Lecture 4 Othello the Moor of Venice

Critical Focus on Act 2 Scenes 1 &2

A word about Dramatic Effects

Achieved through language Provides actors with the means to create the

dramatic effect of fear, joy, day, night, tempest-wracked sea, and keep the audience constantly engaged through creation of conflict

The imagination of the audience must respond to the language of the play, creating in their minds the storm for instance in Act 2, Scene 1.

Dramatic Effects created by

Use of blank verse and / or prose Diction i.e. choice of words and their effects Choice of imagery used Choice and structure of sentences Use of Repetition Length and structure of a given speech Use of soliloquy Cumulative effect of dramatic irony Dramatic actions (not just words but deeds)

Analysis of dramatic effects (INTERNAL & EXTERNAL)

What intended effect does the choice and form of a word, phrase, line, sentence, speech, image, symbol have upon its actual context in a given scene within the play?

What ‘expected’ effect is the performance of a given Act, Scene, or Dialogue Sequence likely to have upon a viewing audience in an actual theatre?

Re dramatic effect of prose in Scene 3 of Act 2

Roderigo & Iago are left together and the dialogue moves to the everyday tone of prose

Iago’s main speeches are weighty and deliberately rhetorical, especially in his second long speech to his dupe, Roderigo

With its repeated emphasis on need for money ‘put money in thy purse’

Iago’s cynical logic in Act 1 Scene 3

Iago’s use of his characteristic vigorous prose creates the effect of “reality” without being realistic

The language is somewhat like common speech yet “raised” above the ordinary level

Has the effect of showing Iago’s confident egoism And his tendency to reduce everything to the barest

physical (love is merely a ‘lust of the blood’) and material terms (his solution to every problem is ‘put money in thy purse’)

Intended to convince R success with D within reach

Dramatic Purpose of Act 2 Scene 1

To make apparent change in scene setting To plunge the audience into the crisis of the storm To provide a picture of the reunion of Othello and

Desdemona in Cyprus To develop the character of Cassio To introduce Emilia; & other minor characters To throw further light on the characters of Othello,

Desdemona, and Iago To develop Iago’s plot

Note technique for suggesting the storm and vivid natural background using descriptive blank verse dialogue

First Gentleman talks of “a high wrought- flood…’twixt the heaven and the main”

Montano adds the idea of the wind, speaking “aloud at land”; Says that it was a “blast” that “shook our battlements”

Second Gentleman adds to the picture with “the foaming shore…the chiding billow seems to pelt the clouds…the wind-shak’d surge, with high and monstrous main”

Storm scene (no elaborate scenery)

Upon Cassio’s arrival, audience hears and sees the great contention of sea and skies:

“Tempests…high seas…howlingwinds…gutter’d rocks, and congregated sands” Dramatic effect: Makes the story of the

Turkish disaster credible Heightens our anxiety for the safety of the

voyagers from Venice

Storm functions to create additional suspense Safe arrival of the main characters remains for some

time in question Othello’s arrival is awaited with some anxiety This anxiety creates the effect of highlighting the

general admiration for his person and achievements Othello’s delay also allow us (the audience) to sense

the depth of Desdemona’s love for her husband

Critical reservations? Re- Desdemona

As Desdemona waits near the harbour for Othello’s arrival

She spends some time in trivial banter with Iago One might have expected her to go to the harbour

front to check on him Instead of merely interrupting her talk with Iago to

ask whether someone else had gone:“Come on, assay…there’s one gone to the harbour?”

There is the further oddity that Desdemona seems able to accommodate herself with surprising ease

To Iago’s vulgar, insinuating line of talk. Her defense of her conduct may, however,

be taken as sincere “I am not merry, but I do beguile / The thing I

am by seeming otherwise”

Symbolical significance?

Personal drama of Othello & Desdemona is set against a background of a national crisis, and a crisis at sea.

The storm symbolizes the disorder that soon will rage in the hero’s soul; (dramatic effect)

Dramatically embodies the tempestuous passions that are at the very heart of the play

Dramatic significance of reunion in Cyprus

Almost immediately Othello & Desdemona had to separate after marriage and leave for Cyprus

Othello’s first words on landing are for Desdemona: “O my fair warrior!”

Her first greeting for him is full of sincere emotion: “My dear Othello!”

To see her before him again gives Othello cause to say: “O my soul’s joy!”

He is experiencing “content so absolute” that “if it were now to die // ’Twere now to be most happy”

Their reunion is so full of tenderness and love

Dramatic Irony

Theme of deceitful appearance is intimately connected with use of irony in this play

At the root of all verbal irony is a contrast between what is being said, implied, suggested on the one hand

And what is actually the case, or is meant on the other

E.g. Othello’s and Cassio’s reiterated use of ‘honest’ in relation to Iago

The great ironies of the play have their origin in Iago

Irony and Ironic Effects

The conscious ironist pretends to be unaware that the appearance is only an appearance

The victim of the irony remains unaware of the contrast between the reality and the appearance

In the case of Othello, the audience is in a position to experience intimately the ironist Iago’s diabolical pleasure in his dealings with his victim [Ironic effects]

Iago reveals at every turn what he intends to do with Othello, Roderigo, Brabantio, Cassio

All of whom to a large extent remain in ignorance of his plans for them

Situational & Verbal Irony

Commonest kind of dramatic irony involves a character undertaking a course of action which leads where he least expects it to (victim of irony of situation)

Apart from the web of verbal ironies surrounding the attribution of ‘honest’ to Iago,

Desdemona is sure that Cassio & Othello will soon be at one ‘as friendly as you were’

Her words do come true but not in the sense she intends; they are united once more but only after her death

Every line of Othello’s first 2 speeches has a double-edged meaning and force

Reunion has an undercurrent of dramatic irony

The Moor’s almost childlike joy at being once more with his wife is full of a sense of tragic impermanence

We are made to feel (dramatic effect) that even as he speaks, the “unknown fate” to which he refers so innocently is preparing the end of his brief happiness

Dramatic effects?

“…for I fear / My soul hath her content so absolute / That not another comfort like to this / Succeeds in unknown fate”

His allusion to his own death falls on our ears with an ominously different sense

From that which it has for the ecstatic Othello This is the peek of loving joy from which the Moor is

to be dragged down Their reunion defines their happiness before the

process of destroying begins…by Iago

Reunion contrasted with closing segment of this scene?

Last part of this scene shows again a contrast in dramatic effect

From the blank-verse dignity and joy of Othello and Desdemona

We sink to the prose, matter-of-fact conversation between Roderigo and IAGO

Iago pushes aside all poetry and beauty of love (which we have just seen / heard)

And reduces Desdemona to that cheapness which will encourage, seduce, and urge on Roderigo

Developing the character of Cassio

Ardent admirer of Desdemona: in his eyes she is “a maid / That paragons descriptions, and wild fame”

She is “the divine Desdemona” “our great captain’s captain” Holds Othello in the highest regard and

speaks of him as a god coming to breathe life-force into Cyprus

Re Cassio

A polished Florentine gentleman; We note his actions: kisses the hand of Emilia and

extends the same courtesy to Desdemona; But this also suggests his susceptibility to the

charms of pretty women (dramatic effects) Seems not to see evil in people—interprets Iago’s

behaviour as that of a typical rough-hewn soldier; vulgar but with a heart of gold

“you may relish him more in the soldier than in the scholar”

His elaborate praise of Othello and Desdemona suggests the depth of his regard for both of them

Note his diction is elegant and his manner is courtly But he is no paragon of virtue His easy-going nature, his reluctance to say no is

fully exploited by Iago Seldom appears in the play, but his dramatic function

is no less important

Hazlitt says

The Moor Othello, the gentle Desdemona, the villain Iago, the good-natured Cassio, the fool Roderigo

Present a range and variety of character as striking and palpable

As that produced by the opposition of costume in a picture

Development of Iago’s plotIago as SPIDERMAN?

As soon as he sees Cassio take Desdemona “by the palm” we can see his mind at work

The kissing of a hand is only a small matter, an act of courtesy on part of Cassio; not with Iago. He will make use of it:

“as little a web as this will ensnare as great a a fly as Cassio”

Note these actions: Cassio smiles on Desdemona and kisses his own three fingers. This is not overlooked by Iago:

“If such tricks as these strip you out of your lieutenantry”

Plans to use this observation to damage the character of Cassio to his advantage

He watches the happiness of the reunion and sees them kiss; plans to destroy their happiness:

“O, you are well tuned now,But I’ll set down the pegs that make this music” He will work on Othello’s mind and put the Moor “At least, into a jealousy so strong, That judgment cannot cure”

Themes?

Look for the themes of: Love versus Hate Good and Evil Appearance and Reality Theme of Revenge

Dramatic Purpose of Act 2 Scene 2

To remove the tension from the citizens of Cyprus

To celebrate Othello’s nuptials To increase the sense of the private

domestic tension To make it possible for Iago’s plot against

Cassio To add to the background of coming events

Increasing domestic tension

We hear the proclamation of festivities But we are not allowed to forget the domestic

drama While the public will have every cause to

celebrate Othello will soon have no cause for revelry The public revelry will stand as a contrast to

the dark tragedy that is about to follow

Making possible Iago’s plot

We recall Iago’s plot against Cassio He has employed Roderigo to engage in brawl with

Cassio in order to discredit him The relaxed atmosphere of drinking and disorder in

the camp at night is just perfect for such a brawl We recall Iago’s soliloquy at the end of Act 1: “Hell and night Must bring this monstrous birth to the world’s light”

Imagery & great image-patterns

Main image is of animals in action and through these the general sense of evil, pain, unpleasantness is increased and kept before the audience

Underlies theme of supernatural evil: the Imagery of Hell and Damnation which has a crucial influence on the tone and atmosphere of the play