lecture 9 : immunity, disease, and vaccines objectives: understand how the body fights infections...
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Lecture 9: Immunity, Disease, and Vaccines Objectives:•Understand how the body fights infections
•Defense strategies•Components of the defense
•Understand how pathogens fight the defense•Understand how a vaccine works
Objectives:•Understand how the body fights infections
•Defense strategies•Components of the defense
•Understand how pathogens fight the defense•Understand how a vaccine works
Background Reading: Chapter 35
Three Lines of DefenseBarriers at Body Surfaces• Physical barriers• Chemical barriers• Normal flora• Disposable surfacesNonspecific Responses (Innate Immunity)• Inflammation
– Fast acting cell types (self vs. non-self)– Cells that remove debris– Proteins: hole plugging, hole making, and cutting tools
Specific Immune Responses (Cellular Immunity)• B and T cells• Communication• Antibodies and perforins
Barriers at Body Surface• Intact skin and mucous membranes• Lysozyme • Normal bacterial flora• Flushing and Sheading
Three Lines of DefenseBarriers at Body Surfaces
Nonspecific Responses (Innate Immunity)• Inflammation
– Fast acting cell types (self vs. non-self)– Cells that remove debris– Proteins: hole plugging, hole making, and cutting tools
Specific Immune Responses (Cellular Immunity)
Nonspecific Responses
• Lymph nodes trap and kill pathogens
• Natural killer cells attack a range of targets
• Inflammation
InflammationFast acting cell types (self vs. non-self)Cells that remove debrisProteins: hole plugging, hole making, and cutting tools
Complement System
• Plasma proteins that take part in both specific and nonspecific response
• Activation of one triggers cascade of reactions that activate others
CASCADE REACTION
FORMATION OFATTACK COMPLEXES
LYSIS OFTARGET
Acute Inflammation
• Nonspecific response to foreign invasion,
tissue damage, or both
• Destroys invaders, removes debris, and
prepares area for healing
• Characterized by redness, swelling,
warmth, and pain
Inflammation
• Mast cells release histamine• Capillaries dilate and leak• Complement proteins attack bacteria• White cells attack invaders and clean up
Inflammation
• Redness- vessel dilation• Warmth- increased blood flow• Swelling- edema, leaking• Pain- pressure on free nerve endings
Three Lines of DefenseBarriers at Body Surfaces
Nonspecific Responses (Innate Immunity)
Specific Immune Responses (Cellular Immunity)• B and T cells• Communication• Antibodies and perforins
Immune Responses
• Directed against specific invaders
• Carried out by T cells, B cells, and
macrophages
• Communication signals such as
interleukins play a vital role
Definitions: B cells, T Cells, and Macrophage
• B cell– Covered with antibody (one type)– Don’t recognize MHC presented antibody, only free
antigens
• T Cell (Thymus)
– Ignore free antigen– recognize only antigen presented by MHC
• Macrophage– Clears particles– Presents MHC antigens
Definitions
Antibody Structure• Antibody consists of
four polypeptide chains
• Certain parts of each chain are variable; impart antigen specificity
variable regionof heavy chain
antigen-binding site antigen-binding site
hinge region(flexible)
variable region of light chain
constant region of light chain
Definitions
Antigen:
Any substance that stimulates the production of antibodies
Usually a protein or large molecule
Little 3-D shapes that antibodies can recognize.
RecognitionRecognition
Self and Non-selfSelf and Non-self
antigen framents
MHC molecule
antigen-MHC complex
MHC
Recognition
Displaying non-self
Features of Immune System
• Immunological specificity– B and T cells zero in on certain kinds of
pathogens; response is pathogen specific
• Immunological memory– Immune system recognizes and reacts
swiftly to a pathogen it has “seen”
Memory and Effector Cells
• When a B or T cell is stimulated to divide,
it produces more than one cell type
• Memory cells are set aside for future use;
they are the basis for immune memory
• Effector cells engage and destroy the
current threat
Key Component of Immune Response
Key Component of Immune Response
• MHC markers• Antigen-presenting cells• Helper T cells• Effector cytoxic T cells• Natural killer cells• B cells
Overview of an Immune Response
Naive helper T cell
Naive B cell
Antigen-presenting cell
Activated helper T cell
Effector B cell
Naive cytotoxic T cell
Effector cytotoxic T cell
Antibody - mediated response
Cell - mediated responseKey Components of
Immune Response• MHC markers• Antigen-presenting
cells• Helper T cells• Effector cytoxic T cells• Natural killer cells• B cells
Lymphocyte Battlegrounds
• Lymph nodes filter antigens from body fluids
• Macrophages, dendritic cells, B cell and T cells in nodes and spleen mount a defense
Antibody-Mediated Response
• Carried out by B cells
• Targets are intracellular pathogens and
toxins
• Antibodies bind to target and mark it for
destruction by phagocytes and
complement
Antibody- Mediated Response
Naive B cell
Antigen-presentingB cell
Helper T cell
Interleukins
Memory B cell
Effector B cellsecretes antibodies
• Virgin B cell becomes antigen-presenting B cell
• Helper T cell binds to antigen-MHC complex on the B cell
• Interleukins stimulate B cell division and differentiation
• Effector cells secrete antibodies
5 Classes of Immunoglobulins
• IgM are secreted first; trigger complement reactions, agglutination
• IgD function is not understood
• IgG activates complement; can cross placenta
• IgA associates with mucus-coated surfaces
• IgE triggers inflammation
Cell-Mediated Response
One macrophage
Another macrophage
interleukins
interleukins Helper T cell
Cytotoxic T cell
Infected body cell
• Carried out by T cells
• Stimulated by antigen-
presenting macrophages
• Main target is antigen-
presenting body cells
(cells with intracellular
pathogens) or tumor cells
Organ Rejection
• Cytotoxic T cells can contribute to rejection of transplanted tissue
• They recognize a portion of the donor cell’s MHC complex as self, view a portion as foreign
• Treat the combination as an antigen-MHC complex and attack donor cells
Allergies• Immune reaction to a harmless substance
• Genetic predisposition
• IgE responds to antigen by binding to mast cells and basophils
• These cells secrete the substances that cause symptoms
Anaphylactic Shock
• A life-threatening allergic reaction
• Caused by the release of histamine by
many mast cells and basophils
• Airways constrict and blood pressure
drops as capillary permeability soars
Autoimmune Disorders
• Immune system makes
antibodies against self
antigens
• Grave’s disease
• Myasthenia gravis
• Rheumatoid arthritis
Bacterial Pathogen
Category A Threats:
• Defined by the CDC as high-priority agents include organisms that pose a risk to national security because they:
– Can be easily disseminated or transmitted from person to person
– Result in high mortality rates and have the potential for major public health impact
– Might cause public panic and social disruption
– Require special action for public health preparedness.
Infection type Mortality (untreated)
Cutaneous 20%
Intestinal 80-90%
Inhalation 90*-99%
*with treatment
Bacillus anthracis
Major Symptoms
• Skin- – characteristic sores
• Intestinal- – fever, intestinal discomfort,
intestinal ulceration.
• Inhalation- – fever, cough, malaise (flu-like)– Sever respiratory distress,
chills, edema
Pathophysiology
Immunization
• Process that promotes immunity
• Active immunization - – Antigen-containing material is injected
– Confers long lasting immunity
• Passive - – Purified antibody is injected
– Protection is short lived
first exposureto antigen
subsequent exposureto the same antigen
Immunization
HIV Picture
All you need to know
• Chapter 35
• Table 35.1
• Table 35.1 figure 35.5
• Figure 35.6
• Figure 35.7