importance of the following people: 1.lin biao 2.zhou enlai...
TRANSCRIPT
Last Bellwork EVER!!!!!• Explain the importance of
the following people:1. Lin Biao2. Zhou Enlai3. Gang of Four4. Hua Guofeng5. Deng Xiaoping• THINKER: How might
improved Sino-US relations post-Mao impact the Soviet Union’s relationship with the US? China?
Throwback Thursday!!!
Lin Biao• Leader of the Red Army in the
Civil War (vital to their success)• Under Mao, Lin was the Defense
Minister & leading radical of CCP• In 1969, he was officially named
as Mao’s successor• In the early 1970’s Lin had a
“falling out” with Mao• Zhou Enlai was Mao’s next choice
Zhou Enlai• Long-time aide to Mao, specialized in
foreign policy• After Korean War, advocated peaceful
co-existence• Due to his expertise and popularity, he
was able to avoid the purges• Allied with other moderates• His death (8 months before Mao)
turned into public anger towards the government leading to the Tiananmen Square incident.
Death of Mao…..
Now what?
Hua Guofeng• In 1976, Zhou Enlai died and Mao backed
Hua Guofeng as the new premier.• He was the Minister for Public Security
during the Cultural Revolution• Was a “compromise candidate” – did not
belong to either faction• Persecuted the Gang of Four• Challenged by Deng (vice-chairman of
CCP in 1977)• In 1980, Hua’s unpopular reforms will
lead to the rise of Deng to power
Liu Shaoqi • President of the People's
Republic of China from 1959 to 1968, during which he implemented policies of economic reconstruction in China.
• Deng’s closest advisor
Deng Xiaoping• Head of the Secretariat of the CCP• Pre-GLF: Out-argued Soviet theorists/
politicians; embarrassing for USSR• Post-GLF: Implemented many moderate
reforms with Liu Shaoqi• Feeling threatened, by the moderates in
the party, Mao will eventually remove Liu and Deng from power and force them into labor camps (1965-1972)
• After death of Mao, he will compete (and eventually overthrow) radicals within the CCP to come to power
Gang of Four• Political faction of four CCP officials• Consisted of Mao Zedong's last wife Jiang Qing, the
leading figure of the group, and her close associates Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, and Wang Hongwen
• Anti-Soviet & Anti-American• Controlled the CCP towards end of Cultural Revolution• After Mao’s death, they rivaled moderates for power
Deng “opens” China post-Mao• December 1978: took power in the Chinese Communist
Party• Four Modernizations: Strengthen the fields of
agriculture, industry, defense & technology• Stop exporting communist ideology in Southeast Asia• Encourage foreign travel and education• “One country, two systems=“ Massive economic reform,
but still maintained communist rhetoric• Commune system dismantled (peasants allowed to own
their own land & sell their own crops)• Open foreign trade• Improve relations with the West (January 1979 – U.S.
recognized the PRC)• Did little to improve Sino-Soviet relations
“We mustn't fear to adopt the advanced management methods applied in capitalist countries (...) The very essence of socialism is the liberation and development of the productive systems (...) Socialism and market economy are not incompatible (...) We should be concerned about right-wing deviations, but most of all, we must be concerned about left-wing deviations”
Events leading to the fall of the USSR• You will work in groups of
three to read and prepare a re-teach of an important event leading to the fall of the USSR.
• We will be creating a timeline of events during presentations, in which you will add a couple of key notes.
• We will finish this 5/8
The topics Opposition/DissentRule of Gorbachev
1989 revolutions (Poland, East Germany & Czech.)
Rule of BrezhnevArms Limitations
Sino-American Hostility: 1949-1970• The following events contributed to hostility between China & the
US………• US aide of GMD• 1950’s
– Tibet (1950)– Korea (1950-1953)– Taiwan (1954 & 1958)
• 1960’s– Vietnam – Decolonization– Cultural Revolution
***Any improvement in Sino-American relations could only be possible if Taiwan issue was solved***
Sino-American Détente: 1970-1990• The following events contributed to détente
between China & the US………• 1970’s– Withdrawal from Vietnam/Taiwan– United Nations– Soviet Union
• 1980’s– Post-Mao economic reforms
Why were the 1970’s the right time for détente?• US support vs. Chinese support• Change in political philosophy of
US Admin:– Now understood that
communist movements were not as “monolithic” as they once thought
– Nixon suggested the US would now “deal with countries on the basis of their actions and not on abstract ideology.”
• “Once the Soviet Union could no longer count on permanent hostility between the world’s most powerful and most populous nations. . . The scope for Soviet stubbornness would narrow and perhaps even evaporate. Soviet leaders would have to hedge their bets because a threatening posture might intensify Sino-American cooperation. In the conditions of the late 1960’s, improved Sino-American relations became a key to the Nixon Administration’s Soviet strategy.”
• Henry Kissinger, Nixon’s Secretary of State
Ping Pong Diplomacy
• Secret talks between Kissinger & Zhou Enlai (1971)
• Nixon visits Mao (1972)– Established joint
agreement to improve relations
What did each of the powers gain from
détente?
Nixon becomes the first US president to visit China!!!
• Zhou asked a British journalist: “why shouldn’t we negotiate with President Nixon? In the past we talked with Jiang Jieshi.”
Sino-American Rapprochement & it’s effects on the Cold War
• PRC’s influence on the Cold War grew with nuclear status, Sino-Soviet Split & Sino-American rapprochement– Now a “tri-polar” conflict
• Other factors of “cooling” tensions in 1980’s:– Mao’s death– Removal of anti-American Gang of
Four– Modernization initiatives of Deng
Xiaoping
Events leading to the fall of the USSR• You will work in groups of
three to read and prepare a re-teach of an important event leading to the fall of the USSR.
• We will be creating a timeline of events during presentations, in which you will add a couple of key notes.
• We will finish this 5/8
The topics Opposition/DissentRule of Gorbachev
1989 revolutions (Poland, East Germany & Czech.)
Rule of BrezhnevArms Limitations
Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1984)
• Massive expansion of the military that significantly expanded Soviet influence, but also crippled the economy.
• Increased Economic, Social, and Political Dissent
• The period from the late 1960s until perestroika is commonly referred to as the Era of Stagnation.
Brezhnev Doctrine
Prague Spring (1968)
Nixon and Brezhnev sign SALT I in 1972 (D.C.)
Carter and Brezhnev sign SALT II in 1979 (Vienna)
Apollo 18, with its docking
module (left), approaches
Soyuz 19 for the first joint U.S.-
Russian manned space exercise in July
1975
Brezhnev’s Dies in 1984
• Andropov (8 months)• Chernenko (11 months)
–Ronald Reagan, upon hearing the news of Chernenko's death.
“How am I supposed to get anyplace with the Russians if they keep dying on me?”
Political, Economic, Social Opposition
* The Rise of Gorbachev* Leader of his provincial
Communist Party
* Elected to the Politburo in 1980; quickly became a high profile reformer.
*Worked to replace 2/3 of high level leaders with younger people.
* Visited many European countries, which opened his eyes to the world.
* Social Modernization!
* The Rule of Gorbachev
*Two major programs were glasnost and perestroika.
*Glasnost* “We said very directly, 'Our people
are free to speak their minds, free to write, free to assemble and discuss.' And what glasnost meant was that the entire society was set in motion.” (Gorbachev; 1987)
* He argued the Soviet people wanted democracy, and socialism needed democracy.
* Censorship of speech, protests, and media was relaxed….. Believed transparency would end corruption
* The first Party elections were held in March 1989
* Results of Glasnost*Censorship collapsed,
revealing numerous and fundamental issues in society (alcoholism, housing, pollution, racism)
*Nationalism and move toward independence in the satellite states
* What was Perestroika?
* He and his closest advisers allowed free enterprise and opened up markets.
* They argued that markets didn't contradict socialism.
* Did it work?!???
* …… not really……Instead of being a closely controlled shift towards market socialism, á la China, the CPSU lost control.
* Price controls remained, government spending increased while tax revenue decreased, overproduction
–Mikhail Gorbachev, Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World (1987)
“Our rockets can find Comets, and fly to Venus with amazing accuracy, but side by side with these scientific and technical triumphs is an obvious lack of efficiency in using scientific achievements for economic needs, and many Soviet household appliances are of poor quality.”
–Mikhail Gorbachev, on Russian television.
“Two men were standing in a queue, trying to buy some food--an inevitable part of daily life in the USSR. One of them said: what's wrong with our country? Why do we always have to queue for daily food? His friend said: It's our leaders' fault. They are responsible. His friend said: I'll make them responsible. I shall go and shoot them!
After two hours he came back. What happened, his friend in the queue asked? Well, I gave up. The queue was longer there!”
Relaxation of Sino-Soviet Tensions• Reasons for relaxation of Sino-Soviet tensions:– Mao’s death in 1976– Overthrow of the Anti-Soviet Gang of Four– New PRC leader, Deng, was more tolerant to the USSR & US– Lenoid Brezhnev’s death in 1982
• When Gorbachev assumed Soviet leadership in 1985, there was, for first time in 20 years, a real chance at improving relations– Signed trade agreements, restored diplomatic relations, Soviets
withdrew from Cambodia & Afghanistan
*Review*How did
Gorbachev’s policies impact the governments of Soviet Satellite States?
CHALLENGES TO SOVIET CONTROL
1989 & THE YEAR OF REVOLUTION!
BACKGROUND
In June 1989, Gorbachev declared that political unrest in Hungary & Poland was “their affair” and the USSR would not intervene
“What the Poles and Hungarians decide is their affair, but we will respect their decision whatever it is.”
End of the Brezhnev Doctrine and no more Soviet military involvement!
1989 – the year of revolutions! Quick collapse of communist rule in Eastern Europe Single party Communist-rule was swept aside in bloodless
revolutions in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Romania & Bulgaria
There had been a long history of opposition to communism in Eastern Europe, but all revolts/disturbances were put down militarily.
CAUSES OF DISCONTENT
• Economic backwardness & low living standards
• Lack of legitimacy of ruling communist parties
• Repressive methods used by ruling parties
• Internal political divisions
• Impact of Gorbachev’s reforms
• Gorbachev did not foresee the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, he just hoped those governments would introduce reforms similar to his own in the USSR
WHY DIDN’T GORBACHEV STOP THESE REVOLUTIONS?
Due to advances in weapon delivery, no longer needed Eastern Europe as “buffer zone”
Not prepared to further damage relations with West
Eastern Europe was a financial liability Cost of stationing troops Cost of providing Warsaw Pact countries with military supplies
Increased TV ownership & media coverage (“as much the triumph of communication as the failure of communism”)
Poland• Independent
Self-governing Labour Union "Solidarity"
General Wojciech Jaruzelski Leader of Communist Party of Poland & Head of State (1985-1990) – banned Solidarity
Lech Wałęsa – Co-founder & leader of Solidarity; president of Poland (1990-1995)
“Mr. Gorbachev – Tear down this Wall!”
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WjWDrTXMgF8
12 June 1987 -- commemorating the 750th anniversary of Berlin
East German Revolt of 1989• In early 1989, borders began
to crumble and East Germans escaped to the West through Hungary and Czechoslovakia
• In response, the GDR closed its borders with its neighbors, and instituted a shoot and kill order
• Protests break out and authorities refused to open fire (1/2 million protesters!)
The Borders Open!• Following the November protests, the border with Czechoslovakia was opened and
the Czech government allowed all East Germans to travel directly to West Germany without restrictions…… in effect “immediately without delay”
• Unable to stop the flowing refugees into Czechoslovakia, the East German government caved into public pressure & allowed citizens to enter West Germany directly using border points…….Soon the border points overflowed and citizens tore down sections of the wall
• Two Germanys were reunited 3 Oct 1990
56
•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wnYXbJ_bcLc
The Velvet Revolution - Czechoslovakia
What happened?• In November1989, hundreds of
students took to the streets to protest the Czech Communist government.
• This escalated into protests lasting from November 19 to late December, drawing half a million people to the streets at its peak.
• In late November, the Czech Communist Party relinquished power and free elections were held.
Fall of the USSR• 1985: Gorbachev comes to power• 1986: Glasnost and Perestroika• 1987: Reduction of Nuclear Forces
– Ms. Bruggeman was born • 1988: New electoral laws in USSR• Gorbachev reduces Warsaw Pact troops • 1989: Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan• Year of Revolution = Gorbachev says he will not intervene• Fall of the Berlin Wall• Gorbachev and Bush meet decide the Cold War has ended!• 1990: Ends monopoly of the CPSU • Baltic Republics declare independence• 1991: Boris Yeltsin elected president of Russia (June)
– Yeltsin outlaws CPSU– Gorbachev resigns as General Secretary of CPSU & dissolves party– Minsk Agreement: ends the USSR, replaced by Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
THINKER! • In your opinion, what was
the biggest contributing factor to the fall of the USSR? Why?
Carter Doctrine– After the USSR invaded Afghanistan in 1979, Carter passed his doctrine which
stated the US would use military force if necessary to defend its interests in the Persian Gulf and Middle East.
– When he announced the doctrine in the 1980 State of the Union Address, Carter said that Soviet troops in Afghanistan “posed a great threat to the free movement of Middle Eastern oil.”
– “Let our position be absolutely clear: An attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America, and such an assault will be repelled by any means necessary, including military force”
– Carter's successor, Ronald Reagan, extended the policy in October 1981 with what is sometimes called the "Reagan Corollary to the Carter Doctrine", which proclaimed that the United States would intervene to protect Saudi Arabia, whose security was threatened after the Iran–Iraq War's outbreak.
Reagan Doctrine– Aimed to overwhelm the global influence of the Soviet Union during the final years of the Cold
War. While the doctrine lasted less than a decade, it was the centerpiece of United States foreign policy from the early 1980s until the end of the Cold War in 1991.
– the United States provided overt and covert aid to anti-communist guerrillas and resistance movements in an effort to "roll back" Soviet-backed communist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America (especially Angola & Nicaragua)
– The Reagan Doctrine was especially significant because it represented a substantial shift in the post–World War II foreign policy of the United States. Prior to the Reagan Doctrine, U.S. foreign policy in the Cold War was rooted in "containment.” In January 1977, four years prior to becoming president, Reagan bluntly stated, in a conversation with Richard V. Allen, his basic expectation in relation to the Cold War. "My idea of American policy toward the Soviet Union is simple, and some would say simplistic," he said. "It is this: We win and they lose. What do you think of that?"
– One perceived benefit of the Reagan Doctrine was the relatively low cost of supporting guerrilla forces compared to the Soviet Union's expenses in propping up client states. Another benefit was the lack of direct involvement of American troops, which allowed the United States to confront Soviet allies without sustaining casualties.
Paper 1: Communism in Crisis• 5 min read time; 60 minutes test time; 20% of HOA grade• Consider points and timing when writing your response• Question 1: Reading comprehension (a) and cartoon/photographic analysis (b)
– 5 marks = 10 minutes– Demonstrate knowledge and understanding; ability to understand historical sources
• Question 2: Compare and contrast historical sources as evidence– 6 marks = 15 minutes– Show ability to interpret two sources and compare/contrast them through evidence
• Question 3: Explain OPVL of historical sources– 6 marks = 15 minutes– Ability to analyze and evaluate sources
• Question 4: Evaluate evidence from both historical sources & background knowledge– 8 marks = 20 minutes– Demonstrate an understanding of historical context & ability to use evidence from all sources and
your own knowledge
Other tips…..• Most of the documents should be used in the response• Quote or name the document (According to Yeltsin…; according to source C…..)• Address ALL parts of the question; make sure you understand what it is asking• Keep in mind the tone, point of view, and date of the source• Concise and exact responses are much better than long and general ones• Paper 1 is meant to assess your ability to interpret and analyze. Therefore, stay away
from mere paraphrasing, repetition or summary of the documents and, instead, focus on interpretation, analysis, supporting arguments, and your own knowledge
• There is not one right answer; explanations and support for your answer is what makes it right!
• Don’t panic: read the documents; don’t be surprised if the subject is obscure, you’ll learn as you read. You are being assessed on your skill of document analysis….so get in there and analyze!
• Questions?!?!?!??