Latin 1 / Intro to Latin

A study of the Latin language and the history, culture, and geography of

ancient Rome

Imperfect Tense

•An action which was going on or was habitual in the past.•He was loving, he used to

love, he kept on loving

Verb formation

• Latin verbs: stem + tense sign + personal ending

• Present tense: tense sign = stem + tense sign + personal ending

• Imperfect tense: tense sign = stem + tense sign + personal ending

n/a

ba +

ba

Plural

1st Person ama + ba + mus amabamus We were loving

2nd Person ama + ba + tis amabatis Y’all used to love

3rd Person ama + ba + nt amabant They kept on loving

Verb formation – ImperfectSingular

1st Person ama + ba + m amabam I was loving

2nd Person ama + ba + s amabas You used to love

3rd Person ama + ba + t amabat She kept on loving

Second Declension – Endings

• For neuter, Nominative = Accusative

Singular PluralM N M N

Nom -us -um -ī -aGen -ī -ī -ōrum -ōrumDat -ō -ō -īs -īsAcc -um -um -ōs -aAbl -ō -ō -īs -īs

Second Declension – Declined

servus, servī, M: servant, slaveSingular PluralM M

Nom servus servī

Gen servī servōrum

Dat servō servīs

Acc servum servōs

Abl servō servīs

Second Declension – Declined

verbum, verbī, N: wordSingular PluralN N

Nom verbum verba

Gen verbī verbōrum

Dat verbō verbīs

Acc verbum verba

Abl verbō verbīs

Endings for 1st & 2nd Declension Adjectives

Singular PluralM F N M F N

Nom -us -a -um -ī -ae -aGen -ī -ae -ī -ōrum -ārum -ōrumDat -ō -ae -ō -īs -īs -īsAcc -um -am -um -ōs -ās -aAbl -ō -ā -ō -īs -īs -īs

Adjective/Noun Agreement

•Adjectives must agree with the noun they modify in:–Case–Number–Gender

Adjective/Noun Agreement

• Little sons (nominative)– Sons• filius, filiī, M• Nominative Plural Masculine• fili + ī = filiī

– Small• parvus, parva, parvum• Nominative Plural Masculine• parv + ī = parvī

• Parvī filiī.

Adjective/Noun Agreement

• Large temples (dative)– Temples• templum, templī, N• Dative Plural Neuter• templ + īs = templīs

– Large• magnus, magna, magnum• Dative Plural Neuter• magn + īs = magnīs

• Magnīs templīs.

Adjective/Noun Agreement

The teacher was praising the good girl.• girl

– Case: Accusative– Number: Singular– Gender: Feminine– puellam

• good– Accusative, Singular, Feminine– bonam– bonam puellam

Magister bonam puellam laudabat.

Adjective/Noun Agreement

parvī filiī, magnīs templīs, bonam puellam

The endings will often match, but not always. Make sure that Case, Number, & Gender match!

good king (accusative singular): regem bonum

bold son (genitive singular): filiī audacis

Adjective/Noun Agreement

The happy farmer praises the good sailors.• happy farmer–Nominative, Singular, Masculine– agricola laetus

• good sailors–Accusative, Plural, Masculine–bonōs nautās

Agricola laetus bonōs nautās laudat.

PrepositionsA preposition is a word that allows the word(s) following it to function as an adjective or adverb.•The boy in the blue shirt won the prize.•The girl skipped around the room.•The scout helped the lady across the street.•I need to do my homework before class starts.•The scratch on your arm looks infected.•He hid his dirty clothes under his bed.

Prepositions

About, above, across, after,

Against, along, among, around,

At, before, behind, below,

Beneath, beside, between, beyond,

But, by, down, during, for, from,

And within and except.

In, inside, into, like, near,

Of, off, on, onto, and out,

Outside, over, past, and through,

To, toward, under, underneath,

Until, up, upon, with, without.

Prepositions

In Latin, each preposition has an associated case.

The words in the prepositional phrase will be in the preposition’s given case.

Prepositionsante (with acc)

post (with acc)

in (with abl)

sine (with abl)

before, in front of

after, behind

in, on

without

Prepositions

• In the road–in (with abl)–via, viae, F–in viā

Prepositions

• In front of the small girls– ante (with acc)–puella, puellae, F–parvus, parva, parvum– ante puellās parvās

Prepositions

• In the road–in (with abl)–via, viae, F–in viā

• The girls were walking in the road.• Puellae ambulabant in viā.

Prepositions

• In front of the small girls– ante (with acc)–puella, puellae, F–parvus, parva, parvum– ante puellās parvās

• The teacher was standing in front of the small girls.• Magister stabat ante puellās parvās.

Numbers in LatinCardinal Ordinal

1 I ūnus (-a, -um) prīmus (-a, -um) 2 II duo (duae, duo) secundus, alter 3 III trēs (trēs, tria) tertius 4 IV quattuor quārtus 5 V quīnque quīntus 6 VI sex sextus 7 VII septem septimus 8 VIII octō octāvus 9 IX novem nōnus 10 X decem decimus20 XX vīgintī vīcē(n)simus100 C centum centē(n)simus1000 M mīlle mīllēnsimus

Original Roman Calendar – 10 months

1. Martius

2. Aprilis

3. Maius

4. Junius

5. Quintilis

6. Sextilis

7. September

8. October

9. November

10. December

…and 60+ “unassigned” days in winter.

Julian CalendarThen, Julius Caesar reformed the calendar:

Martius

Aprilis

Maius

Junius

Quintilis

Sextilis

September

October

November

December

added Januarius and

Februarius

renamed a month after

himselfJulius

Januarius

Februarius

Augustus

thought he was as

important as Julius Caesar

Caesar was close – very close – but each year was 11 minutes too long.

So, 1600 years later the Gregorian calendar was adopted. It removed leap days in years that were multiples of 100 but not 400.

This is what we use today. 2000 was a leap year. 2100 will not be.

Then Julius Caesar got himself killed, unwittingly setting the stage for William Shakespeare to perpetuate 2 great myths 1.6 millennia later:• “Et tu, Brute”– καὶ σὺ τέκνον (according to Suetonius)

• “Beware the Ides of March”– Only the 15th in March, May, July & October– 13th for all other months

The happy queen gives great gifts to the small sons of the good sailor.

The happy queen gives great gifts to the small sons of the good sailor.

The queen

happy gives gifts great to the sons

small of the sailor

good

Noun Adj Verb Noun Adj Noun Adj Noun Adj

regina laetus do donum magnus filius parvus nauta bonus

Sing Queen Present Plural Gifts Plural Sons Sing Sailor

Nom Nom Sg F

3rd Sing Acc Acc Pl N

Dat Dat Pl M

Gen Gen Sg M

regina laeta dat magna dona filiīs parvīs bonī nautae

Part of Speech

Part of Speech

Part of Speech

Part of Speech

Part of Speech

Part of Speech

Part of Speech

Part of Speech

Part of Speech

Vocab Word

Vocab Word

Vocab Word

Vocab Word

Vocab Word

Vocab Word

Vocab Word

Vocab Word

Vocab Word

NumberNoun it modifies

Tense NumberNoun it modifies

NumberNoun it modifies

NumberNoun it modifies

CaseCase, #, Gender

Person & Number

CaseCase, #, Gender

Case Case, #, Gender Case

Case, #, Gender

translation translation translation translation translation translation translation translation translation

The Latin Domus –

House (City)