Last Word: Chapter 26, Section 4 Reading Guide due Friday; test Monday

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Imperialism and Imperialism and Nationalism in the Nationalism in the

Middle EastMiddle East

Late 1800’s to early 1900’s

The Ottoman Empire (1800)

Challenges to Ottoman Power

During 1700’s/1800’s, European influence in the Middle East grew– The Ottoman Empire gradually started to lose

territory to European nations

– Began to be called the “sick man of Europe” since it was on the decline.

Ottoman Empire (1878-1914)

“The Young Turks”

Wanted to strengthen the Ottoman Empire and end Western influence

Overthrew the sultan in 1908; put new sultan in power to carry out their policies– Persecuted non-Muslim communities– Stressed differences between Turks and Arabs

Sided with Germany in World War I– Lost many of its provinces as a result

World War I

Ottoman Empire sides with Germany (Central Powers)

After the war…

Versailles Treaty takes away many of Turkey’s provinces in the MidEast– Treaty gave mandates (territories administered by a

nation but not owned) to the victorious western Powers

• Britain gets Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine• France gets Syria and Lebanon

Mandates After World War I

Kemal Ataturk Considered the “father of modern Turkey

– Turkish general who helped to fight off Greece after WWI

– (1923) Overthrew the sultan and set up the republic

Reforms of Ataturk– Modernization – built factories, separated

religion from the state– Westernization – used western law model,

calendar and metric system, banned hijab and fez

**Many Muslims were angered by these policies of westernization

Rise of Modern Egypt

(Early 1800’s) Egypt becomes focus of rivalry between France and Britain– Both nations wanted to build and control

the Suez Canal

Muhammed Ali Considered the “father of modern

Egypt” Governor of Egypt in early 1800’s

– Attempted to modernize Egypt with reforms

Those who came after him created a large debt– Egypt eventually sold rights to Suez

canal to French and control of canal to British

Egyptian Independence

Finally declared independence in 1922 – Did not regain control of the Suez Canal until

1956

Struggle for Iran

(1800’s) European powers also acquired spheres of influence in Iran– Shahs (Iranian leader) were weak; unable to resist

European expansion

Reza Khan

Iranian Army officer who seized power in 1925– Set up the Pahlavi

dynasty Reforms:

– Tried to end foreign control

– Attempted to modernize Iran

Conflict over Palestine

During the 1920’s and 1930’s this area became the center of conflict between Arabs and Jews

Zionism Movement which seeks to re-

establish a Jewish state in Palestine– began in the late 1800’s– Led by Theodor Herzl– Driven by growth of anti-

Semitism (hatred or fear of Jews) in Europe and elsewhere

Jews from Europe begin to emigrate to Palestine

The Balfour Declaration

Jews from Europe begin to emigrate to Palestine

Britain issues this statement that supports both sides – Favors the establishment in Palestine of a

Jewish homeland– Nothing should “prejudice the civil and

religious rights of non-Jewish communities in Palestine”

The Seeds of Conflict

During the 1930’s, increased numbers of Jews move to Palestine– Zionists help them to settle by purchasing land

from city landowners– Arab tenant farmers find themselves forced to

leave; have trouble finding new work in the cities

**Conflict develops between Arabs and Jews in Palestine…

Review

Which empire was called the “sick man of Europe” because of its diminishing status?

What is a mandate? Which person was called the “father of modern

Turkey”? Which person was called the “father of modern

Egypt”? Which person seized power in Iran in 1925 and

attempted to modernize the country? What is Zionism? Who was the founder of this

movement?