lecture 2011.01: general introduction and open access (digital sustainability)

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Digital Sustainability in the Knowledge Society Welcome to Class 2011 ! :-) Dr. Marcus M. Dapp Lecturer ETH Zurich & IT strategist, City of Munich 26.09.2011

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Page 1: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

Digital Sustainabilityin the Knowledge Society 

Welcome to Class 2011 ! :­)

Dr. Marcus M. DappLecturer ETH Zurich & IT strategist, City of Munich

26.09.2011

Page 2: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

Today

• GOAL: you come back next week :)

• Message: Knowledge is different!• Scientific publishing & Open Access

• Lecture overview• «How to get credits & make friends»

Page 3: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

• »If you have an apple andI have an apple and we exchange them, you and I will still each have one apple. But if you have an idea and I have an idea and we exchange these ideas, then each of us will have two ideas.«

• George Bernard Shaw

Page 4: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

What did we learn?

• Physical stuff• One original, 

no copies• Only one can 

eat the whole• Prevent others 

from access is easy

• Information stuff• All copies ident., 

„original“?• Can be shared 

easily• Prevent others 

from access is <...>?

Page 5: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

Economists: Two Characteristics of Goods

• How excludable is access?• Easy/Diffult to prevent people from 

access?

• How rival is consumption?• Does one person‘s use of the good 

diminish another person‘s enjoyment of it? (Verbrauch vs. Gebrauch)

Page 6: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

Characteristics of Knowledge

Knowledge »as such« is nonrivalrous and hard­to­exclude.

Private Goods

Car, Book(most stuff...)

Natural Monopolies

Fire protectionCable TV

Common Resources

Fish in the oceanThe environment

Public Goods

Peace/Nat’l DefenseKnowledge/Culture

Consumption

exc

lud

ible

rivalrous non­rivalrous

non­

exc

lud

ible

N. Gregory Mankiw, Principles of Economics, Dryden 1998.

Consumption

Does one person‘s use  diminish another person‘s enjoyment of it?

Access

Can people be prevented from using the good?

Ac

ce

s s

Page 7: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

But markets‘ need rivalry...

• Pricing needs scarcity

• Scarcity needs rivalry

• What if there is no rivalry?

• Create it!

Page 8: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

How to make knowledge rivalrous

• »Intellectual property rights«• Exclude others from access/use• By creating legal monopolies

• Copyrights, patents, trademarks, ...• Underlying assumption: No new 

knowledge created if• No incentives• No rewards

Do youagree?

Page 9: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

<ethical position>

• »For if a thing is not diminishedby being shared with others, it is not rightly owned if it is only owned and not shared.«

• Saint Augustinus (397 AD)

Page 10: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

What happens when information goes digital?

• Analog world• costly production 

& distribution need investments

• Risky investments need incentives

• »digital effects«• … of PCs on 

production• … of the Internet 

on distribution

Page 11: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

Many »things« are knowledge artifacts

• Science• Traditions• Literature• Human genome• Design plans• ...

• Software• MP3 Audio• Video• JPEG image• Blog/Wiki entry• ...

Page 12: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

Example: Scientific publishing

• Scholars publish articles (in journals)• Use references to:

• Learn• Build on previous work• Measure performance

• Important system for• Knowledge exchange• Reputation building

Page 13: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

Science: How much does one brain contribute?

ALMOST ALL?

ONLY A BIT ATTHE TOP?

Page 14: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

The »all alone« theory

• How did Edison invent the light bulb?• By working hard for a long time? By 

being an individual genius?

ALL ALONE

Page 15: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

The »just a bit« theory

• How did Einstein build the Theory of Relativity?

• All by his own? By building on previous work? 

• Was he »just« the last missingpiece in a long chain?

PREVIOUSWORK

Page 16: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

How does science evolve?

• »If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.«Isaac Newton, 1676

• »Genius is one per cent inspiration, ninety­nine per cent perspiration.«Thomas Alva Edison, 1847­1931

• »Creativity and innovation always builds on the past.«Lawrence Lessig, 2001

Page 17: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

Different »theories« lead to different world views

• Goal = Ensure• Protection• Incentives

• for creator only

• Goal = Ensure• Access• Information Flow

• for many/all

Page 18: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

Example: STM publishing industry

Source: UK House of Commons, Science and Technology Committee,10th Report, Scientific Publications: Free for all?, 20. July 2004

• Scientific, technical and medical journals (STM)

• 8 largest = 2/3 of the market

• Market size: $7.3 billion(N­AM, EU)

• Where are the “Developing Countries”?

Page 19: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

STM publishing market

WriteReview &

select

Edit & proof­read

Publish

¥€$!

scientific community

publishing industry

Page 20: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

Publishers like the status quo

• Get content• High­quality (peer­reviewed)• Gratis• Plus: Copyright transfer

• Costs get lower• Digital technology

• Income • Loyal readers

Page 21: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

The market is a pyramid

• Motto »Reach the top«• No product substitution• Demand is independent of supply• Does market play?

Page 22: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

Uhm...

www.plos.org

Page 23: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

• «All researchers, regardless of the nature of their institution, should be granted access to the scientific journals they need to carry out their work effectively.»

• 10th Report of Science and Technology Committee (UK House of Commons)

»Open Access Publishing«

Page 24: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

Open access publishing process

WriteReview &

select

Edit & proof­read

Publish

scientific community

(industry is skipped)

Page 25: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

Open Access model

• Different pricing/costing models• free for readers• author­pays up­front• contractual expiration of © 

• Market• Quickly increasing• OA ~5% of STM market in 2004

Page 26: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

Open access initiatives

• Public Library of Science• www.plos.org

• Directory of Open Access Journals• www.doaj.org

• Wikipedia encyclopedia• www.wikipedia.org

Page 27: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

There is much more...

• ‚Journals‘ are one example in the big

 

• about the use of digital resources in our society. Important aspects:

• stakeholder groups• costs & benefits• levels of power 

DEBATE

Page 28: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

Goal #1 of this class – Understand the big picture!

Law PoliticsEconomics

Digital Technology

Production & Distribution ofKnowledge & Culture

Sustainable approaches

Stakeholders PowerCost/Benefit

Traditional models

Use of digital resources

Page 29: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

Goal #2 of this class – Reflect on selected issues

• Groups of 3 students produce• report (5000 words)• presentation in class (10'+5')

• Can get 2 credits• Space limit: max.15 groups

• Solution: »Apply« online for a topic

Page 30: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

 Reader­Package

• Jeanette Hofmann (Hrsg.), Wissen und Eigentum, bpb 2006.

• Volker Grassmuck, Freie Software, bpb 2004.

• Konrad Becker, Die Politik der Infosphäre, bpb 2003.

• All available as online PDFs.

Page 31: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)
Page 32: Lecture 2011.01: General Introduction and Open Access (Digital Sustainability)

Next week

• Discussing Key Terms• HOWTO groupwork

• Write the report• Run a presentation