LEADERSHIP

PRIYANK JAIN

OBJECTIVE Leadership definition

Styles of Leadership

Functions performed by Leader

Leadership Theories

“Quality of behavior of individuals whereby they guide people or their activities in organizing efforts”.

-Chester Barnard.

“A leader is one who guides and directs other people. He gives the efforts of his followers a direction and purpose by influencing there behavior.”

-Louis A. Allen

WHAT IS LEADERSHIP

Is the process of inspiring people. Provides cohesive force which holds group

together. Is an important modifier of behavior of

people. Is related to a situation. Providing guidance. Is the essence of manager ship.

FUNCTIONS PERFORMED BY LEADER IN AN ORGANIZATION

Determination of goals.

Organization of activities.

Achieving Coordination.

Providing Guidance.

Inspiration for Employees.

Facilitating Change.

“ If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more you are a leader.”

John Quiney Adams

STYLES OF LEADERSHIP

Autocratic

Democratic

Free Rein

AUTOCRATIC STYLE

Authoritarian

Directs subordinates .

Subordinates have no freedom to influence his decision and behavior.

Very effective if less time to accomplish goals or if employees are well motivated.

PARTICIPATIVE OR DEMOCRATIC STYLE

Leader participates in the group as a member.

The leader involves one or more employees in the decision making process.

Encourages participation, delegates wisely, values group discussion.

Leader maintains the final decision making authority.

FREE REIN OR PERMISSIVE

Leader acts as a facilitator and a contact man

with outsiders.

Least intervention by the leader, abdication of his authority and letting group to operate on its own.

Manger’s contribution in decision making is ignored in the same way as the autocratic management ignores that of the group.

THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP

Trait Theory

Behavioral Theory

TRAIT THEORY

Traits which distinguish leaders from non-leaders:

Intelligence Physical Feature Inner motivation Drive Honesty Maturity Self Confidence Acceptance for the responsibility Openness / Flexibility

Traits predict behavior in weak situation than in strong situation.

LIMITATIONS OF TRAIT THEORY

No universal traits found that predict leadership in all situations.

Unclear evidence of the cause and effect of relationship of leadership and traits.

Better predictor of the appearance of leadership than distinguishing effective and ineffective leaders.

BEHAVIORAL THEORIES

When it becomes evident that effective leaders did not seem to have particular set of distinguishing traits , researchers tried to study the behavioral aspects of effective leaders.

RESEARCHERS TRIED TO DETERMINE THE ANSWER OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

• Who effective leaders are?• What effective leaders do?• How they delegates tasks?• How they communicate?• How they tried to motivate their

followers or employees?

THE RESEARCH WAS DONE AT

University of Lowa where researcher Kurt Lewin and his colleague concentered on three leadership styles;autocratics,democratics and laissez-fair.

University of Michigan researchers where confirm that employee centered approach was useful the a job centered.

Ohio university the most publicized aspects of the behavior was the identification of two dimensions of leadership behavior; initiating sector and consideration.

OHIO STATE STUDIES

In 1945 a group of researchers at Ohio University began extensive investigation on leadership.

They designed a questionnaire to measure the behaviors of different leaders and track factors such as group performance and satisfaction to see which behaviors were most effective.

They identified two dimension of leadership behavior ; initiating structure and consideration.

WHAT IS INITIATING STRUCTURE?

Initiating structure is the extent to which a leader define his or her own role and those of subordinates so as to achieve organizational goals.

WHAT IS CONSIDERATION?

Consideration is the degree of mutual trust between leader and subordinates.

How much the leader respects subordinate ideas and shows concerns of their feeling.

It emphasizes people related issues. A consideration-oriented leader is more likely

to be friendly towards subordinates, encourages participation in decision making and maintain good two-way communication.

THE OHIO STATE STUDIES CONSIDERED INITIATING STRUCTURE AND CONSIDERATION AS TWO INDEPENDENT BEHAVIOR

Low consideration High consideration

Continuum of ConsiderationLow initiating structure High Initiating Structure

Continuum of Consideration

The leader could be high on both the dimension and low on the other ,or could display gradation in between.

EXAMPLE :

THANK YOU….