law perspective

8/14/2019 Law Perspective

1/27

I_

D @O

Nybuw Danfko

Iq:

Nybuw Fb: H 9=

Nybuw Kokioy

74& C&D&M& Ly

79& @&F& Ld`

75& ]&K&C&J&

7=& F&W&A&K&

7?& D&W& Ldy

78& L&W&F&M&

7>& Y&@&E&Y&

AFOUU HBYKU AF

UYA @DFLD:

D@ WOYUWOE]AX

}

Fdko Yon: Fb& Afm

aucdf}cd #@odmoy! ?>?34 ?

ib~a`d ?>??1 ?

Ldyfdyd}cfd ?>?8? ?

Ldyfdyd}cfd ?>?81 ?

fdyd}cfo ?>?>7 ?

Ldyfduoldyd ?>?>9 ?

kdyd ?>?31 ?

Hdeu`}q bh Kdfdnokof} U}umao

_faxoya}q bh Uya Jdqo

os Fb&

=??

=55

=51

==5

===

==8

=?3

( Ebkkoyeo,

~dymofowuyd,

Ndfnbmd~a`d,

Funonbmd&


2/27

EBK 5574 Ebywbyd}o @d~

Nybuw Fb: H 9= Wdno 9

Delfb~òmnokof}

ô ~b`m àlo }b oswyouu by moow dfm uafeoyo nyd}a}mo }b Ky& K&D& Facd` Ecdfmyd}ca`dld&

Cau ~amo lfb~òmno dfm cau `bnaed` ~dq bh }caflafn cdxo ioof bh nyod} xdò hby u& Cau

fmoyu}dfmafn, ofebydnafn dfm woyubfd` namdfeo cdxo wybxamom d nbbm iduau hby by

duuanfkof}&

ô ~auc }b oswyouu by ~dyk dfm uafeoyo }cdflu }b }co Mowdy}kof} bh Ebkkoyeo ~caec

wybxamom u }co bwwby}fa}q }b hb``b~ }co Ebywbyd}o @d~ ebyuo, ~caec naxou u d iybdmoy

lfb~òmno yondymafn }co dwwàed}abf Ebywbyd}o `d~ af iuafouu wyde}aeou& Oseow} }cd} }cau

duuanfkof} co`wu }b no} eòdy lfb~òmno dib} `d~ yo`d}afn }b d`` }co iuafouu hbyku af Uya

@dfld&

Myafn }cau ~byl ~o cdxo eb``dibyd}om ~a}c kdfq eb`òdnou hby ~cbk ~o cdxo nyod}

yondym, dfm ~o ~auc }b os}ofm by ~dykou} }cdflu }b d`` }cbuo ~cb cdxo co`wom u ~a}c by

duuanfkof}&

]cdfl Qb hby D``&$


3/27



WyohdeoWyohdeoWyohdeoWyohdeo

]cau ibblò} ~du uwoead``q wyowdyom du }coduuanfkof} }cd} bhhoyom u iq }co Mowdy}kof} bhEbkkoyeo hby }co uijoe} bh Ebywbyd}o @d~&

]cau afe`mou iduaed``q ~cd} dyo }co ònd` duwoe}udhhoe}om }b }co ubò wybwyao}byu, wdy}foyucawu,ebkwdfaou, wiàe of}oywyauou, eb+bwoyd}axou (fbf+wybha} byndfazd}abfu, ~cof }coq ou}diàucafn,bwoyd}afn ( ~afmafn w& A lafm`q afxa}o qb }b

yodm }cau dfm ebkkof}&


4/27


Nybuw Fb: H 9= Wdno =

Ebf}of}

Wdno

Af}ybmue}abf 7?

74& Ubò Wybwyao}byucaw 7879&Wdy}foyucaw 7375&Ebkwdfaou 44

75&4 Afebywbyd}abf 44

75&9 Ebf}yb`àfn 45

75&5 âfmafn uw 4?

7=&Eb+bwoyd}axou 437?&Ebywbyd}abfu 9778&Wiàe Of}oywyauou 99

Ebfeùabf 9?

A& Yohoyofeou 98AA& Dffosyo

4& Jiaòo Eb}}bf Ka`ù Xu @o~au 9>9& Ud`bkbf Xu Ud`bkbf ( Eb @}m& 9>


5/27


Nybuw Fb: H 9= Wdno ?

Af}ybmue}abf

Bijoe}axo bh }co U}mq

]co kdaf bijoe}axo bh }cau duuanfkof} au }b osdkafo }co wybeouu bh `d~ yo`d}om }b mahhoyof}

}qwou bh iuafouu hbyku af Uya @dfld& A} dùb wybxamou df bwwby}fa}q }b kdlo d ebkwdyaubf

u}mq io}~oof }co xdyabu iuafouu de}u dfm yon`d}abfu hby hbykd}abf ebf}yb`àfn (

mauub`}abf bh }cbuo }qwou bh iuafouuou&

Ko}cbmb`bnq bh }co u}mq

Mbekof}d` u}mq ~o uom du }co ko}cbmb`bnq af }cau duuanfkof} iq ~dq bh ebkwdyd}axo

dfd`quau io}~oof }co Fo~ Ebkwdfaou De} bh Fb&> bh 977> edf io naxof du kdaf`q& Af dmma}abf

~o deeouu af}oyfo} }b bi}daf kbyo afhbykd}abf }b }dlo afhbykd}abf dib} nbxoyfkof}

yon`d}abfu dfm }b no} amod dib} `d~ yo`d}afn hby b}coy }qwou bh iuafouu hbyku af bymoy }b

ueeouuh``q ebkwò}o }cau duuanfkof}&

Iuafouu Hbyku af Uya @dfld

Iuafouu au d kdaf oebfbkae }dul af dfq ebf}yq& Uya @dfld dùb edf afmaed}o du udko&

Deebymafn }b }co Uya @dfldf iuafouu hao`m a} edf afmof}ahq xdyabu }qwou bh iuafouu

byndfazd}abfu& Ubò }ydmoyu, Wdy}foyucawu, Ebkwdfaou, Eb+bwoyd}axou, Eb bwoyd}abfu, Wiàe

Of}oywyauou dyo edf io naxof du nofoyd``q&

Uya @dfldf `d~ au yo`d}om }b }cbuo iuafouu byndfazd}abfu du ~o`` du ea}azofu af ebf}yq& ]co

Ebkwdfaou De} Fb >}c

bh 977> edf io uanfahaom du d kdjby iuafouu `d~ af Uya @dfld& ]cd} de}

hyfaucou yòu dfm yon`d}abfu hby fb} bf`q Ebkwdfaou& A} ubko yòu yo`d}om }b wdy}foyucawu

}bb&

Dfm b}coy cdfm }co wdyàdkof} dùb affbxd}o fo~ wiàe mowdy}kof}u dfm eb bwoyd}abfu hby

h`ha`` b}coy fbfwybha} }dulu& ]co yon`d}abfu naxof iq nbxoyfkof} u}yae}`q yo`d}o hby

hbykd}abf, ebf}yb` ( mauub`}abf }b }cbuo }qwou bh byndfazd}abfu&

Af webkafn wdnou ~a`` naxo os}ofuaxo mo}daù dfm afhbykd}abf dib} cb~ }co `d~ yo`d}o hby

hbykd}abf, ebf}yb` ( mauub`}abf bh dibxo d`` }co }qwo bh iuafouu hbyku&


6/27



74& Ubò Wybwyao}bycaw^cd} au d ubò }ydmoy2

D ubò }ydmoy au d uafnò woyubf yffafn d iuafouu fmoy }coay b~f fdko, o&n& Fakd` Woyoyd,

by ~a}c d yonau}oyom iuafouu fdko, uec du Fakd` Woyoyd Ofnafoyu.& D ubò }ydmoy au d uakwò

iuafouu u}ye}yo dfm naxou }co b~foy d`` }co moeauabf kdlafn wb~oy& Bh}of d ukd``

iuafouu ~a`` u}dy} b} du d ubò }ydmoy, dfm `d}oy, ~cof }co iuafouu nyb~u, yonau}oy du d

ebkwdfq }b }dlo dmxdf}dno bh d `b~oy }ds yd}o dfm òuu woyubfd` ònd` àdiaà}q&

Hbykd}abf

Edwa}d`: Iq b~foy hybk cau wyaxd}o udxafnu, òfmafn `bdfu, o}e B~foyucaw: Io`bfnu }b bfo woyubf Youwbfuaiaà}q: fàka}om Ucdyafn wybha}: iq cakuo`h Kdfdnokof}: Iq b~foy by fmoy cau afuwoe}abf& Ebf}yb`: Iq b~foy& Osau}ofeo: mowofm bf b~foy @ond` woyubfdà}q: fb

Iuafouu yonau}yd}abf

Du df osdkwò, Ky& Fakd` Woyoyd u}dy}u d iuafouu fmoy cau fdko du Fakd` Woyoyd au fb}

yotayom }b yonau}oy coy osde} fdko du d iuafouu fdko, }cbnc co kdq ecbbuo }b& Ah co au

}ydmafn fmoy dfq xdyad}abf bh cau fdko, o&n& .Fakd` Woyoyd dfm Duubead}ou., by du .FAkd`

Ofnafooyafn., co au ònd``q yotayom }b yonau}oy }co iuafouu fdko ~a}c u}d}ou bh wybxafead`

ebfea`&

Iuafouu Fdkou De} #Fb& > bh 413>! + Uoe} =

Wdy}ae`dyu }b io hyfaucom iq df afmaxamd` (e&, ~cb au d fbf+

ea}azof

]co iuafouu bh }co afmaxamd`, hayk by ibmq ebywbyd}o yohoyyom }b af uiuoe}abf #4! ucd`` io

edyyaom bf af Uya @dfld af }co fdko bh uec afmaxamd`, hayk by ibmq ebywbyd}o, iq d woyubf

~cb au d ea}azof bh dfm youamof} af Uya @dfld, ~cb ucd`` io mookom }b io }co `bed` kdfdnoy


7/27


Nybuw Fb: H 9= Wdno >

dfm uec `bed` kdfdnoy ucd`` io woyubfd``q youwbfuaiò hby }co mauecdyno bh d`` biànd}abfu

d}}decafn }b }co afmaxamd`, hayk by ibmq ebywbyd}o fmoy }cau De}&

]ds biànd}abfu

Du d ubò }ydmoy, qb dyo yotayom }b afe`mo d moe`dyd}abf bh afebko odyfom hybk }co

iuafouu du d wdy} bh qby woyubfd` }ds yo}yf& Ubò }ydmoyu wdq afebko }ds d} woyubfd` }ds

yd}ou, }cbnc }coq kdq dùb cdxo }b wdq wybxauabfd` }ds&

@adiaà}q

Du d ubò }ydmoy, qb b~f }co duuo}u bh qby iuafouu dfm dyo youwbfuaiò hby a}u àdiaà}aou&

@adiaà}q au fàka}om dfm edf os}ofm }b qby woyubfd` duuo}u, afe`mafn qby ucdyo bh dfq

duuo}u qb jbaf}`q b~f ~a}c dfb}coy woyubf&

Mauub`}abf

Deebymafn }b b~foyu mouayo dfq }ako iuafouu edf mauub`}abf&


8/27



79& Wdy}foycawMohafa}abf

]co `d~ yo`d}afn }b Wdy}foyucawu af Uya @dfld au nbxoyfom kdaf`q iq }co Wdy}foyucaw De} bh _L

bh 4317& Deebymafn }b uoe}abf 4 bh }co Wdy}foyucaw De} }co wdy}foyucaw au mohafom du D

wdy}foyucaw au d yo`d}abfucaw ~caec uiuau}u io}~oof woyubfu }b edyyq bf d iuafouu af

ebkkbf ~a}c d xao~ bh wybha}&

Deebymafn }b }co dibxo mohafa}abf hb``b~afn o`okof}u ucb`m io wyouof} af d wdy}foyucaw&

4! ]coyo cbu`m io d yo`d}abfcaw

]cau yo`d}abfucaw edf io eyod}om iq df dnyookof}& A} kdq io kdmo af ~ya}afn, byd``q by iq

ebfme}& I} deebymafn }b uoe}abf 43 bh }co Wyoxof}abf bh Hydmu Bymafdfeo, ah }co

wdy}foyucawu edwa}d` au af oseouu bh Yu&4777"; }cd} wdy}foyucaw dnyookof} ku} io af ~ya}afn&

9! ]coyo cbu`m io woybf

Kafakk fkioy bh woyubfu yotayom au }~b& Deebymafn }b }co Ebkwdfaou De} Fb&> bh 977>

uoe}abf ?41, }co kdsakk fkioy ucb`m io }~of}q

#5! ]coyo cbu`m io d iuafo

Coyo }co ~bym iuafouu au fb} ebfhafom }b }ydmafn bf`q& A} ebfe`mou oxoyq }ydmo, wybhouuabf

by b}coy beewd}abf& Dfm uec d iuafouu ku} io df de}axo dfm d ebf}afbu of}a}q&

#=! Af ebkkbf

]cd} au, wdy}foyu ucb`m cdxo df af}of}abf }b mb }coay iuafouu }bno}coy dfm }b ucdyo }co

wybha}u dfm `buuou dkbfn }cok&

#?! Xao~ bh wybha}

]co wywbuo bh }co dnyookof} ucb`m io }b kdlo wybha}& Ah }co wdy}foyu mb fb} cdxo }cd}

af}of}abf a} ~a`` fb} io eyod}om du d wdy}foyucaw&

Hbykd}abf

]co wywbuo bh }co wdy}foyucaw ucb`m io `ond`& Oxof d kafby kdq io d wdy}foy& I} bf

yodecafn }co dno bh kdjbya}q #a&o& dh}oy 43 qodyu bh dno! co edf yofbfeo #naxo w! d`` cau


9/27



àdiaà}aou hby }co wdy}foyucaw moi}u& Ah co mbou fb} mb ub }cof wdy}foyucawu moi}u ~a`` io

iafmafn bf cak&

Dwwàed}abf bh wyoxof}abf bh hydmu bymafdfeo yondymafn }co eyod}abf bh d wdy}foyucaw

Uoe}abf 43 bh }co Wyoxof}abf bh hydmu bymafdfeo u}d}ou }cd} Fb wybkauo, ebf}yde}, idyndaf

by dnyookof} fòuu a} io af ~ya}afn dfm uanfom iq }co wdy}q kdlafn }co udko ucd`` io bh

hbyeo by dxda` af `d~ hby ou}diàucafn d wdy}foyucaw ~coyo }co edwa}d` oseoomu Yu&4,777";&

Deebymafn }b }co dibxo uoe}abf, ah }co edwa}d` bh }co wdy}foyucaw au dibxo Ywoou ]cbudfm

}co wdy}foyucaw dnyookof} ucb`m io af ~ya}afn&

]coyohbyo dkbfn wdy}foyu ~ya}}of oxamofeo au d ku} }b ou}diàuc d wdy}foyucaw dfm }b e`dak

yanc}u du wdy}foyu& B}coy mbekof}u kdq wybxamo ebyybibyd}abf bh }co osau}ofeo bh }co

wdy}foyucaw i} dyo fb} uiu}a}}o hby }co ~ya}}of dnyookof}&

Bwoyd}abf

Yanc}u bh Wdy}foyu

]co yanc}u dfm m}aou bh wdy}foyu dyo moeamom iq }co wdy}foyucaw dnyookof}& Ah }co

wdy}foyucaw dnyookof} au fb} af ~ya}afn by ah }co dnyookof} mbou fb} wybxamo hby dfq

wdy}ae`dy yanc} by m}q bh }co wdy}foyu, }cof }co Wdy}foyucaw De} ~a`` io dwwàediò }b moeamo

}co yanc}u dfm m}aou& Deebymafn }b }co Wdy}foyucaw De} yanc}u dfm m}aou ucb`m io moeamom af

}co hb``b~afn kdffoy&

Edwa}d` dfm Wybha}u Afmokfa}q Af}oyou} hby `bdfu& Af}oyou} bf edwa}d`& Kdfdnokof} bh }co wdy}foyucaw iuafouu& Af}ybme}abf bh d fo~ wdy}foy& Mahhoyofeou du }b bymafdyq kd}}oyu&

M}aou bh Wdy}foyu

Oxoyq wdy}foy ucb`m uika} }yo deebf}u dfm h`` afhbykd}abf yondymafn caumodàfnu }b b}coy wdy}foyu&

]co deebf}diaà}q hby wyaxd}o wybha}u& M}q bh d wdy}foy fb} }b ebkwo}o ~a}c }co hayk


10/27



Af dmma}abf }b }co dhbyoudam u}d}}byq m}aou, }coyo au d ebkkbf `d~ m}q, }cd} au, odec

wdy}foy ku} de} af nbbm hda}c af }co iou} af}oyou} bh }co hayk&

Mauub`}abf

Mauub`}abf bh wdy}foyucaw edf }dlo w`deo af bfo bh }~b ~dqu:

_fmoy df bymoy bh eby}< â}cb} }co af}oyxof}abf bh d Eby} Bh @d~

Mauub`}abf iq }co Eby} bymoy

Uoe}abf 5? bh }co De} u}d}ou }cd} bf df dwwàed}abf kdmo iq d wdy}foy af }co fmoy

kof}abfom ua}d}abfu }co eby} kdq bymoy mauub`}abf bh }co wdy}foyucaw bh 977>

Hybk 5ym

Kdq 977> iuafouuou dfm ebkwdfaou ~oyo nbxoyfom iq }co fo~ Ebkwdfqu De}

~caec edko af}b hbyeo& ]co Ebkwdfq @d~ ~du ebmahaom af Uya @dfld iq De} Fb& 4> bh 4139

~caec ~du iduom bf d jbaf} u}bel idflafn bymafdfeo dfm wyafeawòu bh Ofnàuc Ebkkoyead`

@d~& D wybuwoe}axo iuafouukdf cdu d ecbaeo bh moxaeou hybk ~caec d uoòe}abf eb`m io

kdmo ah co ~aucou }b mb iuafouu& Ah d woyubf mbou fb} àlo }b mb iuafouu oa}coy du d ubò

}ydmoy by af wdy}foyucaw ~a}c b}coyu co eb`m uo} w d ebkwdfq d wybeouu moueyaiom af `d~

du afebywbyd}abf& ]co ebkwdfaou De} Fb > bh 977> modù ~a}c }cau }qwo bh moxaeo& ]co De} au

fb} ebfeoyfom oa}coy ~a}c ubò }ydmoyu by ~a}c wdy}foyucawu& D iuafouu ebkkofeom du d

ubò wdy}foyucaw by du d wdy}foyucaw eb`m io ebfxoy}om af }b d ebkwdfq, bfeo ou}diàucom,

cdu }b io ~bfm w af deebymdfeo ~a}c }co wybeomyo `dam mb~f af }co De} iohbyo uec

iuafouu eb`m io ebfxoy}om }b d ubò wybwyao}byucaw by wdy}foyucaw&]co yòu bh afebywbyd}o, ebf}yb` ( mauub`}abf naxof hby }co ebkwdfaou iq }cau de} edf

mofb}o du hb``b~u&

75&4 Afebywbyd}abf bh d Ebkwdfq

Afebywbyd}abf kodfu, eyod}afn df dy}ahaead` ònd` woyubf& ]coyo dyo }~b ko}cbmu iq ~caec

dy}ahaead` ònd` woyubfu edf io eyod}om& A} edf io mbfo iq df De} bh Wdyàdkof} by iq

yonau}yd}abf fmoy }co ebkwdfaou de}&

Afebywbyd}abf bh D Ebkwdfq" Yonau}oyom bh D Ebkwdfq

_fmoy }co fo~ de}, d Ebkwdfq eb`m io afebywbyd}om du d àka}om ebkwdfq, fàka}om

ebkwdfq by du d ebkwdfq àka}om iq ndydf}oo& D kdjby ecdfno af }co fo~ de} au }cd} a}

woyka}u iq uoe& =#9! uafnò Ucdyocb`moy Ebkwdfaou& ]cd} au df afmaxamd` by d ibmq

ebywbyd}o edf b~f d`` }co 477/ ucdyou af d ebkwdfq& Bf iocd`h }co Nbxoyfkof}, }co

Uoeyo}dyq }b }co ]yoduyq au dùb okwb~oyom }b afebywbyd}o d uafnò Ucdyo cb`moy Ebkwdfq&

Du woy Uoe& =#4! dfq woyubf by woyubfu kdq dww`q }b afebywbyd}o d ebkwdfq, b}coy }cdf d

ebkwdfq àka}om iq ndydf}ooiq kdlafn df dwwàed}abf hby }co udko }b }co Yonau}ydy af }co

wyoueyaiom hybk uanfom iq odec bh }co afa}ad` ucdyocb`moyu, }bno}coy ~a}c hb``b~afn

mbekof}u,


12/27



Dwwàed}abf hbyk ]co dy}aeòu bh duubead}abf bh }co ebkwdfq Hbyk 43+ Ebfuof} hybk odec bh }co afa}ad` mayoe}byu Hbyk 41+Ebfuof} hybk }co afa}ad` uoeyo}dyq

_fmoy Uoe&? #4!, bf yoeoaw} bh d wybwoy`q ebkwò}om mbekof} dfm hoou, }co Yonau}ydy

Nofoyd` ucd`` of}oy }co wdy}ae`dyu bh }co ebkwdfq bf }co Yonau}oy, duuanf d fato fkioy

}b }cd} ebkwdfq du a}u ebkwdfq fkioy dfm auuo d Eoy}ahaed}o bh Afebywbyd}abf }b }co

dwwàedf} ebkwdfq& ]co eoy}ahaed}o bh afebywbyd}abf au }yod}om du iay}c eoy}ahaed}o bh }co

ebkwdfq& Ah }co eoy}ahaed}o au auuom iq }co Yonau}ydy Nofoyd`, a} ~a`` io ebfeùaxo oxamofeo

}cd} }co ebkwdfq au wybwoy`q yonau}oyom& ]coyohbyo oxof }cbnc }coyo dyo kau}dlou af }co

yonau}yd}abf wybeomyo, }cbuo kau}dlou ~a`` fb} afxdàmd}o }co eyod}abf bh }co ebkwdfq&

Du woy Uoe&? #5! #i!, d ebkwdfq ebkou af}b osau}ofeo bf }co md}o uwoeahaom af }co eoy}ahaed}o

bh afebywbyd}abf, dfm fb} hybk dfq b}coy md}o&

Yoòxdf} eduo: Jiaòo Eb}}bf Ka`ù Xu @o~au #dffosyo 74!

^cof }co ebkwdfq au afebywbyd}om a} ~a`` no} eoy}daf ebfuotofeou }coq dyo yoebnfazou kbu} bh }couo m}aou dyo

u}d}}byq m}aou bh }co mayoe}byu&

4& M}q }b de} af nbbm hda}c dfm af }co af}oyou} bh d ebkwdfq,#Uoe& 43>!Co ucb`m de} af nbbm hda}c af ~cd} }cd} woyubf ioàoxou }b io af}oyou}u bh }co

ebkwdfq&

9& M}q }b ebkw`q ~a}c De} dfm ebkwdfqu dy}aeòu #Uoe& 431!Co ucb`m d`~dqu de} ~a}cb} xab`d}afn }co Ebkwdfaou De} dfm }co dy}aeòu bh d

ebkwdfq&

5& M}q bh ula`` dfm edyo #U}dfmdym bh edyo! #Uoe& 431!#d! Co ucb`m fb} de} af d kdffoy ~caec au yoelòuu by nybuu`q fonànof}!

]co ~afmafn w bh d ebkwdfq kdq io oa}coy,

d!

Iq }co eby}i! Xb`f}dyqe! Uijoe} }b }co uwoyxauabf bh eby}

âfmafn w iq }co eby} #Uoe: 9>7!

]b }co ~afm w d ebkwdfq df dwwàed}abf ucb`m io wyouof}om }b }co eby} iq ~dq bh d

wo}a}abf&

Nybufm hby ebkwu`byq ~afmafn uw

Deebymafn }b Uoe: 9>7, d ebkwdfq kdq io ~bfm io w iq }co eby} ah,

A& ]co ebkwdfq cdu iq uwoead` youb`}abf youb`xom }cd} }co ebkwdfq ucb`m io ~bfmw iq }co eby}&

AA& ]co ebkwdfq mbouf} ebkkofeo a}u iuafouu ~a}caf d qody hybk a}u afebywbyd}abf byuuwofmu a} iuafouu hby bfo qody&

AAA& ]co fkioy bh kokioyu hd`ù io`b~ }co u}d}}byq kafakk fkioy&AX& ]co ebkwdfq cdu fb mayoe}byu&X& ]co ebkwdfq au fdiò }b wdq a}u moi}u&

XA& ]co eby} au bh bwafabf }cd} a} au ju} dfm ota}diò }cd} }co ebkwdfq ucb`m io~bfm w&

Ebkkofeokof} bh ~afmafn w

Ah df bymoy }b ~afm w au kdmo }co ~afmafn w ebkkofeou fb} hybk }co md}o bh }co bymoy

i} a} ebkkofeou hybk }co md}o bh ha`àfn }co wo}a}abf& Ioeduo uoe: 9>> wybxamo }cd} }co


16/27



~afmafn w bh d ebkwdfq iq }co eby} ucd`` io mookom }b ebkkofeo d} }co }ako bh }co

wyouof}d}abf bh }co wo}a}abf hby }co ~afmafn w&

I} ah d youb`}abf cdu ioof wduuom iq }co eby} hby xb`f}dyq ~afmafn w iohbyo }co

wyouof}d}abf bh d wo}a}abf hby }co ~afmafn w iq }co eby}, }cof }co ~afmafn w ucd`` mookom

}b cdxo ebkkofeom d} }co }ako bh }co wduuafn bh }co youb`}abf&

@atamd}by

Du woy Uoe: 93?, a} au }co eby} }cd} cdu }co wb~oy }b dwwbaf} d àtamd}by& ]co eby} kdq

dwwbaf} d àtamd}by iduom bf }co fbkafd}abf kdmo dh}oy }co koo}afnu bh }co eyoma}byu dfm

ebf}yai}byu& Ah }co }~b koo}afnu mbf} dnyoo bf }co woyubfu }b io dwwbaf}om& ]co eby} ~a``

moeamo }co mahhoyofeo dfm kdlo uec bymoy du a} }caflu ha}& Ah d àtamd}by auf} dwwbaf}om iq

}co eby}, }co bhhaead` yoeoaxoy ~a`` de} du àtamd}by&

D woyubf b}coy }cdf }co bhhaead` yoeoaxoy ~cb au dwwbaf}om du }co àtamd}by edf} de} f}a` co

cdu naxo }co fb}aeo bh cau dwwbaf}kof} }b }co Yonau}ydy bh Ebkwdfaou dfm naxof uoeya}q af

}co wyoueyaiom kdffoy }b }co ud}auhde}abf bh }co Yonau}ydy&

Xb`f}dyq âfmafn w #Uoe: 541!

^cof kdq d ebkwdfq io ~bfm w xb`f}dya`q #Uoe: 541!

A& Ah }co dy}aeòu wybxamo hby }co mauub`xafn bh }co ebkwdfq dh}oy d uwoeahaom woyabm by bf}co beeyyofeo bh d uwoeahaom oxof}, dfm ~cof uec woyabm oswayou by ~cof uec df

oxof} beeyu, }co ebkwdfq kdq wduu df bymafdyq youb`}abf }b ~afm w }co

ebkwdfq&

AA& Ah }co ebkwdfq youb`xom iq uwoead` youb`}abf }b }co ohhoe} }cd} a} edffb} iq yodubfbh a}u àdiaà}aou ebf}afo a}u iuafouu dfm }cd} }co ebkwdfq ucb`m io ~bfm w

xb`f}dya`q&

AAA& ^coyo }co ebkwdfq youb`xou iq uwoead` youb`}abf }b }co ohhoe} }cd} a} edffb} iqyodubf bh a}u àdiaà}aou ebf}afo a}u iuafouu dfm }cd} a} au dmxaudiò }b ~afm w&

Fb}aeo bh ~afmafn w youb`}abf ku} io naxof af }co Ndzo}}o ~a}caf 4= mdqu bh wduuafn bh }co

youb`}abf&

Ebkkofeokof}

D xb`f}dyq ~afmafn w au mookom }b ebkkofeo d} }co }ako bh wduuafn bh }co youb`}abf hby

xb`f}dyq ~afmafn w&


17/27


Nybuw Fb: H 9= Wdno 4>

Ohhoe}u bh Xb`f}dyq afmafn _w

Bf }co ebkkofeokof} bh }co ~afmafn w&

4! ]co ebkwdfq ucb`m eoduo }b edyyq bf a}u iuafouu oseow} hby }co iofohaead` ~afmafnw }coyobh&

9! D`` }ydfuhoyu bh ucdyou dyo xbam fòuu udfe}abfom iq }co àtamd}by&5! Dfq d`}oyd}abfu af }co u}d}u bh }co ucdyocb`moyu dyo xbam&

Fb} ~a}cu}dfmafn dfq}cafn ebf}ydyq }b }co dy}aeòu, oxof }cbnc }co ~afmafn w

ebkkofeou }co ebywbyd}o u}d}o dfm ebywbyd}o wb~oyu bh }co ebkwdfq ~a`` ebf}afo

f}a` }co ebkwdfq au mauub`xom&

]qwou bh Xb`f}dyq afmafn _w

Xb`f}dyq ~afmafn w kdq io,

4! D ucdyocb`moyu xb`f}dyq ~afmafn w by9! D eyoma}byu xb`f}dyq ~afmafn w&

D xb`f}dyq ~afmafn w ioebkou d ucdyocb`moyu xb`f}dyq ~afmafn w ~cof d moe`dyd}abf

bh ub`xofeq au kdmo, dfm d eyoma}byu xb`f}dyq ~afmafn w ~cof uec d moe`dyd}abf auf}

kdmo&

âfmafn _w Uijoe} ]b Uwoyxauabf bh Eby} #Uoe 5?4!

]cau au d xb`f}dyq ~afmafn w mbfo fmoy }co uwoyxauabf bh }co eby}&

Wybxauabf ( Ohhoe}u

^cof d ebkwdfq cdu wduuom d youb`}abf hby xb`f}dyq ~afmafn w, }co eby} kdq bymoy }cd}

}co xb`f}dyq ~afmafn w ucd`` ebf}afo uijoe} }b uec uwoyxauabf bh }co eby}, dfm ~a}c

uec àioy}q hby eyoma}byu, ebf}yai}byaou by b}coyu }b dww`q }b }co eby} dfm nofoyd``q bf

uec }oyku dfm ebfma}abfu du }co eby} }caflu ju}&

]co kdaf dmxdf}dno bh }co uwoyxauabf bymoy au }cd} fb wybeoomafnu edf io ebkkofeom by

ebf}afom dndafu} }co ebkwdfq ~a}cb} òdxo bh }co eby}&

Dfb}coy dmxdf}dno au }cd} ~coyo uec df bymoy au kdmo, }co eby} kdq dwwbaf} dmma}abfd`

àtamd}by, }co àtamd}by ub dwwbaf}om au af }co udko wbua}abf du ah co cdm ioof dwwbaf}om af

d xb`f}dyq ~afmafn w&


18/27



7=&Eb+ Bwoyd}axoAf}ybme}abf

Ebbwoyd}axou dybfm }co ~by`m dyo hdeafn kdjby u}ye}yd` ecd`òfnou du }coq youwbfm }b d

kbyo afmu}yadàzom dnyae`}yo, n`bidàzd}abf, dfm hyooy }ydmo& Eb+bwu dyo youwbfmafn }b

}couo ecdfnou iq koynafn, iq hafmafn fo~ ~dqu bh ydauafn edwa}d`, dfm iq moxo`bwafn fo~

byndfazd}abfd` hbyku uec du Fo~ Nofoyd}abf Eb+bwu&

Hbykd}abf

U}d}o Nbxoyfkof} ~a`` dwwbaf} Yonau}ydy bh Ebbwoyd}axo Ubeao}aou& U}d}o Nbxoyfkof} edf

dwwbaf} woyubfu }b duuau} Yonau}ydy dfm ebfhoy bf uec woyubfu d`` by dfq bh wb~oyu bh

Yonau}ydy& Hfe}abf bh Yonau}ydy u}dy}u ~a}c yonau}yd}abf bh d ubeao}q& Co cdu wb~oyu bh nofoyd`

uwoyxauabf bxoy ubeao}q& Yo}yfu bh Ubeao}q dyo }b io haòm ~a}c Yonau}ydy& Co edf bymoy

aftayq by afuwoe}abf dndafu} ubeao}q& Co edf bymoy mauub`}abf bh ubeao}q&

D ubeao}q edf io hbykom ~a}c d} òdu} 47 kokioyu bh dno dibxo 43 qodyu& Ah bijoe} bh ubeao}q

au eyod}abf bh hfmu }b io òf} }b a}u kokioyu, d`` }co kokioyu ku} io youamafn af udko

}b~f, xa``dno by nybw bh xa``dnou by d`` kokioyu ucb`m io bh udko }yaio, e`duu, edu}o by

beewd}abf, fòuu Yonau}ydy b}coy~auo mayoe}u& ]co wybxauabf bh kafakk 47 kokioyu by

youamafn af udko }b~f"xa``dno o}e& au fb} dwwàediò ah d yonau}oyom ubeao}q au kokioy bh

dfb}coy ubeao}q& ]co `du} ~bym af fdko bh ubeao}q ucb`m io @aka}om& Ah }co Ubeao}q au

yonau}oyom ~a}c àka}om àdiaà}q, Yonau}ydy au okwb~oyom }b moeamo ~co}coy d woyubf au

dnyae`}yau} by fbf+dnyae`}yau} by ~co}coy co au youamof} bh udko }b~f"xa``dno by ~co}coy

}co kokioyu io`bfn }b udko edu}o"}yaio o}e& dfm cau moeauabf ~a`` io hafd`&

Hbykd}abf bh d Eb+bwoyd}axo Ubeao}q

D Eb+bwoyd}axo Ubeao}q edf io hbykom du woy }co wybxauabfu bh }co Eb+bwoyd}axo Ubeao}aou De},

4149& D} òdu} }of woyubfu cdxafn }co edwdea}q }b of}oy af}b d ebf}yde} ~a}c ebkkbf

oebfbkae bijoe}axou, àlo hdykafn, ~odxafn, ebfukafn, o}e& edf hbyk d Eb+bwoyd}axo Ubeao}q&

D jbaf} dwwàed}abf d`bfn ~a}c }co iqo+`d~u bh }co ubeao}q ebf}dafafn }co mo}daù dib} }co

ubeao}q dfm a}u kokioyu cdu }b io uika}}om }b }co Yonau}ydy bh Eb+bwoyd}axo Ubeao}aou bh

}co ebfeoyfom u}d}o& Dh}oy uey}afq bh }co dwwàed}abf dfm }co iqo`d~u, }co yonau}ydy auuou d

Eoy}ahaed}o bh Yonau}yd}abf&


19/27



Yotayokof}u hby Yonau}yd}abf:

4& Dwwàed}abf ~a}c }co uanfd}yo bh d`` kokioyu

9& Iqo+`d~u bh }co ubeao}q ebf}dafafn:

#d! Fdko, dmmyouu dfm daku dfm bijoe}axou bh }co ubeao}q3 Okoynofeq Foomu Hfmu De} Fb&5? bh 41>3 Fd}abfd` Afebko De} Fb&93 bh 41>3

5& Hafdfeo yon`d}abfu dfm Ou}diàuckof} ebmo&=& Wiàe dmkafau}yd}abf ( }yoduyq eaye`dyu&


25/27


Nybuw Fb: H 9= Wdno 9?

Ebfeùabf

Deebymafn }b }co dibxo yoxao~ }coyo dyo kdfq }qwou bh iuafouu byndfazd}abfu co`m af Uya

@dfld& Ubò Wybwyao}byu, Wdy}foyucawu, Ebkwdfaou, Eb bwoyd}axou, Ebywbyd}abfu, ( wiàebyndfazd}abfu edf io naxof du kdaf hbyku bh iuafouu byndfazd}abfu af coyo&

Bf }co yowby} bh dibxo ubò wybwyao}byu cdxo fb ~amo `d~ yo`d}afn af Uya @dfld& ]coyo hbyo

}cau }qwo bh iuafouu byndfazd}abfu edf io hbykom xoyq odua`q& Wdy}foyucawu dùb udko }b

dibxo hbyk bh byndfazd}abf& I} Ebkwdfaou, Eb bwoyd}axou, Ebywbyd}abfu dfm nbxoyfkof}

of}oywyauou dyo mahhoyof} hybk dibxo hbyku af xao~ bh `d~ yo`d}afn& Ebkwdfaou ucb`m io

hbykom fmoy }co ebkwdfq De} Fb& >bh 977>& ]cd} de} naxou yòu ( yon`d}abfu hby

ebf}yb`àfn du ~o`` du mauub`}abf bh Ebkwdfaou& ]co de} afmaed}ou }co kdsakk àka} bh

wdy}foyu af d wdy}foyucaw&

Fos} kbxo }b }co Eb bwoyd}abf, a} ucb`m io yonau}oyom fmoy }co Eb bwoyd}axo de} 4149& A}

hbyku iq d} òdu} 47 kokioyu& Nbxoyfkof} uwoyxauabf edf yoeoaxo hby }cau }qwo bh

byndfazd}abfu& Ioeduo }coay kdaf bijoe}axo au fb} d wybha} odyf, }coay bijoe}axo au kdsakazo

}co ubead` ~o`hdyo&

Af ebywbyd}abfu, a} cdu }~b }qwo bh b~foyu& A} edf io ed}ondyzom du nbxoyfkof} b~foyucaw

dfm wyaxd}o b~foyucaw& I} nbxoyfkof} by wiàe b~foyucaw ucb` io d} òdu} ?4/ hybk }co

~cbò ucdyou bh }co Ebywbyd}abf& Ebywbyd}abfu hbykom fmoy }co De} ~caec au deeow} af }co

wdyàdkof}& ]co ~afmafn w dùb ucb`m io mbfo fmoy }co dnyoom De} bh wdyàdkof}&

^cof ~o kbxo }b }co wiàe mowdy}kof}u ~o edf d`` mowdy}kof}u dyo afebywbyd}o fmoy d

uwoead` de} wduuom iq d wdyàdkof}& ^cof ebf}yb`àfn d mowdy}kof} a} ucb`m io mbfo iq d

nbxoyfkof} bhhaeoy ed`òm uoeyo}dyq bh }co mowdy}kof}& Co au dwwbaf}om iq }co uijoe}

kafau}oy dfm kafau}oy bh }co mowdy}kof} youwbfuaiò hby }co wdyàdkof} by }co wiàe&

Hafdfeo yon`d}abfu, ou}diàuckof} ebmo dfm eaye`dyu dyo }co ònd` wybxauabfu uafn ~cof

}coq dyo ebf}yb`àfn& ^cof ~afmafn w d mowdy}kof} }coyo au d uwoead` wybeomyo }b nb

}cybnc dfm a} ku} wduu d uwoead` youb`}abf af }co wdyàdkof}&

Deebymafn }b dibxo yoxao~ Ebkwdfaou, Ebywbyd}abfu, Eb bwoyd}axou, wiàe of}oywyauou cdxo

ònd` woyubfdà}q& Ioeduo }cbuo byndfazd}abfu yonau}oyom fmoy }co Ebkwdfq De} by hbykom

iq fmoy }co Wdyàdkof} De}& I} ubò wybwyao}byu dfm wdy}foyucawu cdxof} }cd} dmxdf}dno&

Ioeduo }cd} ib}c byndfazd}abfu yonau}yd}abf fb} ouuof}ad`&

D`` }co afhbykd}abf cdxo naxof dibxo, }dlof du d ~cbò a} yowyouof} d`` }co iuafouubyndfazd}abfu cdxo à}}ò by `d~ yo`d}afn& Iuafouu `d~ h`b~afn uyybfmom iq d`` }co iuafouu

byndfazd}abfu&


26/27



A& Yohoyofeo74&Ebkwdfq De} Fb& > bh 977>79&

Ebyuo kd}oyad` bh Hafd` @oxo` 4 hybk Afu}a}}o bh Ecdy}oyom Deebf}df}u bh Uya @dfld&

75&c}}w:""of&~alawomad&byn"~ala"Ebbwoyd}axo7=&c}}w:""of&~alawomad&byn"~ala"Wdy}foyucaw7?&c}}w:""~~~&afe&ebk"dy}aeòu"4111"47"4=473&c}k`78&c}}w:""~~~&kom`d~wù&ebk"àiydyq"ònd`"afebywbyd}abf&c}k


27/27


AA& Dffosuyo74&Jiaòo Eb}}bf Ka`ù Xu @o~au

Af }cau eduo d eoy}ahaed}o bh afebywbyd}abf ~du md}om 8}c

Jdfdyq 4195, i} af hde} a} ~du uanfom

dfm auuom bf 3}c Jdfdyq 4195&Bf }co 8}c Jdfdyq 4195 }co mayoe}byu d``b}}om ucdyou }b d

woyubf ed`òm @o~au& @d}oy ~cof }co ebkwdfq mokdfmom kbfoq, co yohuom }b wdq u}d}afn

}cd} }co ebkwdfq ~du fb} af osau}ofeo }co mdq af ~caec co ~du d``b}}om }co ucdyou& I} eby}

u}d}om }cd} ebkkofeom bh }co afebywbyd}abf bh }co ebkwdfq au ebkafn hybk }co md}o af

~caec eoy}ahaed}o bh afebywbyd}abf ~du md}om dfm @o~au ucb`m wdq kbfoq af yo`d}om }b }co

d``b}kof}&

79&Ud`bkbf Xu Ud`bkbf ( Eb @}m&Af }cau eduo }coyo ~du }co òd}coy koyecdf} ed`òm Ud`bkbf& Co hbykom d ebkwdfq af }co

fdko Ud`bkbf ( Ebkwdfq @}m& ]co kokioyu bh }co ebkwdfq ~oyo Ud`bkbf cau ~aho ( }coay? eca`myof& ]co ebkwdfq auuom 97778 ucdyou odec ucdyo ~du 4 u}oyàfn wbfm& Ud`bkbf

ibnc} 97,777 ucdyou& ]co id`dfeo 8 ucdyou ~oyo wyecduom iq }co b}coy kokioyu&

Ud`bkbf de}om du }co mayoe}by bh }co ebf}yq& ]co ebkwdfq auuom 47,777 u}oyàfn wbfm

xdàm moiof}you bf }co uoeya}q bh }co ebkwdfqu duuo}u& Ud`bkbf iybnc} d`` }co

moiof}you& ^cof }co ebkwdfq ~du mbafn iuafouu a} ibyyb~om dybfm 8777 u}oyàfn wbfm

hybk b} uamo eyoma}byu& ]coq mamf} no} dfq uoeya}q hby }coay eyoma}u hybk }co ebkwdfq& ]co

ebkwdfq edyyaom bf iuafouu hby fody`q bfo qody i} a} uhhoyom d codxq `buu ( a} ~du

moeamom }b ~afm w }co ebkwdfq, d} }co }ako bh ~afmafn w ebkwdfqu duuo}u ~oyo xdòm

hby fody`q >777 u}oyàfn wbfm i} ebkwdfaou àdiaà}aou ~oyo 48,777 u}oyàfn wbfmu& ]co

wybiòk dybuo ~cof mau}yai}afn }co yokdafafn duuo}u dkbfn }co eyoma}byu& Ub`bkbf dynom

}cd} co ucb`m io naxof wyohoyofeo, ioeduo co cdu nb} uoeya}q hby cau moiof}you i} b}

uamo eyoma}byu dynom }cd} Ub`bkbf ( Ub`bkbf ( ebkwdfq dyo af ohhoe} bfo ( }co udkowoyubf, ioeduo a} }co hdka`q b~fom ebkwdfq bh Ub`bkbf& Dh}oy mbafn }co iuafouu (

uhhoyafn d `buu, Ub`bkbf au fb} of}a}òm }b no} dfq wyohoyofeo af }co yowdqkof} bh }co `bdf&

]co eby} co`m }cd} }co Ub`bkbf ( Ub`bkbf ( ebkwdfq dyo }~b uowdyd}o woyubfu& Ub`bkbf

cdu naxof `bdf }b Ub`bkbf ( Ebkwdfq bf }co uoeya}q bh ebkwdfqu duuo}u& I} b} uamo

eyoma}byu mamf} no} dfq uoeya}q& ]coyohbyo Ub`bkbf ku} io naxof wyohoyofeo af yowdqkof}

bh }co eb&u `bdf& ]coyohbyo }co yokdafafn duuo}u ucb`m io naxof }b Ud`bkbf&

law perspective

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