legibility klicha
TRANSCRIPT
LEGIBILITY OF ORIENTEERING
MAPS
László ZENTAI
presented by Martin KLÍCHA
4.10. 2012
Trondheim
WHAT IS ORIENTEERING?
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HISTORY
• started as military navigation training (1866)
• 1897 – first civil orienteering race in Norway
• 1930 – firmly estabslished in Skandinavia
• 1937-1938 – national orienteering federation in Norway and Sweden
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HISTORY
• civil topographic or turist maps (1 : 20 000 – 1 : 40 000)
» in some countries classified, problem of copying, offset printing to
expensive and technically difficult
• 1941 – first orienteering map created in Norway
• 1950 – first colour orienteering map
• more 15-20 years took to using colour in every orienteering map
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HISTORY
4.10. 2012 Trondheim
HISTORY
• 1961 – The International Orienteering Federation (IOF)
» founding members – Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East
Germany, Finland, Hungary, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and
West Germany
• 1962 – first European Orienteering Champioship in Norway
• 1966 – first World Championship
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HISTORY
• 1965 – Map Committee of the IOF
• main goal to develop specifications of World Champions maps
» maps based on a new field work
» show every detail of terrain that could affect the route
choice
» accuracy and legibility (generalization)
» map for international events use the same specification
» scales 1 : 25 000 and 1 : 20 000, contour interval 5m
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MAP SPECIFICATIONS
• 1969 – first issue of International Specification of Orienteering Maps
(ISOM)
» black, brown, blue for topography
» yellow for open ground
» grey, green or black for restricted runnability
• ISOM 1975,
ISOM 1882,
ISOM 1990,
ISOM 2000
ISSOM
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MAP SPECIFICATIONS
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MAP SPECIFICATIONS
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LEGIBILITY ISSUE OF ORIENTEERING MAPS
• important part of the standardisation proces
• conected with generalization (selective, graphic)
• orienteering map
» better describe relief
» main purpose of contours is the indication of shape and steepness
» show all details which are easily recognized by the runner during
the event
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CHRONOLOGICAL CHANGES
• first iternational races - maps was based on topografic
maps
• few point, line and area symbols → good legibility » scale 1: 25 000 did not allow to add many details
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CHRONOLOGICAL CHANGES
• WOC 1972 Czechoslovakia
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CHRONOLOGICAL CHANGES
• change to larger scale 1 : 15 000 (1970s)
• map-makers tried to fill „empty areas“
• Map-makers added more point features
» easy manageable in Nordic countries
» in continental areas map-makers tried to add more vegatation
features
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CHRONOLOGICAL CHANGES
• ISOM 1975 defined several minimum values of map symbols
• minimum line width » 0.1 mm in dark colours
» 0.25 mm in green
» 0.4 mm yellow
• minimum area » 1 mm2 for screens
» 0.5 mm2 for full colors
• ISOM 2000 defined combination of different area symbols (full
colours, shades, patterns)
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CHRONOLOGICAL CHANGES
• changes in the programme of international orienteering events
• short (middle) distance was developed (WOC 1991)
• media attractiveness became an important factor
• larger scale 1 : 10 000 due to larger speed
• sprint distance was developed (WOC 2001)
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CHRONOLOGICAL CHANGES
• 1980s – computer drawing became possible
• 1989 – Swiss OCAD was lunched
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DIGITAL ERA
• new technology – stereo photogrametry, digital elevation models,
orthophotos, GPS, air-borne laserscanning
• new reproduction method – inkjet, laser printing
» less expensive
» poor simulation of overprint effect
» minimum values of symbols are based on ofset printing
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SPRINT DISTANCE
• first used at WOC 2003 (Finland)
• new separate specification – ISSOM (new scales 1 : 5000, 1 : 4000)
• regularly organized in urban environment (parks, historical towns)
• much more features, but minimum dimensions are the same
• running speed is much higher
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SPRINT DISTANCE
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SPRINT DISTANCE
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LEGIBILITY OF O-MAPS OF OTHER
DISCIPLINES
• ski-orienteerig, mountain bike orienteering (trail-O)
• each discipline has own special specification (based on ISOM)
• due to larger speed the scales are smaller (1 : 15 000, 1 : 20 000)
• most important element is road network, not relevant things in
forrest are ommit
• very good legibility of these maps!
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SKI-ORIENTEERING
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MOUNTAIN BIKE ORIENTEERING
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CONCLUSION
• legibility issue of O-maps is the sample of how users can demands
influence of the map
• in early years were used topografic maps
• later were used more detailed maps (new scales, disciplines..etc)
• IOF found ISOM and ISSOM
• new ISOM 2013 ??
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