Learning Problems in Hearing Impaired Students

PresenterSalwa Saeed ElNagdy

SOME Associated problems with Hearing

Impairment •Intellectual

•Learning

•Emotional

•Cognitive

&Thinking & Linguistic

Language Skills

•Behavioral

Affection of Behavior& Emotional Problems

•Some of them have aggression & disruptive behavior which certainly affects their ability to learn ( Chalk

1999) •Emotional problems is also

presented by ( e.g.( Rejection of peers ).

Affection of Thinking & Language Skills

•Thinking Process & Language Skills will be inevitably affected ( Chalk

1999) .

Underlying Etiologies (Causes))

•There are some common causes &

•main Diseases that will cause Hearing

:Impairment; Such as

Diseases & Disorders Affecting the Nervous

System

Some Diseases Causing Learning Problems of

Hearing Impaired•Miningitis

•Prematurity

•Cytomegalovirus

Effect of these Diseases

•The Author Assumes that as these diseases affect the central

Nervous System . So the children will have intellectual , Cognitive , Learning Problems as a result of

these Diseases ( Chalk ,1999)

Greater Risks on Premature Infants

•Pre-maturity has an effect & Complications on the short term & Long

term • It affects growth & Mental

Development & Cognitive Abilities of the Infant (Who Disease & Injury Country Estimates” World Health

Organization,2009.Retrieved Nov. 11. 2009)

Main Characteristics of Difficulty In Language

Acquisition

Problems of Language Acquisition

•Gap in growth & Acquisition of vocabulary

•Complex Sentence Comprehension

•Difficulty in Construction of Sentences

•Difficulty in Concept Formation Compared to Students of Normal

Hearing

Difficulty in Understanding of

Questions & Pragmatic incompetence

Equipment Needs of Students Who Are Deaf or

Hard of Hearing

Technical Aids Used•Some Common technical aids are

used as Hearing Aids with its different types , F.M System, &

Cochlear Implants etc .

Role Of Audiology & Audiologists

•Doing Hearing Tests & determining the type of hearing aid or the technical aid that fits every child & student’s type &

degree of hearing Loss .

School Intervention Programs

•What Are These Programs?

School ProgramsElizabeth A. Martinez •Any type & Degree of Hearing

Impairment have a negative impact on the spoken &

receptive language

•It also affects the ability to read & write & the academic

achievement •In 1998 1.218 of hearing

impaired 37% of them have failed a grade (U.S.A.)

School ProgramStudies has showed that unilateral hearing Impaired students are 10 times more than normal students

to fail a grade . 94-96% of students of Hearing

problems are hard of hearing & not deaf ( Elizabeth Martinez)

How Do They discriminate Speech

•Speech for them is audible ( detectable ), but not intelligible

enough to allow them to hear one word as distinct from another

•The Hard of Hearing are in need of Support services to get a maximal

benefit from education ; ( Audiologist to manage their hearing aids

&classroom listening devices & listening environment

Effect of Bad Listening Environment

•As Poor Listening conditions can render a hard of Hearing a

functionally deaf

Effects of Early Intervention

•Mandatory Early Hearing Screening has caused early Identification of the hearing

loss from 3 years to 3 months only •Research has showed that early

intervention & use of appropriate Hearing aids by the age of 6 months will help the child to be able to have normal

milestones for language acquisition &learning at the age of kindergarten

stage

Role of Hearing Aids •What is the Function of Hearing

Aids ?

Effect of Hearing Aids•Speech Recognition •Speech Production•Language content & form•Reading

More Functions & Requirements of Hearing

Aids•Will not restore normal hearing•Will amplify all sound•Must be in excellent working

condition •Must be worn consistently

Effect of Advanced Hearing Technology

•By using the advanced technology , the child will be able to be in the

mainstream kindergarten and schooling

What Are The Advanced Technology???

•Assistive Listening Devices • Hearing Aids Of Different types ;

Depending on the child’s Type & Degree of Hearing Loss ( This is the

Audiologist’s Decision )•Cochlear Implant If it is recommended

by the E.N.T. Specialist & The Audiologist .

References•Felexer , Carol,1999 Facilitating

Hearing & Listening in Young Children . San Diego, CA , Singular

etc.

Strategies used to develop Communication

Skills •Some of the Intervention &

Assistive Processes are Used to help In Developing

Language & Communication Skills

So Facilitative Strategies Are Used in Various

Aspects of Communication

General Trends•Convey The Messages through Facial

Expression ,Gestures & Body Language•Try to face the student & Attract

his Attention Before you Speak to him •If you are not facing the student try to

touch his shoulder or his arm to attract his attention for your wish to

communicate .

For Reinforcement •Repeat the New Vocabulary in different contexts•Sequence Topics So that the previously

learnt is connected to the new one Use Visual Aids As Vision( Visual Stimulus)

is the first means of receiving information

Problems of Lack of Memory of Words &

Syntax ( What To Do ?)•Pictures Use

•Picture Symbols Use

How to Help Sentence & Syntax Acquisition

•Use of Action pictures & Cards

How to Help the Hearing Impaired Students in

Learning??? •What are the Strategies & processes

of Intervention used with these Students???

Helping Listening Skills •Use of Aural – Oral Approach

What Is Aural –Oral Approach???

•How Is It Generally Applied???

Aural –Oral Approach•It places the Emphasis on Speech, Residual

Hearing & Speech Reading ( Lip – Reading ) IN Some Cases

•Use of assistive Listening Devices all working hours

•Optimal Amplification as the child is in need to understand the spoken word as ( hearing aids

or the cochlear Implants etc .

Aural-Oral Approach ( Continued)

•The Child is trained to use his residual Hearing to develop his

Expressive Language

•The aim is to mainstream the deaf /hard of hearing to be in

regular schools after he/she finishes the training program

Resources•John Tracy Clinic

•Alexander Graham Bell Association For the Deaf

Auditory –Verbal Method

•It has some of the same Traits of Aural-Oral •But It does not Emphasize Speech Reading •The Child Is Trained to Listen First & not in

Need to Look at the Speaker’s Mouth for Information

•He is aimed to be mainstreamed in the preschool from the beginning

•(Auditory –Verbal International Inc (AIV )

A Resource Guide to Support Classroom

Teachers– Equipment Needs of Students Who Are

Deaf or Hard of Hearing

Technical Aid Which Help The Student To access

the curriculum

•Overhead Projectors & Use of Audio –Visual Aids & Using these

aids to input in his F.M System

School programs & Some More Teaching Methods

Teaching Techniques•Use Written announcements

Assignments, exam dates and changes in schedule etc.

•Write all homework & assignments & instructions on the chalkboard.

Teaching Techniques (Continued)

•Avoid Seating the child in heavy traffic areas

•Use video if possible•Avoid vibration & excessive noise•Do not talk while writing on the

chalkboard

Teaching Of Reading & Writing

•How To help The Student To Read & Write ?

Why is reading & Understanding of written

Text is affected?

•These are my view points!!!!!! •Reading is generally affected as

the spoken Arabic is much different from the written Arabic.

Examplesبيها .• أشوف عين (Slang Arabic) دي

بها .• أرى عين (Written Arabic) هذه

Examples

بمناخيري . (slang)أشم

بأنفي . (Written) أستنشق

Examples

برتآنة • بياكل (spoken) الواد

البرتقالة • الولد (Written)يأكل

What to do before reading???

•Before Reading•Elicit prior knowledge•Build background•Introduce the book

The TEACHER’S role DURING reading???

•During Reading•Picture walk through the book•Educator reinforces reading

strategies•Students read to practice reading

strategies

WHAT TO DO AFTER READING???

•After Reading•Reflect on reading strategies•Build comprehension•a. discuss the story•Extend the reading•a. respond through writing

b. respond through visual learning•Read independently

Resources

My Point of Views ( Continued)

Affection of Pragmatics & Understanding of

Questions

؟ • امبارح فين (slang question) رحت

؟ • أمس ذهبت written) أينquestion )

How to Help the Child?

•So , New meanings of written words & expressions should be

mastered first ; to let the child be able to understand the question &

is able to respond properly.

How to help understanding Written

Questions?

•Do always stress on both meanings & expressions ( spoken & written )

•So the child can always relate between the spoken & written ,

which is always difficult for the H.H students.

Difficulty in Pragmatic Competence

• Arabic words do have enormous & multiple Conjugations & meanings

Examples مغسول – – – – • غسل غسيل تغسل يغسل

الخ– – غسالة•The child will be always confused

to choose the right word for a certain context or discourse.

Pragmatic incompetence in

Orders

بتاعك .) ( • البالطو الدوالب من بلطيكي هاتيالشئ) • اسم عن واحدة بكلمة هنا التعبير

والملكية ( •Bring your coat from wardrobe •So the difficulty lies in using one

word in Arabic to express two concepts ( Nouns & possession ).

More Examples وتعالي .• كرسيكي هاتي

بتاعك) ( . الكرسيBring your chair.

In the previous order one word is used to express two meanings

( nouns & possession ) .

Strategy of Improving the Pragmatic Competence

•Repetition & Repetition & giving different examples & different

meanings in different situations & contexts ( spoken & written ) & do

always relate between them .

Difficulty in Understanding Abstract

Thinking & ideas & how to help ???

•Abstract thinking will be inevitably affected .

•We have to explain every Abstract idea or expression one

By one .

Examples

األسد” ,,.• ذاك من الشبل هذا

•This is easy for us to understand < but the student certainly will not understand the connotations of

this saying .

Thank YouThank You

Thank Thank YouYou

Thank

Your Attention