legal research by milgaros santos-ong

7/25/2019 Legal Research by Milgaros Santos-Ong

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UPDATE: Philippine Legal Research

ByMilagros Santos-OngMilagros Santos-Ong is the Director of the Library Services of the

Supreme Court of the Philippines . She is the author of Legal Researchand Citations (Rexl Book Store) a seminal book publishe in numerouseitions an a part!time professor on Le"al Research in some la# schoolsin the $etro!$anila.Published March 2015 (Previous upates on $arch %&&' December %&&*une %&&+ an $arch %&,%) See the archie ersi!n"Table !# $!ntents,. -ntrouction

%. Political Structure. /overnment Structure.,. 0xecutive Branch.%. Le"islative Department.. *uicial System.1. Constitutional Commissions.2. Local /overnments.'. 3ther /overnment 4"encies1. Le"al System1.,. 5ature of the Philippine Le"al System1.%. Sources of La#2. Philippine Le"al Research2.,. Research of Statute la#2.%. Research of Case La#'. Le"al Profession an Le"al 0ucation'.,. La# Schools'.%. Bar 4ssociations. La# Librarians 4ssociation

Part %6 Philippine Le"al -nformation Resources an Citations

1% &ntr!ducti!n7he Philippines is an archipela"o of ,& islans #ith a lan area of%++1& s8. kilometers. -t is surroune by the Pacific 3cean on the 0astSouth China Sea on the 5orth an the 9est an the Celebes Sea on theSouth. 7his comprises the 5ational 7erritory of the Philippines. 4rticle - ofthe ,+: Constitution provies that the ;national territory comprises thePhilippine archipela"o #ith all the islans an #aters embrace therein
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Philippines.htmlhttp://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Philippines1_Part2.htmlmailto:[email protected]://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Philippines.htmlhttp://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Philippines1_Part2.htmlmailto:[email protected]


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an all other territories #hich the Philippines has soverei"nty or (section %) 7his efinition is consistent #ith 4rt.,%,of the ?nite 5ations Convention of the La# of the Sea (?5CL3S) #herethe Philippines took an active part. Roolfo Severino in his article =Clarifying the New Philippines Baseline Law > (Republic 4ct 5o. +2%%)state that the purpose of the la# is mainly to amen the existin" baselinesact an to @efine the archipela"ic baselines of the PhilippinesA. -t oes notexten the baselines to Spratlys or to Scarborou"h Shoal both of #hich

China an ietnam claim in their territory #hile the Philippines claims apart of #hat are calle = Spratlys an all of Scarborou"h Shoal .> Protestmae by China remains. 7he constitutionality of the la# #as 8uestion atthe Supreme Court in the case $a"allona et. al vs. 0rmita et. al. /.R. 5o.,:,'. 7he ecision upholin" the constitutionality of the la# #aspenne by *ustice 4ntonio 7. Carpio on *uly ,' %&,,. 7he petitioners ofthe case #ere professors of la# la# stuents an a le"islator. 7hepetitioners file the case in their capacities as citiens of the Philippinestaxpayers an le"islators. 5ote#orthy to mention are the t#o "rounsinvoke by the petitioners in 8uestionin" the constitutionality of thela#6>,). R4 +2%% reuces the Philippine maritime territory an lo"icallythe reach of the Philippine stateAs soverei"n po#er in violation of 4rticle ,of the ,+: Constitution> an %) =R4 +2%% opens the countryAs #aterslan#ar of the baselines to maritime passa"e by all vessels an aircraftsunerminin" Philippine soverei"nty an national security contravenin"the countryAs nuclear!free policy an ama"in" marine resources inviolation of relevant constitutional provisions.>*ustice 4ntonio 7. Carpio in his speech before Philippine 9omen *u"es4ssociation entitle =Protectin" the 5ationAs $arine 9ealth in the 9estPhilippine Sea> $arch ' %&,1 provie an illustration of the baselines

efine by Republic 4ct 5os. 211' an +2%%.
http://www.iseas.edu.sg/aseanstudiescenter/ascdf2c3.pdf/http://www.iseas.edu.sg/aseanstudiescenter/ascdf2c3.pdf/


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7he PhilippinesA claim to the Spratlys an the historic claim to Sabahremain unresolve. 7he Philippines is no# confronte #ith conflictin"claims in the South China Sea #hich is "overne by the ,+:% ?nite5ations Convention on the La# of the Sea (?5CL3S) #hich entere into

force in ,++1. 7he Philippines an China #ho are claimants to the SouthChina seas are amon" the ,'2 countries that have ratifie the ?5CL3S.

ChinaAs claim is base on the +!ashe line #hich covers a total areaalmost +& of the South China Sea. -n a speech elivere by Senior4ssociate *ustice 4ntonio 7. Carpio entitle =7he Rules of La# in the 9estPhilippine Sea Dispute> he state that ChinaAs +!ash claim encroaches on:& on the PhilippinesA %&&!nm exclusive economic one (00E) an ,&&of its ,2&!nm extene continental shelf (0CS) facin" the South China seaF #hat the Philippines call 9est Philippine sea. ChinaAs +!ash line claim

has similar effects on the 00Es an 0CSs of ietnam $alaysia Brunei an-nonesia facin" the South China Sea.>

*ustice 4ntonio 7. CarpioAs speech before Philippine 9omen *u"es4ssociation entitle =Protectin" the 5ationAs $arine 9ealth in the 9estPhilippine Sea> $arch ' %&,1 inclues the illustration on the +!DasheLines.


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Senior *ustice 4ntonio Carpio state that =maritime ispute in the 9estPhilippine Sea coul be more easily resolve if all the claimant Statesa"ree on t#o thin"s6 first on the applicable la# to "overn the maritimeispute an secon on the historical facts on the 9est Philippine Sea.>

Davi Rosenber" in his article =7he Paraox of the South China SeaDisputes> consiers the nine!ash line claim as the most controversialmaritime territorial claim. Rosenber" trace the history as claim as far=back as December ,+,1 #hen Gu *in #hich #as base on the *une %&,1 of Senior4ssociate *ustice 4ntonio 7. Carpio. 7he first map in this carto"raphicexhibit #as publishe in ,1 by *esuit Pero $urillo. -t is consiere the
http://www.imoa.ph/remarks-launching-exhibit-ancient-maps-scarborough-shoal/http://www.imoa.ph/imoawebexhibit/http://www.imoa.ph/imoawebexhibit/http://www.imoa.ph/remarks-launching-exhibit-ancient-maps-scarborough-shoal/http://www.imoa.ph/imoawebexhibit/http://www.imoa.ph/imoawebexhibit/


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;mother of all Philippine maps.;

Caption6 ;Carta Gyro"raphica I Choro"raphica e las Islas Jilipinas;(:1&x1) (?.S. Library of Con"ress (Catalo" 5o. %&,2:2%%'K Di"ital-D ":&'& ct&&,)

7his territorial ispute has both political an economic implications for thePhilippines China an also to ietnam $alaysia Brunei an -nonesia.7here #as even a healine statin" = -s the South China Sea on the Brink of9ar > 4s a measure to resolve the controversy the Philippines has usethe le"al remey in as much as China an the Philippines are parties to the?nite 5ations Convention on the La# of the Sea or ?5CL3S.7he Philippines file a formal claim before an arbitration tribunalconstitute uner 4nnex -- to the ,+:% ?nite 5ations Convention of the

La# of the Sea entitle =-n the $atter of an 4rbitration bet#een 7heRepublic of the Philippines (applicant) an 7he PeopleAs Republic of China(Responent) %1 4u"ust %&, (PC4 Case 5o. %&,!,+. Jull text of theRules of Proceure of the case is available in the Permanent Court of4rbitration. Jurther etails can be foun here here an here .

7he Jilipino culture #as mole over more than a hunre ethnic "roupsconsistin" of +, Christian $alay 1 $uslim $alay ,.2 Chinese an others. 4s of the 4u"ust %&& national census the population of thePhilippines has increase to ::.2 million an is estimate to reach +%.%million in %&&+. 7he census is scheule to be unertaken this %&&+.Jilipino ( Tagalog) is the national lan"ua"e (,+: Constitution 4rt. M-sec. ') of the Philippines. Go#ever Jilipino an 0n"lish are the officiallan"ua"es for the purpose of communication an instruction (4rt. M- sec). 3ptional use of the national lan"ua"e Jilipino ( Tagalog ) is allo#e.Supreme Court 4ministrative Circular 5o. ,'!%&,& allo#e the optionaluse an on a per case basis the use of Jilipino ( Tagalog ) in courtproceein"s in vie# to the ifficulties encountere in the use of Jilipino asmanifeste by the Presiin" *u"es an the court steno"raphers of somecourts. 7his Circular provies that =in appropriate cases as may be

etermine by the Presiin" *u"e an #ithout ob Republic 4ct 5o. ,&,2 kno#n as theNiner"arten 0ucation 4ct utilies the =mother ton"ue!base multilin"ual
http://wn.com/south_china_sea_disputehttp://wn.com/south_china_sea_disputehttp://www.imoa.ph/speech-protecting-nations-marine-wealth-west-philippine-sea/http://www.pca-cpa.org/showfile.asp?fil_id=2504http://www.pca-cpa.org/showfile.asp?=print&pa%20ge-id=1529http://www.census.gov.ph/http://wn.com/south_china_sea_disputehttp://wn.com/south_china_sea_disputehttp://www.imoa.ph/speech-protecting-nations-marine-wealth-west-philippine-sea/http://www.pca-cpa.org/showfile.asp?fil_id=2504http://www.pca-cpa.org/showfile.asp?=print&pa%20ge-id=1529http://www.census.gov.ph/


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eucation ($7B!$L0) metho as the> primary meium of instruction forteachin" an learnin" in the kiner"arten level (sec.2). Section 2 like#isespecifically provies that the Department of 0ucation must inclue in itsteachin" strate"ies the =chilAs unerstanin" of 0n"lish #hich is theofficial lan"ua"e.>

7here are several ialects or re"ional lan"ua"es (spoken an #ritten)

throu"hout the ifferent islans of the country but there are ei"ht ma


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7he other bill still penin" in Con"ress is Divorce etc. 7he Philippines isconsiere as the only country that oes not allo# Divorce. Go#everannulment of marria"e is reco"nie.

2% P!litical Structure7he Constitution is the funamental la# of the lan. 7he present politicalstructure of the Philippines #as efine by the ,+: Constitution ulyratifie in a plebiscite hel on Jebruary % ,+: an proclaime ratifie onJebruary ,, ,+:. 7here is a move no# in Con"ress #hich #as starte atthe Gouse of Representatives to reviseOamen the present Constitution.3ne of the ma


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#ho exercises le"islative functions by promul"atin" executive ecreeseicts or orinances #ith the force of la#. 7heRoya l&!dencia, or SpanishSupreme Court in the Philippines also exercise le"islative functions #henla#s are passe in the form of a!tos accordados . $el8uiaes /amb oa inhis book entitle = &n #ntrod!ction to Philippine Law > (th e ,+'+)

liste the most prominent la#s in this perio6 !ero .!go, !ero Real,Las Siete Partidas, Leyes de Toros, N!e/a Re copi lacion de las Leyes de#ndias an theNo/isi$a Recopilacion . Some of these la#s #ere also inforce in other Spanish colonies. La#s in force at the en of the Spanishrule in ,:+: are as follo#s6 Codigo Penal de 0123, Ley Pro/isional para la&plicaciones de las ispociciones del Codigo Penal en las #slas ilipinas,Ley de (n4!cia$ento Cri$inal, Ley de (n4!cia$eniento Ci/il, Codigo deCo$ercio, Codigo Ci/il de 0115, Ley "ipotecaria, Ley de Minas, LeyNotarial de 0167 Rail#ay La# of ,: La# of Jorei"ners for ?ltramarineProvinces an the Coe of $ilitary *ustice. Some of these la#s remaine

in force even urin" the early 4merican perio anOor until Philippine la#s#ere promul"ate.-n bet#een the Spanish an the 4merican perio is #hat Philippinehistorians consier the first Philippine Republic. 7his #as #hen /eneral0milio 4"uinalo proclaime the Philippine -nepenence in Na#it Cavite on *une ,% ,:+:. 7he $alolos Con"ress also kno#n as 4ssembly ofthe Representatives #hich can be consiere as revolutionary in nature#as convene on September ,2 ,:+:. 7he first Philippine Constitutionthe $alolos Constitution #as approve on *anuary %& ,:++. /eneral0milio 4"uinalo #as the Presient an Don /racio /ona"a as the Chief*ustice. 4 Republic althou"h #ith de facto authority #as in force until thestart of the 4merican Soverei"nty #hen the 7reaty of Paris #as si"ne onDecember ,& ,:+:.c) 4merican perio (,:+:!,+1')

7he start of this perio can be trace after the Battle of $anila Bay #henSpain cee the Philippines to the ?nite States upon the si"nin" of the7reaty of Paris on December ,& ,:+:. 4 military "overnment #asor"anie #ith the military "overnor as the chief executive exercisin"executive le"islative an


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7he ?nite States Constitution #as reco"nie until the promul"ation ofthe Philippine Constitution on Jebruary : ,+2 si"ne by ?.S. PresientJranklin Delano Roosevelt on $arch % ,+2 an ratifie at a plebiscitehel on $ay ,1 ,+2.

7he or"anic la#s that "overne the Philippines urin" this perio #ere6Presient $cNinleyAs -nstruction to the Secon Philippine Commission on4pril ,+&&K Spooner 4menment of ,+&,K Philippine Bill of ,+&%K *onesLa# of ,+,' an the 7yin"s $cDuffie La# of $ay , ,+1. 7he later la# issi"nificant for it allo#e the establishment of a Common#ealth"overnment an the ri"ht to promul"ate its o#n Constitution. 7he ,+2Constitution initially chan"e the le"islative system to aunicameral system. Go#ever the bicameral system #as restore pursuantto the ,+1& Constitutional amenment. 7he Common#ealth "overnment isconsiere as a transition "overnment for ten years before the "rantin" of

the Philippine inepenence. Cayetano 4rellano #as installe as the firstChief *ustice in ,+&,. 7he $ a


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#ar. 7his perio laste for three years an ene in ,+11 #ith the efeat ofthe *apanese forces.e) Republic perio (,+1'!,+%)

*uly 1 ,+1' #as the inau"uration of Philippine inepenence. 4

Philippine Republic #as born. 4 republic means a "overnment by thepeople an soverei"nty resies in the entire people as a boy politic. 7heprovisions of the ,+2 Constitution efine the "overnment structure#hich provie for the establishment of three co!e8ual branches of"overnment. 0xecutive po#er rests in the Presient le"islative po#er int#o Gouses of Con"ress an


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(Parliament) upon the nomination of the Presient. Ge #as the hea of theCabinet an ha supervision over all the ministries. 7he Presient urin"this perio #as Jerinan 0. $arcos an the Prime $inister #as Cesar0nri8ue 4"uinalo irata.

Proclamation 5o. %&12 (,+:,) lifte $artial La# an abolishe mi litarytribunals. 0lections #ere hel on *une ,' ,+:, an Presient $arcos #asre!electe into office as Presient. 7he constitution #as a"ain amene in,+:1 an a plebiscite #as hel on *anuary % ,+:1 pursuant to BatasPambansa Bl". '1 (,+:1). 0lections #ere hel on $ay ,1 ,+:1 for the,: elective seats in the %&& member of theBatasang Pa$ansa .4n i mpeachment resolution by 2 members of the opposition #as f ilea"ainst Presient $arcos but #as ismisse. 4 special presientialelection popularly kno#n as Snap 0lection #as calle by Presient

$arcos on 5ovember ,+:2 an #as hel on Jebruary ,+:'. 7he5ational $ovement for Jree 0lections or 54$JR0L results sho#e thatCoraon 48uino le by over a million votes. Go#ever the BatasangPa$ansa eclare that Jerinan 0. $arcos an 4rturo $. 7olentino#on over Coraon C . 48uino an Salvaor G. Laurel as Presient anice!Presient respectively. Presient $arcos an ice Presient 4rturotook their oath before Chief *ustice Ramon 48uino at the $alacanan"Palace $anila. 7his event le to the People Po#er revolution #hichouste Presient $arcos on Jebruary %2 ,+:'.") Republic Revival (,+:'!present)

7he Republic perio #as revive after the blooless revolution popularlykno#n as People Po#er or the 0DS4 Revolution.

Coraon C. 48uino an Salvaor G. Laurel took their oath of office as ,, th

Presient an ice Presient of the Philippine Republic on Jebruary %2,+:' before 4ssociate *ustice Clauio 7eehankee at the Club Jilipino San*uan $anila. Proclamation 5o. , (,+:') #as promul"ate #herein thePresient an the ice Presient took po#er in the name an by the #ill ofthe Jilipino people. Proclamation 5o. (,+:') aopte as the ProvisionalConstitution or Jreeom Constitution provie for a ne# "overnment.

4 Constitutional Commission #as constitute by virtue of 4rticle of theProvisional Constitution an Proclamation 5o. + (,+:'). 7heConstitutional Commission compose of 1: members #as manate toraft a Constitution. 4fter , ays the raft constitution #as submitteto the Presient on 3ctober ,2 ,+:' an ratifie by the people in aplebiscite hel on Jebruary % ,+:. ?ner the transitory provision of the


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,+: Constitution the Presient an ice Presient electe in the Jebruary ,+:' elections #ere "iven a six!year term of office until *une & ,++%.Con"ressional elections #ere hel on $ay ,, ,+:. 7he Republican formof "overnment #as officially revive #hen the ,+: Constitution #asratifie an Con"ress #as convene in ,+:. Le"islative enactments a"ain

reste in the Con"ress. Republic 4cts #ere a"ain issue by Con"ress thenumber of #hich took off from the last number use before $artial La##as eclare. 7he numberin" of Republic 4cts continue from the numberlast use before $artial La# (Republic 4ct 5o. ''2 (,+%) an Republic4ct 5o. ''' (,+:). 7he Republic form of "overnment by virtue of the,+: Constitution #as the same type of republican "overnment prior to$artial la# by virtue of the ,+2 Constitution #ith three co!e8ualbranches6 0xecutive Le"islative an the *uiciary.7he Philippines once a"ain became a Republic by virtue of the ,+:

Constitution. 7he same type of republican form of "overnment prior to$artial la# #as establishe #ith three co!e8ual branches #ere or"anie0xecutive Le"islative an the *uiciary. 7hose holin" office in thesethree co!e8ual branches are public officers an employees. Constitution(,+:) 4rticle M- provies for the accountability of public officers. 4rticleM- Section , =Public office is a public trust. Public officers an employeesmust at all times be accountable to the people serve them #ith utmostresponsibility inte"rity loyalty an efficiencyK act #ith patriotism an Public officers in the 0xecutive (Presientan ice Presient) *uiciary ($embers or *ustices of the SupremeCourt) an the Constitutional Commissions an the 3mbusman may beremove from office on impeachment for an conviction of culpableviolation of the Constitution treason bribery "raft an corruption otherhi"h crimes or betrayal of public trust. 4ll other public officers anemployees may be remove from office as provie by la# such as the civilservice la#s but not by impeachment (4rticle M- Section %).7he le"islative branch is compose of the Senate an the Gouse ofRepresentatives. -t is the le"islative branch or Con"ress #hich is involvein the impeachment process. 7he Gouse of Representatives has theexclusive po#er to initiate all cases of impeachment thou"h a verifie

complaint or resolution of impeachment file by at least one!thir of allthe $embers of the Gouse of Representatives an an 4rticles of-mpeachment (4rticle M- Section (,) F (2)). 7he Senate shall have thesole po#er to try an ecie all cases of impeachment. 9hen the Presientof the Philippines is on trial the Chief *ustice of the Supreme Court shallpresie but shall not vote. 7he public officer (Presient an icePresient members or *ustices of the Supreme Court an the


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Constitutional Commissions an the 3mbusman) shall be convicte #iththe concurrence of t#o!thirs of all the $embers of the Senate. (4rticle M-Section ('). 9hen the Chief *ustice or members of the *uiciary an theConstitutional Commissions an 3mbusman are on trial the SenatePresient shall presie. Rules of impeachment shall be promul"ate by the

Senate. Jin further information here here anhere .

-mpeachment (Constitution (,+:) 4rticle M- Sections % an has beenfile a"ainst a Presient t#o Chief *ustices an one 4ssociate *ustice anan 3mbusman. -n the case of Presient *oseph 0. 0straa verifiecomplaint #as file by ,,2 members of the Gouse of Representatives leby the Speaker of the Gouse of Representatives $anuel illar on5ovember , %&&&. -mpeachment trial #as hel December + %&&& #ithChief *ustice Gilario /. Davie *r. as presiin" officer an SenatePresient 48uilino Pimentel. 7he impeachment trial i not en for the

Prosecutors #alke out on *anuary ,' %&&, #hen the impeachment courti not "rant their re8uest to open the secon envelope. 7his lea to #hatis calle =People Po#er %> #hich ene #hen ice!Presient /loria$acapal 4rroyo took her oath of office as Presient on *anuary %, %&&,before Chief *ustice Gilario /. Davie *r. in 0DS4 #here the people"athere for the People Po#er %. 7he le"ality of the 4rroyo Presiency #asbrou"ht to the Supreme Court by Presient 0straa (0straa v. Desierto/.R. 5o. ,1',&!,2 $arch % %&&,)3n 3ctober % %&& an impeachment case #as file a"ainst Chief *usticeGilario /. Davie *r. but it i not prosper in the Gouse ofRepresentatives. 7he 8uestion on the impeachment case of Chief *usticeDavie #as resolve by the Supreme Court in the case of Jrancisco *r. v.7he Gouse of Representatives (/.R. 5o. ,'&%', 5ovember ,& %&&). 3n$ay %&,, the Gouse Committee on *ustice eclare that the impeachmentcomplaint a"ainst incumbent 4ssociate *ustice $ariano Del Castillo assufficient in form an in December %&,, as sufficient in substance. 7heimpeachment complaint is still penin" in the Gouse of Representatives. December %&,, an impeachment case #as file a"ainst Chief *usticeRenato C. Corona by ,:: members of the Gouse of Representatives ormore than the re8uire one!thir re8uirement of4rticle M- Section of

the ,+: Constitution . 7rial starte *anuary ,' %&,% #ith SenatePresient *uan Ponce 0nrile as Presiin" 3fficer. Chief *ustice Renato C.Corona #as foun "uilty uner 4rticle -- of the 4rticles of -mpeachmentlast $ay %+ %&,% or after 1 ays of trial. 7he vote of the Senators #hoacte as -mpeachment Court *u"es #as %&! %& foun him "uilty. Chief*ustice Renato C. Corona is the first hi"h rankin" "overnment official to beconvicte by an impeachment court.
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-n $arch %&,, %,% members of the Gouse of Representatives le by GouseSpeaker Jeliciano Belmonte vote to impeach the 3mbusman $erceitas/utierre an to transmit the 4rticles of -mpeachment to the Senate. 7he!year term of office of 3mbusman /utierre #as suppose to en

December %&,%. 3mbusman /utierre resi"ne before the impeachmenttrial by the Senate.'%1% E*ecutie +ranch7he Presient is veste #ith the executive po#er. (4rt. -- sec. , ,+:Constitution). 7he Presient is both the Chief of State (hea of"overnment) an the Commaner!in!Chief of all the 4rme Jorces of thePhilippines (4rt. -- sec. ,:). Since ,:+: #hen the Jirst PhilippineRepublic #as establishe the Philippines has ha fifteen (,2) Presientsfrom 0milio 4"uinalo to Beni"no S. 48uino ---.

7he 0xecutive Branch also inclues the ice!Presient an the Secretariesof Geas of the 0xecutive Departments an other Cabinet officialsBoth the Presient an the ice!Presient are electe by irect vote of theJilipino people for a term of six years. 7he Presient is not eli"ible for a re!election #hile the ice Presient cannot serve for more than t#o terms.Con"ress is empo#ere to promul"ate rules in the canvassin" ofcertificates of election. 7he Supreme Court sittin" en anc is the sole


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an offices (4rt. - sec ,).3ffice of the Solicitor /eneral .-ts manate an function as foun in its #ebsite is that it is =the la# firm

of the Republic of the Philippines. -t is taske to represent the People of thePhilippines the Philippine /overnment its 4"encies an-nstrumentalities 3fficials an 4"ents (especially before appellate courts)in any liti"ation or matter re8uirin" the services of a la#yer.> -ts mission is=to promote an protect the interest of the Republic of the Philippines anits people in le"al proceein"s an matters re8uirin" the services of ala#yer.'%2% Legislatie Depart)entLe"islative po#er is veste in the Con"ress of the Philippines consistin" of

the Senate an the Gouse of Representatives (4rt. - sec. ,). Gistory hasprovie that the le"islative structure has uner"one numerous chan"es.4 brief history of the Philippine le"islature is available at the Gouse ofRepresentative #ebsite an at the Senate .

7he Senate of the Philippines is compose of t#enty four (%1) Senators#ho are electe at lar"e by 8ualifie voters #ho serve for a term of notmore than six (') years. 5o Senator may be electe for more than t#oconsecutive terms. (4rt - sec. 1). 7he Senate is le by the SenatePresient Pro 7empore $a


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4ssociation for 5ational 4vancement an 7ransparency (B4547) v.Commission on 0lections (/.R. 5o. ,+,) an Bayan $una 4vocacy for7eacher 0mpo#erment 7hrou"h 4ction Cooperation an Garmony7o#ars 0ucational Reforms -nc. an 4bono (/.R. 5o. ,+%+2)Republic 4ct 5o. +1, #as eclare unconstitutional #ith re"ars to the

t#o percent threshol in the istribution of aitional party!list seats. 7heCourt in this ecision provie a proceure in the allocation of aitionalseats uner the Party!List System. $a


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3r"aniational Chart of the #hole *uicial System an those of each type ofCourt is available in %&&% Revise $anual of Clerks of Court. $anila6Supreme Court %&&%. 3r"aniational Chart #as amene ue to thepassa"e of Republic 4ct 5o. +%:% (la# elevatin" the Court of 7ax 4ppealsto the level of a colle"iate court)*uicial po#er rests #ith the Supreme Court an the lo#er courts as maybe establishe by la# (4rt. --- sec. ,). 7he


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autonomy. -ts appropriation may not be reuce by the le"islature belo#the appropriate amount the previous year after approval shall beautomatically an re"ularly release. (4rt. --- sec. ). 7his provisionmay no# face construction or interpretation in line #ith #hat the Secretaryof Bu"et an $ana"ement call = 7ransparency an 4ccountability

Primorial to Jiscal 4utonomy .> 7his involves the release of funs ofunfille positions in a"encies en


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4 Coe of Conuct for Court Personnel (4.$. 5o. &!&'!,!SC) #asaopte on 4pril , %&&1 effective *une , %&&1 publishe in t#one#spapers of "eneral circulation on 4pril %' %&&1 ($anila Bulletin QPhilippine Star) an available at the #ebsites.

Supreme Court of the Philippines 67he arangay chiefs exercise


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an sec. 1 () f or cases that may be hear by ivisions.*uiciary Reor"aniation 4ct of ,+:& transferre from the Department of*ustice to the Supreme Court the aministrative supervision of all courtsan their personnel. 7his #as affirme by Constitution(,+:) 4rt. ---

sec. '. 7o effectively ischar"e this constitutional manate 7he 3ffice ofthe Court 4ministrator (3C4) #as create uner Presiential Decree 5o.:%: as amene by Presiential Decree 5o. :1% an its functions furtherstren"thene by a Resolution of the Supreme Court 0n Banc ate 3ctober%1 ,++'. -ts principal function is the supervision an aministration ofthe lo#er courts throu"hout the Philippines an all their personnel. -treports an recommens to the Supreme Court all actions that affect thelo#er court mana"ement. 7he 3C4 is heae by the Court 4ministratorthree () Deputy Court 4ministrators an three () 4ssistant Court4ministrators.

4ccorin" to the ,+: Constitution 4rt. --- sec. 2 the Supreme Courtexercises the follo#in" po#ers60xercise


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proceure for the speey isposition of cases shall be uniform for allcourts the same "rae an shall not iminish increase or moifysubstantive ri"hts. Rules of proceure of special courts an 8uasi!7he constitutionality of the Cybercrime Prevention 4ct of %&,% (Republic4ct 5o.,&,2 passe on September ,% %&,% #as assaile in theconsoliate case of Disini *r. v. 7he Secretary of *ustice /.R. 5o.%&2 Jebruary ,: %&,1.


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7he constitutionality of the isitin" Jorces 4"reement (J4) ana"reement #ith the ?nite States #as 8uestion in the consoliate case ofB4I45 ( Bagong &lyansang Ma8aayan ) v. Eamora /.R. 5o. ,:2&3ctober ,& %&&&. 4lthou"h this case eclare the a"reementconstitutional cases involvin" this a"reement are bein" file. 7he case of

Sombilon v. Romulo /.R. 5o. ,2::: Jebruary ,, %&&+ pertains to thecustoy of efenant Lance Corporal (LOCPL) Daniel Smith a member ofthe ?nite States isitin" Jorces #ho #as accuse of rape. 4nother caseinvolvin" Cpl. Scott Pemberton member of the ?nite States isitin"Jorces #as file before the Re"ional 7rial Court of 3lon"apo City for themurer of a trans"ener. Cpl. Pemberton #as heavily "uare by both?nite States an Jilipino soliers an has uner"one manatoryfin"erprintin" an mu" shorts but arrai"nment has not yet been scheule.4nother a"reement bet#een Philippines an the ?nite States the

0nhance Defense Cooperation 4"reement (0DC4) has been 8uestion inconsoliate petitions pertions. 7he Supreme Court has starte last5ovember ,: %&,1 to hol oral ar"uments on these consoliate petitions.Recent cases file in the Supreme Court involve the use of "overnmentfuns in the t#o co!e8ual branches of "overnment the Le"islature an the0xecutive. 7he Bel"ica v. 3choa *r. /.R. 5o. %&:2'' 5ovember ,+%&& involves the use of the Priority Development 4ssistance Jun(PD4J) by the members of the Le"islative Department. -n the ecision of*ustice Perlas!Bernabe the concept an the history of the pork barrelsystem #as iscusse. 7he 4raullo v. 48uino --- /. R. 5o. %&+%: *uly ,%&,1 on the other han assaile the constitutionality of the Disbursement4cceleration Pro"ram (D4P) 5ational Bu"et Circular (5BC) 5o. 21, anrelate issuances of the Department of Bu"et an $ana"ement (DB$)implementin" the D4P of the 0xecutive Department. 7he Supreme Courtecie that use of the Priority Development 4ssistance Jun (PD4J) ofthe Le"islative Department an the Disbursement 4cceleration Pro"ram(D4P) of the 0xecutive Department are both unconstitutional. Plunercases relatin" to the use of the Priority Development 4ssistance Jun(PD4J) have been file by the 3ffice of the 3mbusman at theSani"anbatan a"ainst three incumbent Senators Senators *uan Ponce

0nrile Ramon Revilla *r. an *ose P. 0


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7he Supreme Court has aopte an promul"ate the Rules of Court forthe protection an enforcement of constitutional ri"hts pleain"s anpractice an proceure in all courts an the amission in the practice ofla#. -n line #ith this manate of the Rules of Court an extra


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sie of South Shoal of the 7ubbataha Reefs. 7ubataha Reefs is eclare asa 5ature Park by la# (Republic 4ct 5o. ,&&' approve 4pril ' %&,&)an a 9orl Gerita"e Site by the ?nite 5ations 0ucational Scientific anCultural 3r"aniation (?50SC3). 4 9rit of Nalikasan petition #ith prayerfor the 7emporary 0nvironmental Protection 3rer (70P3) uner Rule

of 4.$. 5o. &+!'!:!SC other#ise kno#n as the R!les of Proced!re for(n/iron$ental Cases (Rules) #as file for violations of environmentalla#s an re"ulations. 7his case ho#ever takes into consieration involvesinternational responsibility. 7he ?SS /uarian #as allo#e to enterPhilippine #aters by pursuant to the isitin" Jorces 4"reement (J4)an =as a treaty privile"e shoul be consiere as an act 4!re i$perii .> 7hepetition #as ismisse. 7he Court state an - 8uote6=7he Court efers to the 0xecutive Branch on the matter of compensationan rehabilitation measures throu"h iplomatic channels. Resolution of

these issues impin"es on our relations #ith another State in the context ofcommon security interests uner the J4. -t is settle that =tThe conuctof the forei"n relations of our "overnment is committe by the Constitutionto the executive an le"islativeU=the political>!!epartments of the"overnment an the propriety of #hat may be one in the exercise of thispolitical po#er is not sub


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Library #ebsites .Draft personnel manual (4.$. 5o. &&!'!&,!SC) #as been submitte to theCourt 0nBanc for action on $arch %+ %&,,. -n a Resolution of the Court 0n Banc

ate *anuary, %&,% the Guman Resource $anual formerly referre to as Personnel$anual #as approve.7he *uicial an Bar Council#as create by virtue of Constitution(,+:)4rt. --- sec. :. uner the supervision of the Supreme Court. -ts principalfunction is to screen prospective appointees to any


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4caemy (http6OOphil the career of the members of the-nte"rate Bar of the Philippines =they keep abreast #ith la# an $embers of the -nte"rate Bar of thePhilippines #ho are not exempt from the $CL0 must complete thirty six(') hours of continuin" le"al eucation every three () years (B.$. 5o.:2& Rule % sec. %). 0xemptions from the $CL0 re8uirement are unerRule sec. ,!%. -t hols office in the -nte"rate Bar of the Philippines mainoffice at *ulio ar"as St. 3rti"as Center $analuyon" City.

Court of 4ppeals 6Common#ealth 4ct 5o. (December , ,+2) pursuant to theConstitution (,+2) 4rt. --- sec. , establishe the Court of 4ppeals. -t#as formally or"anie on Jebruary , ,+' an #as compose of eleven


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Go#ever it #as re!establishe on 3ctober 1 ,+1' by virtue of Republic4ct 5o. 2% #ith a Presiin" *ustice an fifteen (,2) 4ssociate *ustices. -tscomposition #as increase by the follo#in" enactments6 Republic 4ct 5o.,'&2 to ei"hteen (,:)K Republic 4ct 5o. 2%&1 to t#enty!four (%1)KPresiential Decree 5o. ,1:% to one (,) Presiin" *ustice an thirty!four

(1) 4ssociate *usticesK Batas Pambansa Bl". ,%+ to fifty (2&)K Republic 4ct5o. :%1' to sixty!nine ('+). 9ith Republic 4ct 5o. :%1' the Court of4ppeals in Cebu an Ca"ayan e 3ro #ere establishe. 9ith Republic 4ct:%1' the '+ *ustices are ivie in t#enty three ivisions throu"hout thePhilippines6 Luon ($anila! ,!, th Division) isayas (Cebu! ,: th !%& th

Division) an $inanao (Ca"ayan e 3ro! %, st !% r Division). 7he %&&+-nternal Rules of Proceure of the Court of 4ppeals #as approve by theSupreme Court 0n Ban in a Resolution (4.$. 5o. &+!,,!,,!C4) ateDecember ,2 %&&+.(http6OOca.


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initially revie#able to the Court of 4ppeals throu"h a petition of Certiorariuner Rule '2. Prior to this ecision it #as irectly to the Supreme Court.Criminal cases #here the penalty impose is reclusion perpetua lifeimprisonment or eath #ere automatically elevate to the Supreme Court.

9ith the case of People v. $ateo /.R. 5o. ,1':!: *uly 1 %&&1 (1SCR4 '1&) the Supreme Court allo#e the Court of 4ppeals to conuct anintermeiate revie# of the case before it is elevate to the Supreme Court.4s per the Resolution of the Supreme Court (4.$. 5o. &2!,,!&1!SC) theCourt of 4ppeals has


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4nti!/raft an Corrupt Practices 4ct (Republic 4ct 5o. &,+ as amene

Republic 4ct 5o. ,+ an Chapter -- Sec. % 7itle -- Book -- of theRevise Penal Coe) of a "overnment official occupyin" the follo#in"positions in the "overnment #hether in a permanent actin" or interim

capacity at the time of the commission of the offenseK =3fficials of the executive branch occupyin" the positions of re"ional

irector an hi"her other#ise classifie as /rae W%W an hi"her of theCompensation an Position Classification 4ct of ,+:+ (Republic 4ct 5o.'2:)K

$embers of Con"ress an officials thereof classifie as /raeW%Wan upuner the Compensation an Position Classification 4ct of ,+:+K crala#

$embers of the


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Court.7 he Supreme Court actin" on the recommenation of the Committee onRevision of the Rules of Court resolve to approve the Revise Rules of theCourt of 7ax 4ppeals (4.$. 5o. &2!,,!&!C74) an amene by a

resolution of the Court 0n Banc on 5ovember %% %&&2 .7he Court of 7ax 4ppeals has exclusive appellate


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#hich have become final. ?ner Republic 4ct 5o. +%:% the


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$7Cs an $C7CsK 4ll actions in amiralty an maritime


33/76


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cases in the province or city in the absence of the Re"ional 7rial Court*u"es.7he Supreme Court approve on September + %&&: the Rule of Proceurefor Small Claims Cases (4.$. 5o. &:!:!!SC) #hich took effect on 3ctober

, %&&: after its publication in t#o ne#spapers of "eneral circulation.Jorty four (11) first level courts ($etropolitan 7rial Courts ($e7C)$unicipal 7rial Courts in Cities ($7CC) $unicipal 7rial Courts ($7C)an $unicipal Circuit 7rial Courts ($C7C) #ere esi"nate to hear smallclaims cases. 3n Jebruary ,' %&,& a Resolution of the Court 0n Banc#as approve amenin" provisions of the Rule of Proceure for SmallClaims Cases (4.$. 5o. &:!:!!SC). -n $arch of %&,& all the first LevelCourts in the country except ShariAa courts #ere empo#ere to hear smallclaims cases. Small claims courts are also calle =PeopleAs Courts> casesare reaily resolve for al courts are re8uire to ecie the matter at the first

hearin". La#yers are not allo#e in hearin"s. 7hus the proceure isconsiere inexpensive. 7hese first level courts try small claims cases forpayment of money #here the value of the claim oes not excee 3neGunre 7housan Pesos (P,&& &&&.&&) exclusive of interest an costs.7hese courts shall apply the rules of proceure provie in 4.$. 5o. &:!:!!SC in all actions =#hich are6 (a) purely civil in nature #here the claim orrelief praye for by the plaintiff is solely for payment or reimbursement ofsum of money an (b) the civil aspect of criminal actions either filebefore the institution of the criminal action or reserve upon the filin" ofthe criminal action in court pursuant to Rule ,,, of the Revise Rules 3fCriminal Proceure.>Shari+a Courts67hese special courts #ere create by sec. , of Presiential Decree 5o.,&: or the Coe of $uslim Personal La#s. 7he


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a""re"ate value of the propertyK Petitions for the eclaration of absence an eath an for the cancellation

or correction of entries in the $uslim Re"istries mentione in 7itle - ofBook 7#o of the CoeK

4ll actions arisin" from customary contracts in #hich the parties are

$uslim if they i not specifie #hich la# shall "overn their relationsK an 4ll petitions for manamus prohibition in


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Resolution of the Supreme Court in ,: provie the special rules ofproceure in the ShariAa courts (#4ra-at-&l Maha8i$ &l Sharia+a);ShariAa courts an personnel are sub


37/76

3ther *uicial Proceures6'atar!ngang Pa$arangay ! Presiential Decree 5o. ,2&: or the'atar!ngang Pa$arangay La# took effect December ,, ,+: anestablishe a system of amicably settlin" isputes at the arangay l evel.

Rules an proceures #ere provie by this ecree an the Local/overnment Coe 7itle - Chapter sec. +!1%%). 7his system ofamicable settlement of ispute aims to promote the speey aministrationof


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service an #as reor"anie as a Bureau in ,+&2. -t #as establishe in the,+2 Constitution. Republic 4ct 5o. %%'& (,+2+) converte it from aBureau into the Civil Service Commission. Presiential Decree 5o. :&further reefine its role. -ts present status is provie for in the ,+:Constitution 4rt. -M!B an reiterate by the provision of the ,+:

4ministrative Coe (0xecutive 3rer 5o. %+%).Commission on 0lections ! -t is the constitutional commission create by a,+1& amenment to the ,+2 Constitution #hose primary function is tomana"e to maintain its authority an inepenence in the conuct ofelections. 7he C3$0L0C exercises aministrative 8uasi!


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"overnment is compose of the "overnor vice!"overnor members ofthe sangg!niang panlalawigan an other appointe officials.

7he city consists of more urbanie an evelope arangays#hich are

create ivie mer"e abolishe or its bounary altere by la# or

act of Con"ress sub


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*ustice 4ntonio 7. Carpio on 4u"ust %1 %&,& sustaine the earlierecision eclarin" the Cityhoo La#s unconstitutional. 3n appeal theCourt in a ecision on Jebruary ,2 %&,, penne by *ustice Lucas P.Bersamin reverse the t#o previous ecisions of the Court aneclare the Cityhoo la#s constitutional. *ustice Bersamin sustaine

this ecision on 4pril ,% %&,, an the finally on *une %: %&,,.7he Barangay is the smallest local "overnment unit #hich is create

ivie mer"e abolishe or its bounary altere by la# or by anorinance of the sangg!niang panlalawigan or sangg!niangpanl!nsod sub


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Republic 4ct 5o. ''' proviin" for an 3r"anic 4ct for the Corillera4utonomous Re"ion #as passe Con"ress an took effect on 3ctober %,+:+. 4 plebiscite #as calle but it faile to "et the ma


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7he Commission on 4ppointment is an inepenent constitutional boyseparate an istinct from the Le"islative. -ts members are members ofboth house of Con"ress. -t aims to =acts as a restraint a"ainst the abuse ofthe appointin" po#er of the Presient by approvin" only those #ho are fit

an 8ualifie to ensure the efficient an harmonious functionin" of the"overnment.> 7his manate an the "overnment officials #ho nee theCommissionAs confirmation are provie in the Constitution (,+:)4rticle -- sec. ,'. 7he members of the


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Civil Service La#)..% Legal S-ste).%1% ature !# the Philippine Legal S-ste)

7he Philippine le"al system may be consiere as a uni8ue le"al systembecause it is a blen of civil la# (Roman) common la# (4n"lo!4merican)$uslim (-slamic) la# an ini"enous la#. Like other le"al systems thereare t#o main sources of la#..%2% S!urces !# La7here are t#o primary sources of the la#6

Statutes or statutory la# ! Statutes are efine as the #ritten enactment ofthe #ill of the le"islative branch of the "overnment renere authentic

by certain prescribe forms or solemnities are more also kno#n asenactment of con"ress. /enerally they consist of t#o types theConstitution an le"islative enactments. -n the Philippines statutoryla# inclues constitutions treaties statutes proper or le"islativeenactments municipal charters municipal le"islation court rulesaministrative rules an orers le"islative rules an presientialissuance.

*urispruence ! or case la# ! is cases ecie or #ritten opinion by courts

an by persons performin" an


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Classification by 4uthority6=4uthority is that #hich may be cite in support of an action theory or

hypothesis.> Primary 4uthority is the only authority that is binin" onthe courts. 7hese are the t#o sources of la# #hich inclues the

Constitution le"islative statutes or those passe by Con"ressecisions of the Supreme Court appellate courts lo#er court another 8uasi!


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libraries subscribe to the %estlaw and=or Le9isNe9is . 7he SupremeCourt ?niversity of the Philippines ?niversity of Santo 7omas an anumber of prominent la# libraries also have a Spanish collection #here a"reat number of our la#s ori"inate.

Seconary authority or sources are commentaries or books treatise#ritin"s


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>aette . Publication of Supreme Court ecisions in the Official >aette isselective. 7he publication of the Philippine Reports by the 5ationalPrintin" 3ffice cease in ,+'&s. -t #as only in ,+: #hen the publicationof the Philippine Reports #as revive by then Chief *ustice 0nri8ue $.Jernano #ho re8ueste then Presient Jerinan 0. $arcos to take

char"e of its publication #ith special appropriation in the *uiciaryAsannual bu"et. Go#ever #hen the Supreme Court took over the printin"in ,+: the elay in printin" covere more than t#enty (%&) years. 7helast volume printe #as volume ,%' (*une ,+'). 7he Philippine Reports isup!to!ate an almost complete from ,+&,. 7he volumes are to be printecover *une ,++,!December ,++1. 3nline the Supreme Court 0!Library iscomplete an upate as soon as the ecisions have been certifie by theChief *ustice. 7he Supreme Court 0!Library inclues the citation of thePhilippine Reports#here each case is foun #henever it is available.

7he Seconary Sources are the unofficial sources an "enerally referre toas those commercially or institutionally publishe in print or online.

Some of the Seconary sources of statutes are the ?ital Legal oc!$ents publishe by the Central Book Supply contains a compilation ofPresiential Decrees (,+). 7he secon eition contains Republic 4cts.Prof. Sulpicio /uevara publishe three books #hich contain s the full textof le"islative enactments or la#s namely6 a ); P!lic Laws &nnotated (vols.) compilation of all la#s from ,+&, to ,+2 b). Co$$onwealth &cts&nnotated (vos.) compilation of la#s from ,+2!,+12 c). 7he Laws ofthe irst Philippine Rep!lic @The Laws of Malolos) 0151-0155 . Jor theSupreme Court ecisions S!pre$e Co!rt Reports &nnotated @SCR&), aseconary source publishe by the Central Book Supply is more upatean popular in the le"al community than the Philippine Reports, theprimary an official source. 7he SCR4 #as publishe because of the elayin the printin" of the Philippines an the nee of the Philippine le"alprofession for Supreme Court ecision. Citations in commentaries orbooks treatise #ritin"s


47/76

search tools for statute an case la#. 7hese electronic sources starte #ithCD R3$S an no# online or electronic libraries. 7he popular use ofonlineOelectronic libraries #as ue to the avent of the iPas iPos tabletan notebooks an internet #ith 9i!Ji connection. 3nline access is eitherthrou"h 3pen access or subscription basis. 3pen access for la# is use for

both the "overnment an the private sector. 7he Chan Robles La# JirmLibrary an 4rellano La# Jounation La#phil use open access in theirelectronic libraries #hich contains the full!text of all sources of Philippinele"al information case la# an statute la#. Chanrobles.com has also in itsatabase the full text of ?nite States ecisions an materials on importantle"al events such as -mpeachment proceein"s bar examinations. ChanRobles conucts online bar revie# pro"ram.

3fficial or "overnment online source for full!text for all le"al sources anrelate materials in the 3fficial /aette online launche in *uly %&,&. -t

contains the issuances of all the executive epartments #hich are founalso in the #ebsites of the ifferent executive epartments. 7hey aim (asreflecte in their #ebsite) to inclue the issuances of the le"islative an the


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existence of the full!text of Presiential Decrees #as that brou"ht aboutto the Supreme Court in the Tanada /; T!/era, /.R. 5o. '+,2 4pril %1,+:2 (%%& Phil 1%%) December %+ ,+:' (,1' SCR4 11') case #asresolve by the use of the latest technolo"y. 7he Tanada /; T!/era, casethat #as first ecie before the blooless revolution popularly kno#n as

People Po#er or the 0DS4 Revolution an moifie in the December %+,+:' or after the People Po#er or the 0DS4 Revolution resolve thepublication re8uirement for the effectivity of la#s as provie for inSection % of the Civil Coe of the Philippines. 7his #as resolve by0xecutive 3rer 5o. %&& s. ,+: that provies that la#s become effectivefifteen (,2) ays after publication in the Official >aette or in t#one#spapers of "eneral circulation.

Still to be resolve i s ho# to classify sources publishe in thene#spapers. 9ill 0xecutive 3rer 5o. %&& s. ,+: these resources as

primary an seconary source. Go#ever in case of conflict bet#een thosepublishe in the ne#spapers an the Official >aette the rule is follo#in"the Official >aette;7he existence availability an access to local orinances issue by thelocal "overnments in the Philippines remains a problem for the City of$anila is the one #ith a compilation. Go#ever all "overnment a"encieshave starte to use the latest technolo"y in their operations an some ofthem are available online.-n finin" the la# our ultimate "oal is to locate manatory primaryauthorities #hich have bearin" on the le"al problem at han. -f theseauthorities are scarce or nonexistent our next alternative is to fin anyrelevant persuasive manatory authority. -f our search is still ne"ative thenext alternative mi"ht be seconary authorities. 7here are ho#everinstances #here the seconary authorities more particularly thecommentaries mae by experts of the fiel take preceence over thepersuasive manatory authorities. 9ith the availability of both usin" bothsources is hi"hly recommene.Classification by Character6

7his refers to the nature of the sub


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the only available Philippine la# ictionary #as last publishe in ,+::an *ose 4"aton SibalAs Philippine Legal Thesa!r!s #hich is like#iseconsiere a ictionary #as publishe in ,+:'. Jorei"n la# ictionarieslikeBlac8s+ Law ictionary, %ords and Phrases are use as alternate. 7osearch for le"al information le"al researchers "o online virtual libraries

such as the Supreme Court 0!Library Chan Robles irtual Library 4rellanoAs la#phil CD 4sia online an the ifferent atabases in CD!R3$format from CD 4sia 7echnolo"ies 4sia -nc. 7he atabases evelope byCD 4sia inclue not only the compilation of La#s (statutes) an*urispruence but also inclue a compilation of le"al information that arenot available in printe form such as 3pinions of the Department of*ustice Securities an 0xchan"e Commission anBang8o Sentral (CentralBank) rules an re"ulations. Search en"ines use in these atabasesans#er for the lack of complete an upate inexes of le"al information.-n this re"ar effective le"al research can be conucte #ith one carinal

rule in min6 ;4L94IS S74R7 JR3$ 7G0 L470S7.; 7he exception tothis is #hen the research has efine or has provie a SP0C-J-C perio.5% Philippine Legal Research5%1% Research !# Statute laStatute la#s are the rules an re"ulations promul"ate by competentauthoritiesK enactments of le"islative boies (national or local) or they maybe rules an re"ulations of aministrative (epartments or bureau) or


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Constitutions only. 7he online sources @(-lirary , Chan Roles ,LawPhil, C &sia , Law .!an ) ho#ever have the full!text of all Constitutions ofthe Philippines6 $alolos ,+2 ,+1 of *apanese ,+ Provisional orJreeom Constitution an ,+:. 7he books of Senator 4mbrosio Pailla (The 0512 Constit!tions of the Rep!lic of the Philippines . vol. pp+!

:') an Carmelo Sison provie a comparative presentation of theprovisions of the ,+2 ,+ an ,+: Constitutions.7ext of the $alolos Constitution is available in some history books such as/re"orio J. EaieAsPhilippine Constit!tional "istory and Constit!tions ofModern Nations p. ,' (,+&) an online. ((-lirary , Chan Roles , C&sia , Law .!an ).

7he Constitutional Convention proceein"s provie for the intent anback"roun of each provision of the Constitution. Sources for the ,+1!

,+2 Constitutional Convention are6 ,& volumes of the ConstitutionalConvention Recor by the Gouse of Representatives (,+'') SalvaorLaurelWs seven volumes book entitle Proceedings of the Constit!tionalCon/ention (,+'')K ' volumes of the Philippine Constit!tion, Origins,Ma8ing, Meaning and &pplication by the Philippine La#yers 4ssociation#ith *ose 4rue"o as one of its eitors (,+&) an *ournal of theConstitutional convention of the Philippines by icente Jrancisco.Proceein"s of the ,+ Constitutional Convention #ere never publishe.4 photocopy an softcopy of the complete compilation is available at theJilipiniana Reain" Room of the 5ational Library of the Philippines.*ournals ( volumes) an Recors (2 volumes) of the ConstitutionalConvention of ,+:' #ere publishe by the Constitutional Commission.7his publication oes not have an inex. 7his problem #as remeie #henCD 7echnolo"ies 4sia -nc. came out #ith a CD!R3$ version #hichfacilitate research for it has a search en"ine.7he proceein"s an text of the ,+2 ,+ an ,+: Constitutions areelectronically available at the Supreme Court 0!Library.

Commentaries or interpretations on the constitution ecisions of theSupreme Court an other courts textbooks or treaties perioical articles ofthe ifferent Constitution are available. (Part %6 Philippine Le"al-nformation Resources an Citations ! 4.v 7reatiseO4nnotationsOCommentaries etc.4.v.,& Political La#7reaties an other -nternational 4"reements6
http://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/http://www.chanrobles.com/http://www.lawphil.net/http://cdasiaonline.com/http://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/http://www.chanrobles.com/http://cdasiaonline.com/http://cdasiaonline.com/http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Philippines1_Part2.html#Avhttp://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/http://www.chanrobles.com/http://www.lawphil.net/http://cdasiaonline.com/http://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/http://www.chanrobles.com/http://cdasiaonline.com/http://cdasiaonline.com/http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Philippines1_Part2.html#Av


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4 treaty is an a"reement or a contract bet#een t#o (bilateral) or more(multilateral) nations or soverei"ns entere into by a"ents appointe("enerally the Secretary of Jorei"n 4ffairs or ambassaors) for the purposean uly sanctione by supreme po#ers of the respective countries.

7reaties that o not have le"islative sanctions are executive a"reements#hich may or may not have le"islative authoriation an #hich havelimite execution by constitutional restrictions.-n the Philippines a treaty or international a"reement shall not be valian effective unless concurre in by at least t#o!thirs of all members ofthe Senate (Constitution 4rticle -- section %,). 7hose #ithout theconcurrence of the Senate are consiere as 0xecutive 4"reements.7he Presient of the Philippines may enter into international treaties or

a"reements as the national #elfare an interest may re8uire an maycontract an "uarantee forei"n loans on behalf of the Republic subaette, epart$entof oreign &ffairs Treaty Series @&TS), nited Nations Treaty Series@NTS ) or the ?niversity of the Philippines La# CenterWs PhilippineTreaty Series @ PTS); 7o locate the latest treaties there are t#o possiblesources6 Department of Jorei"n 4ffairs an the Senate of the Philippines.7here is no complete repository of all treaties entere into by thePhilippines. 7here is a selective publication of treaties in the Official>aette . 7he DJ47S #as last publishe in the ,+&s #hile the P7SWs lastvolume vol. : contains treaties entere into until ,+:,.9ith the ?5 7reatySeries #hich use to be available only in ?5 epository libraries in thecountry an its ?nite 5ation -nformation Center in $akati in no#available online throu"h the ?nite 5ations #ebsite . 0lectronically ma


52/76

%&,& at the Department of Jorei"n 4ffairs. 3nline version is foun in theSupreme Court 0!Library . 4lso launche last *une %&,& #as thePhilippine 7reaties -nex ,+1'!%&,& by the Jorei"n Service -nstitute.

Jor tax treaties 0usta8uio 3roo has publishe a series on the

Philippine tax treaties. 3ther sources of important treaties are appenein books on the sub


53/76

before the openin" of Con"ress may be classifie as both executive anle"islative acts for there #as no le"islature urin" those t#o perios.La#s passe by the ne# ,+: Con"ress starte from Rep. 4ct 5o. ''' asthe last Republic 4ct promul"ate by Con"ress before $artial La# #as

Rep. 4ct 5o. ''2.7he follo#in" are the Philippine coes aopte from ,+&, to present6

4ministrative Coe of ,+: ( 0xecutive 3rer 5o. %+%) Chil an Iouth 9elfare Coe (Pres. Decree 5o. '&) Civil Coe (Rep. 4ct 5o. :') Comprehensive 4"rarian Reform Coe Coe of 0thical Stanars for Public 3fficials an 0mployees (Rep. 4ct o.

',)

Cooperative Coe (Rep. 4ct 5o. +2%&) Corporation Coe (Batas Bl". ':) Jamily Coe (0xecutive 3rer 5o. %&+) Jire Coe (Rep. 4ct 5o. +2,1) Jisheries Coe (Rep. 4ct 5o. :22&) Jorest Reform Coe (Pres. Decree 5o. &2) -nsurance Coe (PresO Decree 5o. ,1'&) -ntellectual Property Coe (Rep. 4ct 5o. :%+) Labor Coe (Pres. Decree 5o. 11%) Lan 7ransportation an 7raffic Coe (Rep. 4ct 5o. 1,') Local /overnment Coe (Rep. 4ct 5o. ,'&) $uslim Coe of Personal La#s ( Pres. Decree 5o. ,&:) 5ational Builin" Coe (Pres. Decree 5o. ,&+') 5ational Coe of $arketin" of Breast!milk Substitutes an Supplements

(0xecutive 3rer 5o. 2, s. ,+:') 5ational -nternal Revenue Coe (Pres. Decree 5o. ,,2:) 3mnibus 0lection Coe (Batas Bl" ::,) Philippine 0nvironment Coe (Pres. Decree 5o. ,,2%) Revise Penal Coe (4ct no. :,2) Sanitation Coe (Pres. Decree 5o. :2') State 4uitin" Coe

7ariff an Customs Coe (Pres. Decree 5o. ,1'1) 9ater Coe (Pres. Decree 5o. ,&')

7he Senate has prepare the entire le"islature process an hasenumerate the types of le"islation. 7his proceure is pursuant to theConstitution an reco"nie by both Gouses of Con"ress. 7he Gouse of
http://www.senate.gov.ph/about/legpro.asphttp://www.senate.gov.ph/about/legpro.asp


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Representatives has provie a ia"ram of the proceure on ho# a billbecomes a la#.

S3?RC06 Con"ressional LibraryK Gouse Printin" Division 4ministrativeSupport Bureau *uly ,++'.Presiential -ssuances4ministrative acts orers an re"ulations of the Presient touchin" onthe or"aniation or moe of operation of the "overnment re!arran"in" ora


55/76

commans "overnin" the "eneral performance of uties of public officialsan employees or isposin" of issues of "eneral concern are mae effectiveby 0xecutive 3rers. 7hose orers fixin" the ates #hen specific la#sresolutions or orers cease to take effect an any information concernin"matters of public moment etermine by la# resolution or executive

orers take the form of executive Proclamation.0xecutive 3rers an Proclamations of the /overnor!/eneral #erepublishe annually in a set 0xecutive 3rers an Proclamations. 7hirtythree () volumes #ere publishe until ,+2 by the Bureau of Printin".4ministrative 4cts an 3rers of the Presient an Proclamations #erepublishe. 3nly a fe# libraries in the Philippines have these publicationsfor a ma


56/76

4ministrative Rules an re"ulations are orers rules an re"ulationsissue by the heas of Departments Bureau an other a"encies of the"overnment for the effective enforcement of la#s #ithin their aette and Official >aette online#here they inclue the full!textof their issuances an b) the 5ational 4ministrative Re"ister #hich isavailable in print CD!Rom an in the Supreme Court #ebsite.-n hanlin" these types of materials there are t#o important items neee6

a.) -ssuin" 4"ency an b.) Iear it #as promul"ate. 7his is ue to the factthat all Departments Bureaus an other "overnment a"encies use theaministrative orers memoranum orers an memoranum circularsfor their aministrative rules an re"ulations an they start al#ays #ithnumber , every year. 0ven the Supreme Court issues 4ministrative3rers Circulars $emoranum 3rers an 4ministrative $atters.Before the 4ministrative Coe of ,+: these orers rules anre"ulations #ere selectively publishe in the Official >aette . 7hus theonly source to be able to "et a copy of the text of these rules an re"ulationsis the issuin" "overnment a"ency itself.

9hen the ,+: 4ministrative Coe (0xecutive 3rer 5o. %+%) #aspromul"ate all "overnment a"encies incluin" "overnment o#ne ancontrolle corporations are manate to file three () certifie copies oftheir orers rules an re"ulations #ith the ?niversity of the PhilippinesLa# CenterWs 3ffice of 5ational 4ministrative Re"ister #hich in turn isre8uire to publish 8uarterly the publication calle National&d$inistrati/e Register . 4sie from the printe copies the 5ational4ministrative Re"ister is available electronically on CD!R3$ (CD 4sia7echnolo"ies -nc.) an online at the Supreme Court 0!Library . Rules inforce on the ate on #hich the Coe took effect #hich are not file #ithin

three months from the ate not thereafter shall be the basis of anysanction a"ainst any person or party. 0ach rule becomes effective ,2 aysafter the filin" unless a ifferent ate is fixe by la# or specifie in therule such as in cases of imminent an"er to public health safety an#elfare the existence of #hich must be expresse in a statementaccompanyin" the rule. 7he court shall take


57/76

?niversity of the Philippines La# CenterAs 3ffice of 5ational4ministrative Re"ister is not only taske to publish this 8uarterly re"isterbut must keep an up!to!ate coification of all rules thus publishe anremainin" in effect to"ether #ith a complete inex an appropriate tables.

0very rule establishin" an offense or efinin" an act #hich pursuant to la#is punishable as a crime or sub


58/76

S3?RC06 7337 Re/ised Man!al of Cler8s of Co!rt . $anila SupremeCourt %&&%. 3r"aniational Chart #as amene ue to the passa"e ofRepublic 4ct 5o. +%:% (C74)Case La# or *uicial ecisions are official interpretations or manifestationof la# mae by persons an a"encies of the "overnment performin"


59/76

7he reor"aniation of the *uiciary of ,+:& (Batas Pambansa Bl". ,%+)establishe the follo#in" courts6

Court of 4ppealsK Re"ional 7rial Courts ivie into ifferent


60/76

source of la#. -t is the aette, Philippine Reports an the&d/anceSheets are the primary source or official repositories of ecisions anextene resolutions of the Supreme Court. 7he &d/ance Sheets are

ecisions in =reprouce form> or =photocopie = copy of the actualori"inal ecision #hich contains the full text the si"natures of the


61/76

the Supreme Court #ebsite . The Official >aette, Philippine Reports arethe other primary source for Supreme Court ecisions. 7he ifferencebet#een the t#o lies in the fact that the Official >aette selectivecompilation #hile Philippine Reports contains the complete compilationecisions of the Supreme Court. 3ri"inal ecisions #ith ori"inal si"nature

of the *ustices of the Supreme Court are foun in the 3ffice of the Reporterof the Supreme Court.

7here #ere unpublishe ecisions of the Supreme Court from ,+&, until,+'&. 7he list an sub


62/76

publication of the CourtAs ecision. 7he Supreme CourtAs PhilippineReports starte #ith volume ,%.7he most popular seconary source is the S!pre$e Co!rt Reports

&nnotated @SCR& ) an eSCR4 an theLe9 Liris .!rispr!dence CD R3$

an CD 4sia 3nline . 7he online an CD versions are on subscriptionbasis #hile the printe SCR4 may be purchase per volume. 7#o ne#sources on subscription basis are6 a) $y Le"al 9hi K 0asy ContextualLe"al Research an Law .!an ecisions iPa app.Go# can #e search for Supreme Court ecisions manually7opic or Sub


63/76

but is not yet available online. 7itle search mae be mae throu"h the Le9Liris *urispruence online.0lectronic application is the source for effective le"al research. 7hesesources are as follo#s6

De-liraryD & Cent!ry E F Gears of Philippine S!pre$e Co!rt ecisions

0530-&pril 733F . Research Q Development Department 4"oo ComputerColle"e 4"oo Lau ?nion Philippines (CD R3$)

eSCR& ; H.C.6 Central Book Supply Law .!an . -Pa 4pp (*urispruence) Le9 Liris .!rispr!dence; Pasi" City6 CD 4sia 7echnolo"ies -nc. (CD

R3$) an CD 4sia online My Legal %hi K 0asy Contextual Le"al Research (

https==www;$ylegalwhi;co$=)

S!pre$e Co!rt (-Lirary online S!pre$e Co!rt wesite

Court of 4ppeals ecisions6Decisions of the Court of 4ppeals are merely persuasive on lo#er courts.7hey are cite in cases #here there are no Supreme Court ecisions inpoint. -n this re"ar they are consiere as


64/76

$orenoWs Philippine La# ictionaryDecisions of Special Courts6Sani"anbayan an the Court of 7ax 4ppeals o not have publisheecisions. 7he Sani"anbayan has only one volume publisheK

Sani"anbayan Reports vol. , covers ecisions promul"ate fromDecember ,++ to ,+:&. Sani"anbayan ecisions are no# bein" maeavailable online startin" from the latest to its first ecision. 7he Le"al3ffice of the Sani"anbayan is the repository of all of its ecisions.Court of 7ax 4ppeals ecisions from ,+:& to %&&1 are foun in the LexLibris particularly in 7axation CD R3$. Co!rt of Ta9 ecisions are no#bein" complete online startin" from the latest to its first ecision.Decisions of 4ministrative 4"encies Commissions an Boars6

La#s have been promul"ate #hich "rants some aministrative a"encies toperform 8uasi!


65/76

Commerce an -nustry CD R3$ inclues Supreme Court ecisions la#san issuances of its various a"encies such as the Department of 7rae an-nustry Boar of -nvestments Bureau of Customs B ang8o Sentral anthe Philippine Stock 0xchan"e.

/% Legal Pr!#essi!n and Legal Educati!nRepublic 4ct 5o. ''% other#ise kno#n as the Le"al 0ucation Reform4ct of ,++ create the Le"al 0ucation Boar #as approve on December% ,++ . 7he Boar shall be compose of a Chairman #ho shallpreferably be a former


66/76

members of the bar.4pplicants for the annual bar examination must have the follo#in" (Rulesof Court Rule ,: sec. %)6

citien an resient of the Philippines %, years of a"e "oo moral character (three testimonials of "oo moral character) submission of the re8uire ocuments such as birth certificate marria"e

certificate three testimonials of "oo moral character official la#transcript certificate of no ero"atory recor an certificate from theCG0DOL0B an photos4caemic re8uirements to 8ualify to take the bar examinations areprovie in Rules of Court Rule ,: section 2 an section '.

Section 2 provies that the applicant shoul have stuie la# for fouryears an have successfully complete all the prescribe courses. 7hissection #as amene by Bar $atter 5o. ,,2 $arch + %&,& #hichprovies =that they have successfully complete all the prescribe coursesfor the e"ree of Bachelor of La#s or its e8uivalent in a la# school oruniversity officially reco"nie by the Philippine /overnment or by theproper authority in forei"n Bar $atter 5o. ,,2 further provies that a Jilipino citien #ho"rauate from a forei"n la# school shall be allo#e to take the bar onlyupon the submission to the Supreme Court the re8uire certifications.Section ' provies the Pre!La# re8uirement #hich is a four year hi"hschool course an a bachelorAs e"ree in arts or science. 7his section #ill beho#ever affecte by Republic 4ct 5o. ,&2 F 0nhance Basic 0ucationof %&, #hich provies a N to ,% Pro"ram #hich covers Niner"arten an,% years of basic eucation (six years of primary eucation four years of*unior Gi"h School an t#o years of Senior Gi"h School.7he Scheule of sub


67/76

bar examinations for three or more times must take a refresher course.7he Le"al 0ucation Boar has liste the follo#in" :: accreite la#schools #ho can conuct refresher courses for %&,1!%&,26

4amson ?niversity

4emilianum Colle"e -nc. 4klan Colle"es Nalibo 4klan 4nres Bonifacio Colle"e 4n"eles ?niversity Jounation 48uinas ?niversity 4raullo ?niversity 4rellano ?niversity 4teneo e Davao ?niversity 4teneo e $anila ?niversity Bicol Colle"es

Bukinon State ?niversity Bulacan State ?niversity Ca"ayan State ?niversity Central Philippines ?niversity Centro 0scolar ?niversity Cole"io e la Purisima Colle"e Cor *esu Colle"e Corillera Career Development Colle"e Dr. . 3restes Romuale 0ucational Jounation 0astern Samar State ?niversity Jather Saturnino ?rios ?niversity Jar 0astern ?niversity Jar 0astern ?niversity!DLS? Jounation ?niversity Goly 5ame ?niversity (formerly D9C!7) -sabela State Colle"e *.G. Cerilles State Colle"e *ose Rial $emorial State ?niversity *ose Rial ?niversity Leyte Colle"es Liceo e Ca"ayan ?niversity

Lyceum of the Philippines ?niversity Lyceum 5orth#estern ?niversity $anila La# Colle"e Jounation $anuerl Luis Hueon ?niversity $ariano $arcos State ?niversity $inanao State ?niversity 5e# 0ra ?niversity


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5ortheastern Colle"e 5orth#estern ?niversity 5otre Dame ?niversity Pala#an State ?niversity Pamantasan n" Lun"so n" $aynila

Pan Pacific ?niversity of 5orthern Philippines Philippine Christian ?niversity Philippine La# School Polytechnic ?niversity of the Philippine San Sebastian Colle"e!Recoletos Saint Louis ?niversity San Bea Colle"e!4laban" San Bea Colle"e!$eniola San Pablo Colle"es Siliman ?niversity

South#estern ?niversity St. Louis Colle"e St. $aryAs ?niversity St. Paul School of Business an La# St. 7homas $ore School of La# an Business Sultan Nuarat ?niversity 7arlac State ?niversity ?niversia e $anila ?niversity of the Corilleras ?niversity of Ba"uio ?niversity of Batan"as ?niversity of Ca"ayan alley ?niversity of Cebu ?niversity of 0astern Philippines ?niversity of -loilo ?niversity of $anila ?niversity of $inanao ?niversity of 5e"ros 3cciental!Recoletos ?niversity of 5orthern Philippines ?niversity of 5ueva Caceres ?niversity of Pan"asinan

?niversity of Perpetual Gelp!La"una ?niversity of Perpetual Gelp!Rial ?niversity of San 4"ustin ?niversity of San Carlos ?niversity of San *ose!Recoletos ?niversity of Sothern Philippines!Jounation ?niversity of St. La Salle


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?niversity of Santo 7omas ?niversity of the 0ast ?niversity of the Philippines ?niversity of the isayas 9estern $inanao State ?niversity

Mavier ?niversity Reforms in the Bar 0xaminations (Bar $atter 5o. ,,',) #as aopte in*une %&&1 an effective *uly ,2 %&&1 ,2 ays after it #as publishe in the$anila Bulletin an the Philippine Star (*une %, %&&1). -n %&,, ne#reforms #ere mae as to its covera"e an the application of $ultipleChoice Huestion ($CH) exam an 0ssay!7ype exams. 7he ate of the Barexamination #as move to the four (1) Sunays of 5ovember.Special Bar 0xams forShari+a Court la#yers is provie for by virtue of the

Court 0n Banc Resolution ate September %& ,+:. 7he exam is "ivenevery t#o years. 4lthou"h the exam is conucte by the Supreme Court3ffice of the Bar Coniant it is the 3ffice of $uslim 4ffairs #ho certifies asto #ho are 8ualifie to take the exam. Caniates to the ShariaA bar o notnee to be e"ree holer of Bachelor of la#s. 7hose #ho have passe theShariaA bar or the Sharia la#yers are not consiere as full!fle"emembers of the Philippine bar for they are authorie to practice only inSharia courts.

4ll attorneys #hose names are in the Rolls of 4ttorneys of the SupremeCourt #ho have 8ualifie for an have passe the bar examinationsconucte annually taken the attorneyAs oath unless other#ise isbarremust be a member of the -nte"rate Bar of the Philippines. Bar $atter5o. :2& #as promul"ate by the Resolution of the Supreme Court 0n Bancon 4u"ust %% %&&& as amene on 3ctober % %&&, proviin" for therules on $anatory Continuin" Le"al 0ucation ($CL0) for 4ctive$embers of the -nte"rate Bar of the Philippines (-BP). 7he members ofthe -BP have to complete every three () years at least thirty six (') hoursof continuin" le"al activities approve by the $CL0 Committee. 4n -BPmember #ho fails to comply #ith the sai re8uirement shall pay a non!compliance fee an shall be liste as a elin8uent member of the -BP. 4

$anatory Continuin" Le"al 0ucation 3ffice to implement sai $CL0#as establishe by the Supreme Court by virtue of SC 4ministrative 3rer5o. ,,!%&& #hich #as approve on 4u"ust ,2 %&&2 an effectiveSeptember , %&& follo#in" its publication in t#o ne#spapers of "eneralcirculation. ?ner the Resolution of the Court en Banc ate September% %&&: (Bar $atter 5o. ,+%%) the counselAs $CL0 Certificate ofCompliance must be inicate in all pleain"s file #ith the Courts.


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7he Supreme Court has the po#er to iscipline the members of the bar byisbarment or suspension base on the "rouns provie in the Rules ofCourt Rule ,: sec. %. Rule ,+!B provies that the =proceein"s forisbarment suspension or iscipline may be taken by the Supreme Court

$ot! proprio or by the -nte"rate Bar of the Philippines upon the verifiecomplaint of a person.> = 7he -BP Boar of /overnors may motu proprioor upon referral by the Supreme Court or by a Chapter Boar of 3fficers orat the instance of any person initiate of any prosecute proper char"esa"ainst errin" attorneys incluin" those in "overnment service.>/%1% La Sch!!ls7he 3ffice of the Bar Confiant of the Supreme Court as of *uly %&,1 hasliste the follo#in" la# schools in the Philippines #hich have proucebar caniates6

Y4bra alley Colle"es 7aft St. Ban"ue 4bra Y4amson ?niversity San $arcelino St. $anila Y4emilianum Colle"e -nc. Sorso"on City Y4klan Colle"es Nalibo 4klan Y4nres Bonifacio Colle"e Colle"e Park Dipolo" City Y4n"eles ?niversity Jounation $ac 4rthur Gi"h#ay 4n"eles City

Pampan"a Y48uinas ?niversity %!S Nin"As Builin" *44 Penarana St. Le"aspi City Y48uinas ?niversity Penablanca Campus Penablance Ca"ayan Y4raullo ?niversity Bitas Cabanatuan City Y4rellano ?niversity 7aft 4ve. cor. $enlo St Pasay City Y4teneo e Davao ?niversity *acinto St. Davao City Y4teneo e $anila ?niversity Rock#ell Drive Rock#ell Center $akati

City YBatan"as State ?niversity (B47S?) Rial 4ve. Batan"as City YBicol Colle"es Dara"a 4lbay YB-7 -nternational Colle"e ( formerly Bohol -nstitute of 7echnolo"y)

7a"bilaran Bohol YBukinon State Colle"e Jortich Street $alaybalay Bukinon YBulacan State ?niversity $ac 4rthur Gi"h#ay $alolos Bulacan

YCa"ayan State ?niversity 4nre#s Campus 7u"ue"arao Ca"ayan YCamarines 5orte School of La# -toman" 7alisay Camarines 5orte YCentral Philippines ?niversity *aro -loilo City YCentro 0scolar ?niversity! $akati Campus Buenia 4ve. $akati City YChrist the Nin" Colle"e Calbayo" City 9estern Samar YCity ?niversity of Pasay Pasaera St. Pasay City YCole"io ela Purisima Concepcion , 4robispo St. Roxas City Capi


71/76

YColle"e of $aasim R. Nan"leon Street 7un"a!7un"a $aasim City YCor *esus Colle"e Di"os Sacre Geart 4ve. Di"os City Davao el Sur YCorillera Career Development Colle"e Buya"an Poblacion La 7rinia

Ben"uet YDe La Salle ?niversity %1&, 7aft. 4ve. $anila

YDe La Salle ?niversity ,+'% *.P. Laurel 5ational Gi"h#ay Lipa CityBatan"as

Dipolo" $eical Center (D$C) Colle"e Jounation -nc. Jr. Patan"anRoa Sta Jilomena Dipolo" City

YDon $ariano $arcos $emorial State ?niversity San Jernano City La?nion

YDr. icente 3restes Romuale 0ucation Jounation -nc. Calanipa#anRoa Calanipa#an 7acloban City Leyte

0ast Central Colle"es Y0astern Samar State ?niversity Boro"an 0astern Samar

YJar 0astern ?niversity 5icanor Reyes Sr. St. Sampaloc$anila Jar 0astern ?niversity!De La Salle $akati RCBC Bl" Buenia cor 4yala4ve. $akati

YJather Saturnino ?rios ?niversity San Jrancisco St. cor. *.C. 48uino4venue Butuan City

Jernane Colle"e of 4rts Q 7echnolo"y /il Carlos St. Baliua" Bulacan YJounation ?niversity Dr. $iciano St. Duma"uete City 5e"ros 3riental YGarvaian Colle"es San Jernano City Pampan"a YGoly 5ame ?niversity Corner Lesa"e Q /allares Streem 7a"bilaran City

Bohol -nternational Garvarian ?niversity Shellan"er Cmp. Ba"umbayan Sta.

Cru La"una Y-sabela State ?niversity Cauayan Campus San Jabian 0cha"ue

Cauayan City -sabela Y*ose Rial $emorial State ?niversity Dapitan City Eamboan"a el 5orte Y*ose Rial ?niversity :& Sha# Blv. $analuyon" City Y*osefina G. Cerilles State Colla"e 9est Capitol Roa Pa"aian City YLa"una State Polytechnic ?niversity Baran"ay Bubukal Sta. Cru

La"una YLeyte Colle"es Eamora St. Paterno Street 7acloban City YLiceo e Ca"ayan ?niversity Roolfo 5. Pelae Blv Carmen Ca"ayan e

3ro City $isamis 3riental Luna /oco Colle"es Calapan 3riental $inoro YLyceum of the Philippines ?niversity ,&+. Leviste St. Salceo illa"e

$akati City YLyceum of the Philippines ?niversity YLyceum!5orth#estern ?niversity 7apuac District Da"upan City

Pan"asinan


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Y$anila La# Colle"e Jounation '1, Sales St. Sta. Cru $anila Y$anuel L. Hueon ?niversity +,' R. Gial"o St. Huiapo $anila Y$anuel S. 0nver"a ?niversity Jounation!Lucena ?niversity Site

Lucena City Y$ariano $arcos State ?niversity Batac -lococ 5orte

$asbate Colle"es $asbate $asbate Y$eina Colle"es /ov. 4n"el 5. $eina Sr. 4venue Carmen 4nnex

3ami City Y$inanao State ?niversity!-li"an Jatima Campus Jatima -li"an City Y$inanao State ?niversity!$ara#i Laurel 4venue $ara#i City Y$isamis ?niversity Gitarion 7. Jeliciano Street . 3amis City 5aval State ?niversity!?0P (Jomerly 5aval -nstitute of 7echnolo"y)

5aval Biliran Y5e"ros 3riental State ?niversity Na"asa#an 4venue Duma"uete City Y5e# 0ra ?niversity 5o. + Central 4venue St. *oseph Street 5e# 0ra

Hueon City Y5ortheastern Colle"e $aharlika Gi"h#ay Santia"o City -sabela Y5orth#estern ?niversity Don $ariano $arcos 4venue Laoa" City Y5otre Dame ?niversity 5otre Dame 4ve. Cotabato City 3ur Lay of $ercy Colle"e Boro"an 0astern Samar YPa"aian Capitol Colle"e Pa"aian City Eamboan"a el Sur YPala#an State ?niversity PS? Roa Baran"ay 7ini"uiban Puerto

Princesa Pala#an YPamantasan n" Lun"so n" $aynila -ntramuros $anila YPan Pacific ?niversity of 5orth Philippines ?raneta City Pan"asinan YPhilippine 4vent Colle"e Ramon $a"saysay Sinan"an Eamboan"a el

5orte YPhilippine Cambri"e School of La# 4rts sciences Business 0conomics

an 7echnolo"y Paliparan Site Paliparan --- Dasmarinas Cavite YPhilippine Christian ?niversity Pero /il cor. 7aft 4ve. $anila YPhilippine La# School ,+1% Donao corner San *uan Street Pasay City Polytechnic Colle"e of La ?nion. La ?nion YPolytechnic ?niversity of the Philippines 4 $abini Campus 4nonas

Street Sta. $esa $anila YRamon $a"saysay 7echnolo"ical ?niversity -ba Eambales St. Jerinan Colle"e Santa 4na Centro -li"an -sabela

YSt. Dominic Savio Colle"e Block , Lot ' $ountain Gei"hts SubivisionHuirino Gi"h#ay Pan"arap Caloocan City

YSaint Louis Colle"e 5ational Gi"h#ay Lin"sat San Jernano City La?nion

YSt. Louis ?niversity 4. Bonifacio St. Ba"uio City YSt. $aryAs Colle"e of 7a"um -nc. 5ational Gi"h#ay 7a"um YSt. $aryAs ?niversity San ial corner Ponce Street Bayombon" 5ueva


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icaya YSt. Paul School of Business an La# Palo Leyte YSt. 7homas $ore School of La# Q Business Doclotero 4venue 7a"um

City Samar Colle"e Catbalo"an City Samar

YSan Bea Colle"e ': $eniola St. San $i"uel $anila YSan Bea Colle"e!4laban" : Don $anolo Blv 4laban" Gills 4laban" YSan Pablo Colle"es Germanos Belen Street San Pablo City La"una YSan Sebastian Colle"e!Recoletos C.$. Recto 4venue $anila San Sebastian Colle"e!Recoletos -BP Bl". Suri"ao City YSilliman ?niversity Gubbar 4venue Duma"uete City 5e"ros 3riental YSouthern Bicol Colle"es $abini St. $asbate City YSouth#estern ?niversity illa 4nar ?r"ello Street Cebu City YSultan Nuarat State ?niversity 0*C $ontilla Street 7acuron" City

Sultan Nuarat

Y7abaco Colle"es 2 7omas Cabilles 4venue 7abaco 4lbay Y7arlac State ?niversity %OJ 7arlac State ?niversity /ym Romulo 4venue7arlac City

Y?niversia e $anila Cecilia $unos!Palma corner 4ntonio ille"as St.$ehan /arens $anila

Y?niversity of Ba"uio /eneral Luna Roa Ba"uio City Y?niversity of Batan"as!Batan"as City Campus Batan"as City Y?niversity of Bohol $a. Clara Street 7a"bilaran City Bohol Y?niversity of Ca"ayan alley Colle"e 4ve. 7u"ue"arao City Ca"ayan Y?niversity of Cebu /ov. Cuenco 4venue Banila Cebu City Y?niversity of 0astern Philippines ?niversity 7o#n Catarman 5orthern

Samar Y?niversity of -loilo Rial Street -loilo City Y?niversity of La Sallete Bachelor Street Santia"o City -sabela Y?niversity of $anila 21' Dr. $.. elos Santos $anila Y?niversity of $inanao Bolton St. Davao City Y?niversity of 5e"ros 3cciental!Recoletos Liares St. Bacolo City Y?niversity of 5ortheastern Philippines San Ro8ue -ri"a City Camarines

Sur Y?niversity of 5orthern Philippines Huirino Boulevar i"an -locos Sur ?niversity of 5orth#estern Philippines $ariano $arcos 4ve. Laoa" City

Y?niversity of 5ueva Caceres *. Gernane 4venue 5a"a City Y?niversity of Pan"asinan 4rellano Street Da"upan City Pan"asinan Y?niversity of Perpetual Gelp!Rial 4laban"!Eapote Roa Pamplona Las

Pinas City Y?niversity of Perpetual Gelp System Sto 5ino Binan La"una Y?niversity of Saint La Salle La Salle 4venue Bacolo City Y?niversity of San 4"ustin /en. Luna St. -loilo City


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Y?niversity of San Carlos P. el Rosario St. Cebu City Y?niversity of San *ose!Recoletos P. Del Rosario Street Cebu City Y?niversity of Santo 7omas 0spana $anila Y?niversity of Southern Philippines Jounation Salinas Drive Lahu"

Cebu City

Y?niversity of the Corelleras /overnor Pack Roa Ba"uio City Y?niversity of the 0ast C.$. Recto 4venue $anila Y?niversity of the Philippines Diliman Hueon City Y?niversity of the isayas D. *akosalem Corner Colon Street Cebu City ir"en e los Remeios Colle"e 0at Ba


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7he official or"aniation for the le"al profession is the -nte"rate Bar of thePhilippines (-BP) establishe by virtue of Republic 4ct 5o. '+. 7hisconfirme the po#er of the Supreme Court to aopt rules for theinte"ration of the Philippine Bar. Presiential Decree ,:, (,+)constitute the -BP into a corporate boy.

7here are no# about 2&&&& attorneys #ho compose the -BP. 7hese arethe attorneys #hose names are in the Rolls of 4ttorneys of the SupremeCourt #ho have 8ualifie for an have passe the bar examinationsconucte annually taken the attorneyAs oath unless other#ise isbarre.$embership in the -BP is compulsory. 7he Supreme Court in itsresolution Court 0n Banc ate 5ovember ,% %&&% (Bar $atter 5o. ,,%)an amene by resolution Court 0n Banc ate 4pril , %&& (Bar $atter5o. ,,%!%&&%) re8uire all la#yers to inicate their Roll of 4ttorneys5umber in all papers an pleain"s file in


76/76

fiel an has aopte measures conform to these evelopments. 4S045inte"ration is the latest evelopment in the 4sean countries an the P/LLis preparin" for it. -n %&,1 it starte its stuy tour to notable la# librariesin 4sia startin" #ith $alaysia. 3ther members have observe the la#libraries of Sin"apore an other 4sian countries. -n %&,2 it #ill conuct a

5ational Con"ress on =Developin" the Level of Competencies of Librariansan -nformation Professionals 7o#ars 4sean -nte"ration> to be hel on$ay '!: %&,2 #herein the la# librarian of moel la# library is 4sia isinvite.7he 4ssociation of Special Libraries of the Philippines (4SLP) is a nationalor"aniation of special libraries incluin" la# #as or"anie in ,+21.7hrou"h this association la# librarians can improve their net#orkin" ancompetencies in other isciplines relate to la#.

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