lecture 01 introduction to computer1516_a

8/9/2019 Lecture 01 Introduction to Computer1516_a

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FJAF0112 – Computer Science 1

(INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

Seme!ter 1" Se!!ion 201#$201%

Center &or Foun'tion Stu'ie! in ScienceUni)er!it* o& M+*

Fir!t ,ee- (1!t.#t/ June 201#


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[1] Sc/um! Out+ine o& E!!enti+ ComputerMt/emtic!

Lipschutz, Seymour (2012).

McGraw-Hi.

[2] Intro'uction to Computer Science

!"L #$ucatio% Soutio% Limite$, Seco%$

#$itio% &y 'earso%(2011)

[] Di!co)erin Computer! 2011 3 4i)in in Diit+ ,or+'.Shey G.&., ashma% ".*., +ermaat M.#.

ourse "ech%ooy, e%ae Lear%i%.

Mai% eere%ce


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/ro%ta oe

'arieta oe

ccipita oe

Tempor+ +o5e

Cere5e++um

6rin !tem


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Frontal Lobe: co%tros a seera eeme%ts i%cu$i% creatie

thouht, proem soi%, i%teect, 3u$me%t, ehaior, atte%tio%,

astract thi%4i%, physica reactio%s, musce moeme%ts,

coor$i%ate$ moeme%ts, sme a%$ perso%aity.

ac4

Parietal Lobe: this oe ocuses o% comprehe%sio%. +isua u%ctio%s,a%uae, rea$i%, i%ter%a stimui, tactie se%satio% a%$ se%sory

comprehe%sio% wi e mo%itore$ here.

Sensory Cortex - ocate$ i% the ro%t portio% o the parieta oe, receies

i%ormatio% reaye$ rom the spi%a cor$ rear$i% the positio% o arious

o$y parts a%$ how they are moi%. "his mi$$e area o the rai% ca%aso e use$ to reay i%ormatio% rom the se%se o touch, i%cu$i% pai%

or pressure which is aecti% $iere%t portio%s o the o$y.

Motor Cortex - "his heps the rai% mo%itor a%$ co%tro moeme%t

throuhout the o$y. !t is ocate$ i% the top, mi$$e portio% o the rai%.

Temporal Lobe: co%tros isua a%$ au$itory memories. !t i%cu$es areas thathep ma%ae some speech a%$ heari% capaiities, ehaiora eeme%ts, a%$

a%uae.

Wernicke's Area- "his portio% o the tempora oe is orme$ arou%$ the

au$itory corte5. 6hie scie%tists hae a imite$ u%$ersta%$i% o the u%ctio% o

this area, it is 4%ow% that it heps the o$y ormuate or u%$ersta%$ speech.


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Occipital Lobe: "he optica oe is ocate$ i% the cerera

hemisphere i% the ac4 o the hea$. !t heps to co%tro isio%.

6rin Stem

7 asic ie u%ctio%s orii%ate i% the rai% stem, i%cu$i% hearteat, oo$ pressure

a%$ reathi%. !% huma%s, this area co%tai%s the me$ua, mi$rai% a%$ po%s. "his iscommo%y reerre$ to as the simpest part o the rai%, as most creatures o% the

eoutio%ary scae hae some orm o rai% creatio% that resemes the rai% stem.

"he rai% stem co%sists o mi$rai%, po%s a%$ me$ua.

Midbrain: aso 4%ow% as the mese%cephao% is ma$e up o the teme%tum a%$

tectum. "hese parts o the rai% hep reuate o$y moeme%t, isio% a%$ heari%."he a%terior portio% o the mi$rai% co%tai%s the cerera pe$u%ce which co%tai%s

the a5o%s that tra%ser messaes rom the cerera corte5 $ow% the rai% stem,

which aows ou%tary motor u%ctio% to ta4e pace.

Pons: "his portio% o the mete%cephao% is ocate$ i% the hi%$rai%, a%$ i%4s to the

cereeum to hep with posture a%$ moeme%t. !t i%terprets i%ormatio% that is use$

i% se%sory a%aysis or motor co%tro. "he po%s aso creates the ee o

co%scious%ess %ecessary or seep.

Medulla: "he me$ua or me$ua oo%ata is a% esse%tia portio% o the rai% stem

which mai%tai%s ita o$y u%ctio%s such as the heart rate a%$ reathi%. ac4


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Cere5e++um

reerre$ to as 8the itte rai%,8 a%$ is co%si$ere$ to e o$er tha% the

cererum o% the eoutio%ary scae. "he cereeum co%tros esse%tia o$y

u%ctio%s such as aa%ce, posture a%$ coor$i%atio%, aowi% huma%s to

moe propery a%$ mai%tai% their structure.

ac4


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esearchers wor4i% o% a computer that mimics the huma% rai%

/uture computer systems cou$ etter tac4e i $ata a%$

auto%omous systems

6* S/ron 7u'in

May 20, 2019 0:;09 7M #"

"o$ay


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omputers are cassiie$ i%to three types;

7%ao >computi% $eice that uses co%ti%uousy cha%eae aspects o

physica phe%ome%a such as eectrica, mecha%ica, or hy$rauic =ua%tities

to mo$e the proem ei% soe$?

@iita-AAA

Hyri$- comi%atio% o $esirae eatures o a%ao a%$ $iita computers

- /or e5ampe; i% the hospita, a%ao $eices are use to measure the

patie%tBs oo$ pressure etc. "hese measureme%ts which are i% a%ao

miht the% e co%erte$ i%to %umers a$ suppie$ to $iita

compo%e%ts i% the system.


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Diit+ )er!u! n+o

T/e )!t m8orit* o& computer! re 'iit+" 9/ic/ men! t/t t/e* per&orm t/eir

opertion! u!in 5inr* !*!tem t/t /! on+* t9o po!!i5+e" 'i!crete !tte!3 :on:

n' :o&& :" or i& *ou pre&er" :0; n' :1; 7%ao computers process a%ao, i.e.co%ti%uousy aryi%, $ata " &or e


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Determini!tic )er!u! non.'etermini!tic

omputers are $etermi%istic machi%es i% the se%se that with a

ie% i%put, they wi aways pro$uce the same output. "his $oes%ot mea% that this output is aways pre$ictae. /or e5ampe,

computers ca% simuate %o%-$etermi%istic systems y i%tro$uci%

pseu$o-ra%$om ariaes. omputers ca% aso appy e=uatio%s

rom chaos physics , i% which the resuts o $etermi%istic

processes ca% e reaty i%ue%ce$ y ti%y ariatio%s i% the i%itia

co%$itio%s.

"he rai% as a whoe is co%si$ere$ a %o%-$etermi%istic system,

or the ery simpe reaso% that it is %eer competey the same

rom o%e mome%t to the %e5t. !t is co%sta%ty ormi% %ew

sy%apses a%$ stre%the%i% or wea4e%i% e5isti% o%es

accor$i% to how they are ei% use$. o%se=ue%ty, a ie%i%put wi %eer pro$uce e5acty the same output twice. Howeer,

the physiochemica processes u%$eryi% rai% actiity are

co%si$ere$ to e $etermi%istic.


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Seri+ )er!u! pr++e+

Most computers process i%ormatio% ery rapi$y, ut they $o so i% seria

ashio%; a o the i%ormatio% is processe$ y a si%e ce%tra processi% u%it

('C) that perorms o%e operatio% ater a%other. &ut the 'C ca% aso simuateparae processi% y su$ii$i% its arious tas4s i%to sutas4s a%$ ater%ati%

rapi$y amo% them.

"he rai%Bs %euro%s are much sower tha% a computerBs i%terate$ circuits. &ut

the rai%Bs power comes rom its ei% a machi%e that perorms massiey

parae processi%. "he rai% $oes %ot hae a 'C. !%stea$, it has miio%s o%euro%s that comi%e si%as simuta%eousy. 7t a%y ie% time, ma%y are,

speciaize$ areas o the rai% are operati% i% parae to perorm a ariety o

tas4s, such as processi% isua or au$itory i%ormatio% or pa%%i% a% actio%.

7%$ ee% withi% each o these areas, i%ormatio% ows throuh %eura %etwor4s

that hae %o si%iica%t seria structures.

Howeer, 3ust as computers are seria systems that ca% simuate paraeprocessi%, the rai% is a parae system that ca% simuate seria operatio%s (i%

ha%$i% spo4e% a%$ writte% a%uae, or e5ampe).


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,?AT IS A COMPUTER=

COMPUTER

FUNDAMENTA4S


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. An E+ectronic De)ice

. opertin un'er contro+ o& Sets of nstructions

(Opertin S*!tem! @ Uti+it* Prorm @ Prormmin 4nue

!tore' in it! Memory (S*!tem Unit @ Proce!!or

. t/t cn ccept !ata (Input Proce!! @ it! De)ice!

. manipulate t/e 't ccor'in+* to t/e !peci&ic ru+e!

(App+iction So&t9re @ Prormmin 4nue

. pro'uce nformation (Output Proce!! @ it! De)ice!

. store t/e in&ormtion &or &uture u!e (Store De)ice! @ Me'i

. n' communicate t/e 't n'$or in&ormtion 5et9een u!er!

(Communiction @ Net9or- S*!tem!

,?AT IS A COMPUTER=


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?ISTORB OF COMPUTER 6B 7ENERATIONS

D 00 6C – C/ine!e A5cu!

$escrie$ i% a oo4 o the #aster% Ha%

@y%asty,

!t usuay has more tha% see% ro$s. "here

are two ea$s o% each ro$ i% the upper

$ec4 a%$ ie ea$s o% each ro$ i% the

ottom $ec4. "his co%iuratio% is use$ oroth $ecima

a%$ he5a$ecima computatio%.

7acus was min+* use$ or a$$itio% a%$

sutractio% a%$ ater or $iisio% a%$ mutipicatio%.


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?ISTORB OF COMPUTER 6B 7ENERATIONS

Jo/n Npier in)ente' t"e #apier$s

%ones& A !et o& 5one! con!i!te' o&

ro'!" one o& ec/ 'iit 1 t/rou/ n'

con!tnt ro' &or t/e 'iit 0 A ro' i!!imi+r to one co+umn o& mu+tip+iction

t5+e

T/i! tec/no+o* ++o9! mu+tip+iction

to 5e per&orme' )i ''ition


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1%2# AD ,i+/e+m Sc/ic-r'! Mec/nic+ C+cu+tor (7ermn !tronomer n' mt/emticinT/e mc/ine cou+' '' n' !u5trct !i


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E 1%2 AD – t/e P!c+ine

P!c+ 9or-e' on /i! c+cu+tor in 1%2" 9/en /e 9! on+* 1 *er! o+'

?e /' 5een !!i!tin /i! &t/er" 9/o 9or-e' ! t< commi!!ioner" n' !ou/t

to pro'uce 'e)ice 9/ic/ cou+' re'uce !ome o& /i! 9or-+o'

P!c+! mc/ine !*m5o+i!e' !tep &or9r' compti5+e 9it/ t/e incre!in

intere!t in u!in mc/ine! to 'i!p+ce te'iou! 9or- In t/i! !en!e /i!

in)ention 9! n importnt !tep in t/e 'e)e+opment o& mec/nic+

c+cu+tor! &ir!t in Europe n' t/en ++ o)er t/e 9or+'


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* t t ' th G


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*ust a ew years ater 'asca, the Germa%

Gottrie$ 6ihem Lei%iz (co-i%e%tor with Fewto% o cacuus)

ma%ae$ to ui$ a our-u%ctio% (a$$itio%, sutractio%, mutipicatio%,

a%$ $iisio%) cacuator that he cae$ the stepped reckoner ecause,

i%stea$ o ears, it empoye$ ute$ $rums hai% te% utes arra%e$ arou%$

their circumere%ce i% a stair-step ashio%. 7thouh the steppe$ rec4o%er

empoye$ the $ecima %umer system (each $rum ha$ 10 utes), Lei%iz was

the irst to a$ocate use o the i%ary %umer system which is u%$ame%ta to

the operatio% o mo$er% computers. Lei%iz is co%si$ere$ o%e o the reatest

o the phiosophers ut he $ie$ poor a%$ ao%e.


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100 AD Jc>ur'! Punc/e' Cr'!

In t/e er+* 100!" Frenc/ !i+- 9e)erc++e' Jo!ep/.Mrie Jc>ur' in)ente' 9* o& utomtic++* contro++in t/e 9rpn' 9e&t t/re'! on !i+- +oom 5*recor'in pttern! o& /o+e! in !trin o&cr'!

In t/e *er! to come" )rition! on Jc>ur'! punc/e' cr'!

9ou+' &in' )riet* o& u!e!" inc+u'in repre!entin t/e

mu!ic to 5e p+*e' 5* utomte' pino! n' t/e !torin o&

prorm! &or computer!


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E


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E12 AD – 655eG! Di&&erence Enine @ t/e An+*tic+EEnine

As as pre(iously noted) t"e first de(ice

t"at mi*"t be considered to be acomputer in t"e modern sense of t"eord as concei(ed by t"e eccentric%ritis" mat"ematician and in(entorC"arles %abba*e&

a

In 122" 655e propo!e' 5ui+'in mc/ine c++e' t/e Di&&erence Enin

to utomtic++* c+cu+te mt/emtic+ t5+e! T/e Di&&erence Enine

9! on+* prti++* comp+ete' 9/en 655e concei)e' t/e i'e o& not/er

more !op/i!ticte' mc/ine c++e' n An+*tic+ Enine

T/e An+*tic+ Enine 9! inten'e' to u!e +oop! o& Jc>ur'! punc/e'

cr'! to contro+ n utomtic c+cu+tor" 9/ic/ cou+' m-e 'eci!ion!

5!e' on t/e re!u+t! o& pre)iou! computtion! T/i! mc/ine 9! +!o inten'e' to emp+o* !e)er+ &eture! !u5!e>uent+* u!e' in mo'ern

computer!" inc+u'in !e>uenti+ contro+" 5rnc/in" n' +oopin


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Prt o& C/r+e! 655e! Di&&erence Enine !!em5+e' &ter /i! 'et/ 5*

655e! !on


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T/e 4on'on Science Mu!eum! rep+ic Di&&erence Enine" 5ui+t &rom 655e!

'e!in


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10 AD

?ermn ?o++erit/! T5u+tin Mc/ine!

?ermn ?o++erit/ i! 9i'e+* rer'e' ! t/e &t/er o&

mo'ern utomtic computtion ?e c/o!e t/e punc/e'cr' ! t/e 5!i! &or !torin n' proce!!in in&ormtion

n' /e 5ui+t t/e &ir!t punc/e'.cr' t5u+tin n'

!ortin mc/ine! ! 9e++ ! t/e &ir!t -e* punc/" n' /e

&oun'e' t/e compn* t/t 9! to 5ecome I6M

?o++erit/! 'e!in! 'ominte' t/e computin +n'!cpe

&or +mo!t 100 *er!

?o++erit/! contri5ution! to mo'ern computin re Hinc+cu+5+eH 3.

?e 'i' not !top t /i! oriin+ 10 t5u+tin mc/ine n' !orter" 5ut pro'uce'

mn* ot/er inno)ti)e ne9 mo'e+! ?e +!o in)ente' t/e &ir!t

utomtic cr'.&ee' mec/ni!m" t/e &ir!t -e* punc/" n' too- 9/t 9! per/p!

t/e &ir!t !tep to9r'! prormmin 5* intro'ucin 9irin pne+ in /i! 10%

T*pe I T5u+tor " ++o9in it to 'o 'i&&erent 8o5! 9it/out /)in to 5e re5ui+t

(T/e 10 T5u+tor 9! /r'9ire' to operte on+* on 10 Cen!u! cr'!

T/e!e in)ention! 9ere t/e &oun'tion o& t/e mo'ern in&ormtion proce!!in

in'u!tr*


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A &e9 ?o++erit/ 'e!-! !ti++ e


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Auu!t A' 4o)e+ce

T/e &ir!t computer prormmer

"he $auhter o the amous poet Lor$

&yro% (7$a wou$ ater ecome theou%tess La$y Loeace y marriae)

7$a ear%e$ her spot i% history as the irst

computer prorammer. 7$a i%e%te$ the

surouti%e a%$ was the irst to reco%izethe importa%ce o oopi%


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120! – 1#0! 3 Fir!t I6M ?L

(12 AD" A6C Computer

(12 AD" E+ectromec/nic+ MAR 1

(1 AD" E+ectronic ENIAC

(1 ADFIRST 7ENERATION(1#1 AD – 1# AD

1#1AD – UNIAC 1 T/e u!e o& cuum Tu5e

SECOND 7ENERATION (1# AD – 1%

T D &i T i + C t S t


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To De&ine T*pic+ Computer S*!tem

COMPUTER

SBSTEM

SOFT,ARE

Uti+it*

PrormOpertin

S*!tem

Prormmin

4nue

?ARD,ARE

Input De)ice!

S*!tem Unit

Output De)ice!

Communiction

De)ice!

Store

De)ice!

APP4ICATION

SOFT,ARE

Prormmin

4nue


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Fi 1.1 T*pic+ Component! o& PC


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omputer har$ware

- 7 machi%e that ca% e proramme$ to accept $ata-'rocess $ata i%to useu i%ormatio%

-Stores $ata or ater reuse (storae)-"he computer har$ware respo%sie or computi% are


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!%put $eices;-AAA

"he 'rocessor ;- ormay 4%ow% as the 'C.

Mai% Memory;- rom which the 'C etches the i%structio%s a%$ $ata.

utput $eices;-AAA

Storae;- stores $ata a%$ prorams or uture use.

"he har$ware $eices attache$ to the computer are cae$ periphera

e=uipme%t a%$ this i%cu$es a i%put, output a%$ seco%$ary storae$eices.

omputer har$ware


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omputer Sotware

-a proram that ma4es the computer to $o somethi% mea%i%u.

6hat is a proramA - a pa%%e$, step-y-step i%structio%s to tra%sorm $ata i%to

i%ormatio%

System sotware co%sists o e%era prorams writte% or a computer a%$ these

prorams proi$e the e%iro%me%t to ru% the appicatio% prorams.-!%teract with the har$ware at a ery asic ee.

-Seres as the i%terace etwee% har$ware a%$ user

7ppicatio% Sotware

- Sotware that users appy to the rea-wor$ tas4s, i.e. writi%, cou%ti% etc.

SBSTEM SOFT,ARE


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SBSTEM SOFT,ARE

SBSTEM SOFT,ARE

Prorm t/t contro+! @ mintin! t/e opertion! o& t/e computer @ it! 'e)i!e

. Con!i!t! o& t/ree min e+ement!3.

D OPERATIN7 SBSTEMS (OS

D UTI4ITB PRO7RAM (UP

D PRO7RAMMIN7 4AN7UA7E TRANS4ATOR

OPERATIN7 SBSTEM

A !et o& prorm! continin in!truction! t/t coor'inte ++ cti)itie! 5et9een/r'9re re!ource! @ App+iction So&t9re

UTI4ITB PRO7RAM

A t*pe o& !*!tem !o&t9re t/t ++o9! u!er! to per&orm mintennce.t*pe t!-!

re+te' to mnin t/e computer" it! 'e)ice! @ prorm!

Acce!!orie! @ A'mini!trti)e Too+!

PRO7RAMMIN7 4AN7UA7E TRANS4ATOR

A 5ui+t in p+t&orm to run certin ++o95+e prormmin !ource co'e t/t 9or-!

5e/in' 5ot/ t/e pp+iction @ t/e !*!tem !o&t9re

OPERATIN7 SBSTEM


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OPERATIN7 SBSTEM

7ENERA4 FUNCTION OF AN OS

1 Mne computer re!ource!" ie CPU (memor* @ proce!!or" Input"

Output @ Store De)ice!

2 E!t5+i!/ U!er Inter&ce

E


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C+!!i&iction o& Computer! 5!e' on Con&iurtion

Per&ormnce

Sie

Co!t

Cpcit*

@iita computers

Super

omputersMai%rame

omputers

Mi%i

omputers

Micro

omputers


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"he !&M compatie '


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Fi 1.# T/e App+e (iMc PC


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Fi 1.% A Note5oo- Computer (4ptop


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Fi 1. A ,er5+e PC


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Fi 1. A Diit+ Ornier


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Fi 1. A T5+et PC


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Fi 1.10 A De+i)er* In&ormtion Ac>ui!ition De)ice (DIAD


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Fi 1.11 T/e Per!on+ Diit+ A!!i!tnt (PDA


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Fi 1.1 A Mini ,or-!ttion


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Fi 1.1% A Min&rme Computer


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Fi 1.1 A Supercomputer


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lecture 01 introduction to computer1516_a

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