lecture+1+and+2+radar+overview+and+fundamental

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Korea Aerospace Univ. (Prof. Kwag) 2

Text : RADAR-principles, technology, application

by Byron Edde, Prentice Hall, 1993

Principles of Modern Radar

by Mark A Richards, Scitech, 2010

References :

1) Introduction to Radar, M. Skolink, McGraw Hill 2001

2) Radar System Design and Analysis, Mahafza, CRC 2000

3) Radar Principles, IEE

+ 20%, (40%), (40%)

Introduction


1 week (3/5) : Introduction to Radar

2 week (3/12) : Radar Fundamental

3 week (3/19) : Radar System

4 week (3/26) : Radar System - Tx/Antenna

5 week (4/2) : Radar System Rx/RSP

6 week (4/9) : Radar Equations

7 week (4/16) : Radar Target and Clutter

8 week (4/23) : Mid-Term Exam

9 week (4/30) : Radar Detection

10 week(5/7) : Radar CFAR

11 week(5/14) : Sampling and PRF

12 week(5/21) : Radar MTI Signal Processing

13 week(5/29) : Radar MTD Signal Processing

14 week(6/4) : High Resolution Radar

15 week(6/5) : Final Term Exam

Course Outline :


Lecture 1 : Radar Overview

Lecture 2 : Radar Fundamentals

Lecture 3 : The Radar System

Lecture 4 : Radar Equation

Lecture 5 : Targets and Clutter

Lecture 6 : Radar Detection and CFAR

Lecture 7 : Radar Signal Processing

Lecture 8: MTI/MTD Processing

Lecture 9: High Resolution Radar

Lecture 10: Radar - Experimental Demo

Lecture Modules

Korea Aerospace Univ. (Prof. Kwag)

Lecturer : Prof. Young K Kwag

- Professor of Korea Aerospace University

- Director of Radar Research Institute at KAU

- General Chair of APSAR 2011 in Seoul

- Member of IEEE International Radar Conference

- Chapter Chair of IEEE AESS Korea Section

- Chairman of Radar Society in KIEES

- Chairman of Aerospace Electronics Society in KSAS

- Chairman of Korea Science Technology Policy Society in National Assembly

- Visiting Professor of Oxford University, UK

- Head of Radar and SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) Div, ADD

- Project Manager of Spaceborne SAR Project, Matra Marconi, UK

- Radar Tutorial Lecturer since 2001


Lecture 1 : Radar Overview

Objective - ,

.

- - - - - - - Reference

6


National Defense - ISR Mission

Intelligence

Surveillance

Reconnaissance

Space borne

SAR/ Exploration

Airborne SAR

UAV - SAR

UWB Medical imaging

Oceanography

Ecology National Disaster

Forest Fire, Earth Quake

Pollution

Traffic ControlCAR ACC Radar

Weather Radar

Rain Radar

Security & Remote Sensing


RADAR - Electronic EyeRADAR : RAdio Detection And Ranging

: Range, Angle, Velocity, Size, Feature : Clutter, Interference, Jamming, Noise

Pd

Pfa

S/N

Target Model

Clutter Model

All Weather Environments


1886Radio Wave

DEMO, H. Hertz

1903Ship

Hulsmeyer

1920-30CW

A/C Radar

1950Pulsed Doppler SAR

1970 MTI

SAR Radar

1960Phased ArrayRadar

System Trend :, ,

, ,

Technology Trend :Multi-Freq. Multi-Polarization

Wide Bandwidth, High ResolutionPhased Array, Adaptive Processing

100 100 years Technology Evolution and Trends

1940Pulsed Radar

World WarII

1980SAR

OTH

1990Multi-FunctionRadar

2000 SARLPI


10

- RANGE : SHORT, MIDEUM, LONG RANGE

- FUNCTION : SURVEILLANCE, TRACKING

- INFORMATION: 1D, 2D, 3D, 4D, IMAGE(SAR)

- FREQUENCY : HF, UHF, L, S, C, X, Ku, Millimeter

- PROCESSING : MTI, DOPPLER, LPI, SAR, UWB

- PRF : LPRF, MPRF, HPRF

- OBJECT : A/C, SHIP, MISSILE, VEHICLE,

WEATHER, Human Body

- PLATFORM : GROUND, SHIPBORNE, AIRBORNE

SPACEBORNE, VEHICLE


/

/

UWB

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

, , , ,

, , , , , , / , , ,


Ground Based Radar : PAC3

(MFR)

Shipborne Radar : EGIS

Airborne Radar : AWACS

Spaceborne Radar : RadarSat SAR

Radar Equation

12

41

min

3

22

max4

SLL

GPR

prosys

t


Surveillance and Fire Control Radars

13


Airborne and Air Traffic Control Radars

14


Instrumentation Radars

15


AN/MPQ-53 :

- MFR Phased Array Radar

- Frequency : G/H-band

- Detection range :160km (90nm)

- Search Sector :

120deg(Az)/90deg(El)

- Capabilities: Surveillance,

tracking,

identification, missile guidance,

IFF

- Simultaneously tracking up to

125

targets and guide 9 missiles to

final

engagement

- US Raytheon


Shipborne Radar : CG-62 AEGIS

- Radar : AN/SPS-49(V)1(air search)

- Frequency : L-band

- Detection range : 250nm

- PRF : 280, 800, 1000 Hz


Boeing 737 AEW&C MESA radar

-Radar : MESA

Multirole Electronically Scanned

Phased Array Radar

-Detection range : >200mile (375.5km)

-Frequency : S-band /L-Band


New Challenge to Radar

19

Target Characteristics

- Very Low / High Altitude

- Very High Speed

- Very small RCS

Environmental Changes

- Severe Electromagnetic Density

- Hostile Smart Jamming

- High Clutter Environments

Mission Requirements- Multi-Mission (Time Critical)

- High Speed and High Performance


New Requirement for Radar

20

Radar Developing Trend

- Excellent Detection Performances

- Strong ECCM Capability

Requirements for New Radar - Multi-Function (S/T/G)

- Flexible Multi-Beam Steering/Shaping

- Low/Ultra Low Sidelobe Beam

- Environment-Adaptive ST Processing

- Modular /Flexible Structure

- Standard Interface - OSI

Digital Array

Radar (DAR)

Height

Local Area

Long Range

70


Cognitive Radar

Intelligent or Smart ?A mental capacities for

abstract thought, understanding,

Communication,reasoning,learning,

learning from past experiences,

planning, and problem solving.

Cognitive Radar :

Knowledge-Aided Fully Environment-Adaptive Radar


RAR - Real Aperture Radar (RAR)

- /(OTH) .. UWB Medical Radar

- // MFR SMFR

- 2 3 Passive/Active ArrayAdaptive Array Digital Array Beamforming Radar

- Anti-Jamming Radar LPI Radar, MIMO Radar

Bi/Multi-Static/Site Radar, Anti-Stealth

- () (NCTR) Automatic Target Recognition (ATR)

Emerging Radar Technology

Cognitive Radar


IEE/IEEE

International

Radar

Conference

2015

2014

2011

2012

EUSAR2012

2013

International Radar Conference Since 1970

5 5 IEEE (USA, UK, France, China, and Germany, Australia)

National

IRS

APSAR2011

IRS

EuropeEu-Rad

Every Odd Year

in Asia-Pacific Region

Every Even Year

in European Region

Korea Aerospace Univ. (Prof. Kwag)24

Successful Completion of APSAR 2011

First International Radar/SAR Conference

in Seoul Korea

Monumental Records

- 350 Participantsfrom 22 Countries

- 320 Abstracts- 270 Full Papers- 7 Plenary Speakers- 6 Tutorials / Short Course- 10 Exhibitions- 23 Financial Sponsors- 12 Technical Sponsors - 5 Student Paper Awards- 5 Appreciation Awards- 1 Technical Tour (KARI)- IEEE Xplore Indexing


Successful Completion of APSAR 2011

International Committee Members and Participants in APSAR 2011, Sept 26-30, 2011, Seoul, Korea

Organized and Co-Sponsored byRadar Society of KIEES and IEEE AESS and GRSS


To be Prepared for what you want to be

Wake Up !!


Lecture 2 : Radar Fundamentals

Objective - -

- Introduction Frequency Spectrum- Radar Principles- Target Information Extraction- Types of Radars and Radar Functions- Reference

27


RADAR = RAdio Detection And Ranging

28


Radar Frequency Bands

29


Radar Bands Typical Use

30


L Band: : 1215 1400 MHz 185MHz

S Band: : 2700 3400 MHz 600MHz

C Band : 5250 5850 MHz 600MHz

X Band : 8.5 10.4 GHz 1.9 GHz

Ku Band : 13.75 14 GHz 250 MHz

K Band : 15.7 17.3 GHz 1.6 GHz

Ka Band : 33.4 36 GHz 2.6 GHz

[ITU-R]

, ,

SHF 64% [ 7 GHz ]


Radar Environments

Radar Environments

32

- Noise

in the receiver, ant, tx line outside

from sun random.

Random motion at all temp. above

absolute zero.

- Clutter

Unwanted signal echo from sea,

land, weather

- ECM

electromagnetic countermeasures

noise jamming

- EMI

friendly sources such as other radar

comm. sys, friendly jammer

- Spillover

mainly in CW Radar (Tx & Rx)

internal clutter


Radar Block Diagram

33


Radar Concept

Pulse Radar Concept

34


Target Detection

35

Correct error Error (False Alarm)

Target

Detection

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes


Target Position Information

Target Position Locating

( Range: / Azimuth: / elevation: )

36

R AZ EL

< Azimuth Angle References >


Target Range Information

Ranging

37

2

TcR

p

: range to target

: round-trip propagation time

: propagation velocity

R

pT

c

< Radar Ranging Concept >


Target Resolution Information

Resolution- Ability to separately detect multiple targets or multiple features

on the same target.

- Resolved in range, azimuth (cross-range), elevation (vertical),Doppler shift

38

< Resolution in Range and Cross-Range >


Target Velocity Information

Velocity Measurement & Discrimination- Radial velocity from Doppler freq. shift target motion with respect to the radar

( transmitted signal and the received echo)

- positive Doppler : in-bounded target- negative Doppler : out-bounded target

39

TRd fff

v

c

vff RTd

22

< Velocity Geometry > : radial velocity difference between target & radar

Rv


Target Range Bandwith Information

Range Resolution- Ability to separate multiple targets at the same angular position, but in

different ranges

- Targets must be separated by at least the range equivalent of the width ofthe processed echo pulse

40

2

ccR

: the processed target pulse width (second)c

- without pulse compression, pulse width = tx pulse- with pulse compression, processed pulse width is narrower than that of

the tx pulse

Effective B/W of any pulsed wave

B

cRB

c 21 where B = tx matched B/W


Target Angular Information

Angular & Cross-range Resolution- Targets at the same range separated by more than the antenna

beam width are resolution

41

X

R

meter)ress(degRor)radian(RX180

- Beamwidth of ant. Wave length )(radDeff

effDRX - Resolution


Types of Radars Mono-Bisatatic Radar

42

Monostatic / Bistatic radars- Monostatic radar : same Tx & Rx ant.

separate Tx / Rx ant. in same location.

- Bistatic radar : Tx ant. & Rx ant. are located in differentlocation with angle of target

< Bistatic Radar Simplified Block Diagram >


Types of Radars Search Radar

43

Search Radars & modes- Detect targets and find range, angular location, velocity.

surface search : boats & land

vehicles

air search : a/c & missile

2D radar : range & azimuth

air traffic control in airport

3D radar : range, azimuth,

elevation

< Search Radar Scan Patterns >


Types of Radars Radar Frequency

44

Radar Performance vs. Frequency Band

- Bandwidth : larger B/W in the higher freq. bands- Antennas : for a given gain, low freq. ant. larger- Transmitter : high power gen. at low freq. devices size larger, allowing

them to handle more voltage and current.

- Receiver : less noisy at low freq. higher bandwidth receiver at high freq.- Propagation : less atmospheric signal absorption at low freq- Targets

if wavelength < target size, behave as an array of optical reflector

fluctuating RCS

if wavelength target extent, resonance effects cause RCS to be sensitive to freq

if wavelength > target size, Rayleigh scatterers, small, non-fluctuating target RCS

Summary : long range lower frequency (low loss / )

high resolution high frequency


Radars Frequency Band

45


Radar Type - Military Radar: Rule-I

Radar Equipment DesignationUS military system AN (Ref: MIL-STD-196D)

AN

Three letter code in (usage+function)

serial No.

EX) A N / A P G 71 (F-14Ds radar)

71st airborne radar guidance &

airborne radar fire control control system

1st letter environment used

A Airborne

B Underwater mobile(submarine)

D Pilotless carrier (Unmanned Vehicle)

F Fixed ground

G Ground, general

46


Mil. Radar Designation : Rule-II

K Amphibious

M Ground mobile

P Portable

S Shipboard (surface ship)

T Ground transportable

U Utility (more than one class)

V Ground vehicular, tank

W Water, surface and underwater

Z Airborne vehicle combination

2nd letter

A Infrared, invisible light

C Carrier, wire

D Radiac(Radioactive Detection,Indication, and Computation)

E Laser

F - Photographic

G Telegraph / Teletype

47


Mil. Radar Designation : Rule-III

I Interphone

K Telemetry

P - Radar

R Radio

3rd letter

A Auxiliary

B Bombing

C Communication

D Direction finding

G Fire control

N Navigation

S Search and / or detection

X Identification and recognition

Y Surveillance and control

EX) AN/SPS-48E : sixth version of AN/SPS-48

AN/FPS-16(V) : ground-based instrumentation tracking radar

48


Civilian Radar Designation

Designation Civilian Radar

ASR-xx : Airport Surveillance Radar (50-100 mile)

air traffic control radar ex) ASR-9

ARSR-xx : Air Route Surveillance Radar(+200 mile long range)

ex) ARSR-4

ASDE : Airport Surface Detection Equipment, short range

locate aircraft on the ground at airport.

TDWR : Terminal Doppler Weather Radar, locate and identify microburst,

violent downdrafts with thunderstorms.

WSR : Weather Surveillance Radar

ex) NEXRAD (NEXt generation weather RADar)

WSR-88D : 1988 Doppler radar model

49


Reference

[1] Radar Handbook 2nd ed. by M. I. Skolink, McGraw-Hill, 1990

[2] Introduction to Airborne Radar by G. W. Stimson, Hughes Aircraft Company,

Radar Systems Group, 1983

[3] The Pulse of Radar by Sir Robert Watson-Watt, Dial Press, 1959

[4] Radar Technology by E. Brookner, Artech House, 1977

[5] Aspects of Modern Radar by E. Brookner, Artech House, 1988

50

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