Latin Name Index

AAcacia senegal, 119Acanthaceae, 386Agrobacterium rhizogenes, 19, 27, 75, 117,

245, 246, 278Agrobacterium tumefaciens, 27, 117, 119Allium sp., 120Andrographis paniculata, 386Anthocleista, 97Antirrhinum majus L., 292Aquilegia vulgaris, 296Arabidopsis thaliana, 145, 154, 248, 269Arabis alpina, 249

BBacillus cereus, 98, 339Bacillus subtilis, 98, 339, 387Beta vulgaris, 120Blackstonia perfoliata, 36Brassica napus, 156Bryum rubens, 268Bupleurum scorzonerifolium, 175, 182

CCalolisianthus, 421–423, 428, 434Camellia japonica, 10Candida albicans, 340, 386, 408Canscora decussata, 355Castanea sativa, 151Centaurium cachanlahuen, 429Centaurium erythraea, 9, 10, 13, 14, 19, 34,

36, 37, 113–115, 117, 121, 123–127,129–131, 428

Centaurium littorale, 37Centaurium pulchellum, 9Centaurium rigualii, 33, 35, 278Chamelaucium uncinatum, 297Chelonanthus, 421–423, 429, 434Chironia, 97, 366, 384

Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, 270Cichorium, 120, 125, 127, 129, 130Cichorium intybus L. × C. endivia L., 120Citrobacter freundii, 98, 339Citrus deliciosa, 274Cladosporium sp., 386Comastoma pedunculatum, 359Comastoma pulmonarium, 359Comastoma sp., 358Consolida ajacis, 296Coutoubea racemosa, 425, 430Coutoubea ramosa, 430Coutoubea ramosa var. racemosa, 430Coutoubea spicata, 428, 429Cyclamen persicum, 274

DDatura inoxia, 188Daucus carota, 15, 145Deianira nervosa, 430Deianira pallescens, 430

EEnicostemma littoral, 386Enterobacter aerogenes, 386Escherichia coli, 98, 340, 386, 387Euphorbia pulcherrima, 127Eustoma grandiflorum, 9, 12, 19, 27, 164,

167, 168, 171, 172, 174, 175, 287,288, 292, 295, 297, 298

Eustoma russellianum, 287Exacum affine, 15, 17, 287–290, 295, 383,

384, 387–390, 392, 393, 396–398Exacum alberti-grimaldi, 384Exacum bicolor, 385, 386, 389, 391, 394,

396Exacum hybrids named “Styer Group”, 396Exacum macranthum, 391Exacum oldenlandoides, 384

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015J.J. Rybczyński et al. (eds.), The Gentianaceae - Volume 2:Biotechnology and Applications, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-54102-5

439

Exacum pedunculatum, 384–386, 390, 391Exacum quinquenervium, 384, 388Exacum tetragonum, 384, 385, 388Exacum travancoricum, 394, 395Exacum trinervium subsp. ritigalensis, 384Exacum wightianum Arn., 385, 395

FFestuca spp., 274Frasera caroliniensis, 352

GGeissospermum spp., 429Gentiana acaulis, 3, 45, 51, 52, 56, 57, 63,

64, 73, 75, 82, 167, 199, 201, 203,205–211, 218, 220–223, 225–228,232–235, 311–313

Gentiana albanica, 94, 102, 104–106, 336,342

Gentiana amarella, 94Gentiana anglica, 94Gentiana anisodonta, 94Gentiana aphylla, 430Gentiana asclepiadea, 51, 56, 57, 63–66, 75,

77, 83, 105, 199, 202, 203, 205,206, 208, 221–223, 232, 235, 311,313, 320, 328, 329, 339, 341, 342

Gentiana aspera, 94Gentiana aurea, 94Gentiana austriaca, 94, 98, 102, 104–108,

334, 336, 342Gentiana barbata, 94Gentiana bavarica, 371, 372Gentiana brachyphylla, 371, 372Gentiana bulgarica, 94, 95, 98, 102, 104–106,

106–108, 336, 342Gentiana cachanlahuen, 429Gentiana campestris, 94, 102, 371, 372Gentiana cerina, 9Gentiana ciliata, 94, 95, 103–105Gentiana coimbifera, 9Gentiana columnae, 94Gentiana crassicaulis, 167, 171, 173Gentiana crispata, 93, 94, 95, 98, 104–106,

336, 342Gentiana cruciata, 5, 13, 15, 18, 19, 27, 34, 35,

45, 51, 52, 57, 63, 64, 73, 75, 77, 82,140, 145, 164, 167, 172, 175, 176,180, 182, 205, 206, 208, 210, 211,218, 220, 234, 235, 271–275, 278,279, 281, 311–313, 315, 316, 320

Gentiana cruciata (+) G. tibeticaGentiana dahurica, 27Gentiana davidii, 36, 81, 83, 84, 86–89Gentiana davidii var. formosana, 83Gentiana decumbens, 13, 171, 174Gentiana detonsa, 94Gentiana dinarica, 103, 320, 324, 325, 339,

342Gentiana engadinensis, 94Gentiana germanica, 94, 102, 103Gentiana hypericifolia, 94Gentiana kochiana, 96, 103, 105, 320, 325,

326, 339, 340, 342Gentiana kurroo, 9, 11–13, 15, 18, 27,

33–35, 72, 82, 141, 167, 171–175,179, 180, 272, 274, 275, 281, 386

Gentiana kurroo (+) G. tibetica, 176Gentiana kurroo (+) G. cruciata, 163, 176,

179, 180, 182Gentiana laciniata, 45Gentiana laevicalyx, 94Gentiana lutea, 3, 9, 19, 27, 35, 36, 48, 51,

52, 56, 57, 63–65, 66–73, 75, 77, 78,82, 98, 139–141, 145–150, 151, 154,156, 167, 168, 171, 175, 199, 201,203, 205, 208, 210, 211, 215–235,246, 311–315, 320–324, 332,339–342, 344, 403, 404, 407–413,428, 430

Gentiana lutea subsp. symphyandra, 407, 412Gentiana lutescens, 94Gentiana macrophylla, 19, 27, 37, 72, 278,

352Gentiana nana, 94Gentiana nivalis, 320Gentiana olivieri, 342Gentiana pannonica, 9, 15, 16, 18, 34, 82,

83, 140, 145Gentiana pilosa, 94Gentiana pneumonanthe, 13, 33, 45, 51, 52,

56, 57, 63, 64, 72–75, 77, 78, 140,199, 203, 205, 208, 210, 211,212–215 , 218–220, 234, 235, 256,272, 278, 312, 314, 315, 320

Gentiana punctata, 3, 9, 15, 36, 37, 45, 51,52, 56, 63, 64, 72, 75, 77, 82, 98,140, 199, 201, 205, 206, 208, 210,211, 218, 220–223, 225–228,232–235, 312–315, 320, 332, 333,337, 339, 352

Gentiana purpurea, 3, 19, 57, 82, 140

440 Latin Name Index

Gentiana ramosa, 94, 102, 371Gentiana rigescens, 82, 356Gentiana saxosa, 294Gentiana scabra, 3, 9, 13, 19, 82, 88, 141,

164, 167, 171, 173, 175, 187, 191,193–195, 205, 239, 256, 269, 270,272, 278, 287, 288, 294, 295

Gentiana schleicheri, 371, 372Gentiana septemfida, 164, 167, 172Gentiana serotina, 103, 294Gentiana spathacea, 98Gentiana straminea, 13, 34, 37, 83Gentiana tenella, 94Gentiana tibetica, 15, 18, 27, 33, 34, 82,

140, 145, 167, 171, 174–176, 179,180, 269, 270, 272, 274, 278, 279

Gentiana triflora, 3, 34, 35, 82, 164, 171,173, 174, 187, 191, 194, 195, 239,248, 256, 272, 278, 287–289, 291,295, 297

Gentiana triflora var.axillaryflora, 3Gentiana triflora × G. scabra, 9, 12, 27, 28,

36, 164, 167, 171, 173, 174Gentiana uliginosa, 94Gentiana utriculosa, 320, 330, 331, 342Gentiana verna, 45, 51, 52, 56, 57, 63, 64,

73, 203, 205, 206, 208, 210, 211,218, 220, 234, 235, 320, 371, 372

Gentiana verna subsp. pontica, 356Gentianella achalensis, 430Gentianella acuta, 96, 342, 371Gentianella alborosea, 104, 356Gentianella amarella, 94, 365, 371, 372Gentianella amarella subsp. acuta, 371Gentianella austriaca, 9, 93, 106, 311, 334,

341Gentianella bulgarica, 36, 93, 352Gentianella campestris, 371Gentianella ciliata, 93, 103Gentianella germanica, 94, 102, 103Gentianella lutescence subsp. carpatica, 95Gentianella nitida, 356, 360Gentianella ramosa, 372Gentianella rispata, 93–95, 98, 101, 104Gentianopsis paludosa, 359

HHalenia, 97, 360, 361Hoppea, 97

IIdea leuconoe, 389Iris pseudocorus, 10

Irlbachia, 423Irlbachia alata, 429, 432Ixanthus, 97

KKlackenbergia, 384Klebsiella pneumoniae, 386Kumara Parvatha, 385

LLisianthus purpurascens, 429Lisianthus russellianus, 18Lisianthus uliginosus, 429Lolium sp., 274Lomatogonium sp., 97, 359, 360Lotus corniculatus, 10Lotus japonicus, 246

MMacrocarpaea, 97Malus, 268Mangifera indica, 354Menyanthes trifoliata, 351Micrococcus flavus, 387

NNicotiana sp., 222Nicotiana tabacum ‘BY-2’, 273

OOrphium, 97Oryza sativa, 269

PPanicum maximum, 269Petunia hybrida, 33Picea glauca, 154Pinus pinaster, 154Pisum sativum, 33Plasmodiophora brassicae, 252Plasmodium berghei, 434Plasmodium falciparum, 421, 432,

434Plasmodium yoelii, 432Primula veris, 413Proteus mirabilis, 340Proteus vulgaris, 386Prunus persica, 269Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 386, 387

QQuassia amara, 430Quercus robur, 151

Latin Name Index 441

RRanunculus asiaticus, 296Retispatha dumetosa, 232Rosa, 120Rumex sp., 413

SSalmonella paratyphi, 386Salmonellaparatyphi A, 386Salmonella typhi, 386Salmonella typhimurium, 386Sambucus nigra, 413Schultesia stenophylla, 431Serratia marcescens, 340, 408Shigella flexneri, 386Solanum tuberosum, 10Staphylococcus aureus, 88, 386, 387Staphylococcus epidermidis, 340, 387Staphylococus haemolyticus, 387Swertia angustifolia, 356, 386Swertia bimaculata, 3, 33Swertia chirata, 9–13, 33, 34Swertia chirayita, 3, 34, 361Swertia cincta, 356Swertia delavayi, 361Swertia japonica, 336, 355Swertia macrosperma, 336, 356Swertia mussotii, 175, 180, 182Swertia perennis, 336, 354

Swertia punctata, 343, 345Swertia punicea, 359Swertia decussata, 386Swertnia mussotii (+) Bupleurum

scorzoner-olium, 163, 179, 180, 182

TTachia grandiflora, 293, 421, 431, 432, 434Tachia guianensis, 431, 432Tripterospermum chinense, 358

UUngernia victoris, 219

VVeratrilla, 97, 358, 360, 361Verbena officinalis, 413Vitis vinifera, 274Voyria, 421

WWithania somnifera, 314

XXylopia aromatica, 430

ZZinnia elegans, 120

442 Latin Name Index

Subject Index

0–91,3,4,5,8-substituted xanthones, 101, 103, 3601,3,7-substituted xanthones, 97, 103, 326,

3381,3,7,8-substituted xanthones, 9718S-25S rDNA, 199, 221, 224, 225, 227,

228, 231–23518S-25S rRNA, 199, 220–222, 225, 227,

233, 2342,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 48,

115, 171, 2062′–O–p-coumaroylloganin, 3882-methyldocosane, 1052-methyleicosane, 1052–O–primeverosylpaeonol, 38935S-bar,, 24135S-GtMADS1-4, 2414′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), 1885S rDNA, 199, 231–233, 2366-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 46, 171, 206,

3926′-O-β-D-glucosylgentiopicroside, 3286-O-β-D-glucosylmangiferin, 3307-O-β-D-glucosylmangiferin, 3308,5 dihydrobenzofurans, 391

AABA medium, 270Abiotic elicitors, 398Abiotic factors, 139Acetophenone derivatives, 387, 389Acetylcholinesterase, 96, 392Acetylocholinesterase-inhibitory activity, 392Activated charcoal, 9, 172Active principles, 88, 336, 340, 410, 434Acute atomic dyspepsia, 407Adaptogenic activity, 404Adenine sulfate, 12

Adventitious bud, 11, 116, 123, 124, 126, 129,130

Adventitious bud formation, 123Adventitious organ, 2Adventitious roots, 10, 19, 57Adventitious shoot, 12, 19, 57, 72Adventitious shoots in root cultures, 114AFLP alteration, 18Africa, 114, 384, 423Agar medium, 14, 17, 273Aggregate of cells, 14Aglycones, 103, 354, 356, 362, 368AGP epitopes, 118, 126, 127, 132Alkaloids, 114, 307, 350, 356Alkanes, 100, 104, 114Amarogentin, 321, 351, 405, 407Amaropanin, 321, 405Amaroswerin, 405, 407Amitosis, 206Amplexine, 434Amplicons, 212, 235Analgesic activities, 404Analytical method, 387Analytical procedures, 99Anaphase aberration level, 201, 204Anaphase aberrations, 201, 206Andrafiamena-Andavakoena region, 384Aneuploid cells, 201, 204, 205, 207, 209Anthelmintic, 320, 413Anther culture (androgenesis), 33, 35, 188, 193Anthocyanin biosynthetic, 244Anthocyanins, 254, 307Antibacterial activities, 408Anticancer activities, 392Anticancer anti-oxidant action, 308Anticholinergic activity, 98Antidepressant, 308, 336, 350, 411Antihepatotoxic activity, 404Anti-inflammatory activity, 408, 412, 416

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015J.J. Rybczyński et al. (eds.), The Gentianaceae - Volume 2:Biotechnology and Applications, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-54102-5

443

Antimalarial activity, 421Antimicrobial proteins, 250Antioxidant activity, 96, 341, 390, 391, 409Antisclerotic, 308Antispasmodic, 308Antiviral activity, 387, 408Aqueous extract, 434Arabian Peninsula, 384Arabinogalactan protein (AGP), 117Artemisinin, 422Aseptic seed germination, 46Asthma, 385Australia, 82, 121, 383Auxiliary buds, 219Auxin IAA, 10Auxin IBA, 10, 108, 115, 140, 394, 395Auxin NAA, 57, 296Average chain length (ACL), 104Axillary bud, 3, 10, 35, 268, 270, 272, 278,

395Axis of seedlings, 13

BBA, 13, 57Bacteria pathotype, 19Balkan Peninsula, 320, 330, 334BamHI site, 224, 232BAP, 9–11, 13, 27, 36, 48, 52, 63, 72, 74, 154,

171, 173, 206, 392, 395, 398Bar genes, 28, 241Bark, 321, 431Basic genetic studies, 187Bellidifolin, 96, 340, 342, 359Bellidifolin glucosides, 36, 102Bellidifolin-8-O-glucoside, 102, 108Bialaphos resistance selection, 241Binuculeate pollens, 188Bioactive principles, 88Biochemical characteristics, 19Biologically active compounds, 114Biological system to conditions in vitro, 201Biological value of regenerants, 11Biomass yield, 88Biotechnological, 15, 109Biotechnological approaches, 139, 140, 240Biotechnology, 1, 2, 37, 82, 106, 163, 392Biotic factors, 139Biotransformation reaction, 398Bittering agents, 114Bitter taste, 321, 407Bitter tonic, 114, 385, 406, 430Blade of leaf, 12Bombardment particle, 27Branched subcylindrical pieces, 404

Breakage-fusion-bridge, 206Breast cancer, 391Breeders rights, 255Breeding, 1, 187, 188, 194, 195, 221, 239, 240,

250, 254–257, 283, 301Bridges cycle, 201, 204, 206, 234Bud apical, 2, 290, 404Bud axillary, 2, 35, 46, 107, 269

CCaffeic acid, 391Calcium oxalate, 405Calli, 12, 28, 63, 167, 180, 201, 204, 206, 216,

220, 315Callus induction, 13, 48, 63, 82Callus organogenesis, 12Callus proliferation, 13, 63, 172, 179Callus tissue, 19, 84, 172, 205, 211, 219, 220,

308, 315, 392Campestroside, 102Campestroside isomer, 335Camphor, 388Capacity for organogenesis, 74Capillary strengthening, 308Carbohydrate component, 96Carbon chains of the n-alkanes, 105Carbon preference index (CPI), 104Cardiotonic effects, 308Carotenoids, 246, 291Cell aggregates, 15, 18, 84, 272, 273Cell generative, 2Cell manipulation, 2Cell meristematic, 10, 120, 127Cells cork, 404Cells cortical, 19, 405Cells cortical parenchymatous, 404Cells ligneous parenchymatous, 404Cells of chicken red blood, 33Cells of Petunia hybrida green leaf mesophyll,

33Cells of Pisum sativum green leaf mesophyll,

33Cells of trout red blood, 33Cell somatic, 2, 11, 27, 132Cell suspension, 13, 15, 17, 27, 28, 34, 35, 37,

84, 87, 120, 130, 168, 173, 271Cell vacuolated, 19, 270, 274Cell wall, 117, 120, 126, 167, 291Central cylinder, 127, 129Central nervous system, 96, 308, 340, 355, 410C-Glucoflavones, 102, 324, 334, 338C-glucoflavonoids, 320C-Glucoxanthone mangiferin, 323Chalcone synthase (CHS) gene, 244

444 Subject Index

Changes of pH, 144Chemical constituents, 99Chemotaxonomic medicinal information, 104Chemotaxonomical position of G. ciliata, 103Chimeric RNAi technology, 244China, 384Chlorogenic acid, 390, 396Chloroplasts, 11, 143, 182, 291Cholagogic, 308Choleretic purpose, 339, 407Chromatospectrophotometric method, 308Chromosome aberration rate, 200Chromosome number, 11, 33, 182, 201, 206,

208, 234Chromosome number variation, 201, 205, 207Chromosome sets, 199, 206, 235Chromosomes in metaphases, 201Cold acclimation, 269Cold-sensitive species, 269Cold stress, 144, 271Cold treatment, 269Collenchymatous phelloderm, 404Colon cancer, 391Competence embryogenic, 16, 140, 143–145,

150Cork tissue, 405Cortex of root, 11, 19, 113, 126, 127, 129Corymbiferin, 100, 334Corymbiferin glucosides, 371Corymbiferin-1-O-glucoside, 335CpG/CpWpG cytosine sequences, 242CPPU, 11, 392Cryopreservation, 18, 34, 139, 156, 267–269,

271–275, 279, 281, 283Cryostorage, 35, 268, 274, 279Cryotreatment, 268, 271, 272, 274, 275, 278,

283Culture axenic, 3, 13, 37, 48Culture derived from cotyledon, 18Culture derived from hypocotyl, 15Culture derived from root, 212Culture derived from shoot, 33, 213Culture of anthers, 195Culture of protoplasts, 13, 27, 28, 34, 167, 168,

171–174, 179Culture of short day, 9Cut-flower, 187, 247, 287–290, 292, 294, 297,

298, 300Cytogenetic, 167, 200, 204, 206, 208, 211, 235Cytogenetic conservation, 234Cytogenetic features, 205Cytogenetic structure, 199, 206Cytokinin 2iP, 392

Cytokinin 4PU-30, 10Cytokinin 6-IPA, 140Cytokinin CPPU, 11, 72Cytokinin kinetin, 10, 12–14, 37, 85, 87, 150Cytokinin purine-type, 10Cytokinins, 10–12, 19, 36, 46, 52, 72, 116,

140, 296Cytokinin supplementation, 141, 290Cytokinin TDZ, 10, 11, 13, 27, 49, 57, 66, 72,

75, 395Cytokinin urea-type, 10, 11Cytokinin zeatin, 10, 12, 35, 72, 140, 171, 173Cytometric flow, 18, 34Cytotoxic activity, 387, 391

DDecoction, 423, 429, 431, 432Decussation, 434Decussatin-1-O-primeveroside, 327Dedifferentiation of callus, 2, 10, 13, 19, 191Defective GtMYB3 gene, 254Demand pharmaceutical, 2, 114Demethylbellidifolin, 36, 96, 341, 342Demethylbellidifolin-8-O-glucoside, 36, 334,

341Demethyleustomin, 37Dendrogram, 212, 217, 219Diagnostic characters, 405Diarrhoea, 385Dicentric chromosomes, 206Dihaploid, 83Diploid, 35, 194, 195, 199, 201, 204, 207, 208,

234, 235Diploid cells, 204, 207, 208Diploid chromosome number, 208Diploid chromosome set, 234, 235Direct organogenesis, 48, 214, 220Direct organogenesis in vitro, 78Direct regeneration, 71Disease resistance, 240, 250Diuretic, 342DNA content, 18, 33, 34, 174, 257DNA methylation, 18, 243, 257DNA sequences, 18, 118, 200, 235, 243, 357DNA TL region, 391Donor plant, 18, 34, 191, 199, 210, 212, 213,

215, 218, 219Double haploid (DH) plants, 83Double layer medium, 192Dried rhizome, 404Dried roots, 82, 88, 406, 413Dwarf mutants, 246Dye of aceto-carmine, 33

Subject Index 445

Dye of aceto-orcein, 33Dye of basic fuchsin, 33Dysentery, 385

EEcoRI site, 221, 224, 225Effective regeneration, 11–13, 28Effect on central nervous system, 410Efficiency of regeneration, 141, 146Electrophoregrams, 216Electrophoresis two-dimension, 3Embryo cotyledonary stage, 11, 27, 35, 37,

154, 191, 279Embryogenic callus, 13–15, 27, 33, 37, 167,

171, 173, 279, 282, 393Embryogenic cell population, 149, 151, 156,

279Embryogenic competence, 140, 143, 150Embryogenic suspension, 27, 268, 272, 281Embryogenesis direct, 10, 141, 173, 188Embryogenesis from anther culture, 188, 192Embryogenesis somatic, 10, 11, 14, 17, 19, 37,

83, 115, 120, 123, 125, 127, 130, 132,140–142, 144–146, 148, 154, 173, 274,392

Embryo germination, 106, 145Embryo globular stage, 18, 35, 127, 129, 282Embryo production, 15, 18, 36, 192, 268Embryo-like structure, 193Embryonal stages, 37, 132, 142, 143Embyogenesis indirect, 19, 140, 173Encapsulation/dehydration technique, 18, 270,

273, 278, 281Endangered species, 139, 175, 283, 332Endogenous proline, 270Endomitosis, 194Endopolyploidy, 206Endoreduplications, 208Endothelial cell death, 410Enteric infections, 385, 386Enzyme acid phosphatase (ACPH), 35Enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), 35Enzyme esterase (EST), 35Enzyme glutamate oxalacetate transaminase

(GOT), 35Epicotyl cultivation, 106Epicotyl excision, 106Epicuticular waxes, 104Epidermal cells, 11, 19, 119, 125, 127, 129,

130, 154, 291Essential oil, 356, 388, 406Ethnobotanical studies, 385, 386, 423Ethnobotany, 36Ethnomedicinal information, 320, 385

Ethnomedicinal studies, 320Ethnomedicinal uses, 385Ethnopharmacological survey, 385Ethnopharmacology, 422Eustomin, 114Eustomorussid, 338Eustomosid, 333Events morphogenic, 12Explant, 1, 2, 10–13, 15, 19, 27, 33, 47, 48, 63,

66, 68, 70, 73, 115, 123, 126, 129, 149Explant node, 83, 394Explant of plant, 11Explant of seedling, 2, 9, 11, 13–15, 28, 115,

123Explants of cotyledon, 18Explants of embryo, 14, 148Explants of leaf blade, 11Explants of root, 116, 123, 125–127, 129Explants of shoot, 10, 35, 71Extracellular spaces, 117Extract of yeast, 37Exudates, 117, 119

FFactors affecting gynogenesis, 188, 193Factors different, 86, 144Fatty, 114, 388Febrifuge, 82, 385, 429, 430Female gametophytic cells, 142, 187Ferulic acid, 390Fevers, 82, 423, 428, 430Flavone C-glucosides, 97, 100Flavonoid accumulation, 142, 151, 182, 220Flavonoid content, 308, 310, 313Flavonoids, 96, 307, 308, 312, 314, 332, 355,

362, 366, 368, 391, 406Flavonol synthase (FLS) gene, 195Floral fragrance, 388Floral odour, 388Flower bud, 15, 107, 188, 298, 299Flower colour, 164Flowering in vitro, 3Flowering mechanism, 248, 249, 253Flowering time, 94, 240, 247–249Folk medicine, 95, 98, 350, 407Fractions of embryos, 16Fructose, 3, 37, 97, 269, 328, 406Functional analysis of genes, 257Functional markers, 254

GGABA-benzodiazepine, 391Gall diseases, 320Gallic acid, 409

446 Subject Index

Gas chromatography (GC), 99Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

(GC-MS), 182Gastric juice, 339, 406, 407Gastric purposes, 351, 407Gastrointestinal tract effects, 83, 350, 407Gastroprotective effects, 407GC-FID technique, 388GC-FTIR-MS technique, 388GC-sniffing technique, 388Gel-electrophoresis of PCR products, 210Gene expression, 16, 35, 120, 131, 143, 144,

298Genera Gentiana, 350, 359Genera Gentianella, 9, 94, 96–98, 101, 103,

108, 342, 359, 360, 364, 370, 372Genera Swertia, 2, 96–98, 103, 180Genes showing high homologies, 248Genetic distance, 210, 217–220Genetic engineering, 119, 244, 246, 283Genetic linkage maps, 257Genetic markers, 209, 240, 254, 255Genetic polymorphism, 210Genetic transformation, 27, 240Genetic transformation technology, 239Genetic variation, 164, 199, 217, 234Genetic variation in culture, 218Genotype, 35, 46, 52, 57, 63, 69, 72, 75, 78,

191, 193, 200, 206, 209, 216, 268, 308,315

Genotype role, 206Gentiacaulein, 96, 103, 359Gentiacaulein-1-O-glucoside, 327Gentiacaulein-1-O-primeveroside, 327Gentiacaulenin-1-O-primeveroside, 327Gentiacauloside, 330Gentiakochianin, 103, 340, 341Gentianae radix, 320, 350, 403–411, 413Gentian root, 75, 315, 404, 405, 407, 412, 413Gentian species, 2, 11, 19, 27Gentianose, 97, 328, 359, 406Gentiokochianin-7-O-primeveroside, 327Gentiopicrin, 37, 103, 339, 351, 408Gentiopicroside, 9, 36, 88, 90, 366, 388, 403,

408, 411Gentioside, 321, 333Gentisic acid, 390, 398Gentisin, 403, 406, 411Genus Gentiana, 45, 82, 94, 105, 140, 221,

222, 225, 257, 268, 320, 352, 358Germlings, 13Germplasm conservation, 82, 278Gibberellic acid, 9, 11, 106, 116, 142, 193, 394Gibberellins (GA3), 2, 9

β-Glc Yariv reagent, 118, 120–122, 125, 126,130

Globular embryos, 15, 120, 281Globular somatic embryos, 113, 123, 127, 143,

152, 281Glucopaeonol, 389Glucose, 3, 37, 97, 168, 269, 298, 358, 406Glucoside, 82, 88, 98, 100Growth index, 48, 78, 315, 316Growth regulators, 10, 12, 15, 63, 72, 115, 116,

125, 142, 171, 192, 206, 315, 394GtFT1 and GtTFL1 determine flowering

GtMADS1-4, 241Gum arabic, 119

HHairy root culture, 19Haploid plants, 188Headspace analysis, 387Headspace concentrate, 388Heat stress, 144Heavy metals, 144Hepatoprotective purpose, 407Herbal extract, 114, 413Heterogeneity, 208, 220, 223, 231, 235, 279Heterozygosity, 188High performance liquid chromatography

(HPLC), 88, 99, 362, 363Himalayas, 384HindIII site, 222–224, 229, 231, 234Histochemical Localization, 121, 125HPLC-RP, 18HPLC analysis, 103HPLC method, 398HPLC-RP, 30, 32Human immunocompetent cells, 340, 410Hybrid sexual, 164Hybrid somatic, 175Hydrodistillation, 387Hydrolyze casein, 9Hydrolyze lactalbumin, 9, 173Hydroxycinnamic acid, 390Hygromycin selection, 28

IIAA, 10, 12–14, 35, 37, 57, 72, 85, 86, 115,

140, 141, 144, 148, 150, 173, 174, 395IBA, 10, 108, 115, 140, 141, 144, 147, 148,

150, 173, 174, 394–396Immmunolocalization, 114Immunocytochemical localization, 122, 126,

131Immunological influence, 406In vitro conservation, 140

Subject Index 447

In vitro culture, 2, 82, 114, 139, 164, 218, 240In vitro propagation, 2, 3, 9, 82, 83, 106, 107,

115, 392, 395In vitro propagation method, 2, 9, 83, 106Inbreeding depression, 188, 239Incubation period, 85, 90India, 342, 384–386, 394, 430Indian Ocean, 384Indirect embryogenesis, 140Indirect morphogenesis, 140, 141Indirect regeneration, 212, 215, 220Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 57, 115, 173Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 115, 173Infusions, 423, 428, 430Inhibitors of monoamine oxidase, 355Internode explants, 395Interspecific somatic hybrids, 279Intertropical region, 422Intracellular oxidative stress, 410Iridoids, 98, 307, 350, 352, 358, 388Ischaemia, 391Island of Socotra, 384Isoenzyme, 35, 180, 355Isogentiacaulein, 103Isolated root culture, 212, 213, 219, 310Isoorientin, 97, 102, 341, 355, 372Isovitexin, 97, 341, 355ISSR analysis, 34, 195, 212–214

JJapanis gentians, 240, 244, 246, 247, 250, 251,

254, 255, 257JIM16 epitopes, 120, 127, 129

KKade-chirayet, 386Kanamycin resistance selection, 241Karnataka, 385Karyological investigations, 34, 200, 209K-deficient conditions, 253Kinetin, 10, 12–15, 37, 46, 85, 140, 141, 147,

148, 150, 192, 396

LLactose, 269Lanceoside, 334Larch arabinogalactans, 119Leaf alkanes, 100, 104Leaf culture, 115Leaf segments, 12Leukaemia cells, 391Level cytological, 19, 188, 191Level genetic, 28

Level morphological, 18, 28Light intensity, 10, 85, 87, 88, 289Lignified vessels, 403Limonene, 388Linkage markers, 254Liquid medium, 9, 15, 84, 172, 192, 272–274,

281Long-term conservation, 268, 275, 279Long term culture, 206L–phenylalanine, 397, 398Luteolin, 391, 396, 406Luteolin acid, 396

MMAC207 epitope, 119, 120Macroelements, 46, 57, 123, 168, 252Madagascar, 384MADS-box genes, 241, 242Malaria, 421–423, 429–431, 434Malaysia, 384Male gametophytic cells, 188Maltose, 152, 269Mangalore, 385Mangiferin, 97, 102, 182, 309, 340, 341, 354,

358, 360Mannitol, 142, 148, 150, 151, 154, 168, 171,

172, 269Market value, 247Mass cloning, 83Mass propagation in vitro, 9, 83Mauritius, 384Mean number of regenerants, 49, 71Medicinal plant, 46, 88, 117, 200, 339, 350,

385Medium, 3, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 27, 37, 46,

48, 51, 57, 63, 67, 75, 83, 84, 87, 116,122, 130, 139, 142, 154, 171–173, 179,191, 192, 206, 272, 365, 395

Medium hormone free, 10, 50Medium liquid, 9, 84, 172, 192, 272–274, 281Medium of B5, 3, 13, 48, 75, 171Medium of Linsmaier and Skoog, 115Medium of Murashige and Skoog, 3, 46, 83,

107, 115, 168, 190, 392Medium of Nitsch and Nitsch, 3, 191Medium of woody plants, 150Medium pH, 85, 87Medium solid, 19, 37, 192Melghat forest, 385Meristem formation, 2Meristem regions, 279Meristematic centres, 113, 129Mesophyll cells, 11, 13, 33, 163, 167, 174

448 Subject Index

Metabolite secondary, 1, 2, 15, 36, 37, 93, 96,108, 114, 117, 175, 272, 334, 387, 422

Metabolites secondary bellidifolin-O-glucoside(GBL), 36

Metabolites secondary demethylbellidifolin(DMB), 36

Metabolites secondarydemethylbellidifolin-8-O-glucoside(DGL), 36

Metabolites secondary demethyleustominsecoiridoid, 36

Metabolites secondary gentiopicrin, 37, 114Metabolites secondary gentiopicroside, 37Metabolites secondary medicine plant-derived,

36Metabolites secondary methylbellidifolin, 37Metabolites secondary methyl-jasmonate, 37Metabolites secondary swertiamarin, 36, 37Metabolites secondary xanthones, 36Metabolome, 251–253Metabolome analysis, 240, 251–253MetAFLP, 18, 34Methanolic extracts, 332, 340, 369, 372, 387,

398, 408, 409Methoxy groups, 390Methyl jasmonate, 397Microclonal propagation, 46, 51, 52Microelements, 3Microprojectiles of gold, 28Microprojectiles of tungsten, 28Micropropagation, 9, 35, 51, 57, 82, 90, 164,

394, 395, 499Molecular breeding, 240, 243, 257Molecular function, 36Molecular genetic marker, 187, 220, 254Molecular markers, 33, 34, 180, 194, 234, 255Molecular markers ISSR, 34, 234Molecular markers metAFLP, 34Molecular markers RAPD, 34, 234Monoclonal antibodies, 113, 118, 120, 127,

129Monoclonal antibodies recognizing AGPs, 113,

127Monoclonal antibody JIM13, 120Monoclonal antibody JIM15, 120Monoclonal antibody LM2, 113, 120,

127Monoterpene aglycone, 434Morphogenetic potential, 37, 113, 130Morphogenic culture, 219, 220Morphology modification, 246Multicellular clumps, 281Multiple shoots, 2, 83, 396Multishoots, 9

NNamdapha National Park, 385α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 75, 115Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 10, 12, 15, 19,

35, 49, 63, 67, 83, 107, 140, 141, 392,394, 395, 498

Naphthoxyacetic acid (NOA), 191, 192Natural polyploids, 205Natural tetraploid, 204Neoplastic diseases, 391Nitric oxide (II) synthase (NOS), 241, 391Nodal bud, 395Nonmorphogenic cultures, 78, 219, 315Northern Australia, 384Nuclear DNA content, 18, 33, 257Nuclear fusion, 194Number of chromosomes, 33, 201, 235Nutrient stress, 144

Oo-coumaric acid, 390, 398Olfactorially evaluated, 388Organ culture, 45, 88, 199, 209, 213, 217, 308Organogenesis, 1, 10, 35, 72, 73, 75, 115, 123,

132, 141, 145, 173, 219, 396Origin unicellular, 11Ornamental plants, 187, 240, 246Oryzalin, 195Osmotic dehydration, 267, 273Osmotic pressure, 171, 172, 269Osmotic stress, 36, 148, 152, 154, 271, 274Osmoticum, 145, 172, 269Ovary culture (gynogenesis), 187, 188, 193,

194Oxidative reactions, 390Oxidative stress per se, 144

Pp-hydroxybenzoic acid, 390, 398Paclobutrazol, 11, 116Paeonol 2-hydroxy-4′-methoxyacetophenone

Glycoside, 389Palisade cells, 11Parental lines, 188Pathotype virulent, 27p-coumaric acid, 390Peduncle, 15PEM, 14, 15, 270, 275, 282PEM encapsulated, 36, 274Pericycle, 10, 19Period incubation, 85, 90Peroxidation, 341, 390, 408pH changes, 87, 88Pharmacological potential, 383, 399

Subject Index 449

Pharmacological properties, 336, 349, 355,362, 391, 406

Phenolcarbonic acids, 307Phenolic acids, 37, 114, 387, 389–391, 398Phenolic compounds, 66, 151, 387, 398Phenotype, 18, 34, 246, 248, 252, 254Phenylurea, 392Physiological changes, 268, 270, 291α-pinene, 388Plant aneuploid, 201, 205Plant biodiversity, 139Plant cell suspension culture, 84Plant development, 118, 120, 296Plant diploid, 35, 194, 195Plant growth regulators (PGRs), 10, 15, 85,

115, 116, 123, 143, 171, 396Plant gums, 117, 119Plant haploid, 2, 188Plant hybrid, 176, 183Plant regeneration, 10, 13, 27, 28, 73, 116, 156,

163, 172, 174, 179, 187, 195, 268Plant regeneration abilities, 191Plant regeneration system, 82, 179Plant tissue culture, 1, 2, 82, 114, 399Plant triploid, 33Plantlets, 2, 107, 142, 154, 190, 195, 252, 253,

395, 396Plantlets hardening, 84Plants, 2, 11, 13, 33, 36, 46, 51, 66, 72, 82, 94,

108, 114, 117, 131, 139, 143, 148, 164,174, 187, 188, 193, 196, 205, 212, 220,224, 228, 229, 231, 240, 246, 251, 254,267, 279, 287, 289, 292, 307, 311, 320,355, 383, 385, 389, 413, 422, 423, 434

Plants protected, 83Plasma membrane, 117, 129, 269, 291Plasmid of bacteria, 27Ploidy level, 163, 203, 209Polyethylene glycol (PEG), 150, 152, 179Polyhydric alcohols, 269Polyploids, 174, 194, 205Potential morphogenic, 1, 11, 12, 14, 18, 72,

73, 173, 175Practical F1 breeding, 187Precocious germination, 145Primary culture, 140, 145, 147, 148Principal activity, 387Proembryogenic callus, 13Proembryogenic mass, 270, 281Proembryos, 281, 282Proline, 270Propagated vegetatively, 11, 278Propagation clonal, 252, 392Propagation efficiency, 57

Propagation in vitro proteins, 2Proteome, 34, 251, 271Protocatechuic acid, 390Purulia district, 385PVS2, 272, 279PVS3, 276, 277

QQualitative analysis, 390Quinine, 422

RRadiations, 104, 289, 410Raffinose, 269Recurrent embryogenesis, 154Red Book, 337Regenerant, 2, 11, 18, 28, 28, 33, 34, 37, 68,

72, 74, 124, 130, 142, 156, 164, 195,214, 217, 220

Regenerant evaluation, 28Regeneration efficiency, 49, 66, 70, 78, 180Regeneration of callus, 27Regeneration of shoot, 167, 278Regeneration percentage, 67, 71, 130Regeneration rates, 268Rhizodermal cells, 10Root cortex, 11, 19, 126Root culture, 19, 45, 50, 75, 106, 117, 120,

121, 124, 126, 127, 130, 216, 220, 308,314, 315

Root epidermis, 113Root hairy, 11, 19, 26, 117Root segments culture, 83, 121Rooting of shoots, 141Roots, 10, 11, 19, 37, 63, 68, 72, 73, 75, 83,

100, 117, 127, 141, 149, 212, 219, 307,313, 315, 320, 324, 328, 334, 342, 389,404, 421, 430, 434

Rosmarinic acid, 390, 398

SSalicylic acid, 390, 398Sclerenchyma cells, 120Secoiridoid, 37, 82, 83, 88, 96, 98, 100, 103,

114, 117, 320, 321, 323, 326, 328, 332,334, 338, 350, 351, 353, 356, 361, 362,366–368, 371, 388, 407, 408, 411

Secoiridoid glucosides, 98, 114, 117Second cycle of embryogenesis, 152Secondary metabolites production, 2, 9, 36, 37,

117, 272Section Calathianae, 371, 372SectionCruciata Gaudin, 13SectionGentiana, 256

450 Subject Index

Section Pneumonanthe, 256Sedative properties, 391Seed dormancy micropropagation, 9Seed germination, 9, 46, 93, 106Seedling, 1, 2, 12, 34, 121, 129, 141, 232Seedling growth, 9Seedlings culture axenic, 3, 13, 37, 48Segments internodal, 83Segments leaf, 12Segments nodal, 278Segments root, 83, 116, 121, 122Segments stem, 392Sensoric quality closer, 388Shaker speed, 81, 85, 86, 89, 90Shikimic acid, 352, 398Shoot apices, 268, 272, 278Shoot elongation, 9Shoot regeneration, 10, 12, 19, 27, 68, 72, 73,

106Shoot rhizogenesis, 67, 71Shoots, 2, 9, 12, 36, 46, 57, 72, 73, 83, 93, 140,

141, 173, 290, 311, 315, 392, 396Sinapic acid, 390, 498Sleep-enhancing properties, 392Somaclonal variation, 18, 34, 174, 200, 210,

212, 217, 219, 220, 234, 278Somatic embryo, 10, 11, 13, 15, 18, 33, 72,

113, 123, 127, 129, 130, 142, 143, 146,148, 150, 154, 173, 268, 279, 393

Somatic embryo conversion, 143, 146, 151,156

Somatic embryogenesis, 10, 15, 17, 19, 116,123, 130, 139

somatic embryogenesis, 141–143, 148, 173Somatic embryogenesis in cell suspension, 14,

115Source explants, 11, 33, 106, 395South America, 98, 114, 421, 422, 430South Western Ghats, 394Southern Asia, 383, 384Species evolution, 221Spectra 12C NMR, 388Spectra 1H NMR, 388, 389Spectra EIMS, 389Spectra IR, 100, 388Spectra UV, 99, 364, 366, 372, 388Spectrophotometric method, 308, 310Sri Lanka, 383, 384Stage of flowering, 28, 98Stage of ovule development, 193Starvation, 144Stele, 19Stem cuttings, 46Stimulate central nervous system, 96, 308

Stomach ache, 385, 406Strain A4M70GUS A. rhizogenes, 117Strength double, 3Strength half, 3, 19, 115, 121, 141, 191Subepidermal cells, 126Substances, 37, 104, 307, 391, 406, 421, 422Sucrose, 3, 13, 27, 36, 37, 48, 121, 141, 145,

148, 150, 151, 156, 171, 191–193,269–272, 274, 293, 295–299, 301, 397,398

Sucrose concentration, 3, 270, 398Sugar alcohols, 150, 151, 154, 156, 269Sugar concentration, 37, 269Suspension cultures, 10, 14, 34, 82, 84–86, 89,

268, 272–274, 279, 281, 282, 308Sweroside, 9, 98, 114, 339, 351, 352, 366, 405,

407, 412Swertiamarin, 36, 37, 88, 89, 98, 103, 182,

339, 353, 351, 352, 366, 388Swertiamin, 114Symptoms related to malaria, 421Syringic acid, 390, 398Systems photomorphogenesis, 87Systems photosensory/photoregulations, 87Systems photosynthesis, 87, 253, 289

TTamil Nadu, India, 394Tannins, 387TDZ, 10, 12, 13, 49, 66–68, 70, 72, 73, 173Thawing, 268, 272, 273, 279Therapeutical applications, 398Tissue and organ cultures, 199, 200, 209, 212,

217, 218, 220, 308Tolerance to LN storage, 268Total flavonoids content, 312Transformant, 2, 19, 27, 28Transformant putative, 28Transformed plants, 19, 27, 28, 117, 279Transgenese, 27, 241, 243Transgenic, 19, 28, 240–245, 249, 252, 273Trehalose, 269Tropical Africa, 431True-to-type, 28TTC test, 279Tuberculostatic effects, 308

UUltra violet UV, 99, 144, 179, 281, 363, 365,

372Ultrastructural reconstruction, 270Unfertilized ovule culture(gynogenesis), 252Uninucleate microspores, 188, 191, 193Unreduced microspores, 194

Subject Index 451

VVanillic acid, 390, 398Vascular tissue, 125, 126Vegetal fragrance, 388Virus type 1 (HSV-1 KOS), 387Vitrification, 268, 272, 273, 275, 278Vitrification of internal solutes, 268Vitrification solution, 278Vitrification technique, 268, 275, 278Volatile constituents, 387, 388VSL, 278

WW14/W15 allelic genes, 195Waxes, 104, 114

Weight dry, 15, 36, 292, 299, 310, 311, 314,389

Weight fresh, 15, 78, 167, 278, 292, 296, 297West Bengal, 385Wounding, 123, 124, 131, 144

XXanthone, 36, 37, 96, 97, 100, 101, 103, 108,

114, 117, 307, 308, 311, 313, 322, 324,328–33, 334, 337, 340, 350, 352, 355,357, 359, 360, 362, 364, 366, 371, 372,387, 405, 434

Xanthone accumulation, 315Xanthone content, 308, 310, 311, 315

452 Subject Index