lectures 11 to 14 ns 5 2010
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ENVIRONMENT ETHICS & ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
ETHICS
a branch of philosophy that deals with:
Morals: Distinction between right and wrong
Values: Ultimate worth of actions or things
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
considers extending the traditional boundaries of ethics from solely including humans to including the non-human world
deals with the moral relationships between humans and the surrounding world
exerts influence on a large range of disciplines including law, sociology, theology, economics, ecology and geography
ETHICAL DECISIONS CONCERNING THE ENVIRONMENTShould we continue to clear cut forests for the sake of human consumption?
Should we continue to propagate?
Should we continue to make gasoline powered vehicles?
What environmental obligations do we need to keep for future generations?
Is it right for humans to knowingly cause the extinction of a species for the convenience of humanity?
TO UNDERSTAND...WE MUST BE GUIDED BY PRINCIPLES!
ETHICAL PRINCIPLESUNIVERSALISTS
fundamental principles of ethics are universal, unchanging, and eternal
RELATIVISTS
Claim moral principles are always relative to a particular person, society, or situation
NIHILISTS
Claim morality is arbitrary thus there is no reason to behave morally or to be “good”
UTILITARIANS
Believe an action is right that produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people
RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS
Moral Agents - Beings capable of acting morally or immorally, and who can accept responsibility for their acts.
Humans
Moral Subjects - Beings who are not moral agents, but who have moral interests and can be treated rightly or wrongly.
Children, people who are mentally retarded or ill
Moral Extensionism - Widening definition of who is considered ethically significant.
Animal Rights
ON ANIMAL RIGHTSIntrinsic (Inherent - Innate) - Worth or value simply because of existence.
Humans
Instrumental (Conferred) - Worth or value only because they are valued by someone who matters.
Tools (e.g. human vs. car)
IN SUMMARY...
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
a complex and interlocking body of statutes, common law, treaties, conventions, regulations and policies
operate to regulate the interaction of humanity and the rest of the biophysical or natural environment
purpose of reducing or minimizing the impacts of human activity, both on the natural environment for its own sake, and on humanity itself
PRINCIPLES:1. Environmentalism
2. Ecology, conservation, stewardship, responsibility and
sustainability
AREAS OF CONCERNair quality and water quality
global climate change
agriculture
biodiversity and species protection
pesticides and hazardous chemicals,waste management and remediation of contaminated land
management of public lands and natural resources
THE TREATIES...
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous
Wastes and their Disposal (1992)
aims to protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects of hazardous wastes:
generation and management
transboundary movements
disposal
CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES
(CITES)
aim to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival
widespread information dissemination about the endangered status of many prominent species, such as the tiger and elephants
KYOTO PROTOCOLbroke new ground by defining three innovative “flexibility mechanisms” to lower the overall costs of achieving its emissions targets
mechanisms enable Parties to access cost-effective opportunities to reduce emissions or to remove carbon from the atmosphere in other countries
Emissions trading (carbon market)Clean development mechanismJoint implementation
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
consider what can be done to reduce global warming and to cope with whatever temperature increases are inevitable
COP15 and COP5 held last month in Copenhagen concluded on Saturday, 19 December 2009
key points (objectives)
to keep the maximum temperature rise to below 2 degrees Celsius
the commitment to list developed country emission reduction targets and mitigation action by developing countries for 2020
mechanisms to support technology transfer and forestry.
THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION PROTECTS THE ENVIRONMENT...
CHAIN SAW ACT (2002) or RA 9175
AN ACT REGULATING THE OWNERSHIP, POSSESSION, SALE, IMPORTATION AND USE OF CHAIN SAWS, PENALIZING VIOLATIONS THEREOF AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
PERSONS AUTHORIZED TO POSSES OR USE CHAIN SAW:HAS A SUBSISTING TIMBER LICENSE AGREEMENT, PRODUCTION SHARING AGREEMENT, OR SIMILAR AGREEMENTS,
OR A PRIVATE LAND TIMBER PERMIT;IS AN ORCHARD AND FRUIT TREE FARMER;IS AN INDUSTRIAL TREE FARMER;IS A LICENSED WOOD PROCESSOR AND THE CHAIN SAW SHALL BE USED FOR THE CUTTING OF TIMBER THAT HAS
BEEN LEGALLY SOLD TO SAID APPLICANTSHALL USE THE CHAIN SAW FOR A LEGAL PURPOSE.
ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000 or RA 9003
SEGREGATION AND COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE SHALL BE CONDUCTED AT THE BARANGAY LEVEL SPECIFICALLY FOR BIODEGRADABLE, COMPOSTABLE AND REUSABLE WASTES: PROVIDED, THAT THE COLLECTION OF NON-RECYCLABLE
MATERIALS AND SPECIAL WASTES SHALL BE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE MUNICIPALITY OR CITY (SECTION 10)
PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 or RA 8749
THE STATE SHALL PROMOTE AND PROTECT THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT TO ATTAIN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WHILE RECOGNIZING THE PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS TO DEAL WITH ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS.
THE STATE RECOGNIZES THAT THE RESPONSIBILITY OF CLEANING THE HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT IS PRIMARILY AREA-BASED.
THE STATE ALSO RECOGNIZES THE PRINCIPLE THAT “POLLUTERS MUST PAY”.
ANIMAL WELFARE ACT OF 1998 or RA 8485
ACT TO PROTECT AND PROMOTE THE WELFARE OF ALL ANIMALS IN THE PHILIPPINES BY SUPERVISING AND REGULATING THE ESTABLISHMENT AND OPERATIONS OF ALL FACILITIES UTILIZED FOR BREEDING, MAINTAINING, KEEPING, TREATING OR TRAINING OF ALL ANIMALS EITHER AS OBJECTS OF TRADE OR AS HOUSEHOLD PETS. PET ANIMAL SHALL INCLUDE BIRD
ANY FORM OF CRUELTY SHALL BE PENALIZED
PHILIPPINE MINING ACT OF 1995 or RA 7942
WITHIN THE TERRITORY AND EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES ARE OWNED BY THE STATE.
IT SHALL BE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE STATE TO PROMOTE THEIR RATIONAL EXPLORATION, DEVELOPMENT, UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION T H R O U G H T H E C O M B I N E D E F F O RT S O F GOVERNMENT AND THE PRIVATE SECTOR IN ORDER TO ENHANCE NATIONAL GROWTH IN A WAY THAT EFFECTIVELY SAFEGUARDS THE ENVIRONMENT AND PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF AFFECTED COMMUNITIES
EH KUMUSTA NAMAN?
FOR YOUR ACTIVITY...PAGE 73
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTWhat the future holds...
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
TO INCREASING THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF EVERY FILIPINO
THE DECISION-MAKING TOOL
Propose Creative Options or Solutions
Assess each Option or Solution in terms of + or – impact
Propose one Solution by Consensus
Develop an Action Plan and Contact Stakeholders for Input
Implement Action Plan
Monitor and Evaluate Action Plan
Communicate Results to the Community
Consult and Reassess
ADVOCACY AND CONDUCTING FGDsGuided by your decision-making tool...
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ADVOCACY: ENVIRONMENTALISM IN ACTION
SOME EXAMPLES...BUT NOT LIMITED TOINFORMATION CAMPAIGN
POSTERS/ SLOGANS/ RTR/ BROCHURES
EDUCATION AND AWARENESS
PRIMARY SCHOOLS
TRASH BINS FOR CAS
JOIN PROGRAMS
TREE PLANTING
SAVE PASIG
CONSERVE THE TURTLES
BRING YOUR BAUNAN
LECTURE FORUM ON CLIMATE CHANGE
TO ARRIVE AT YOUR CLASS ADVOCACY...
FGD-based on sustainable development decision wheel
Choose panelists/resource persons and Moderator
ISSUE to FOCUS: one environmental problem that can be addressed by a student advocacy
END GOAL: a class advocacy plan/project!