1. Taha Rafiq M. Junaid Khan Waleed Ahmed Khan Tahir Hussain Shafaat Ullah Khan

2. Introduction & History Of Lasers Applications Of Lasers Introduction Satellite Technology In Pakistan Uses Of Satellites Introduction To Fiber Optics Advantages Of Fiber Optics Structure 3. What Is Laser ? LASER Stands for ? 4. History Of Lasers: Proposed By Albert Einstein in 1917 First True Laser Was Made By Theodore Maiman In 1960 5. History Of Lasers: First Laser Operated On 16th May, 1960. By shining a high-power flash lamp on a ruby rod with silver-coated surfaces. 6. It emits a narrow beam often called Pencil Beam. Can be focused to very tiny beams. Can be launched into a beam of very low divergence Single Wavelength Laser Produce radiation in several modes 7. To create laser guide stars 8. Retro reflector arrays : to measure distance b/w earth & moon. 9. Laser Cutting & Laser Welding 10. To detect short lived molecules. 11. Nuclear Fusion Through Lasers 12. Military Uses: Target Designation Ranging Defensive countermeasures Communications Directed Energy Weapons 13. Use In Medicine: Removing tattoos Removing Scars Removing Wrinkles Removing Hairs Soft Tissue Surgery Curing Tumors 14. Uses In Industry Cutting & Peeling Of Metals Barcode Reader Laser Bonding Writing Subtitles On Motion Pictures 15. Use In Communication To Store Data Data Transmission 16. User In Laser Lightning 17. FIBER OPTICS: What is Fiber Optic ? A technology that uses glass or plastic threads fibers to transmit data. A fiber optic cable consists of a bundle of glass threads, each of which is capable of transmitting messages onto light waves. 18. Fiber optics has several advantages over traditional metal communications lines. Fiber optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal cables. This means that they can carry more data. Fiber optic cables are less susceptible than metal cables to interference. Fiber optic cables are much thinner and lighter than metal wires. FIBER OPTICS: 19. Data can be transmitted digitally rather than analogically. The main disadvantage of fiber optics is that the cables are expensive to install. In addition, they are more fragile than wire and are difficult to splice. Fiber optics is a particularly popular technology for LAN. Telephone companies are steadily replacing traditional telephone lines with fiber optic cables. In the future, almost all communications will employ fiber optics. FIBER OPTICS: 20. Structure FIBER OPTICS: 21. What is a satellite ? Basic Types: Geostationary Satellites Polar Satellites 22. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Means of Reaction Devices Speed required to orbit the Earth. Fuel Used ? 23. In 1928 Slovenian Herman proposed to build a space station. Use of space station. Arthur Clarke Proposed to use 3 satellites. 24. 1st artificial satellite: SPUTNIK-1 Artificial Satellite sent by 50 countries SPUTNIK-2 Carried Living Being. 25. BADAR-1 (1990) BADAR-2 (2001) BADAR-2 is used to explore the upper atmosphere 26. Remote Sensing Satellite System to be launched 27. Types of Satellites Satellite Orbits GEO LEO MEO 28. Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) These satellites are in orbit 35,863 km above the earths surface along the equator. Objects in Geostationary orbit revolve around the earth at the same speed as the earth rotates. This means GEO satellites remain in the same position relative to the surface of earth. 29. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) LEO satellites are much closer to the earth than GEO satellites, ranging from 500 to 1,500 km above the surface. LEO satellites dont stay in fixed position relative to the surface, and are only visible for 15 to 20 minutes each pass. 30. Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) A MEO satellite is in orbit somewhere between 8,000 km and 18,000 km above the earths surface. MEO satellites are similar to LEO satellites in functionality. MEO satellites are visible for much longer periods of time than LEO satellites, usually between 2 to 8 hours. MEO satellites have a larger coverage area than LEO satellites. 31. Basics: Advantages of Satellites The advantages of satellite communication over terrestrial communication are: Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the distance from the center of the coverage area. Satellite to Satellite communication is very precise. Higher Bandwidths are available for use.