lecture 9 e waste

7/28/2019 Lecture 9 E WASTE

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Environmental concerns

E-wastes / Electronic Wastes

www.worldalmanac.com


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What is e-waste ?

Definition All waste from or caused by electronics, which is often toxic

waste.

Also termed as - Waste from Electronics and Electrical Equipment (WEEE)

Constitutes - Electronic equipment /products which become obsolete.

Comprises of - Household appliances such as - Refrigerators, AC,

mobile phone, computer and consumer electronics


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What doese-waste

comprise of?

sitemaker.umich.edu/.../what_is_e-waste.png


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Major contributors

Wirelesstechnology

Computers

Electronic productsdiscarded globally

20-50 million tons /year

By Asia alone

>10 million tons / year Indian Scenario

About 146000 tonsevery year


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Reasons for e-waste accumulation

Rapid technological change

Continuously changing products

High obsolescence rate Readily discarded

Huge imported market

Low initial cost

Planned obsolescence

Indifferent attitude


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e-waste status India

Steep growth in computers 15 million to 75 million (2010)*

Increase in PC penetration - 14 per 1000 to 65 per1000 by 2008 (MAIT)

Huge quantum of old & obsolete PCs About 2 million need disposal

High growth of mobile phones Touch 20 million (2007)

200,000 mobile phones being added every day

Number of telephones Touch 200 million (2007)


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Whats inyour computer ?

Up to 60 elementsfrom the periodic table


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Hazardous Wastes in computer1:Lead in cathode ray tube and solder

2: Arsenic in older cathode ray tubes5: Antimony trioxide as flame retardant

4: Polybrominated flame retardants in

plastic casings, cables and circuit boards

3: Selenium in circuit boards as powersupply rectifier

6: Cadmium in circuit boards and

semiconductors

7: Chromium in steel as corrosion

protection

8: Cobalt in steel for structure and

magnetivity

9: Mercury in switches

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6187358.stm


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What does numbers mean .?

A pile of 500 computers contains

717kg of lead

1.36kg of cadmium

863 grams of chromium and 287 grams of mercury

Sample this in one of Indias cyber cities - Bangalore

1,000 tonnes of lead and iron

350 tonnes of copper

43 tonnes of nickel

0.23 tonnes of mercury


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What do they lead to?


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Source Constituent Health Effects

Solder in Printed circuitboards, Gaskets incomputer monitors

Lead Damage to nervous system,kidney damage

Chip resistors andsemiconductors

Cadmium Itai Itai disease, kidney andliver damage

Relays and switches Mercury Minamata disease,

Steel plates Chromium Respiratory diseases

Front Panel of CRTs Barium Muscle weakness, damage toheart, liver

Motherboard Beryllium Carcinogenic (lung cancer),

Berylliosis, Skin diseases such aswarts.

Plastic housing ofelectronic equipmentsand circuit boards

Brominatedflame retardants

Disrupts endocrine systemfunctions


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Mercurypoisoning

Strangeness of cats -1950

The Chisso Corporation -1932

Post world war II Demand for Acetaldehyde Successive loss of motor

control - ATAXIA

Disease traced to mercuryfrom Chisso 1963, PublicHealth Service researchers

Methyl mercury chloride Entry to food chain.

Finally stopped productionof acetaledyde in 1968

Payments totaling $3.2million 1970


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Victims had:

Degeneration of nervous systems.

Numbness in limbs and lips. Slurred speech became, and constricted vision

Some had serious brain damage, while others lapsedinto unconsciousness or suffered from involuntary

movements, some victims turned insane COMA inextreme cases.

Dr. Hajime Hosokawa from the ChissoCorporation Hospital, reported on May 1, 1956

"an unclarified disease of the central nervous systemhas broken out".

Dr. Hosokawa linked the fish diets to the disease, andpollution by poisons from the Chisso Corporation.
http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=OB1Uv1qOqQueJM&tbnid=KKDIZDdtkChGgM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gilee.com.tw%2Foem%2Fmain.php%3FnLv0No%3D500&ei=k7NCUbPsMMufmQXQnYCIBw&bvm=bv.43828540,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNFCQZCNsiTbIQ9P4momF1kPW39IPw&ust=1363412183570842


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"it i it i b "
http://westox.site.wesleyan.edu/files/2012/05/kid.jpghttp://westox.site.wesleyan.edu/files/2012/05/Brain.jpghttp://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=OB1Uv1qOqQueJM&tbnid=KKDIZDdtkChGgM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gilee.com.tw%2Foem%2Fmain.php%3FnLv0No%3D500&ei=k7NCUbPsMMufmQXQnYCIBw&bvm=bv.43828540,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNFCQZCNsiTbIQ9P4momF1kPW39IPw&ust=1363412183570842


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"itai-itai byo"

The Kamioka Mining Co., Ltd in Toyama Amongst the world's top mines till 1945

Increased raw material demand World War I & II

First appearance of disease In the downstream basin of the Jinzu River - 1912

Reason Chronic cadmium poisoning.

Effect It first impairs kidney function and progressively causes

osteomalacia osteomalacia is weak and brittle bones which leads to bone deformities

Cause Upstream discharge into the Jinzu River

Economic impacts - Compensation Annual health expense - 743 million yen. Agricultural damage - 1.75 billion yen per year

To reduce further pollution of the river - 620 million yen annually
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenhttp://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=XA8wRIL4Wk61_M&tbnid=3tqf1VIGJig0IM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Froentgenrayreader.blogspot.com%2F2011_05_01_archive.html&ei=ZbZCUcWYEo2KmQWC9YCoBw&bvm=bv.43828540,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNEEEOJyYWng18Tvp9iUeFgNB9KiGQ&ust=1363412954946067http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=y_Sy2bVr6GUlIM&tbnid=RSsWnxGA5Min_M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fic.ucsc.edu%2F~flegal%2Fetox80e%2FSpecTopics%2Fitaiitaipics.html&ei=b7NCUaCGCrDwmAW1yYGACg&bvm=bv.43828540,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNFCQZCNsiTbIQ9P4momF1kPW39IPw&ust=1363412183570842http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen


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The cheerful blaze from the chimney

stack, Up in the air brightens ourfutures face. We dream and neverlook back, As this sky leads to the

starry space.


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The four big pollution related disasters in Japan

Name ofdisease

Cause Source Year

Minamatadisease

Mercurypoisoning

Chissochemicalfactory

1932 - 1968

NiigataMinamatadisease

Mercurypoisoning

ShwaElectricalWorks

1965

YokkaichiAsthma

Sulfurdioxide andnitrogendioxide

Air pollutioninYokkaichi

1961

Itai-itai

disease

Cadmium

poisoning

Mining inToyamaPrefecture

1912

Environ Health. 2008; 7: 8.Published online 2008 February 26. doi:

10.1186/1476-069X-7-8PMCID: PMC2311286

Mortality and life expectancy ofYokkaichi Asthma patients, Japan: Late

effects of air pollution in 196070s
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamata_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamata_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chissohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chissohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chissohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niigata_Minamata_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niigata_Minamata_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niigata_Minamata_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showa_Denkohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showa_Denkohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showa_Denkohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokkaichi_Asthmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokkaichi_Asthmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokkaichi,_Miehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itai-itai_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itai-itai_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyama_Prefecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyama_Prefecturehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1476-069X-7-8http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1476-069X-7-8http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1476-069X-7-8http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1476-069X-7-8http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1476-069X-7-8http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1476-069X-7-8http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1476-069X-7-8http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1476-069X-7-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyama_Prefecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyama_Prefecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itai-itai_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itai-itai_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itai-itai_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itai-itai_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokkaichi,_Miehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokkaichi_Asthmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokkaichi_Asthmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showa_Denkohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showa_Denkohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showa_Denkohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niigata_Minamata_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niigata_Minamata_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niigata_Minamata_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niigata_Minamata_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chissohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chissohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chissohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamata_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamata_disease


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Global E-waste impacts

World over Schools built on or near toxic waste sites

Increased risk of developing asthma, cancerand other diseases linked to environmental

pollutants

Asia In China, water sample reveals levels of lead

190 times as high as the drinking waterstandard set by the World Health Organization.

India Hospitals attending to patients with 10 timesthe expected level of lead in their blood.


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Greatest in developedcountries followed byheavily industrialized

countries then spreadingto rapidly developingcountries

Asthma

www.patienthealthinternational.com


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Whats the fate of the e-wastegenerated?

Where does this all e-waste go to?
http://www.etoxics.org/site/PageServer?pagename=svtc_global_ewaste_crisis


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hyperexperience.com/.../2007/11/ewaste.gif
http://www.etoxics.org/site/PageServer?pagename=svtc_global_ewaste_crisis


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http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/toxics/electronics/the-e-waste-

problem/where-does-e-waste-end-up/


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India

A dumping sitefor developed countries

???????

25,000 workers are employed at scrap yards in Delhi alone, where10-20000 tonnes of e-waste is handled each year, 25 percent of this

being computers. Other e-waste scrap yards have been found inMeerut, Ferozabad, Chennai, Bangalore and Mumbai.

Not a laughing matter..


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g g

www.chms.ucdavis.edu/.../photos/ewaste.JPG


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Concerns

Toxic constituents pose health risk

to one and all

Rudimentary Methods of Disposal

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JZey9GJQP0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JZey9GJQP0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JZey9GJQP0


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Reality-Bites

Handling e-waste

A Case study by TERI, (New Delhi)

In Delhi-NCR


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Electronic waste in Delhi

5,000 metric tonnes (MT) of hazardous waste annually

The amount of e-waste generated annually ~12,000tonnes.

Mostly processed in Shastri Nagar, Turkman Gate,Seelampur, Mauzpur and Mustafabad.

Eastern parts of Delhi:Mandwali are the epicentres of e-waste recycling

Mandawali: metal work recovery Bawana and Narela: huge centres for all kinds of

recycling and preprocessing work

Delhi NCR


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Delhi NCR

Recycling Clusters

Dismantling Clusters

River Yamuna

Handling e-waste


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g

Hammering of

E waste materialsSegregation of useful

materials

Handling of E-materials

without any protection

Women cleaning

circuit boards

Metal recovery in

acid solutions


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Disposal of E-waste

Disposal of PCs scrap in and

around processing area

Impact of e-waste recycling Impact on soil


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Impact of e waste recycling Impact on soil

Discharge of acid water innear by fields after metal

extractions


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Impact on soil

Impact on

groundwater

Efficient management of E-wastes


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Collection

Segregation Dismantling

Respecting EnvironmentalNorms & Policies

Material flow of an e waste product


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Material flow of an e-waste product

Product collection

Test/sort Resale/reuse product

Disassembly Resale/reuse product

Size reduction

Separation of the materials Disposal

Material recovery

Market


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Average amounts of selected elements in dustobtained from recycling of electronic equipment.

Element Content g.kg-1

Aluminum Al 237Copper Cu 80Lead Pb 20Nickel Ni 15Tin Sn 23Zinc Zn 26


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Management of E-waste

Inventory Management

Production-Process Modification

Volume Reduction

Recovery and Reuse Sustainable Product Design

Exposing stakeholders to bettertechnological options/ procedures

Sensitization and awareness generation Providing support system at local level


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National Extended Producer Responsibility Program(EPR)

A policy option requiring producers to be financially orphysically responsible for their products after their useful life

EPR requires that producers either take back spent productsand manage them through reuse, recycling, or

remanufacturing, or delegate this responsibility to a third party,a so-called producer responsibility organization (PRO), which ispaid by the producer for spent-product management.

Advantage: Placing responsibility for waste management with producers

creates a strong incentive for them to redesign products with anaim toward less material use and improved recyclability.

Take-back obligations create a valuable incentive for producers tostart thinking about problems that they usually just leave forsociety to take care of

C t M hi Mi b


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Computer Munching Microbes

Mobilization of metals from dust residue Bacteria

Thiobacilli

Fungi

Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp.

Role of Microbes

Grew at concentration of 100 g/l of electronicscrap

Mobilized Cu and Sn by 65% and Al, Ni, Pband Zn by more than 95%


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Trends in Electronic Waste Recycling in Developed

Nations

European countries - In 1990s Banned the disposal of E-waste in landfills

Electronic Waste Recycling Act of 2003 State introduced E-waste recycling fee on all new

monitors and televisions sold to cover the cost of recycling

From 2004 - California California was the first state to enact legislation on E-

waste recycling followed by Maryland and Washington.

USA NATIONAL E-waste bills INTRODUCED

The Electronic Device Recycling Research andDevelopment Act Awaits consideration from US Senate

The National Computer Recycling Act

REGULATORY REGIME FOR E WASTE I
http://www.speaker.gov/newsroom/legislation?id=0299http://www.speaker.gov/newsroom/legislation?id=0299http://www.speaker.gov/newsroom/legislation?id=0299http://www.speaker.gov/newsroom/legislation?id=0299


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REGULATORY REGIME FOR E-WASTE InIndia

No specific environmental laws or Guidelines fore-waste.

Existing environmental laws No direct reference to electronic waste.

Provisions apply to various aspects of electronicwastes.

e-waste covered under the purview of The Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2003.

Update on e-waste mangement rules in India


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Update on e waste mangement rules in India

Ministry of Environment & Forestsreleased

E waste management & handling rules

2010 The rules were open to public and the

notification contains guidelines for:

Responsibilities of producer

Responsibilities of consumers

Responsibilities of recyclers

Around the world in 16 years


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Around the world in 16 years

Shipment of toxic waste fromPhiladelphia waste municipalincinerators

Leaves the coast on cargo ship in1989 with a load of 14,000 tons toxicfly ash

Travels to 11 countries.... 4continents... Sold... namechanged...threatened...cange courseat gun point........ Returns to

Philadelphia with 2500 tons toxic flyash

GREEN PEACE

Ship filled with garbage ash still sits offU.S. coast after 14 years

No takers come forward to accept non-toxic refuse in landfills

Published: Monday, September 04, 2000

http://lubbockonline.com/stories/090400/lif

090400027 shtml

Basel Convention


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A convention on Control of Transboundary Movementsof Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal.

International treaty designed to reduce the movements ofhazardous waste between nations.

Came to force on 5 May 1992.

180 countries including EU ratified parties to the Convention

Haiti & US only signatories not ratified

Contents of the convention

Conditions on the import and export of wastes

Stringent requirements for notice, consent and tracking formovement of wastes across national boundaries.

A general prohibition on the exportation or importation of wastesbetween Parties and non-Parties.

The United States is a notable non-Party to the Convention andhas a number of such agreements for allowing the shipping of

hazardous wastes to Basel Party countries.

How we can help?


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How we can help?

Encouraging vendors and brand owners Subscribe to a take-back and recycling program

Upgrading or repairing

Minimise replacing

Donating old equipment Learn about

reuse, recycling and disposal options forelectronic in your area

Help to keep electronic products out oflandfills

lecture 9 e waste

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