learn turkish easy

7/30/2019 learn Turkish easy

1/47

Hello (formal) MerhabaHello (informal) SelamGoodbye (formal) Hoa kalnGoodbye (informal) Hoa kalGood morning GnaydnGood afternoon yi gnler

Good evening yi akamlarPlease LtfenThanks (formal) Teekkr ederimThanks (informal) Teekkrler

My name is .. Benim adm ..

What is your name (formal)? Sizin adnz ne?What is your name (informal)? Adn ne?How are you (formal)? Naslsnz?Fine, and you (formal)? yiyim, ya siz?Fine, and you (informal)? yiyim, sen?Pleased to meet you Tantmza memnun oldum (tanitimza) How much is it? Ne kadar?See you later GrrzSorry (formal) zgnmSorry (informal) PardonExcuse me zr dilerimI am trying to learn Turkish Trke renmeye alyorum

bathroom

bath banyo

soap sabuntoilet paper tuvalet kad -(tiuvalet chiad) toothbrush di fras (frcia) toothpaste di macunutowel havluwashbasin lavabo-(levabu)

bedroombed yatak -iatac

bedroom yatak odas (-iatac odas)blanket battaniyemattress iltepillow yastk (-iastc) pillow case yastk klf

buy things

I want to buy .. .. almak istiyorum

I'm just looking Sadece bakyorumIt's too expensive ok pahalDo you accept credit cards? Kredi kart kabul ediyor musunuz?

That's all, thanks Hepsi bu kadar, teekkrler


2/47


3/47

This is my son Bu olum (ohlum) This is my daughter Bu kzm (czm)(i-)This is (introducing a man last name) .. Bu Bay ..

This is (introducing a man first name) .. Bu .. BeyThis is (introducing woman last name) .. Bu Bayan ..This is (introducing a woman first name) .. Bu .. Hanm

This is Mr Smith Bu Bay SmithThis is Mrs Smith Bu Bayan Smith

small conversation

Where are you from (formal)? Nerelisiniz?

Where are you from (informal)? Nerelisin?Have you been to my country (formal)? lkeme hi geldiniz mi? (ulcheme hich gialdiniz

me)Have you been to my country (informal)? lkeme hi geldin mi?I like Turkey a lot Trkiye'yi ok seviyorumWhat do you think of the city (formal)? ehri nasl buluyorsunuz?

What do you think of the city (informal)? ehri nasl buluyorsun?Are you married (formal)? Evli misiniz? (evlimisiniz)Are you married (informal)? Evli misin?I'm single Bekarm(bechiarim)

Where are you staying (formal)? Nerede kalyorsunuz?Where are you staying (informal)? Nerede kalyorsun?Do you have children (formal)? ocuklarnz var m?Do you have children (informal)? ocuklarn var m?What do you do (formal)? Ne i yapyorsunuz?What do you do (informal)? Ne i yapyorsun?I'm retired EmekliyimI'm a student renciyim

I'm travelling Seyahat ediyorumI'm here on holiday Tatil iin geldimI'm here on business iin geldim

OK (formal) TamamOK (informal) OK

Yes, of course! Tabi ki evet!Of course not! Tabi ki hayr!

You're joking! Dalga geiyorsun!How's it going? Nasl gidiyor? (iy-i)No way! Katiyen olmaz!My e-mail address is .. E-posta adresim ..What is your e-mail address (formal) ..? E-posta adresiniz ne?What is your e-mail address (informal) ..? E-posta adresin ne?

Do you like football (formal)? Futbol sever misiniz?

Do you like football (informal)? Futbol sever misin?Who do you support (formal)? Kimi tutuyorsunuz?Who do you support (informal)? Kimi tutuyorsun?Who is your best player (formal)? En sevdiiniz oyuncu kim?Who is your best player (informal)? En sevdiin oyuncu kim?I support .. ..'i tutuyorumHe's a great player Mthi bir oyuncu


4/47

The coach is .. Antrenr ..

What's the weather like? Hava nasl?

Is it going to rain? Yamur yaacak m?

It's hot Hava scakIt's cold Hava soukIt's nice Hava gzelIt's freezing Hava buz gibiIt's windy Hava rzgarlIt's rainy Hava yamurlu

colors

It is red Bu krmz

It is blue Bu maviblack siyah

blue mavigreen yeilorange turuncupurple morred krmzyellow sarwhite beyaz

adjectives

good iyi

bad kt (chiotuu)hot scak (sgeac) cold souk (sooc)

young gen(ghienci)

old yalfast hzlslow yavaclean temizdirty pis

directions

Where is ..? .. nerede?

Where are ..? .. nerede?Can I walk there? Oraya yryebilir miyim? (oraia iuluarbilime)

Is there a bus? Otobs var m?Is there a train? Tren var m?Is it far? Uzak m?Can you show me on the map (formal)? Haritada gsterebilir misiniz?

Can you show me on the map (informal)? Haritada gsterebilir misin?

Is there a .. nearby? Yaknda .. var m?Turn to the left (formal) Sola dnn

Turn to the left (informal) Sola dn


5/47

Turn to the right (formal) Saa dnnTurn to the right (informal) Saa dnhere buradathere oradaOn the right hand side Sa tarafta ( -a)On the left hand side Sol tarafta

At the end of the street Caddenin sonundaThe first road on the right Sadan ilk sokak (saadan) The first road on the left Soldan ilk sokakStraight on Dmdz

days-general

this week bu hafta

next week gelecek haftayesterday dntoday bugntomorrow yarn

now imdilater sonrathis morning bu sabahthis afternoon bugn leden sonratonight bu akam

days of the weekMonday Pazartesi

Tuesday SalWednesday aramba (ciaramba)

Thursday PerembeFriday Cuma (ciuma) Saturday Cumartesi (ciuma..) Sunday Pazar

eat-food

Can we eat? Yemek yiyebilir miyiz?

Can we have breakfast? Kahvalt edebilir miyiz?Is there a table free? Bo masa var m?A table for four, please Drt kiilik bir masa ltfenI'd like to book a table for two ki kiilik bir masa ayrtmak istiyorum

The menu, please Men, ltfenFor the first course Balang olarakFor the second course Ana yemek olarak

For dessert Tatl olarakHave you any vegetarian dishes? Vejetaryen yemekleri var m?

I'll have .. Ben .. istiyorum

That was delicious ok lezzetliydiIt's delicious! ok lezzetli!It is delicious, but I'm full! ok lezzetli, ama doydum!

That's enough, thanks Yeterli, teekkrlerEnjoy your meal! Afiyet olsun!


6/47

This isn't properly cooked Bu iyi pimemiWe didn't order this Biz bunu sipari etmemitikWe ordered .. Biz .. sipari etmitikI don't eat meat Et yemiyorum

knife bak (buciac)

fork atalspoon kakserviette peetesalt tuzpepper karabibersugar ekervinegar sirkesauce sosmustard hardal(harda)

Do you have ..? .. var m?

Is there ..? .. var m?For me Benim iinFor him (formal) Beyefendi iinFor him (informal) Onun iinFor her (formal) Hanmefendi iinFor her (informal) Onun iin

The bill, please Hesap ltfenKeep the change st kalsn

It's my round Sra bende

What would you like to drink (formal)? Ne imek istersiniz?What would you like to drink (informal)? Ne imek istersin?Cheers! erefe!I'm feeling drunk! Sarho oldum sanrmI feel ill Kendimi kt hissediyorum

The wine list, please arap listesi, ltfenSame again, please Aynsndan bir tane daha, ltfenIs food available here? Burada yiyecek bir eyler var m?What sandwiches do you have? Ne tr sandvileriniz var?

A black coffee, please Bir sade kahve, ltfen

A white coffee, please Bir stl kahve, ltfenTwo white coffees, please ki stl kahve, ltfenA tea with milk Bir stl ayA lemon tea Bir limonlu ayA lemonade, please Bir limonata, ltfenA beer, please Bir bira, ltfen

Two beers ki bira

A glass of red wine Bir kadeh krmz arapA glass of white wine Bir kadeh beyaz arap

A bottle of house white wine Bir ie zel beyaz arabnz

A bottle of house red wine Bir ie zel krmz arabnzA gin and tonic, please Bir cin tonik, ltfenAn orange juice, please Bir portakal suyu, ltfenWith ice BuzluA mineral water Bir sodavodka votka


7/47

family

father baba

mother annehusband koca

wife kar(younger) brother erkek karde(elder) sister abla(younger) sister kiz kardeson ouldaughter kzgirlfriend kz arkadaboyfriend erkek arkada

Anne - MotherBaba - Father

Anneanne (litterally mother mother) - Grandma from the mother's sideBabaanne (literaly father mother) - Grandma from the father's sideBuyuk anne - GrandmotherDede - Grandpa (as you can see, there is no difference between grandpa from the

father's side of the fam. and from the mother's side of the fam.)Buyuk baba - GrandfatherAbi - Older brotherAbla - Older sisterKz karde - Little sisterErkek karde - little brotherKarde - (younger) SiblingKk karde - Younger siblingAbla - Older sister

Kuzen - CousinYeen - Niece/NephewHala - Aunt from the father's sideTeyze - Aunt from the mother's sideAmca - Uncle from the father's sideDay - Uncle from the mother's side

Yenge - Wife of an uncleEnite - Brother in lawKaynvalide/Kaynana - Mother in lawKaynbaba - Father in lawGelin - Daughter in law, but also a brideDamat - Son in law, but also a groomOul - Son

Kz - Daughter/GirlKz ocuu - Female childErkek ocuu - Male child

emergences


8/47

Where is the toilet? Acaba tuvalet nerede?

I need a Doctor Doktora ihtiyacm varI am lost KayboldumI need help Yardma ihtiyacm varHelp! mdatLeave me alone! Beni yalnz brakn!I've lost my passport Pasaportumu kaybettimCall the police! Polis arn!Call an ambulance! Ambulans arn(ciarin)

numbers

one bir

two ikithree four drtfive besix altseven yedieight sekiznine dokuzten on

eleven on birtwelve on ikithirteen on fourteen on drtfifteen on besixteen on altseventeen on yedieighteen on sekiznineteen on dokuztwenty yirmi

thirty otuz

forty krkfifty ellisixty altmseventy yetmieighty seksenninety doksanone hundred yzone thousand bin

getting around general phrases

Do you have a map of (formal) ..? .. haritanz var m?

Do you have a map of (informal) ..? .. haritan var m?How long does it take to get to ..? ..'e gitmek ne kadar srerIs this seat occupied? Bu koltuk bo mu?Do I need to change? Vasta deitirmem gerekir mi?A single ticket Tek biletA return ticket Dn biletiIs there a discount for children? ocuklara indirim var m?


9/47

Is there a discount for pensioners? Emeklilere indirim var m?A ticket for .. .. iin bir bilet

Can you help me please (formal)? Ltfen yardm eder misiniz?

Can you help me please (informal)? Ltfen yardm eder misin?Is there a station nearby? Yaknda bir istasyon var m?Is there a campsite nearby? Yaknda bir kamping var m?Where can I check my e-mail? E-postalarm nerede kontrol edebilirim?

Where can I get internet access? nternet'e nereden eriebilirim?Is it safe to swim here? Burada yzmek gvenli mi?

Is this the train for ..? Bu .. treni mi?

When does the train leave? Tren ne zaman kalkyor?What platform does the train leave from? Tren hangi perondan kalkyor?

The bus stop Otobs duraWhen is the next bus? Sonraki otobs ne zaman?When is the last bus? Son otobs ne zaman?What time does it leave? Ne zaman kalkyor

When does it arrive? Ne zaman varyorIs this taxi free? Bu taksi bo mu?

I want to go to .. .. 'ye gitmek istiyorumHow much to go to ..? ..'ye gitmek ne kadar tutarIt's near here Buraya yaknWill you slow down Yavalar msnz?Stop here Burada durunPlease turn the meter on Ltfen taksimetreyi an

I would like to hire a car Araba kiralamak istiyorumDo you have a road map? Yol haritanz var m?Please fill the tank Ltfen depoyu doldurun

Will you check the tyre pressure? Lastiklerin hava basncn kontrol edermisiniz?Will you check the headlights? Farlar kontrol eder misiniz?My car's broken down Arabam bozulduCan you repair it? Tamir edebilir misiniz?I've got a puncture Lastiim patladI've run out of petrol Yaktm bittiI've had an accident Kaza geirdim

monthsJanuary Ocak

February ubatMarch Mart

April NisanMay Mays

June HaziranJuly TemmuzAugust AustosSeptember EyllOctober EkimNovember KasmDecember Aralk


10/47

money

money para

credit card kredi kart

Where can I change money? Nerede dviz bozdurabilirim?Is there a bank nearby? Yaknda bir banka var m?What is the exchange rate? Dviz kuru nedir?I'd like to change some pounds Sterlin bozdurmak istiyorumI'd like to change some dollars Dolar bozdurmak istiyorumPlease give me some small change Ltfen bozuk para verinPlease will you give me a receipt Ltfen makbuz verir misiniz?

house

basement bodrum

bathroom banyodoor kap

kitchen mutfakroom odastairs merdivenwindow pencere

useful wordsCustoms Gmrk

Exit kEntrance Giri

Toilet TuvaletOpen AkClosed Kapal

useful word-foodbread ekmek

butter tereyacheese peynirchips patates kzartmasegg yumurtaice-cream dondurmaomelette omletrice pilavsalad salatasoup orba

apple elmabanana muzcherry kirazgrape zmlemon limonmelon kavunorange portakalpeach eftali


11/47

pear armutpineapple ananas

carrot havugarlic sarmsaklettuce marulmushroom mantar

pea bezelyeonion soanpotato patatestomato domates

bacon domuz pastrmas

beef sr etichicken tavukham (cured) jambonlamb koyunsausage sosissteak biftekveal dana

timeWhat time is it? Saat ka?

It is one o'clock Saat birIt is two o'clock Saat ikiIt is three o'clock Saat It is four o'clock Saat drtIt is five o'clock Saat beIt is six o'clock Saat altIt is seven o'clock Saat yediIt is eight o'clock Saat sekiz

It is nine o'clock Saat dokuzIt is ten o'clock Saat onIt is eleven o'clock Saat on birIt is twelve o'clock Saat on iki

parts of the bodyarm kol

finger parmakface yzfoot ayakhead baleg bacak

mouth azstomach midethumb ba parmak

places

airport havaliman

baker's shop frn


12/47

bank bankabeach plajcafe kafecampsite kampingchemist's eczanehospital hastane

hotel otellaundrette amarhanemarket marketpolice station polis karakolupost office postaneroad yolstreet (large) caddestreet (small) sokakswimming pool yzme havuzusupermarket spermarkettourist office turizm brosutown centre ehir merkezi

questions

Who? Kim?

Where? Nerede?What? Ne?Why? Neden?When? Ne zaman?How? Nasl?large byksmall kkmore fazlaless az

paces to stayI have booked a room Oda rezervasyonu yapmtm

I haven't booked a room Oda rezervasyonum yokI would like a single room Tek kiilik bir oda istiyorumI would like a double room ift kiilik bir oda istiyorumFor three nights gecelikHow much is it per night? Gecelii ne kadar?I like the room Oday beendimI don't like it BeenmedimI'll take it Tutuyorum

A room with en suite Banyolu odaA reservation RezervasyonIt is too expensive ok pahal

Have you got something cheaper? Daha ucuzu var m?Is there air conditioning? Klimas var m?

The air conditioning is not working Klima almyorWill you give me an extra pillow? Bir yastk daha verir misiniz?Can I have some toilet paper? Tuvalet kad verir misiniz?Can I pay by credit card? demeyi kredi kartyla yapabilir miyim?Can I pay by traveler's cheque? demeyi seyahat ekiyle yapabilir miyim?


13/47

There's a mistake in the bill Faturada bir hata varWe've enjoyed our stay Buradan ok memnun kaldk

verbs

Present Continuous - (Actual) Simple Present - (Actual) Past Definite - (Actual)I am drinking now I drink I drankiiyorum ierim itimiiyorsun iersin itiniiyor ier itiiiyoruz ieriz itikiiyorsunuz iersiniz itiniziiyorlar ierler itilerPresent Continuous - (Indefinite)Simple Present - (Indefinite) Past Imperfect - (Actual)It seems I am drinking It seems I drink I was drinking

iiyormuum iermiim iiyordumiiyormusun iermisin iiyorduniiyormu iermi iiyorduiiyormuuz iermiiz iiyordukiiyormusunuz iermisiniz iiyordunuziiyormular iermiler iiyordularPluperfect Definite - (Actual)Pluperfect Indefinite - (Indefinite) Future in the Past -(Actual)I had drunk I thought I had drank I will have drankimitim imimiim imi olacamimitin imimisin imi olacaksnimiti imimi imi olacakimitik imimiiz imi olacaz

imitiniz imimisiniz imi olacaksnzimitiler imimiler imi olacaklarConditional - (Actual) Conditional - (Indefinite) Future Definite - (Actual)If I drink If I were to drink I will drinkiseydim iseymiim ieceimiseydin iseymisin ieceksiniseydi iseymi iecekiseydik iseymiiz ieceiziseydiniz iseymisiniz ieceksiniziseydiler iseymiler ieceklerFuture Perfect Definite - (Actual) Future Perfect Indefinite - (Indefinite) FutureConditional - (Actual)I would have drank It seems I will have drank If Iam to drink

iecektim iecekmiim ieceksemiecektin iecekmisin iecekseniecekti iecekmi iecekseiecektik iecekmiiz ieceksekiecektiniz iecekmisiniziecekseniziecektiler iecekmiler iecekselerNecessitative Definite - (Actual) Necessitative Past - (Actual) Necessitative Past -(Indefinite)I must drink I ought to have drunk It seems I had to drink


14/47

imeliyim imeliydim imeliymiimimelisin imeliydin imeliymisinimeli(dir) imeliydi imeliymiimeliyiz imeliydik imeliymiizimelisiniz imeliydiniz imeliymisinizimeli(dir)ler imeliydiler imeliymiler

Imperative - (Order, Advice)Drink!.ieyim Let me drinki Drink!isin Let him drinkielim Let us drinkiin(iz) You, drink!isinlerLet them drinkConditional - (Real) Present Conditional - (Real) Simple Present Conditional - (Real)If I drink If I am drinking If I(habitually) drinkisem iiyorsam iersemisen iiyorsan iersenise iiyorsa ierseisek iiyorsak iersekiseniz iiyorsanz ierseniziseler iiyorlarsa ierselerPast Conditional - (Actual) Past Conditional - Indefinite) Future Conditional - (Actual)If I have drank It seems if I drink If I were to drinkitiysem imisem ieceksemitiysen imisen ieceksenitiyse imise iecekseitiysek imisek ieceksekitiyseniz imiseniz ieceksenizitiyseler imiseler iecekselerPresent Subjunctive - (Wish, desire) Definite Past Subjunctive - (Wish, desire)

Indefinite Past Subjunctive - (Wish, desire)Let me drink If I had drank It seems if I had drankieyim ieydim ieymiimiesin ieydinieymisinie ieydi ieymiielim ieydikieydileriesiniz ieydiniz ieymisinizieler ieydiler ieymiler

Indicative MoodsDefinite Past Tense

Tense Suffix:Tense Suffix: -di (-ti), -d(-t), -du(-tu), -d(-t)Example: yaz-d, ko-tu - he wrote etc.

Indefinite Past Tense

Tense Suffix: -mi, -m, -mu, -mExample: yaz-m, gl-m - (maybe) he wrote etc.Present Continuous Tense

Tense Suffix: -(i)yor, -()yor, -(u)yor, -()yor, -yorExample: yaz--yor, anl-yor, gr--yor - he is writing (now)Future Tense


15/47

Tense Suffix: -ecek (-yecek), -acak (-yacak)Example: yaz-acak, gid-ecek, anla-yacak - he will writeSimple Present Tense

Tense Suffix: -r, -ar, er, -ir, -r, -ur, r

Example: bekle-r, yaz-ar, gr-r, gel-ir - he writes (generally)

Present Continuous Tense

This tense describes what is happening now at this moment, It is also used forhappenings in the near future.Al veri yapyorum - I am doing the shopping [now]

Yarn arya gidiyorum. - Tomorrow I am going to the shops.The Present Tense Suffix -yor "-ing" does not follow vowel harmony rules and alwaysretains the "-yor-" form.Simple Present Tense

This tense signifies habitual action.Her akam trene binerim.- I get on the train every evening. The Simple PresentSuffix(according to vowel harmony ) is: -ar, -er, -r, -ir, -ur, -r, -r. - There are someirregularities in this tense.Past(-di'li) Definite Tense

This is the eyewitness tense and it states that something definitely happened in thepast. The suffixes for this tense are: -di, -d -du, -d, -ti, -t -tu, -t.Bir saat nce babam eve geldi. - My dad came home an hour ago [Definite: I actuallysaw him.]Past(-mi'li) Indefinite Tense

This tense is use for hearsay and reporting, it is used when the event has not been

eye witnessed personally. This tense is also used for stories and jokes. The suffixesfor this tense are:-mu, -m, -mi, -m.Bir saat nce babam eve gelmi.- I believe that my dad came home an hour ago[ Indefinite : My mother told me so]

The Future Tense

This tense signifies what will happen in the future. The Future Tense suffix (accordingto Vowel harmony ) is -acak, -ecek. After verb roots ending in a vowel it uses bufferletter -y- to become -yacak, -yecekMehmet, cuma gn tiyatroya gidecek. - Mehmet will go to the theater on Friday

Tense of Wish or Desire (Subjunctive)

This tense signifies a wish or desire - Let me. let us. This tense's suffix according tovowel harmony is: -(y)e, -(y)aimdi affn yazaym- Now let me write a letter of apology(B) Conditional Tense

This tense signifies the condition of an event - if. lest..This tense's suffix according tovowel harmony is -se, -sa.Mehmet gelse iyi olur. - It will be good if Mehmet comes.(C) Necessitative Tense


16/47

This tense signifies obligation - must. should. ought to.. This tense's suffix accordingto vowel harmony is: -meli, -mal.Haftada bir kitap okumalym - I should read a book once a week(D) Imperative Tense

This tense signifies orders, advice or warnings. This tense's suffix according to vowelharmony is -in (personal, informal), -iniz (public, formal),or unsuffixed (immediate,urgent)onu yapma - Don't do that. (Personal Informal)Sigara meyiniz - Don't Smoke, No Smoking (Public, Official)Sakn ol! - Beware!, Watch out! (Immediate)

verbs-gel = come ko = run git = goye = eat i = drink et = doyap = make ol = be tat = taste

almak (to take, to buy)

bulmak (to find)vermek (to give)gitmek (to go)renmek (to learn)bilmek (to know)sylemek (to say)konumak (to talk)dinlemek (to listen)almak (to study/to work)sevmek (to love)almamak (not to take, not to buy)bulmamak (not to find)vermemek (not to give)

gitmemek (not to go)renmemek (not to learn)

The negative stem (alma-, bulma-, etc.) is used for building negative forms of mosttenses (past tense, simple present, future, ...).

pronumeSubject Personal EndingBen (I) -(i)mSen (You -(s)(i)nO (He/she/it) No suffixBiz (We) -k (only in seen past tense and conditional) or -(y)iz (in other tenses and moods)Siz (You) -(s)(i)niz

Onlar (They) -ler

Ato answer : cevaplamakto answer : yantlamakto applaud : alklamakto ask : sormak


17/47

B

to blame : sulamakto borrow : dn almakto bury : gmmekto buy : satn almak

Cto close : kapamakto comb : taramakto come : gelmekto congratulate : kutlamakto congratulate : tebrik etmekto cook : piirmekto count : saymakto create: yaratmakto cry : alamak or barmakto cut : kesmek

Dto die : lmekto dive : dalmakto divide : blmekto do : yapmakto draw : izmekto drink : imek

Eto eat : yemekto erase : silmek

F

to fight : savamakto fight : kavga etmekto fly : umakto fry : kzartmak

Gto gather : toplamakto get : almakto give : vermekto go : gitmek

Hto hurry : acele etmek

Ito invite : davet etmek

J

Kto knot : rmek


18/47

to know : bilmek

Lto learn : renmekto listen : dinlemek

Mto make peace : barmakto meet : tanmakto multiply : arpmak

N

Oto occupy : igal etmekto open : amak

Pto put on : giymek

Q

The is no Q in Turkish

Rto read : okumakto remove : karmakto respect : saymakto run : komak

Sto say : sylemekto say : demekto see : grmekto sell : satmakto send : gndermekto sit : oturmakto smile : glmekto stand up : kalkmakto study : renmekto stutter : pepelemekto swim : yzmek

Tto take : almakto talk : konumakto teach : retmekto translate : evirmekto try : denemekto turn : dnmek

U


19/47

to understand : bilmekto use : kullanmak

V

W

to walk : yrmekto want : istemekto watch : bakmakto watch : seyretmekto work : almakto write : yazmak

X

There is no X in Turkish.

Y

Z[edit]A

abart-: exaggerateack-: get hungrya-: open (Present Tense: aar-)akla-: explainada-: dedicateaffet-: forgive (Present Tense: affeder-)aar-: bleach, whiten

arla-: entertain, hostala-: cryar-: acheak-: flow, drain (Present Tense: akar-)aktar-: transfer, cite, pass onal-: take; buy (Present Tense: alr-)aldat-: cheat, misleadan-: mention, remember (Present Tense: anar-)anmsa-: recall, rememberanla-: understandanlat-: tell, explainara-: look for, searcharatr-: look into, research, seek, study

atla-: hop, jump, leap[edit]B

bak-: look; look after (Present Tense: bakar-)bala-: begin, startbil-: know (Present Tense: bilir-)bildir-: declare, report


20/47

bin-: get on; mount (Present Tense: biner-)bit-: finish; culminate (Present Tense: biter-)bul-: find (Present Tense: bulur-)bulu-: come together, meet[edit]

al-: steal; ring; play (Present Tense: alar-)al-: workk-: get out; come up; go out (Present Tense: kar-)[edit]D

de-: saydinle-: listendo-: be born; arise (Present Tense: doar-)dokun-: touch; affect

dol-: fill up, to be filled, charge (Present Tense: dolar-)dola-: walk around; roam; straydv-: beat, whip (Present Tense: dver-)duy-: hear; feel, sense (Present Tense: duyar-)d-: fall off, drop, come down (Present Tense: der-)dn-: think, consider

nfinitiveThis uses -mek, and is the form found in the dictionary:

anlamak = to understandgrmek = to seegitmek = to gookumak = to read

Verb Formation

Verbs can be formed from "substantives" or other non-verb words. A few, not many,are formed simply by adding the infinitive -mek to an adjective or noun.boya = "paint", while boyamak = "to paint".eski = "old", while eskimek = "to wear out".gerek = "necessary", while gerekmek = "to be necessary".

There aren't many examples of this type of verb formation. Many more verbs areformed by starting with a substantive word and then adding a suffix and the infinitive

-mek. See G.L. Lewis' Turkish Grammar, chapter 14, sections 20-29.-e-oyun = "game", while oynamak = "to play".ya = "age", while yaamak = "to live".-le-su = "water", while sulamak = "to irrigate".kilit = "lock", while kilitlemek = "to lock".kir = "dirt", while kirlemek = "to make dirty".temiz = "clean", while temizlemek = "to make clean".


21/47

As Lewis notes, you cannot always guess the meaning of the verb from that of thestarting noun or adjective. Kpek and kuzu mean "dog" and "lamb", respectively,while kpeklemek and kuzulamak mean "to cringe" to "to lamb", respectively. Ifkuzalamak means "to give birth to lambs", then why doesn't kpeklemek mean "togive birth to puppies"? And why does kpeklemek mean "to cringe" when fewmammals of its size are as easily frightened as a lamb?

Notice that -le- is used for the category of words describing the sounds animalsmake:hav hav = the sound a dog makes, while havlamak = "to 'woof woof' like a dog"miyav = the sound a cat makes, while miyavlamak = "to 'meow' like a cat"-len-The reflexive and passive of -le-, also some verbs synonymous with the -le- form,and some verbs for which there is no -le- form.kir = "dirt", kirlemek = "to make dirty", kirlenmek = "to be made dirty".temiz = "clean", temizlemek = "to make clean", temizlenmek = "to be made clean".serin = "cool", serinlemek = "to become cool", serinlenmek = "to become cool".Note that there are causative forms of these, appending a following -dir or -t- as

discussed in the following section on verb modification. Some make the verbcausitive, some just make another synonym for the -le- form:can = "life", canlanmak = "to come to life", canlandrmak = "to bring to life",kirlemek = "to make dirty", kirletmek = "to make dirty"temiz = "clean", temizlemek = "to make clean", temizletmek = "to be made clean".-le-Reciprocal of -le- or to form "to become ..."

karlamak = "to meet", karlamak = "to meet one another"mektup = "letter", mektuplamak = "to correspond"bir = "one", birlemek = "to become united"-el- / -l-Added usually to adjectives, infrequently to nouns, to form "to become ..."

az = "little", while azalmak = "to diminish"ok = "much", while oalmak = "to increase"-er-Used with color adjectives to form "to become ...", with other words to form an active

verb. Note, as described in some detail in Lewis' book, that two-syllable color wordsactually have their final syllable replaced by -er-.az = "white", aarmak = "to become white"gk = "blue" or "green", ger or gver = "to become blue green"kzl = "red", kzarmak = "to become red" or "to be roasted"ya = "moisture", yaarmak = "to become moist"-se-The only surviving example of the once common "to want" is susamak for "to thirst".Otherwise, a few verbs use this to form "to regard as ..."benim = "mine" (or "of me"), benimsemek = "to regard as one's own"mhim = "important", mhimsemek = "to regard as important"-imseUsed similarly to -se- to form "to regard as ..." or "to consider to be ..."

az = "little", azmsamak = "to consider inadequate"ok = "much", oumsamak = "to consider excessive"-de-Used in onomatopoeic words which end in r or l and which can be repeated to form

an adverb. For example, czr is "sizzling", the sound made by frying food; czr czr isthen "sizzlingly", and czrdamak is "to make a sizzling sound", and just czrt is thenoun "sizzling". There are similar sets of words for "creaking", "growling", "snoring","crunching", "pattering" (as in footsteps), "glittering" (seldom a noisy activity), and"tapping" (as in ravens at doors).


22/47

Negative -me- or infrequently -mez-For most tenses, add -me-

grmek = "to see"grmemek = "not to see"For the general (or aorist) tense only, add -mez- in place of the characteristic aorist -

(i)r- suffix, except for the 1st person, where it is just -me-.Ahmet yazar = Ahmet is a writer.Ahmet yazmaz = Ahmet is not a writer.Barinikov dans etir. Siz, Senatr Kuayl, siz dans etmezsiniz.Baryshnikov is a dancer. But you, Senator Quayle, you are not a dancer.See the aorist section below for an explanation of "aorist" and why these exampleswere used.Passive -n- or -il- or -in-For verb stems ending in vowels, add -n-

okumak = "to read",okunmak = "to be read"For verb stems ending in consonants other than l, add -il-

vermek = "to give",

verilmek = "to be given"For verb stems ending in l, add -in-bilmek = "to know",bilinmek = "to be known"Causative -dir- or -t- or -it-Most verbs add -dir-

bilmek = "to know",bildirmek = "to inform" or "to announce"Verbs ending in a vowel, or l, or r, add only -t-

anlamak = "to understand",anlatmak = "to explain"Verbs ending in or add -ir-

imek = "to drink",

iirmek = "to cause or make to drink"A few monosyllable verb stems ending in k add -it-.Doubly causative verbs are possible:

pimek = "to cook" (intransitive, the meat cooks)piirmek = "to cook" (transitive, the chef cooks the meat)piirtmek = "to have something cooked"lmek = "to die"ldrmek = "to kill"ldrtmek = "to have someone killed"Higher-order causation is grammatically possible, but stilted:

ldrttrmek = "to get someone to have someone killed", or to get someone else tohire a hitman.ldrttrtmek = the same thing but one more step removed, "to get someone to getsomeone to have someone killed", or to get someone else to contact an agency tohave them hire the hitman

Reflexive -in-giymek = "to wear clothes"giyinmek = "to dress oneself"giyindirmek = "to dress someone else"giyindirilmek = "to be dressed by someone else"giyindirildirmek = "to be forced to be dressed by someone else"Verbs of mutual action -i-


23/47

grmek = "to see"grmek = "to see one another" or "to converse"grlmek = "to be conversed about"grtrmek = "to make to converse with one another"grtrlmek = "to be made to converse with one another"Order for applying modification:

ReflexiveReciprocalCausativePassiveFor example:

acmak = "to feel pain" (simple)acnmak = "to feel pain in oneself, to grieve" (reflexive)acndrmak = "to cause to grieve" (causative)acndrlmak = "to be made to grieve" (passive)tanmak = "to know" (simple)tanmak = "to know one another" (reciprocal)tantrmak = "to introduce" (causative)tantrlmak = "to be introduced" (passive)Negation, -me, plus ability, -ebil, and inability, -eme (see below) are added after

these.di-Past-di-Past Simple -di + II did and I have doneThings that have been finished. -dim -dik-din -diniz-di -dilerKonya'da dervileri grdm. I saw dervishes in Konya.I have seen dervishes in Konya.

Konya'ya gittim. I went to Konya.I have gone to Konya.

-di-Past Pluperfect -di -idi + III had doneAction that really was completed well back in the past. So far back that you could

have used the past tense in the past. Also called pluperfect. -diydim -diydik-diydin -diydiniz-diydi -diydiler

-or- -dimdi -dikti-dindi -dinizdi-diydi -dilerdi

Konya'da dervileri grdydm.Konya'da dervileri grdmd. I had seen dervishes in Konya.Konya'ya gittiytim.Konya'ya gittimdi. I had gone to Konya.

-di-Past Conditional -di -ise + IIIf I did or If I have done -diysem -diysek-diysen -diyseniz-diyse -diyseler

-or- -dimse -dikse-dinse -dinizse-diyse -dilerse


24/47

Konya'da dervileri grdysem ...Konya'da dervileri grdmse ... If I saw dervishes in Konya ...Konya'ya gittiysem ...Konya'ya gittimse ... If I went to Konya ...

-di-Past Pluperfect Conditional -di -idi -ise + IIIf I had done -di idiysem -di idiysek-di idiysen -di idiyseniz-di idiyse -di idiyseler

-or- -dim idiyse -dik idiyse-din idiyse -din idiyizse-diy idiyse -diler idiyse

Konya'da dervileri grd idiysem ...Konya'da dervileri grdm idiyse ... If I had seen dervishes in Konya ...Konya'ya gitti idiysem ...Konya'ya gittim idiyse ... If I had gone to Konya ...

mi-Past Simple, or Past Indefinite -mi- + II have doneEvents that supposedly happened in the past, but the speaker does not have

adequate information to definitively report it without question. As opposed to "Hedefinitely went", this can render "He (apparently, allegedly, reportedly, presumably,or ostensibly) went (but I am not sure enough of this assertion to honestly use thepast definite form)." And since the first-person singular exists, you can makeunfounded allegations about yourself!

Put another (less entertaining) way, the point is that something has happened, notthe activity itself. Lewis' example is kar yami, or snow has fallen, where the point isthat there is snow on the ground, never mind the details of how it got there.Positive Positive Interrogative

-miim -miiz -mi miyim? -mi miyiz?-misin-misiniz -mi misin? -mi misiniz?-mi -miler -mi mi? -miler mi?

Negative Negative Interrogative-memiim -memiiz -memi miyim? -memi miyiz?-memisin -memisiniz -memi misin? -memi misiniz?-memi -memiler -memi mi? -memiler mi?Konya'da masalarda dans etmiim. Supposedly I danced on the tables inKonya.(But I can't really say definitely, I don't remember a thing!Next time, less rak!)

Konya'da masalarda dans etmemiim. Supposedly I did not dance on thetables in Konya.Konya'da masalarda dans etmi miyim? Did I supposedly dance on thetables in Konya?Konya'da masalarda dans etmemi miyim? Did I supposedly not dance on thetables in Konya?Konya'ya gitmiim. I went to Konya, so they say.Konya'ya gitmemiim. I did not go to Konya, so they say.Konya'ya gitmi miyim? Did I go to Konya?Konya'ya gitmemi miyim? Did I not go to Konya?


25/47

mi-Past Past, or Pluperfect -mi- -iti- + III had doneAction that really was completed well back in the past. So far back that you could

have used the past tense in the past. Also called pluperfect. Positive

Positive Interrogative-mitim -mitik -mi miydim? -mi miydik?-mitin -mitiniz -mi miydin? -mi miydiniz?-miti -milerdi -mi miydi? -mi miydiler?

Negative Negative Interrogative-memitim -memitik -memi miydim? -memi miydik?-memitin -memitiniz -memi miydin? -memi miydiniz?-memiti -memilerdi -memi miydi? -memi miydiler?Konya'da dervileri grmtm. I had seen dervishes in Konya.Konya'da dervileri grmemtm. I had not seen dervishes in Konya.Konya'da dervileri grm mydm. Had I seen dervishes in Konya?Konya'da dervileri grmem mydm. Had I not seen dervishes in Konya?

Konya'ya gitmitim. I had gone to Konya, so they say.Konya'ya gitmemitim. I had not gone to Konya, so they say.Konya'ya gitmi miydim? Had I gone to Konya?Konya'ya gitmemi miydim? Had I not gone to Konya?

mi-Past Narrative -mi- + I + suffixed with -dirUsed by the media to report He has ..., in situations where normal spoken Turkish

would simply use di-past Positive Negative-miimdir -miizdir -memiimdir -memiizdir-misindir -misenizdir -memisindir -memisenizdir-midir -milerdir -memidir -memilerdirDerviler Konya'ya gitmilerdir In tonight's news, dervishes went to

Konya.Derviler Konya'ya gitmemilerdir In tonight's news, dervishes did not go toKonya.

mi-Past Conditional -mi- -ise- + IIIf I have done Positive Negative-misem -misek -memisem -memisek-misen -miseniz -memisen -memiseniz-mise -miseler -memise -memiselerKonya'da dervileri grmsam, .... If I had seen dervishes in Konya, ...Konya'ya gitmisem ... If I had gone to Konya ...Konya'ya gitmemisem ... If I had not gone to Konya ...

mi-Past Inferential -mi- -mi- + II am said to have done... -mimiim-mimiiz -mi imiim -mi imiiz-mimiin -mimiiniz -mi imiin -mi imiiniz-mimi -mimiler -mi imi -mi imilerKonya'da dervileri grmmm.Konya'da dervileri grm imiim. I am said to have seen dervishes in Konya.


26/47

Konya'ya gitmimiim.Konya'ya gitmi imiim. I am said to have gone to Konya.

mi-Past Inferential conditional -mi- -mi- + IIf I am said to have done... -mi imisem -mi imisek

-mi imisen -mi imisiniz-mi imise -mi imiselerKonya'da dervileri grm msem, ... If I am said to have seen dervishesin Konya, ...Konya'ya gitmi imisem, ... If I am said to have gone to KonyaPresent Simple -(i)yor- + II am doing Positive Negative-(i)yorum -(i)yoruz -miyorum -miyoruz-(i)yorsun -(i)yorsunuz -miroysun -miyorsunuz-(i)yor -(i)yorlar -miyor -miyorlarKonya'da dervileri her gn gryorum. I see dervishes in Konya every day.Konya'ya gidiyorum. I am going to Konya. (note t->d change)Konya'ya gitmiyorum. I am not going to Konya.

Present Past -(i)yor- -idi- + III was doing Positive Negative-(i)yordum -(i)yorduk -miyordum -miyorduk-(i)yordun -(i)yordunuz -miroydun -miyordunuz-(i)yordu -(i)yorlard-(i)yordular -miyordu -miyorlard-miyordular

Konya'da dervileri her gn gryordum. I saw dervishes in Konya every day.Derviler Konya'ya gidiyorlard.Derviler Konya'ya gidiyordular. Dervishes were going to Konya.

Present Conditional -(i)yor- -ise- + II

If I am doing ... Positive Negative-(i)yorsam -(i)yorsak -miyorsam -miyorsak-(i)yorsan -(i)yorsanz -miyorsan -miyorsanz-(i)yorsa -(i)yorlarsa-(i)yorsalar -miyorsa -miyorlarsa-miyorsalar

Konya'da dervileri her gn gryorsam ... If I see dervishes in Konya everyday ...Konya'ya derviler gidiyorlarsa ...Konya'ya derviler gidiyorsalar ... If Dervishes are going to Konya ...

Present Past Conditional -(i)yor- -idi- -ise- + IIIf I was doing ... Positive Negative

-(i)yorduysam-(i)yor idiysem -(i)yorduysak-(i)yor idiysek -miyorduysam-miyor idiysem -miyorduysak-miyor idiysek

-(i)yorduysan-(i)yor idiysen -(i)yorduysanz-(i)yor idiyseniz -miyorduysan-miyor idiysen -miyorduysanz


27/47

-miyor idiyseniz-(i)yorduysa-(i)yor idiyse -(i)yorduylarsa-(i)yorduysalar-(i)yor idiylerse-(i)yor idiyseler -miyorduysa

-miyor idiyse -miyorduylarsa-miyorduysalar-miyor idiylerse-miyor idiyseler

Konya'da dervileri her gn gryorduysam ...Konya'da dervileri her gn gryor idiysem ... If I saw dervishes in Konya

every day ...Konya'ya derviler gidiyorduylarsa ...Konya'ya derviler gidiyorduysalar ...Konya'ya derviler gidiyor idiylerse ...Konya'ya derviler gidiyor idiyseler ... If Dervishes were going to Konya ...

Present Inferential -(i)yor- -imi- + I

I am said to be doing ... Positive Negative-(i)yormuum -(i)yormuuz -miyormuum -miyormuuz-(i)yormusun -(i)yormussunuz -miyormusun-miyormussunuz-(i)yormu -(i)yormular -miyormu -miyormularKonya'da dervileri her gn gryormuum. I am said to see dervishes inKonya every day.Konya'ya derviler gidiyormular. Dervishes are said to go to Konya.

Present Inferential Conditional -(i)yor- -imi- -ise- + IIIf I am, as they say, doing ... orI gather that if I was doing ... Positive Negative-(i)yormusam-(i)yor imisem -(i)yormusak

-(i)yor imisek -miyormusam-(i)yor imisem -miyormusak-(i)yor imisek

-(i)yormusan-(i)yor imisen -(i)yormusunaz-(i)yor imiseniz -miyormusan-miyor imisen -miyormusunaz-miyor imisen

-(i)yormusa-(i)yor mise -(i)yormusalar-(i)yor imiseler -miyormusa-miyor mise -miyormusalar-miyor imiseler

Konya'da dervileri her gn gryormusam, ...Konya'da dervileri her gn gryor imisem, ... If I am, as they say, seeingdervishes in Konya every day, ...Konya'ya derviler gidiyormusalar, ...Konya'ya derviler gidiyor imiseler, ... If dervishes, as they say, are going

to Konya,

erb stem ends with a vowel.anlamak = to understand anlar = he understands


28/47

-ar + I Verb stem ends with a consonant, single syllable.etmek = to do eder = he does

-ir + I 14 exceptions to the above rule add i///u:almek = to take alr = he takes

bilmek = to do bilir = he doesbulmak = to find bulur = he findsdurmak = to stand durur = he standsgelmek = to come gelir = he comesgrmek = to see grr = he seeskalmak = to remain kalr = he remainsolmak = to become / be / happen olur = it becomes / is / happenslmek = to die lr = he diessanmak = to think sanr = he thinksvarmak = to reach varr = he reachesvermek = to give verir = he givesvurmak = to strike vurur = he strikesyenmek = to be eaten yenir = it is eaten

However, yenmek "to win" forms "he wins" as the expected yener

-ir + I Polysyllabic verb stems, and extensions of monosyllabic verb stemskonumak = to speak konuur = he speaksdemek = to sayde-n-mek = to be said der = he saysdenir = it is said

Some compound verbs with etmek take -er, in which case there is also lenition, as in"to transport":nakletmek -> nakleder

The negative is formed unusually: -mez is used where the -(i)r is used in the positive(and just -em is used in the first person. See the below tables for examples.Aorist Simple -(i)r- + I or -(a)r- + I Positive Negative-(i)rim -(i)riz -mem -meyiz-(i)rsin -(i)rsiniz -mezsin -mezsiniz-(i)r -(i)rler -mez -mezlerKonya'da dervileri grrm. I see dervishes in Konya.Indiyana'da dervileri grmem. I do not see dervishes in Indiana.Konya'ya derviler dans etirler. Dervishes dance in Konya.Indiyana'da derviler dans etmezler. Dervishes do not dance in Indiana.

Aorist Past -(i)r- -idi- + III used to do or I used to be a doer Positive Negative-(i)rdim -(i)rdik -medim -medik-(i)rdin -(i)rdiniz -mezdin -mezdiniz-(i)rdi -(i)rdiler -mezdi -mezdilerKonya'da dervileri grrdm. I used to see dervishes in Konya.Indiyana'da dervileri grmedim. I was not a seer of dervishes in Indiana.Konya'ya derviler dans etirdiler. Dervishes were dancing in Konya.


29/47

Indiyana'da derviler dans etmezdiler. Dervishes were not dancing inIndiana.

Aorist Conditional -(i)r- -ise- + IIIf I do ... Positive Negative-(i)rsem -(i)rsek -mesem -mesek

-(i)rsen -(i)rseniz -mezsen -mezseniz-(i)rse -(i)rseler-(i)rlerse -mezse -mezseler

Konya'da dervileri grrsem ... If I see dervishes in Konya ...Indiyana'da dervileri grmesem ... If I do not see dervishes in Indiana ...Konya'ya derviler dans etirseler.Konya'ya derviler dans etirlerse. If dervishes dance in Konya ...

Indiyana'da derviler dans etmezseler ... If dervishes do not dance in Indiana...

Aorist Past Conditional -(i)r- -idi- -ise- + IIIf I do ... Positive Negative-(i)rdiysem

-(i)r idiysem -(i)rdiysek-(i)r idiysek -mediysem -mediysek-(i)rdiysen-(i)r idiysen -(i)rdiyseniz-(i)r idiyseniz -mezdiysen -mezdiyseniz

-(i)rdiyse-(i)r idiyse -(i)rdiyseler-(i)r idiyseler -mezdiyse -mezdiyseler

Konya'da dervileri grrdysem ...Konya'da dervileri grr idiysem ... If I saw dervishes in Konya ...

Indiyana'da dervileri grmediysem ... If I did not see dervishes inIndiana ...Konya'ya derviler dans etirdiyseler.

Konya'ya derviler dans etiri idiyseler. If dervishes danced in Konya ...Indiyana'da derviler dans etmezdiyseler ... If dervishes did not dance inIndiana ...

Aorist Inferential -(i)r- -imi- + II am said to do or I am said to be a doer Positive Negative-(i)rmiim -(i)rmiiz -memiim -memiiz-(i)rmisin -(i)rmisiniz -mezmisin -mezmisiniz-(i)rmi-(i)rmiler -mezmi -mezmilerKonya'da dervileri grrmiim. I am said to see dervishes in Konya.Indiyana'da dervileri grmemiim. I am said not to see dervishes in Indiana.Konya'ya derviler dans etirmiler. Dervishes are said to dance in Konya.Indiyana'da derviler dans etmezmiler. Dervishes are said not to dance in

Indiana.

Aorist Inferential Conditional -(i)r- -imi- -ise- + IIIf I am said to do ... or If, as they say, I do ... Positive Negative-(i)rmisem-(i)ir imisem -(i)rmisek-(i)ir imisek -memisem -memisek

-(i)rmisen-(i)r imisen -(i)rmiseniz


30/47

-(i)r imiseniz -mezmisen -mezmiseniz-(i)rmise-(i)r imise -(i)rmiseler-(i)r imiseler -mezmise -mezmiseler

Konya'da dervileri grrmisem ...Konya'da dervileri grr imisem ... If, as they say, I see dervishes in

Konya ...Indiyana'da dervileri grmemisem ... If, as they say, I do not seedervishes in Indiana ...Konya'ya derviler dans etirmiseler ...Konya'ya derviler dans etir imiseler ... If, as they say, dervishes dance in

Konya ...Indiyana'da derviler dans etmezmiseler ... If, as they say, dervishes donot dance in Indiana ...

FutureFuture Simple, or Future General Future Positive General Future PositiveGeneral Interrogative-(y)eceim -(y)eceiz -ecek miyim? -ecek miyiz?

-(y)eceksin -(y)eceksiniz -ecek misin? -ecek misiniz?-(y)ecektir -(y)ecekler(dir) -ecek mi? -ecekler mi?

Future Negative General Future Negative General Interrogative-meyeceim -meyeceiz -meyecek miyim? -meyecek miyiz?-meyeceksin -meyeceksiniz -meyecek misin? -meyecek misiniz?-meyecektir -meyecekler(dir) -meyecek mi? -meyecekler mi?Konya'da dervileri greceim. I will see dervishes in Konya.Konya'da dervileri grmeyeceim. I will not see dervishes in Konya.Konya'da dervileri grecek miyim? Will I see dervishes in Konya?Konya'da dervileri grmeyecek miyim? Will I not see dervishes in Konya?

Future Past (G.L. Lewis pg 113 sec 22b) Things that were in the future in the past.

I was going to ... (but since I do not say that it happened, then probably it did notwork out) -(y)ecektim -(y)ecektik-(y)ecektin -(y)ecektiniz-(y)ecekti -(y)eceklerdiKonya'da Dervileri grecektim. I was going to see dervishes in Konya.Filimi dervileri grecektim,

ama saati yetmidi. A film having-dervishes I-was-going-to-see,but time I did-not-have.

Future ConditionalIf I am about to ... -(y)eceksem -(y)eceksek-(y)eceksen -(y)ecekseniz-(y)ecekse -(y)eceklerse

-(y)ecekselerKonya'da dervileri greceksem, ... If I will see dervishes in Konya, ...

Future Past ConditionalIf I was about to ... -(y)ecek idiysem-(y)ecektiysem-(y)ecektimse-(y)ecek idiysek-(y)ecektiysek-(y)ecektikse


31/47

-(y)ecek idiysen-(y)ecektiysen-(y)ecektinse -(y)ecek idiyniz-(y)ecektiyseniz-(y)ecektinizse

-(y)ecek idiyse

-(y)ecektiyse-(y)ecektise -(y)ecek idiyseler-(y)ecektiyseler-(y)eceklerdiyse

Konya'da dervileri grecek idiysem, ...Konya'da dervileri grecektiysem ...Konya'da dervileri grecektimse ... If I was going to have seen

dervishes in Konya, ...

Future InferentialI am/was said to be about to ... -(y)ecek imiim-(y)ecekmiim -(y)ecek imisiz-(y)ecekmisiz

-(y)ecek imisin-(y)ecekmisin -(y)ecek imisiniz-(y)ecekmisiniz

-(y)ecek imi-(y)ecekmi -(y)ecek imiler-(y)ecekmiler

Konya'da dervileri grecek imiim.Konya'da dervileri grecekmiim. It is said that I will see dervishes in Konya.

Future Inferential ConditionalIf, as they say/said, I am/was about to ... -(y)ecek imisem-(y)ecekmisem -(y)ecek imisek-(y)ecekmisek

-(y)ecek imisen-(y)ecekmisen -(y)ecek imiseniz-(y)ecekmiseniz

-(y)ecek imise-(y)ecekmise -(y)ecek imiseler-(y)ecekmiseler

Konya'da dervileri grecek imisem, ...Konya'da dervileri grecekmisem, ... If, as they say, I will see dervishes

in Konya, ...

Future II or Ancient Future (G.L. Lewis pg 115 sec 23)According to G.L. Lewis, this verb appears appears only in the third-person singular

form, suffixed with -as, and is used only for cursing. Evin yklas! May

your house be demolished!Dervilarin bakaldras! May your dervishes stage a revolution!

To Be

Some forms are suffixes added to nouns or adjectives only, some forms areindependent words following the noun or adjective, sometimes (as in the past tense)you have a choice.


32/47

Past Past Positive Past NegativeEnclitic form Independent form Enclitic form Independentform-(y)dim -(y)dik idim idik deildim deildik

deil idim deil idik-(y)din -(y)diniz idin idiniz deildin deildiniz

deil idin deil idiniz-(y)di -(y)diler idi idiler deildi deildiler deilidi deil idiler

Past Positive Interrogative Past Negative InterrogativeEnclitic form Independent form Enclitic form Independentformmiydim? miydik? mi idim? mi idik? deil miydim?

deil miydik? deil mi idim?deil mi idik?miydin? miydiniz? mi idin? mi idiniz? deil miydin?

deil miydiniz? deil mi idin? deil mi idiniz?miydi? miydiler? mi idi? mi idiler? deil miydi? deilmiydiler? deil mi idi? deil mi idiler?

Atatrk Trk idi.Atatrk Trkdu. Atatrk was a Turk.Dervitim.Dervi idim. I was a dervishDervi miydim?Dervi miyim? Was I a dervish?

Dervi deildim.Dervi deil idim. I was not a dervish

Dervi deil miydim?Dervi deil mi idin? Was I not a dervish?

Past Conditional Positive

Suffixed Suffixed Independent-(y)diysem -(y)diysek -(y)dimse -(y)dikse idiysemidiysek

-(y)diysen -(y)diyseniz -(y)dinse -(y)dinizse idiysenidiysek-(y)diyse -(y)diyseler -(y)diyse -(y)diyseler idiyse

idiyseler

NegativeSuffixed Suffixed Independentdeildiysem deildiysek deildimse deildikse deil idiysem

deil idiysekdeildiysen deildiyseniz deildinse deildinizse deil idiysen

deil idiyseniz

deildiyse deildiyseler deildiyse deildilerse deil idiysedeil idiyselerDervi idiysem, ... If I had been a dervish, ...Dervi deil idiysem, ... If I had not been a dervish, ...Evde idiysem ...Evdeydiysem ...Evdeydimse ... If I had been at home ...


33/47

Past Inferential is said to be or was said to be PositiveSuffixed Independent-(y)miim -(y)miiz imiim imiiz-(y)miin -(y)misiniz imiin imisiniz-(y)mi-(y)miler imi imiler

NegativeEnclitic Independentdeilmiim deilmiiz deil imiim deil imiizdeilmisin deilmisiniz deil imisin deil imisinizdeilmi deilmiler deil imi deil imilerDervi imi. He was said to be a dervish.Dervi deil imi. He was said not to be a dervish.(He was said to be a non-dervish, it was not that hewas a dervish and people failed to comment upon it)

Past Inferential Conditional PositiveSuffixed Independent

-(y)misem -(y)misek imisem imisek-(y)misen -(y)miseniz imisen imiseniz-(y)mise -(y)miseler imise imiseler

NegativeEnclitic Independentdeilmisem deilmisek deil imisem deil imisekdeilmisen deilmiseniz deil imisen deil imisenizdeilmise deilmiseler deil imise deil imiselerDervi imise ... I gather that if he was a dervish ...Dervi deil imise ...I gather that if he was not a dervish ...

PresentNote that -dir is not generally used in informal speech or writing. For a copula, or "A

= B" sentence, The girl's name is Fatma: Formal: Kzn ad, Fatma'dr.Informal: Kzn ad, Fatma.

It is also used informally to indicate emphasis or a supposition. To answer thequestion Derviler nerede?, or Where are the dervishes? Camide. In themosque.Camideler. They are in the mosque.Camidedirler. They are surely in the mosque... (supposition)Camidedirler! They are in the mosque! (emphasis)Camidelerdir. They are surely in the mosque... (supposition)

Also, -dir may be suffixed to verbs, where it weakens rather than emphasizes theverb. Biliyorsunuz. You know.Biliyorsunuzdur. You surely know. or I presume you know.Arkadama mektup yazdim. I wrote a letter to my friend.Literally, To-my-friend letter I-wrote.A simple statement of fact.

Arkadama mektup yazmm. It seems that I wrote a letter to my friend.An inference I do not remember writing the letter, but I found a copy on my

computer and so I must have written it...


34/47

Arkadama mektup yazmmdr. I must have written a letter to my friend...I do not remember writing the letter, nor do I have any evidence that I did so, but it

has been some time since I received his letter and I'm usually quite punctual with mycorrespondance...

Finally, the particle mi turns the preceding word into a question. It is a separate word

but follows vowel harmony. Present positive Present interrogative-(y)im -(y)iz miyim? miyiz?-sin -siniz misin? misiniz?-(dir) -(dir)ler mi(dir)? midirler?

Present negative Present negative interrogativedeilim deiliz deil miyim? deil miyiz?deilsin deilsiniz deil misin? deil misiniz?deildir deildirler deil midir? deil midirler?Evdeyim. I am at home.Evde miyim? Am I at home?Derviim. I am a dervish.Dervi miyim? Am I a dervish?

Kzn ad, Fatma'dr. The girl's name is Fatma.Kzn ad, Fatma m?Kzn ad, Fatma mdr? The girl's name, is it Fatma?

Dervi deilim. I am not a dervish.Dervi deil miyim? Am I not a dervish?

Present III am in the act of ...The infinitive, plus the locative, thus -mekte, followed by some ending of "to be":Konya'ya gitmekteyim. I am in the act of going to Konya.Dervileri grmekteymiim. I am said to be in the act of seeing dervishes.

Var / Yok

There take the place of there are and there are not, respectively: Mercimek orbasvar m? Is there any lentil soup?orba var. There is soup.orba yok. There is no soup.Bu evde ok kedi var! There are many cats in this house!Hoverkraftmda ok yalnbal var! My hovercraft is full of eels!Literally: Hovercraft-of-me-inside many eel(s) exist!

Yeni Meksiko'da uan daire var m? Are there flying saucers in New Mexico?Yeni Meksiko'da yok. There aren't any in New Mexico.Ama, "Alan Elli Bir'de" ok var. However, there are many at Area 51.

NecessitySimple necessity

I must, I ought to Positive Negative-meliyim -meliyiz -memeliyim -memeliyiz-melisin -melisiniz -memelisin -memelisiniz-meli(dir) -meli(dir)ler -memeli(dir) -memeli(dir)lerKonya'ya gitmeliyim. I must go to Konya.Derviler frl frl dnmeliler.Derviler frl frl dnmelidirler. Dervishes must whirl.

Past necessity


35/47

I had to do, I should have done Positive Negative-meli idim-meliydim -meli idik-meliydik -memeli idim-memeliydim -memeli idik-memeliydik

-meli idin-meliydin -meli idiniz-meliydiniz -memeli idin-memeliydin -memeli idiniz-memeliydiniz

-meli idi-meliydi -meli idiler-meliydiler-melilerdi -memeli idi-meliydi -memeli idiler-memeliydiler-memelilerdi

Konya'ya gitmeli idim.Konya'ya gitmeliydim. I had to go to Konya.

Derviler frl frl dnmeli idiler.Derviler frl frl dnmeliydiler.Derviler frl frl dnmelilerdi. Dervishes needed to whirl.

Inferential necessityThey say I must, they say I ought to Positive Negative-meliymiim -meliymiiz -memeliymiim -memeliymiiz-meliymisin -meliymisiniz -memeliymisin -memeliymisiniz-meliymi -meliymiler-melilermi -memeliymi -memeliymiler-memelilermi

Konya'ya gitmeliymiim, ... They say that I should have gone to Konya

Derviler frl frl dnmemelimiler.Derviler frl frl dnmemelilermi. They say that dervishes should not whirl.

ConditionalConditional simpleThis expresses remote conditions: If I were to ...and wishes: If only I were to ... Positive Negative

-sem -sek -mesem -mesek-sen -seniz -mesen -meseniz-se -seler -mese -meselerKonya'ya gitsem, dervileri gryorum. If I were to go to Konya, I would seedervishes.Derviler Indiana'ya gitseler, beni gryorler. If dervishes were to go to

Indiana, they would see me.

Conditional pastThis expresses unfulfilled conditions: If I had ...and hopeless wishes relating to the past: If only I had ... Positive

Negative-seydim -seydik -meseydim -meseydik-seydin -seydiniz -meseydin -meseydiniz-seydi -seydiler-selerdi -meseydi -meseydiler


36/47

-meselerdiKonya'ya gitseydim! If only I had gone to Konya!Derviler Indiana'ya gitmeseydiler!Derviler Indiana'ya gitmeselerdi! If only the dervishes had not gone to

Indiana!

Conditional inferentialThis quotes remote conditions and wishes:They say that if I were to ...They say "If only I were to ..." Positive Negative-seymiim -seymiiz -meseymiim -meseymiiz-seymisin -seymisiniz -meseymisin -meseymisiniz-seymi -seymiler-selermi -meseymi -meseymiler-meselermi

Konya'ya gitseymiim, ... They say that if I were to go to Konya, ...Derviler Indiana'ya gitmeseymiler, ...Derviler Indiana'ya gitmeselermi, ... They say that if the dervishes had

not gone to Indiana, ...

SubjunctiveSubjunctive simpleAs per Lewis, this "expresses concepts envisaged by the subject or the speaker; it

makes no statement about facts, except that the first singular is used colloquiallywith future meaning:Yarn geleyim. Let me come tomorrow -> I may come tomorrow -> I'll cometomorrow"

The second persons are used in formal speech to relay requests and commands:Babam dedi ki, yarn bize gelesiniz.My father said that you-should-come to us tomorrow.

The third singular is used colloquially to ask cautious questions:Evde mi ola? Might he be at home?

The endings do not follow a consistent pattern used by other verbs, history indicatesthat this ending is a hybrid. Positive Negative-eyim -elim -meyeyim -meyelim-esin -esiniz -meyesin -meyesiniz-e -eler -meye -meyeler

Subjunctive pastUsed to express unfulfillable past wishes. Lewis' example is:

Bileydim buraya kadar gelmezdim. Had I known, I would not have come this far.Positive Negative-eydim -eydik -meyeydim -meyeydik-eydin -eydiniz -meyeydin -meyeydiniz-eydi -eydiler

-elerdi -meyeydi -meyeydiler-meyelerdi

Subjunctive inferential Infrequently used, this quotes the simple and and pastsubjunctive:People say "would that I had ... Positive Negative-eymiim -eymiiz -meyeymiim -meyeymiiz-eymisin -eymisiniz -meyeymisin -meyeymisiniz-eymi -eymiler


37/47

-elermi -meyeymi -meyeymiler-meyelermi

Ability, to be able to ...Positive abilityAppend -(y)ebilmek, conjugated in some form, to the root of the verb: grmek

to seeDervileri grebiliyorum. I can see dervishes.Dervileri grebiliyordum. I was able to see dervishes.Dervileri grebileceim. I will be able to see dervishes.

Negative abilityAppend -(y)eme to the verb root and conjugate: Konya'ya gitmedim. I did

not go to Konya.Konya'ya gidemedim. I was unable to go to Konya.Egilize anlyorum. I understand English.

Trke anlmyorum. I do not understand Turkish.Trke anlyamyorum. I am unable to understand Turkish.Trkler Trke anlyabiliyorler. Turks are able to understand Turkish.

Imperative

Second-person form is like a command. Third-person form is used when thecommand is about someone, e.g., "Let them eat cake." Second-person singular formis informal or harsh, and an alternative form is the verb stem with no suffix at all.The second-person form is like a command. The third-person form is used when thecommand is about someone, e.g., "Let them eat cake." The second-person singularform is informal or harsh, and an alternative form is the verb stem with no suffix atall. -(y)in -(y)iniz-sin -sinler

Kebab yiyin! Eat a kebab! (familiar, informal, harsh)Kebab yiyiniz! Eat a kebab! (plural, formal, polite)Kebablari yesinler! Let them eat kebabs!Dervi gibi frl frl dnnz! Whirl like a dervish!

Participles and Substantives

These words are verb forms that can function as adjectives or nouns, generally:which-is-verbingwhich-is-characterized-by-verbing

Or having-verbed or will-be-verbed or other tenses.

To be strict, it might be better to use participle to refer to the verbal adjective forms,e.g., "talking people", and substantive to refer to the forms functioning as nouns,e.g., "those who talk". I have labeled the below tables simply as "participles" wheneach table really includes both participles and substantives.Present Participle -(y)enVerbing, right now.If the y is needed, it "narrows" the preceding vowel: komak to run


38/47

konumakkonumamak to talk

to not talkKpekler koyorlar. The dogs are running. Bu insanlar konumyorlar.

These people are not talking.koan kpekler running dogs konumyan insanlar people who are not

talkingkoanlar those who are running konumyanlar those who arenot talking

Aorist Participle -(y)irVerbing, in general. Kpekler korler. Dogs run. Bu insanlarkonumyrlar. These people do not talkkor kpekler dogs who run konumyr insanlar people who do not talkkorlar those who run konumyrlar those who do not talk

Future Participle -(y)ecekPertaining-to-future-verbing. Kpekler koacaklar. Dogs will run. Bu insanlarkonumayacaklar. These people will not talk

koacak kpekler dogs who will run konumayacak insanlar peoplewho will not talkkoacaklar those who will run konumayacaklar those who will nottalk

Yiyecek bir kebap istiyorum. I want a kebab to eat.Pertaining-to-future-eating one-kebab I-want.

mi-Past Participle -miPertaining-to-having-verbed.However, this does not have the inferential I gather that ... sense of the mi-past.

Kpekler komular. Dogs have run, apparently. Bu insanlar konumamlar.These people have not talked, it seems.

komu kpekler dogs who ran konumam insanlarpeople who did not

talkkomular those who ran konumamlar those who did not talk

di-Past Participle -dikPertaining-to-past-verbing. Most of these are passive and negative: grmek to seegrlmek to be seengrlmemek to be unseengrlmedik extraordinary (that which has not been seen)Kpekler kodlar. Dogs ran. Bu insanlar konumadlar. These peopledid not talk.kodk kpekler dogs who were running konumadk insanlar peoplewho were not talkingkodklar those who were running konumadklar those who

were not talking

Personal ParticiplesAdd a suffix of possession to mean:

Characterized-by-my/your/his/etc-verbing bilmek to knowbildik an acquaintance (characterized by knowing)bildiim my acquaintance (characterized by my knowing)bildiklerim my acquaintances (those characterized by my knowing)

Yiyeceim kebap ok iyi grnir. The kebab I am going to eat looks very good.


39/47

Characterized-by-my-future-eating kebab very good is-seen.stanbul'a geldii otobs dolmudan byk. The bus in which he came toIstanbul was bigger than a dolmu.To-Istanbul pertaining-to-his-having-come bus from-a-dolmu bigger is.

Size bir diyeceim yok. I have nothing to say to you.To-you one-thing-of-my-future-saying does-not-exist.

Bana bir diyeceiniz var m? Do you have anything to say to me?To-me one-thing-of-your-future-saying exists does-it?Combine -ecei gel- to form it feels like or the time is coming phrases:

stanbul'u greceim geldi. I feel like seeing IstanbulIstanbul my-future-seeing has-come.

Verbal NounsInfinitive -mekThis takes endings to form the various cases, except for genitives and possessives:AbsoluteAs subject:Trke renmek ok zor. To learn Turkish is very difficult.As object of istemek and bilmek (to want and to know):

Trke anlamak istiyorum. I want to understand Turkish.Kebap almak istiyorum. I want to buy a kebab.Accusative as object of other verbs:Kebap alma unuttum. I forgot to buy a kebap.

Dative:Kebap almaa baladm. I began to buy a kebab.Kebap almaa gittim. I have gone to buy a kebab.

Locative:Kebap almakta tehlikeyi grmiyorum. I see no danger in buying a kebap.

Ablative:Kebap almaktan kendimi nleyememiim. Apparently I was unable to prevent

myself from buying a kebap.Gerund verbal nouns -me the action or result of action

This forms words as verbing and can take every case ending and possessive suffix:alma buyinggitme goingbekeleme salonu waiting room-meklik the fact of actionKebap almaklk ticarete iyi. My kebab-buying is good for business (to-business good-is).-i the manner of action, but also the fact of actionBu kebap all, ticaret baaracaktr. With this sort of kebab-buying, business willsucceed.giri entrance (entering, going in)k exit (exiting, going out)Gerund

These are adverbal words formed from nouns.-e Repeated or continuing activity simultaneous with the main verb:gee, from gemek, to pass, indicating the time at which something happens:Saat drde on gee gellerdi.

They came at ten past four.Literally: Hour from-four ten passing they-came.

deye, from demek, to say, meaning saying:TEHLKE diye bir levha


40/47

A sign saying DANGERLiterally: DANGER saying one sign.

rasgele, from rasgelmek, to meet by chance, meaning haphazardly or randomly.Rasgele bir dervi frl frl dnmedi.At random, one dervish did not whirl.Repeated, it has an idiomatic use:

Gide gide kebapcya m gittin?Going and going, was it to the kebab shop you went? meaning:After all that travel, couldn't you find anywhere better to go than to the kebab shop?Also see Gle gle, said to someone who is departing. Glmek means to smile.

-erek Single act or continued activity simultaneous with or slightly before the mainverb. Often corresponds to by doing or with doing:bilerek = knowinglybilmiyerek = unknowinglyKapy aarak evden gitti. Opening the door, he left the house.-ip Used when there are two verbs with identical suffixes joined by "and", tosimplify the first one. To say We got up and we left:

Kalkp gittik. (and not Kalktk gittik.)Or, for They are sitting and talking:Oturup konuuyorlar. (and not Oturuyorlar konuuyorlar.)

-ince Action just prior to the main verb:Otobs gelince kalkarm. When the bus arrives, I will get up.-inceye kadar, -inceyedek, -inceye dein untilOtobs gelinceye kadar, gidemedik. Until the bus arrives, we cannot go.-ene kadar, -enedek, -ene dein until, less formalOtobs gelene kadar, gidemedik. Until the bus arrives, we cannot go.-esiye to the point of.Derviler baylasya frl frl dnlerdi. The dervishes whirled to the point of fainting.-eli, -eli beri, eliden beri, -diX -eli since, with the di-past ending conjugated asneeded.All these mean Since we came to Istanbul it has not rained:Biz stanbul'a geleli hi yamur yamad.Biz stanbul'a geleli beri hi yamur yamad.Biz stanbul'a geleliden beri hi yamur yamad.Biz stanbul'a geldik geleli hi yamur yamad.

-meden, -mezden before, without, followed by evvel or nce to mean before.Siz gitmeden evvel beni uyandriniz. Wake me up before you go.-dikten sonra after doing, the converse of -meden evvel / -meden nceBeni uyandrdktan sonra gitiniz. Leave after waking me.-r -mez used to mean as soon as, or literally, as I was between the states of doingand not-doing:Ben oturur oturmaz telefon ald. As soon as I was sitting down, the telephone rang.-dike so long as or the more"Ben frl frl dnduka, frl frl dnacam gelir!", dervi dedi."The more I whirl, the more I feel like whirling!", the dervish said.-dikten baka apart from doing or in addition to doing

O, kapy adktan baka, evden gittim. He, in addition to opening the door, left thehouse.-dii mddete as long as, all the timeO alt mddete ark syler. He sings all the time he works.-dii halde although or in a state ofBardm halde kimse yardma gelmedi. Although I shouted, no one came.Baca alda olduu halde eve dnd. He returned home with his leg plastered.-dii iin or -diinden because of the verbingBir hal ald iin, vergi demeliyim. Because of my purchasing a carpet, taxes I


41/47

must pay.-dii kadar as much asIstediiniz kadar kaliniz. Stay as long as you want.-eceine or -ecek yerde instead of verbingzmir'e yryeceine, otobsu bineceim. Instead of walking to Izmir, I will ride abus.

-mekle with/by verbingGnm hep yaz yazrmakla geirdim. All of my day I spent by writing.-mektense or -mekten ise rather thanAnkara'ya gitmektense, stanbul'a gittim. Rather than go to Ankara, I went toIstanbul.-meksizin without verbing, -meden is more frequently used.Otobsu binmeksizin, stanbul'a gittim. Without riding a bus, I went to Istanbul.Otobsu binmeden, stanbul'a gittim. Without riding a bus, I went to Istanbul.(Treni binden!) (I rode a train!)

Adverbsadverbs of time zaman zarflaryesterday dn

today bugntomorrow yarnnow imdithen o zamanlater sonratonightbu geceright now hemen imdilast night dn gecethis morning bu sabahnext week nmzdeki haftaalready zatenrecently geenlerdelately son zamanlardasoon yakndaimmediately hemenstill halayet henzago nce

adverbs of place yer zarflarhere buradathere oradaover there kardaeverywhere her yerdeanywhere herhangi bir yerdenowhere hibir yerdehome evaway uzaktaout darda

adverbs of manner durum zarflarvery okquite tamamenpretty oldukareally gerektenfast hzl


42/47

well iyihard sertquicklyhzl, hzlcaslowly yavaacarefully dikkatlicehardly glkle

barely zar zormostly ounluklaalmost neredeyseabsolutely kesinlikletogether birliktealone tek bana

adverbs of frequency sklk zarflaralwaysher zamanfrequently sk skusuallygenelliklesometimes bazenoccasionally bazen, ara sraseldom nadirenrarely nadirennever asla

Formation and recognizing nouns in Turkish

Diminutive and Affectionate - the suffix -cikThis suffix is vowel harmonized forms are cik -ck -cuk -ck.It also becomes -k -ik -uk -k when it mutates to its hard form when it is added

to words which end in a hard consonant.

baba - father - becomes -baback - daddyMehmetik - [Lit: Little Mehmet] - is the general affectionate word for a soldier. Thiswould be a Tommy in English.kedi - cat - becomes - kedicik - pussycatkpek - dog - becomes - kpecik - puppy

Final -k in the noun stem is usually dropped when adding this suffix. Because theterminal -k is dropped then the suffix takes its soft form of -cik. The followingexamples also show this loss of terminal "-k":kk - small - becomes - kck - littleufak - small - becomes - ufack - tiny, minuteminik - small and nice - becomes - minicik - wee, tiny

Vowel ProductionSometimes when adding the diminutive Suffix -cik it causes an extra vowel to be

inserted - in effect the suffix becomes -icik:az - less - becomes - azck - little less as in birazck - just a littlebir - one - becomes - biricik - uniquedar - narrow - becomes - darack -narrowishIn the word - azck - Although this inserted vowel is written, it is often glossed over

in actual speech.If we add the possessive pronouns such as -im to the diminutives - my - (baback +


43/47

-m becomes babacm! - daddy!). So you can often hear children crying - babacm- (baba-c-m) - (my daddy or anneciim - (anne-ci-im) - (my mummy or evenkpeciim! - my little puppy!.Formation of nouns from adjectives - the suffix -lik

This suffix is vowel harmonized forms are -lik -lk -luk -lk.

The suffix -lik is very heavily used in Turkish. It has four main uses in Turkish asfollows;1. Formation of Abstract and Collective Nouns

The main use of the suffix -lik is to form Abstract Nouns from Adjectives.gzel - beautiful - becomes - gzellik - beautymutlu - happy - becomes - mutluluk - happinessiyi - good - becomes - iyilik - goodnessocuk - child - becomes - ocukluk - childhoodzor - difficult becomes zorluk - difficulty, complicationIt should be noted that the English Abstract nouns end in -ness, -tion, -ity, etc

(generally)

Of course these abstract nouns can be further suffixed in Turkish according to theirfunction in meaning:mutluluum - [mutlulu-um] - my happinessHepimiz, ocukluumuzu mutluluk iinde geirdik. O zamanlarda mutluluumsonsuzdu.- All of us passed our childhood in happiness. At that time my happiness was endless- [Hep-imiz, ocuk-lu-umuz-u mut-lu-luk i-i-nde ge-ir-dik. O zaman-lar-da mutlu-

lu-um son-suz-du.]Thanks to Murat Ak for corrections to the sections above and below - JG, December2012

Formation of Collective Nounsgen - young becomes genlik - youth

yal - old becomes yallk - ageinsan - person/human becomes insanlk - human-kindkii - person/individual becomes kiilik - personality/identityBakan - Minister becomes Bakanlk - Ministrybalk - fish becomes balk - fisherman becomes Balklk - Fishing Club, Group,Association

This last example shows that noun suffixes can be chained to produce furtherextended meanings.

Thanks to Kadir Demirel for suggestions in this section - JG - Nov. 20062. Forming nouns of Usage

When adding -lik to concrete nouns or verb stems it forms nouns and adjectivesmeaning - suitable for.. intended for... place of...

tuz - salt - becomes - tuzluk - salt cellarbiber - pepper - becomes - biberlik - pepper shakergz - eye - becomes - gzlk - spectacleskira - hire - becomes - kiralk - for hireyamur - ran - becomes - yamurluk - raincoat, mackintosh, oilskin3. Forming Nouns of Location

Bakan - Minister - becomes - Bakanlk - Ministryamar - linen, laundry items - becomes - amarlk - a laundry


44/47

orman - forest - becomes - ormanlk - forest placeIn this example of - forest - we can see that Turkish uses -lik to make a Substantive

Noun of Location, as in the following example:O tepenin arkasnda byk bir ormanlk bulunur - There is a large forest (to be found)behind that hill. Here the word - ormanlk - is used as a general Substantive Noun ofLocation. We may go on to talk about this particular - orman - itself: O ormanda ok

yabani hayvan varm. - It seems there are many wild animals in that forest.

Many place names - (have a look at a Turkish map) - often end in the suffix -lik. Onethat springs to mind is Ayvalk - Place of the Quince - [ayva], there is also a placenear eme called Deirmenlik - Place of the Mill - [deirmen]

It is difficult to translate this suffix directly into English, we can only say - "Quince" or"Quinceville" and "Milltown" or "Millhill" or whatever. Arising from the above we canalso form nouns of "Place of" as followselmalk - apple orchard - from - elma - applesebzelik - vegetable garden, stall - from - sebze - vegetableieklik - flower garden, stall - from - iek - flowerkitaplk - book case - from - kitap - book

4. The Suffix -lik with Numbers:

A number is normally used as an adjective thus the number 10 (as an adjective) - onyumurta - ten eggs. Turkish changes numbers and numeric expressions into nouns bythe addition of the -lik suffix thus the number 10 - on - becomes - onluk - the amountof ten. This is like saying Lend me a "tenner" in English, where the number 10 hasbecome a noun of the amount ten. The suffix -lik is often added to counted nouns toproduce a complex counted noun. Let us take our example of on yumurta - ten eggs.If we say I want a ten egg box. in English we understand that our requirement is "Abox that will contain the amount of ten eggs."

Let us look at some possibilities in Turkish:on yumurta bir kutu - ten eggs one box - this example has no meaning in Turkish - it

is just two items - "ten eggs" and "one box". Turkish will use a counted noun - onyumurtalk - ten eggs-amount - thus - I want a ten egg box - becomes: On yumurtalkbir kutu istiyorum - [Lit: I want a ten egg-amount box.]If we want to say - I want a box of ten eggs - the Turkish uses the -li - furnished with,

containing - suffix:On yumurtal bir kutu istiyorum - I want a box containing ten eggs.ki kiilik adr var m? - [Lit: Is there a tent of two person-amount?] - in English - Isthere a double tent?Evet var. Ka gnlk ? - [Lit: Yes, there is. How many day-amount?] - in English - Yesthere is. For how many days?An "eggy" question

Here is an "eggy" question from one of our Turkish friends, showing the diference in

Turkish logic:Shouldn't that be? - "I want a ten egged box" - Cafer Bey by Email

My answer: To your suggestion:"I want a ten egged box". I'm sorry I can not agree, I feel it should be "I want a ten

egg box", as I have written.If we say it your way, it makes the box itself "modified" as in "I want a black coloured

box" or "I want a silk lined box".But a "ten egg box" describes a box that can contain up to "ten eggs" ; that is how it


45/47

is understood. Let us not forget that supermarkets in England sell their eggs in "eggboxes" not in "egged boxes"To understand the difference "I want a three key box" - a box to put three keys into,

and "I want a three keyed box" - a box which need three keys to open it.5. Formation of Negative Abstract Nouns - the suffix -sizlik

The -lik suffix is often added to the -siz - without, lacking in suffix to form Negativeabstract nouns in -sizliksabr - patience - becomes - sabrsz - impatient - and the abstract noun sabrszlk -impatiencedikkat - care - becomes - dikkatsiz - careless and the abstract noun - dikkatsizlik -carelessness

Further suffixes can be added to show the noun conditionHepimizin ocuk-luu mutsuzluk iinde geti [Hepimiz-in ocuk-lu-u mutsuzluk i-i-nde geti] - All of our childhood(s) passed in unhappiness.Demin dikkatsizliini [dikkat-siz-li-i-ni] fark ettim - I just noticed your carelessness.

dikkat - is from an Arabic Feminine Plural - and as such it does not follow Turkish

Vowel harmony Rules as the final letter -a- is pronounced quite long - dikkAAt.Consequently any added suffixes take the Dotted form.

More about Compound Nouns:Bisikletimizi braktmz yeri hatrlayamayacaz - We will not be able to rememberthe place where we leave/have left our bicycle(s) [Bisiklet-imiz-i brak-t-mz yer-ihatrla-ya-ma-y-acaz]In these sentences - yer - is the place that we can not remember where we left the

bicycle, and - bisiklet - is the bicycle. Therefore both of them should be in accusativecase. If we had wanted to say - I can't remember my bicycle's place - then we shouldhave said - Bisikletimin yerini hatrlayamyorumIn this sentence - Bisikletimin yeri - is a Definite Noun Combination (both nouns are

substantive)

The first component is in genitive form. The second component gets the suffix -i (if itends with a vowel it usually gets the buffer letter -s except the word - su - water -which takes buffer letter -y- to produce suyu - (the only irregular noun in Turkish)Many thanks to Nilda Ginn for corrections and suggestions to this above - JG Feb.2006 - and thanks to Kadir Demirel for corrections. - JG Nov. 2006Definite Noun Completion

Here the first noun possesses the noun it modifies. The second noun is then suffixedas definitive. We should note that both components retain their grammatical functionas a noun in their own right. bisikletimin garaj - [Bisiklet-im-in garaj-] - my bicycle'sgarage - (the garage of my bicycle)kapnn zili - [kap-nn zil-i] - the door-bell - (the bell of the door)Mehmet'in arabas - [Mehmet'-in araba-s] - Mehmet's car - (the car of Mehmet)

pencerenin perdesi - [pencere-nin perde-si] - the window-curtain - (the curtain of thewindow)All the above are Definite Compound nouns as they are both particular and bothDefinite.

If we take the last example [the window its-curtain] - pencerenin perdesi - thewindow's curtain - we can see that it is a particular curtain belonging to a particularwindow. But we can also make this an Indefinite noun "any window curtain" - pencereperdesi - window curtain - This then is the difference between Definite and Indefinite


46/47

(see below) Compound Nouns.Indefinite Noun Completion

Here the first noun acts as an adjective to describe the second noun which is suffixedas a definitive noun. When two nouns are joined - as in lamp-post, the second nountakes the third person possessive suffix, e.g. k direi - (k dire-i) - lamp-post [Lit:

Lamp its-post].Similarly - gece kulb - (gece kulb-) - nightclub [Lit: night its-club].

This is the way that Turkish shows a connection between the two words to make acomplex noun - the first noun "lamp" becomes an adjective to describe the second"post" which is made into a definitive noun by the addition of the third person suffix.Of course further suffixes can be added to this complex noun as required:k direi - [dire-i] - (from direk) - lamp post - [lamp its-post]onun k direi - [dire-i] - his lamp postMehmet'in k direi - [dire-i] - Mehmet's lamp postonun k direinden - [dire-i-nden] - from his lamp postMehmet'in k direinden - [dire-i--nden] - from Mehmet's lamp post

If you say lamp post , that is k direi, and his lamp post would be also k direi.Why? Because the -i at the very end has the meaning of "Indefinite NounCompletion" as in the first phrase, and "Possession for the 3rd. Person Singular" as inthe second. To avoid doubling only one of them is used. This shows the conflictbetween Indefinite Noun Completion Suffix -i and 3rd. Person Possessed Suffix -i. Buthow to distinguish between them? In order to do that, you should bring onun - his,her at the beginning, thus onun k direi is clearly about possession.

For example - The minister for tourism would be turizm bakan. If we want to sayEngland's minister for tourism, we should say Ingiltere'nin turizm bakan [not"Ingiltere'nin turizm bakann" (or bakans)]. so we can say - England's minister fortourism is very young. - Ingiltere'nin turizm bakan ok gen(tr).And if you want to say - from his lamp post - then similarly you would say onun k

direinden

k direinden - [dire-i-nden] - from the lamp postbisiklet yeri - [bisiklet yer-i] - the bicycle placekap kolundan - [kap kol-u-ndan] - from the door handleyaz okulu - [yaz okul-u] - the summer schoolyolcu gemisinde - [yolcu gemi-si-nde] - on the ferry boat - (Lit: the traveller boat)Ali'nin elma aac - [elma aac-] - Ali's apple treeayakkab boyas - [ayakkab boya-s] - the shoe polishbilgisayar ekran - [bilgisayar ekran-] - the computer screenkzmn renci karnesi - [renci karne-si]- my daughter's student (school) reportsu borusu - [su boru-su] - the water pipedeniz suyu - [deniz su-yu] - the sea water

In the last example above you will see that the definitive of - su (water) - is suyu -[not susu] - this is an exception, and is the ONLY unique exception in The TurkishLanguage.Many thanks to Oytun Arslan for corrections and suggestions to this page. - JG - 19Sept 2011Non-attached Completion

Used for indicate the material used . Neither noun is made definitive - thus producinga Combined Noun.


47/47

Here the first noun of material acts as an adjective describing the main noun whichfollows. This shows that adjectives always precede their noun in Turkish; it isimportant to realize this.tahta kap - wooden dooralminyum pencere - aluminium windowdemir kpr - iron bridge

Turkish Alphabet English SoundPronunciation ExampleA a /a/ 'a' as in fatherB b /b/ 'b' as in bookC c /d/ 'j' as in Joke /t/ 'ch' as in chimpanzeeD d /d/ 'd' as in dayE e /e/, // 'e' as in red or 'a' as in catF f /f/ 'f' as in farG g //, // 'g' as in game //1 No equivalent, watch video belowH h /h/ 'h' as in hotI // 'e' as in open

i /i/ 'i' as in machineJ j // 's' as in pleasureK k /k/, /c/ 'k' as in kiloL l /l/, // 'l' as in lifeM m /m/ 'm' as in masterN n /n/ 'n' as in niceO o /o/ 'o' as in more // 'u' as in turnP p /p/ 'p' as in spinR r // the 'r' as in carS s /s/ 's' as in smile // 'sh' as in shine

T t /t/ 't' as in stop

U u /u/ 'u' as in ultimate /y/ 'u' as in cubeV v /v/ 'v' as in victory

Y y /j/ 'y' as in youZ z /z/ 'z' as in zigzag

learn turkish easy

Documents