Eadweard Muybridge. Annie G, Cantering, Saddled. December 1887. sheet: 19 x 24 in., image: 7 1/2 x 16 1/8 in.

Photography

“Phos” = Light, “Graphos” = Writing

Unidentified Photographer. Camera Obscura.

William Henry Fox Talbot. Mimosoidea Suchas, Acacia. c. 1839.

Photography was invented almost simultaneously in England and France in 1839

Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre. Le Boulevard du Temple. 1839. One of the world’s first photographs, this Daguerreotype took about

10 minutes to expose

The worlds first photograph

Richard Beard. Maria Edgeworth. 1841. 2 1/8 x 1 3/4 in.

For the first time in human history, photography allowed people to capture their likeness in precise detail. In 1841, accelerator chemicals were invented that sped up the exposure time, but it still took 2-3 minutes for full exposure.

William Henry Fox Talbot. The Open Door. 1843. The process of making a calotype became the basis for the modern

printing and developing process used today.

Calotype

Julia Margaret Cameron. Portrait of Thomas Carlyle. 1863. 10 x 8 in.

Julia Margaret Cameron was one of the first artists to use photography as an artistic medium.

Timothy O’Sullivan. Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, Pa. 1863.

One of the primary roles photography played in its early days was to document reality as a way to educate.

Alfred Stieglitz. The Steerage. 1907. 13 3/16 x 10 3/8 in.

Sebastião Salgado. Four Figures in the Desert, Korem, Ethiopia. 1984. 16 x 20 in.

An-My Lê. Small Wars (ambush I). 1999–2002. 26 x 37 1/2 in.

Henri Cartier-Bresson. Athens. 1953.

“The Decisive Moment” is a phrase coined by Cartier-Bresson to describe the perfect photographic moment that occurs naturally.

Ansel Adams. Moonrise, Hernandez, New Mexico. 1941. 18 1/2 x 23 in.

Using two negatives to expose on one print

Joel Meyerowitz. Porch, Provincetown. 1977. Color photography was invented long before the 1970s, but it was

during this time that it became a fully appreciated art medium.

Annie Leibovitz. Karen Finley at her home in Nyack, New York. 1992. 39 1/16 x 49 1/8 in.

Edgar Degas. After the Bath, Woman Drying Her Hair. 1896. 6 1/2 x 4 11/16 in.

Andreas Gursky. 99 Cent. 1999. 81 1/2 x 132 5/8 in.

Digital photography allows for quicker image release and enhanced manipulation. The “digital age” has dramatically affected the medium of

photography.

D. W. Griffith. battle scene from The Birth of a Nation. 1915. The world’s first motion picture

Film

Janet Leigh. Scene still from Psycho. Directed and produced by Alfred Hitchcock. 1960.

The invention of the motion picture allowed us to capture actual motion for the first time.

Charlie Chaplin in The Gold Rush. 1925. Motion pictures are made by running thousands to tens of thousands of single photographs back-to-back. Artistic principles still apply to

the overall look and aesthetics of motion pictures.

Orson Welles as Kane campaigning for governor in Citizen Kane. 1941. This film was praised for its use of artistic production design and

creative camera angles.

William Cameron Menzies. Storyboard for the burning-of-Atlanta scene from Gone with the Wind. 1939.

The burning-of-Atlanta scene from Gone with the Wind. 1939.

Nam June Paik. Video Flag. 1985–96. 94 3/8 x 139 3/4 x 47 3/4 in.

Video has been made obsolete by the digital age, but was a popular medium when video was king (1970s - 1990s)

Video

Nam June Paik. TV Bra for Living Sculpture. 1969. A performance and sculpture in one, using video.

William Wegman. Still from Rage and Depression, Reel 3. 1972–73.

Shirin Neshat. Still from Passage. 2001. dimensions vary with installation.

Contemporary example of an artist using motion picture as art

Shirin Neshat. Still from Passage. 2001. dimensions vary with installation.

Shirin Neshat. Still from Passage. 2001. dimensions vary with installation.

John F. Simon, Jr.. Unfolding Object. 2002. dimensions variable.

Computer and internet based art has opened a whole new door in art making and the role that art plays in society

Mark Napier. net.flag. 2002. dimensions variable.

Internet based art can often be interactive

Next Week:

Mid-Term Exam Please download the mid-term exam study guide from my Learning Web page. Review lectures 6-10 Drawing It was during the renaissance that drawing became a respected and valid art medium. Drawings that were made in preparation for a final painting were called cartoons, and were valued just as much as a finished painting. Drawing can be categorized into two media: Dry Media and Wet (or Liquid) Media: - Dry Media: - Metalpoint- metal stick rubbed on a prepared piece of paper (usually bone ash and gum water). The metal reacted with the compounds on the paper, creating a line. Most metalpoint sticks were made of precious metals, such as silver and gold. - Chalk- made from a white soft stone or clay, usually calcium, talc, or gypsum. - Charcoal- made by burning wood to create black carbon. - Conte Crayon- made by combining clay with graphite. - Graphite- a form of carbon; a semi-metal that is soft enough to rub off on a surface. - Pastel- chalk with a colored pigment and a non-greasy binder. Because the pigment is diluted by the chalk, the color is not saturated. - Oil Stick- oil paint mixed with wax - Liquid Media: - Pen and Ink- iron-gall ink (powdered iron mixed with oils from a tree burl) - Wash and Brush- diluted ink which is applied using a brush

Printmaking Vocabulary - Print: a single impression - Matrix: the surface that the design has been made on - Edition: multiple impressions -There are 5 basic printmaking processes: Relief, Intaglio, Lithography, Silkscreen, and Monotype - Relief: - Woodcut- cutting into a black of wood to create an image. The artist has to cut the negative space to create the image- drawing in reverse. - Wood Engraving- cutting a relief image in the end-grain of blacks of wood. - Linocut- a relief process similar to a woodcut, but using linoleum as the matrix. - Intaglio: - Engraving- cutting into a piece of metal to create an image, much like a wood engraving. - Etching- a complex method of covering a metal plate with an acid-resistant material (called a ground); scratching through that material; and then soaking the plate in acid to “eat” the exposed metal in order to create lines. - Drypoint- Scratching a metal plate with a sharp metal stylus, creating a burr that the ink can attach to. - Lithography: - Drawing on a smooth block of Bavarian limestone with a wax pencil, applying water over the surface of the stone, and then rolling grease ink across the surface: the ink will only stick to the wax drawing. It works based on the fact that grease and water do not mix.

- Silkscreen: Using a frame that has been stretched with a fine cloth (usually silk), an artist applies a filling solution that hardens in the fibers-- this creates the image in reverse. Then ink is scraped across the cloth; the ink passes through the area where the solution is not and attaches to the paper. - Monotype: Using printmaking techniques and/or processes to create a single image rather than an edition. Painting Vocabulary - Pigment: colored powders that make up the color of paint - Medium or Binder: a substance that holds the pigment together - Support: the surface on which the artist paints - Ground- a material that prepares or primes the support for painting - Solvent or Vehicle: a substance that thins a medium Painting media: - Encaustic- colored pigment mixed with wax, applied when hot - Fresco- pigments applied to a surface (usually a wall) that has been covered in plaster. - Tempera- colored pigment mixed with egg whites - Oil paint- colored pigment mixed with oil, most commonly linseed oil. - Watercolor- colored pigment mixed with water and gum-arabic - Gouache- watercolor paint mixed with chalk - Acrylic- colored pigment mixed with a synthetic material, usually latex.

Sculpture There are two sculpture processes: The subtractive process is when an artist starts with a mass of material larger than the finished work and removes material to create an image. (i.e. carving) The additive process is when an artist builds a sculpture by adding material to create an image. (i.e. modeling, construction, assemblage, casting, and installation) Relief- a sculpture that is meant to be seen by only one side (the front) and is still attached to a substructure. Low relief- a relief sculpture that extends from the substructure less than 180 degrees. High relief- a sculpture that extends from its substructure by at least half its depth. Many times, there will be elements that are completely in the round. In the round- a sculpture that is meant to be seen from all sides, in 360 degrees. The sculptural processes discussed in class: - Carving- a subtractive process in which material is removed from a solid mass. - Modeling- using your hands to manipulate a soft and pliable material (usually clay) in order to create an image. - Casting- a sculpting process that uses a mold into which a material (most commonly metal) is poured and allowed to harden. Many contemporary sculptors use alternative casting materials, such as fiberglass, plastics, resins, and rubber. - Assemblage - a sculpture that brings a group of individual objects together to form a larger whole. Often, these objects are common items that are unexpectedly turned into art material. - Installation- sculpture that transforms the experience of an environment or space - Earthworks- sculpture that exists as large-scale, outdoor environments - Performance art- living sculpture that uses the human body to express and idea

Photography Vocabulary - Exposure- letting light hit a substrate coated with light-sensitive chemicals - Negative (or Film)- a transparent surface that captures and preserves the reverse of an image - Aperture- the size of the opening of the camera’s lens -The Camera Obscura was a tool widely used by artists for hundreds of years as a way of capturing exact perspective and to study the natural world. It could capture an image, but could not preserve it. It was the Camera Obscura that inspired the design of the photography camera. -Photography was invented almost simultaneously in England and France in 1839. In France, Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre invented the Daguerreotype; and in England, William Henry Fox Talbot invented Photogenic drawing, which led to the invention called the Talbotype, or Calotype. -“The Decisive Moment” is a phrase coined by Henri Cartier-Bresson to describe the perfect photographic moment that occurs naturally. -The Birth of a Nation was the world’s first motion picture. The invention of the motion picture allowed us to capture actual motion for the first time.

2-D Design Project, Due: Friday, March 9th Materials: - A section of posterboard, mattboard, davyboard, or foam-core board that is approximately 12” x 8” - Scissors - White glue or glue stick - Periodicals that you don’t mind destroying Personal Narrative Collage You will play the role of the artist documenting his/her time, place, and events. Using clippings from various periodicals (the medium), you will construct a collage that conveys a narrative. The subject will be an event from your life, it can be recent or from the past. Tell the viewer your story by summarizing the key symbols, players, surroundings, and actions that make up the event. You may only use material from periodicals glued onto the board. No text is allowed. You must tell the story using the language of art (Elements of Art and Principles of Design). Your composition must include the following: A focal point Visual balance At least 5 elements of art Unity in its construction (the way in which the medium is cut and applied) At least 1 vanishing point 200 points total

Romare Bearden. The Dove. 1964. 13 3/8 x 18 3/4 in.

Ada Stallman. Summer City Collage.

Ada Stallman. Times Square Collage.

Derek Gores.

Derek Gores.

Megan Coyle. Afternoon Conversations.

Megan Coyle. Chow Time.