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Overallheattransfercoefficientsofcopper-nickelcondensertubes/
Arey,RichardW.1989
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... Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients of. Copper-Nickel Condenser Tubes
By
· : LIEUT. co.MoR. R1cHARo w: AREY,; u .. s/Na~ · -~ .. ' . and ' "·."'::-~.rt,;:~.·. ' .
. ' J:. LIEtrr S. 11~1:ES ROBINSON, jR.,. u; S: o/avy, . ··
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.. OV!iAlJ.. HEAT TRAN8'Jslt CObJ'FlClENT'J
Of COPP~-NlCl.i!J.. COHD:t;N5fi.R TU01.;s
by
Lieut. CoRdr. Richard w. Arey, u. s. Navy
and
lieut,. J, Jamee Ilobinson, Jr., u. ~. Navy
,l Th~IS
Presented to the Graduate Faculty
of Lehigh University
in Candidacy !or the Degree or
fl.aster or Science
(
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Calfl1ICATE C1I APPROVAL
Thie theaie 11 accepted and approved in partial i'ul.t1llment ot '
the requirements for the Jegroe ot Huter of Jcionce.
l June 1949
Proteoaor in Charge
··)d~ '---.... ; ________ _ Ht4cl oI uepartu.u11t, o! Chard.cal l+llgl.neering
,' ! t l ( I
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OVIIW., HEAT TRJ\NBBI COOFlClFM'l'S
0, COPPER-NICK.l!J.. CONO~Sl!R TUilii;;s
by
J.,ieut. Conxir. Richard w. 11.rey, u. a. Navy
and
Lieut. J. James Ilobineon1 Jr,, u. s. Navy
Presented to the Graduate Faculty
ot Lehigh University
in Candidacy tor the Uegree of
"1.astor of Science
Leh1gh Urd.nm.t,
1949
I
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.. ~ .. -- ·--. ···---------- :
;, . --~~ ., t
,.
CmtIPICATE Of APPROVAL
Thie theeie ia accepted and approved in parti&l tul.t1l.lment of '
the requirement-a for the degree ot Mut,or of ;)cionoe.
l June 1949
Proteoaor in Charge
HIQ.(l o! uepartm(llt, of Chemical hllgineering
•. •;"
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1·i'.·~~~f:t1Mi.hiW.¥%.·!'.fS4, ...... 1_l·;, .•.. rl ,,,fr, ...... ~. (.,.@ /.'),·' . .
.. ";"': ·',_' ,' _;.;;..;,: ", .~ ,·,, '.. "':;,, -..::,:i •... I'.',(,·
c, ' ,~ •.. .. - ··.• ·,,, '-~ ,.,;·_ h., .·
. ·---- - - -·.-·· .. ·------ ... --·
u.
TIU"°"- Wd p,opos.-J ·o, th& Hut !tamtit aeowcm, ~~:rip ieo.h
nioal ~ BU.\l ol Sbipa, ~, 0..-i'tiMnt £or ~ ot'i'io<rnt ot
the Um.t.M -. •. lhftl. P-Nt~~ ~ .~;.o.u,,, l~l.1nd. lt. ~
C&ffl.."1 OU\ At ~ l*ltftnl\y urtdO>- the 9'liXtffltiori t,f Or, ikl.."Tfifl i&,
.., to wm t,he ~ @prtMIJ th-ei:r flwroolt,'titm to."' hla flelp!~
orit1oiell and 1QMarot1one •
.P~Uon 1a due &1IO \.o 1he Heat 1.:ao~o lMtiw.t.a wa.ch
•pGDIONld t.he orJ.a,inal ~'1cn of t.h'J.1 eq~ aa prmow, inwa
~t.iOM in thtl tiGld ot hlat, trBQ1f 1)r 1n C<Dh11ior ~ t,y th" l.ebi.sb
Ut4~ity .IDl'-i\l&ie of titllearob,
,i
S-
Otaera.1 Daeonp\ien ot \be fquii;an\
fig. l r Seheatic D!agam ot !fquiJant
Detail• ot t.he !kiu1raent
111• 2, Details ot Calorimeter
Fig. Jr Multiple-O:ritioe Tank Plotfll9ter
J&tthod of Operation
Sample Calculations
Experiunt,81. Oat.a (Tablea l,.III)
Olaphioal Preeentation ot Resultai OQrall Heat Trane.fer
Coetticient vs. Cooling Water Velocity
(Figs. lr-15)
Anal.yais of Rewlts
Table XIII: Calculated Theoretical Overall Heat
TJtaneter Coetficiente
Table XIV s Comparison or Experi1aental and
Theoretic&l Values ot U
Fig. 16, Penent Deviations ot U &aperiment.al.
aboYo ~ TheoNtieal
Concluione
A.ppand.ixJ Boaenclature
Noaograa r~r D1tt.u-Boeltei- lqua\ian
Jlcuaocr• tor Nu1"1t .&iuation
Cl'elepleto •t &'&pffiunt.al ttel\llt.11 Overall lte.t
fnlllfer eo,ttieie\ ... Inlet Wakr
,.,. 1
2
' ' 6
8
9
10
12
14
20
;2
,s
w
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• _::(t.l "~ , ....
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J
-fld.1 paper preem ta overall heat transfer ooetficienta ot 70-JO
copplNlickel cal.denser t.ubea. Teata wre run on IDlal.l ai 1e tube, nth 0
ateam at 100 P condeneing on the out1ide w:rtac~. Water waa circul.attcl
through the tubes at hip velocitt.ea and at a ld.de range of tenperaturea.
Charts showing the Tar.l.atim of overall heat transfer coetticienta
with change in water velocity for the three tube eizea at di.f.ferent
water tE111peraturea a.re presmted. Correction factora are presented whioh,
when applied to the overall heat transfer coettlcient a.s calculated by
the general equations., may be used to predict the overall hee.t transfer
coet.tlc:l.ent within a. probable devia.tJ.cn of t1a:> percent. 1'rom the actual
expe rimantal vaJ.u e..
Details are given of the apparatus and or aperimentu proeedure.
1
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STATEM.ilffl' OF THE PROJECT
The Heat, Transfer Section, Ship Technical Branch., Bureau of Shipe,
in a memorandum dated 14 April 1947, suggested the following thesis sUb
Ject tor student officers of the riaftl tngineering group at the u. s. Naval Postgraduate Schools
"study of Heat Trans! er rat.es in condenser tubes at veloci tiea
between 7 feet per second and l.5 feet per second. The study should cover
70:30 coppe:r-nickel tubea., .5/8" and/or 1/2" o. D,, #18 BWG and/or #20 IMG
wall thickness."
I
In this study the steam temperature was held constant at lOOoF tor
all runs, The ~irculating water velocity was extended above the proposed
maximum to 21 feet per second, Inlet water temperature was varied between
8()0 and 450f. Copper-nickel tubes of the .following sizes were testea:
5/8 inch O. D., 18 BWG
1/2 inch O. D,, 18 BWG
l/2 inch o. D., 20 BWG
; ·1
' r '
~ <• ur ····"'"" •'· , ..... ~ .. -.,, · ·· • .·~_., .... • ',·:~·· 1' '·~·· ' ,.,.,.,., .. ,.,.
a. eq.S.~ it moat euU., dqGl'ibed by ccaaidering t.M two aep
a.rne NIQ'Cling D1ff* - •team and ciroulati.n,; wa.ter.
'
Ciroulit.t.ing watff flow tttU ~ constmt fle~ t.ank throust1 the ccndcmMr t,u:.,e in t,he oalor1twator t,c the multiple-orifice tank tlollMter. n
ooOk ad~ to tll1s flOWt~er ac.rYea for adjusting the flov :rate 8111
hol~ it ~t during e. run.
C1roul.ating water lw.Vifld th@ w.iUltJ.ple-oritice t.anil. !.l.olli1loter falle
into a we1sn '-*, used tor oailtin.tion, atn ~ po.saea tllrou3b the cir
oul.t.tJ.ng vat,w cooler to th~ ~ply tank. kegul.a.ting the rut'1.J ot ooo.U..ua •kr t'lov to thu cool.ff control• tbo t,~ture ot t,be oitow.aUoa 111t.v n ~ 1.Qlet, to Uie condone• wbe in the ~.
- __ \ _____ -----.--,.·---·~- ~-- -------- ---· -·---~-------------· ,.:, -,,h, .!'I~' : '',', '•, / . .,., ..• .•. -.,•,v.·v .,·. . .. ·•,1 ,.,. " .... , . .- ~· i: ,.,,... •/' \, ~.. '•'
·~
'
4
1'he clnul&Utlg pUrPp take• 1uct1on tl"CII tho tupply tank a.111 fflUnll
t.ne water tci t,be comuut, btfAl.i knk. T.tw O"f'Qttflow t~ the corwtant, heed
t.uk llJ1J1 be cooled in th, oYertlu'w cooler before returning to tho tu.µ.Pl,
oonl\ant haa.d t,w 1, o,y-paosoo., iAOO circml4t.1n& water cmt-tJN tho t.ubo
dlreot.J..;r at pap pretoure.
CIRCUL4T!NG WATER - --.sTEA/\1 I/ CON.DEN.SATE
CONS TA-IV T I-IE A.D TANK
MULT!PLE
Ol?IFICE
TANK
CALOR.I/V/ETER.
--~-
C.W = COOL!Nc-i
WATER.
I I
CONDENSER
L_ ~ ' '
i-----1 WEIGH TANK $ Sc A-LE
OVE,RFLOWCOOLER
C. w Sfr2am af
8tsi9
C!RC. Wl{TER. COOLER
VACll()NJ
P.{JMP
t I
i EVAPoRATOR
To Trap l/ Drain
suPPLY Heaf Transfer in Condenser Tu/Jes TANK JcHEMATtC .D111GRAM OF EQUIPMENT
CIRCULATING 1-tdr. R. W Arey 4 Lt. S.J. Roh/nso~JJr. · PUMP Leh/gh University, JO March 1949
fio. I
5
D£TAI1S OF TID; E,,,UIPMENT
Calorimeter
The calorimeter is a steel chamber (14HxJ6 11.x6l~ 11 ) with internal
baffles so arranged that the entire volume of steam passing through the
systetll flows across the condenser tube under test.
6
A single con::ienser tube about two feet longer than the cil.orimeter
is inserted horizontally. The extra length of tube extends into the two
end fit tings where a baffle arrangement causes the water entering and
leaving to pass over the P.xterior surface of the tube ends. This prevents
any radiation effects upon the tuL;e snds and limits the hea'v tra:1sf ~r
surface of the tube to the interior length of the ccJ.orimeter.
l•;ultiple-Orif ice Tank Flowrneter
'l'he flowmeter is a sheet aluminum t:i.nk (J 11xJ.2"x4~") and sig1t
g,lass., with a series of 3/8 inch diameter orifices in the vertical .::i viding
wal.1.. The oax:i.mu:u capacity of the flowmeter is 25 t:allcns per minute,
hctual call brat.ion data, obtained usini_; the weiji tank and scale
for timed runs and plotte<l as gauge reading (H cm.) against circulating
wat.::r flow rate (w lb./h!'.)., produced a fami.:!..Y of intersecting curves,
particularly for the hitsh flo~ raLes; tiie points oi' intersection coin
cided with the positions of the orifices.
i:.vaporator
The evaporator ia of the submerged coil typt operated from the
laboratory main steam line. The water level renains constant duri~ a
series of runs (one-half full) since all condensate is returned to the
evaporator,
A reducing and regulating valve assanb.ly supplies steam for heating
I j,.
1
l
the coil at eight pounds per square inch reduced from 120-160 pounds
per square inch, This establishes approxina. tely constant steam veloci
ties across the condenser tube for all runso
(.See APPENDIX)
Vacuum P'WII£
oo Nasb 11Hytor" vacuum pumps, size TS~?, Test Nos. H-1641 and
H-1642, in series.
Circulating Pump
'1
Ingersoll-ii.and "hotorpurip", Eodel Li, Jeri.al Ho. 0241'/14, 20 1~alloos
per minute at a neaJ of 50 feet.
~ ~ ~ ~.
~
~
Ouflef
@
t C1/rcu!af/no Wafer .Ball/es ~· .7 i,.,: Unlef and Outlef idenf/cal excef'T for
I
('on denser
Off05ife · flow ·of ·circulafing J'/afer)
Sfeam lnlef
llncondensed Sfeam Q{Jf/ef
' I
Condensale· Drain
C'alor/mefer Sfeam Baff/es
Heaf Transfer in Condenser Tubes Def atls of Calorimeter
LCdr. R.W.Arey J Lt S.J. R.oh/nson7 Jr. Lehiqh Universify 29 Mdrch 1949
F!G. 2·
8
lr1!ef
~
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6 ~ 'v
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'f..... ~ -~ .s ~
/
121/ 81/ I
J Or1l1'ces I
+G· I '
3 d. 8 ,n. 1am. on centers as showrJ
' 6''
I II
I,, z" 24
D/seharge
Heaf Transfer in Condenser Tubes MllLTIPLE-OR1FtCE !ANx FLowM£"TER.
LCdr RWArey <:f L f S.J Ro/J,nson, Jc. Lehigh Unt'verst'fy, 10 March 1949
FiG. 3
.9
METHCD QF OPhliATION
In preparation for data runs on the equipment, water was first
circulated through the system and adjustoo approxina t.ely to the required
inlet teP.Iperature b? means of the circulating water cooler and the over
fiCM cooler if too warm, and by a steam line to the supply tank if too
cool. The vacuum pump was started to reduce the pressure in the stea'.TI
system to about 28 inches of mercury vacuum.
10
Next the stP.a;:1 supply to tht: evaporator was opmed, c1Ud cooling
water passed throug-1 the condenser. The steat1 temperature in the calori
meter was adjusted 'uy regulating the amount of coolin6 water throU£ti the
condE!1ser. A cock located a.Love the multiple-orifice tank ilowrneter was
then set for the required rate of flow through the condenser tube.
After making fine adjustments to the s tea;.;i and watei· te: .. peratures
and flow ral..e 1 tne syst,en, was allowed to react, equilibrium and a series
of readings was taken at intervals of five minutes for a period of not
less than 15 minutes. The i'ollowing data was reconled:
Stear: temperature, t 5 °F
Inlet water t.e1:,perature, t1 °F
Outlet water te::tper&tur0, t2 °F
Flowmeter gauge reading., ll on.
Steam pressure, in. Hg ( vacuum)
Atmospheric pressure, in. Hg
For all runs the steam temperature was held constant at l00°F,
within plus or minus one degree. The inlet water temperature was maintained
variously at so0, 70° and 60°F, within plus or minus one degree. A few
l I
. . . ) ~
L.
ll
0 0 series of runa were made at 55 and 45 FI but as these were dependent
upon weather ccnditions (tenperature of water from uniergrouni. lines),
such cl.as e temperature control was not possible, Water from the City of
Bethlehem supply main was used in both steam and circulating water system.
......
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f. '· I ., .,
l .. --· '•. -·· -. '. ' '. ;, ~; .,, .... , ........ '·•
ii ' I
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i_'.
\; " j ~ ·q I
i \
-- -·- ... -----..,. .. . -· - ~ ---- . - .. .:t.
12
SAMPLE CALCULATICBS
The equation, q: UAAtm, was used to calculate u, the overall
heat trans.fer coefficient based on tra outside tube area. The heat
transfer rate q, was calculated .from the temperature riBe and flow rate
o.f circulating water through the con:lenser tube, A was measured, 8lli ~ tm
was the log mean tanperature difference between the steam and the water,
The data takai for a single typical run is shown below:
Run Number 56
Time ts t1 t2 H
0 100,58 79,80 85.85 20.6 5 99.38 79,75 85,50 20.6
10 99,JO 79,80 85,55 20.6 15 99,00 79,80 85,50 20,6 20 99,71 79,85 85,70 20.6
Average 99,36 79,80 85,56 20.6
Correction -o.os -(). (:I, ,4-0,06
Corrected 99,28 79,71 85.62 20,6 Average
Only too last four readings were averaged as the equipm:mt apparently
had not reached equilibrium when the zero reading was takE.ll,
The three therometers used were call brated against a Bureau of
Standards tl"e rometer, and curves were drawn for use in correcting the
0 average reading to true F,
W1ter Flow R§t:e (w}
The flowmeter gauge was calibrated by weighing tm amount of water
which passed through it per unit of tia. A graph was constructed using
gauge reading as the abscissa ve, pounds per hour as the ordirate,
i-,:
'
-· ,,
·i ~I
h 't ,f,;i
'~
,I
H: 20.6 cm., w • 1820 lb./hr.
And from the tube din:ension the 1820 pounds per hour was eaaiq
converted to V • 8,0 feet per second,
Iotal Heat Transfer Rate (q)
The total heat transf'errfrl from the tube to the circulating water
was calculated from the value of w fouoi above, the difference between
the heated water and inlet water tanperature, and the apt3cific heat of
0 the water, which is 0.997 BTU per pound - F in this example, by means
of the equation:
q • w (t2 - t1)c
q: 1820(85.62-79,71) 0.997: 1017a:l BTU/hr.
QJ1ts1d e Tube A,:ea (A)
Run number 56 was made on at inch, 20 BWO tube, 61,56 inches
effective tube length. From tables of condenser tube dimensiona it was
fwm that the wtaide area ia 0,1309 square feet per foot of tube, Hence,
the Lotal cu taid e area is:
A : 0,1309 X 61,56/J.2 : 0,671 sq, ft,
Lgg Mean Tenper!rture Dij f erence ( A t 0J 'i: ·~ The log ~an temperature difference was usedt f\
6 tm : ( t 8•t1)-( t 13•t2) - 5,91 - l6,48°F - -- -;1
ta-tr ln 1nff-l3.
ta-t2
Ov'erall Heat Transfer Coefficimt (U)
The overall heat trMater coeftl.cieut, u, waa calculated as follow11
u:~ --U : ffi BTU / hr, • sq. tt. • OF
·~ ..... ~
l4
~ jj V u - - - - - - - -Table x.
S/8 in. o. u., l$ m10 YP, ,n i'l.tbo Sboa ,"6ter lnlot, .?~nturcu
1 14* w.1 ff,1'/J 04,83 2).6 2330 1UQ) 17,:t/ 6,6 817 !'1 I l 99,30 80.1$ 8S.Ol. a;.a a,BO Ut.60 16~59 1.0 824 './5 10 l.OJ.S, 79 •.• a;.24 23,8 2300 aw.o l8.a2 1.0 8ZI 1·,j
,i
·l 2 99.28 80.49 &..91 25.4 ZIii> i;m, 16,JG a.o 874 :j 3 99.a, 00.48 84.64 z,., 3060 ~ J.6.!0 9.0 915 ,,
·~ u 100.,s 79.91 84.49 ~:i JIJ10 ~ lB.o, 9..0!> 925 1 '.I n~ la>J. ao .. oi 04.16 )410 lJ,.\00 11.w 10.0 911 ,i ') 4 100.aa eo.64 04.79 29.7 34'0 142a) 17.4) lOJ. m :~
J 5 .im.48 eo.w 84,(f/ ,a.a 31JIJ W40 17.48 u.o 99) .:1 l2 l.CK>,U. 79.89 83,92 ;3.0 3G) ls,60 l.8.39 u.2 ~ .J 6 100.01 00.46 84.-lS 34.J IJ1IS 14990 l?,70 12.0
'! 78* '1.7 79,70 OJ.aa JS,9 4390 lSIJ.O ia.2J 12.9 'JJXJ7 ii 1 100.66 ~.47 84.00 36,0 44U 1)540 w.Jo u.o lOlJ 'i lJ 100.s, oom 8J~67 '6.o IJil.5 U7SO lB.55 JJ.o lOlJ !
' 8 100.0, 80.37 8.3,6S 38.2 475S 1"40 18,00 14.0 1030 9 99,91 so.as a,.J9 41,2 sa;s 1'940 10.1; 1.s.o 1048
l4 100.29 00.04 SJ,2S JJ.,2 ~, l(®o 18,62 1;.o 1042 l6 99.14 79.41:,, aa.61. U.4 ,iao l6UX'i 16.lD l).l ~ 17 99,23 79.61 8~6.a 43,9 S420 l6aSO 10.00 16.o l(f/6
. 22 100,J.6 79.a 82,90 w..o !344() 167~ 18,69 16.0 lC69 79n 99.9 19~:n ea.61 44.0 ~ l6'tl> la.BS l6.o 10,~
l a, lJXi.34 oo.ZJ 83.09 45,9 sooo 16700 10.62 J:/.l 1069 15 100.0, 19.43 S'a,34 ~.7 5940 l.1~ 19.ll 17,5 lil/6 18 99,89 19iJ+ Ga.SI. 46.7 YI/I) = w.68 17.5 ~
CJ 25 99.48 79,TJ 32.44 47.6 4l20 ia • .)6 l.8.0 llJ/3 :i . .\ 00ft 99.a so.oo 02.62 49,9 6lao lll/10 lB.s; J.8,9 lU/9 .. ~ .; 26 100.2; 79,.73 82.46 SOJ 6470 17600 19.lS 19,0 109() :: ~ :w.,.19 7'~.'12 132,!U. ,,.a t:/110 l'/400 Ul.00 19,9 ll.03 ·l
'~l 2'/ 100.16 79.!il. ea.en s,. 1 6810 11,00 l.931 ao.o ;.(fl'; -'\ .', ( t- 1ml catea TlP:. !Io.. 2.~ y
'.! ,.,
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100,1511 oo.rl '• .-r
85.60 6 785 ,.:
~k . S$.10 7 83) 84.80 8 fY/6 04.50 9 916
I 'i. \ ,·
a,..a, lO <J44 84.CX> ll 964
·i 0.,.1, 12 JOU· I a,,6 u = i
a;.;; 14
.i (11 indlc&tM avenp for all rum)
q ,,·
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i ~-
~'.-- .. ~ n ~ V I) 'W • .... - - - - -w ;I ta1tu.
J/8 in. 0, D.1 lS SWQ ?O°r ..... , -..w.~. r
j ,,., 69.86 rt" o.e 080 17180 ~ ?.O 798 99J.- 69J6 '16 24.0 2420. 171$0 '1.l ,,,.
90 ioo.a 69,10 76.,a . .,. Zlfll> - ··~ a.o 81.6 • "·' 69.'6 7;'96 Z/,4 llfO Ull/0 26.70 ?,l ,,. 'J#I 99~8 69.(IJ 1~ ri,4 ! a:».!ll z,.oo 10.0 -• "~'? 69,C ?S,'4 ~, = 26.fll u.o 9,a : UX;,6 10Jli 76,04 ~ tll,*> U.9 9ft;
99.4 1c,,itl 15.30 )S,O 41.U .,, at».so lJ.O lQIJ ., ~l 10.)~ 15.09 41,3 Am J4M10 Zl,50 u.o ~ lat 69;6 74'18 u., 5t.Z 21,,00 r,.90 u.9 l.OU
86 99~ °'' 7~41 45,9 '* 246a} 28.13 17.l l.041. • lOOJ. 69.72 13.95 47,6 €080 = .28.'1 17,9 lfl/2 109 ff,8 1/11)) ?J.06 '°•' 6/+'l(J aa.oo 19.0 U116
11/ 99"' 69.48 7'.32 !JJ.4 67~ 24700 m.10 al.0 JllO
TliAt m. fQb.e S1aoa S/$ 1n. ei • .o., l8 atG W&wr Inlet, 1'alpe,6ture1 td'r
ax> 100.s uo.st, 70.JJ a,.a ~ aa6fl) J5.3J 'lJJ .,,, • n.1 S9,14 UJ.r, ¥.4 r/10 ~ JSJ5 d.O m • 99.; 59.lS {l/,61. ZIJ 3060 aa. ,s.s, 9.0 f1I a lDO.l «J.49 63.J). ~., 'Jim 4l5~ ,,.1 l0.0 aa .. 100.0 61..34 68.44 ,a.a 1111> a65(X) J4.$S u.o ~ • 99.; ~a, 81,19 34.2 JtJ(fJJ ~ 35.0 12.0 962 ~ff ~ 60,48 00~ 36.a '3~ 30000 36.; u..o 9tU ., 60.0l. 6S.?6 4).6 S4(X) l1«x> J4.7r,. JJ.9 l06S,
1
Taw.. IV, 'JG ':? \
0 1Ube S11ea )/a in. o, u,, 1a I:JAU ~ ln1et. ~.,., »-~ r
" 9l 100,0 51.aa 66.92 ~~ .. a:;o,o :n., 1.0 7J1. J ,:;
UD. UXi.9 »JS 65,'l'i ~, 241D 110 40.0 1.1 7JO ! > ';
lOO JQO.S ,,..,. 64.76 2'.4 21lO ,0 40.8 a.o 719 l 92 J.OIW ~ 61..91 Z/.4 :mo a6W3 ??- ,.o .us .
r 1m la>.2 51.?a tJ,ll •. , .3600 $X) .a w.o 845 Ii 9'J "·' tJ ,,.a 31.a 3140 '°'" w.1 u.o 690
99 100,4 &a.fl 34.f 4alO »?,> 41,9, 12.4 96a : i 94 99,o . t'4 l6J. 4430 = 4\.3 lJ,0 965 I
lO) 10(}.J, ti 'Ji,? 48lO 41.l 14.l 9$$ r' •;C ~ ,s 99.7 a. = ''I 41.J u.o ., I• r ·'·. I , l04 w..a t- -~- 1.4.) ... u..a 16,2 uu ;: ~ 96 . 99:.7 &OJ$ loll f/11:0 IA.7 -~.o I ,. 100.4 ,,.. I .. mco 1't4 ' ,,\
1/td ., ··r f ·J:
•' • .. S,.60 ti ,., = ,.,~ 19.S i I I• I ,, JOo.J D.91
. .. u. u., 'WII 1 f >
I :1 i J,
f u;. ·if
; . i·l i .. !J~"' · 1 · l: i:- :
. 1, ' Ii 1t j F_. !1 i 1-t ; \ .11 !
. ' j . . : :1 t · ·.. l ti ·
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Tablt V, I' I •. , I ' l. N)j 3'111 1/2 in. o. ·o •• lB a«1 \llat,W llh\ .,...,&WNI I. . .
; f;
21 n.11 oo.m S6.J8 17.S 13$0 1115 » .. 11 7.0 Sf» '\, '
" 100.17 19.'IJ ~.u ~;·9 lltOO 9JOO ttt 1.1 au 46 100.11 DO.la a6.S4 J! .1 ~()
W(iO' a.o '15 ( ,r 10.1.10 n.w 86.2) 19.2 00 UlOOC JA.«4 0.1 886
11N i:·
j) 100.Qj ao.33 a;.a,. Z.J 1700 Uil{9 9.0 668 {.,
' ;
L
'° 99.SJ 19 •. 91 a,.,; 20.3 l?W J.0060 u,,, 1.0 890 f • 31 100 • .33 eo.10 a.s.)3· ;Q..6' l.9&) 10410 11.ill l.O.O sse
47 100.lS 79.'6 8SJ2 a.& 1980 l.OJ~ 11JJ lO.O WI :i .32 11».~ 19.fll 84.00 22.9 2190 llJ'/0 17.00 U.l 9S2
33 100.a> 79,6; &,69 '23,1 ~ = 17.90 U.9 988 4S lOO~j oo.a;. as.os 24.? 21/0 11.1; l3.0 1032 :34 100.61 00.14 84.93 24.9 2610 12450 11.~ lJ-2 10,36 JS l00,7j S0.42 84.90 25,"I Zf/0 u;t?O 17.98 14.0 102} Sl <n.s; 19.~ 84.33 as.1 mo l.ZdO 17.32 14.0 1038
" 100,62 eo.4; 84.7$ 26.4 aa(;o W.90 l.0,04 14.6 1032 4S l00.6l oo.o.. 84J3 26.S Zi601 l2690 1.8.J; l.S,O lm9
f. S2 99.60 79,00 tJ+.01 21>.a 2'60 1010 17.~ 15.0 1051 f 1 11 99,33 79.~ SJ..,.cn 26.9 29a) .12~ 17,3) l;J. W,4 - 99.91 19.18 83.94 u.o Jl.10 }Jl,O lJJ.f!I 14.l 1085 (IJ 100.4.1 79.94 ~Ol aa.2 3360 33640 16.,; l?.O ll07
1 99.r, 79li9 aJ.76 J0.7 ;Sb() lJ390 18.00 18.0 l.l03 '
100.'6 r;.99 BJ.93 'J0..7 j,00 .13930 10.'1 ia.o .w.s 11 100.19 19:£ s;.os 32.J 11,0 ~ 19.W 19.0 llll
r " w.aJ ?9.tars SJ.so 32.4 1/f:iJ lJ,eQ 18.0; 19.0 lUO 42 100.1.a 19.'ifi SJ.Ol J.).6 J9'1J J4boO 18.'/J a;i.o ll6l
'· IJ JOO.~ 79.60 SJ.3J J4.,; 4150 l45t'O ia.,'7 21.0 ll.68 ' ti '• . S4 l(X) "! ... '19•® BJ.,JJ ~ ~'° ~ lB.}9 a.o ll?O ., • ..w
·' "· Tclie Vl.
Tttbe :'Jiaea l/2 in. ..:;. J., lJ3 d1G ~iater lnlot 1·~•nturo, 700F
123 100.6 69,26 '19.21. 11.6 lJIA) 13320 2o.cn 6.a 762 l 125 100.9 69.6? 79,58 11.e l3fJO 1)6,0 a;.95 7,0 784 ,I
~:·
' ua l(X).9 (H.,e n.oo 19,0 U'/0 lJ+760 ~ .• 8.0 a» i ·< la) 100.0 70.G. 79.12 19,2 16':(j 14$00 2j.2 U.J, sr, i : 1 < ·•;. U6 99-6 ®.66 18.14 20.2 17?{) 14990 as., 9.0 m. •, ·~ ' \, '/ 124 100.l 69.i!ii Tl,7$ ;(l.4 1790 .Ul.60 26.J 9.1 Ii .... ;1: .: .... '; ( ·r ~. -.• '
111 99., ffi.19 11 .. 01 u· use "4,0 a6,3j l.0.0 an . ''.·' . ,u '
1: ., ' ' u:a 100.1 70,40 11.lth 22 a &?O UJJJO 26.o ll.o l119 j( • : i /'i U7 99.5 10.la Tl.fl> aa.s 2170 15tdO &4 u..o 936 j
( I ' la lQ)tl 69.ai 76.(1,; a3.a 2,380 11,i:;o ZI.O 12.0 970 \, (',
1 '~ 1M w.1 <.q·J,1 74.-A 24.6 2;tl) 17,SO 26.S 12.9 961 f < \l w ,,.,, ~ ~'/() 24.7 #1() 16600 26.l 13.0 f,O· ·, '• .
~ \ ;.i ·,
Wt 100.4 11.10 at..a a;?G 17100 26.1 15.0 ,,, ;i 1}:, 1aP *•' 70.'11 76..46 26.S IJ?O ~ f/.J 15.0 lQ\I i\ 1c
1•
• I
• I U9 im., it 76.ll M.9 .., ~ t/.6 i,.1 ,. i /1,' i 'I" w lm.O ZiJ »10 19J?O l1 17.l = '. \.: :\ 15.11)
\ I / ' .I' u, JI» 0 10.o& '15.81 29J mo ltl70 17.1 i I ,11, :ii : w ¥O!a 10A 1;.66 ~.? '* :tl.110 If.) 18.0 . ., i ! : i : ~. ,l l ' t : : !l i ,
JU M».l 10.,, ,,,. .. n., 11,0 us«> 16.J it.o 1'* ;p1 ,:,1-C ,.,, f. 1 'ii ::1 .
131 1:: 70.& 7',6J l3.6 )1,0 aaoo ;.e a.o W7 i 'i: 11r t,t, I ; ~ \.
In ' 1.17 '°·"' fS,66 Jt+.6 B - ., &,O ii . ,I j , ,'~
la 1GOt4 "·" 1,.00 ,_, u» m.o a.o 1 :11 \i .
1··[11111 I i . · I \itll I :·1 I I'.·
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11
Run· t, ti t2 H w q Atari V u - - - - - - - - - -Table VU.
(IJOF 'l'ube Sill ea 1/2 in, O, D,, l8 BWG Wat er Inlet Tanpe raturea
191 100.s .59. 9'.3 7421 17.9 l.400 17170 J4o3 7,l 74; 194 99,8 60 • .51 71~62 19,l 1580 17540 33.45 s.o 782 192 100,0 59.S6 69,54 ZJ..7 2000 19960 35,3 10,l 81+3 195 99,3 60.28 69~49 22,8 2170 19960 .34,l ll,,O tr'/2 193 100.0 59~93 68,78 24.8 2590 22900 35.5 lJ,l 962 196 99,5 00.57 t.8,68 250 7 2770 224,j) 34.85 14,0 16o 199 100.0 60,J.3 ta.40 26.6 2930 2.3600 35,4 JA,8 995 198* 99,9 59,.50 66.36 .32,.3 .3750 25700 'JI 111 19,0 lOll 142 100.0 59.15 66.oa 3.3,6 J,50 Z/.330 J1 .JS 20,0 1097 197* 99,7 59,84 66.66 J~3 4100 Z/900 36.2 20,7 l.l.49 (* indicates questionable data; calculated i'rom only one reading)
Table VIII. 0 Tube Size: l/2 in. 0, D,, 18 BWG Water Inlet Tanpe91•1n,ures 52--58 F
' 66.28 1 JJ4 lW,J 53,91 17,8 J.380 l70JIJ 39,75 7.0 6;9 UC 100,2 56,93 69,16 17,8 ]380 16870 36,8 7.0 684 1 137 lOO.l 54.38 66.51 19.l 1580 19180 39,5 s.o 724
:t ·11 l39 100.2 54. 72 66,49 20,3 1700 a:)900 39.2 9,0 795 I JJ6 100.4 56,56 66.9'7 21 .6 1980 ~600 38.5 10.0 797 l4l 100.2 57 .35 67.04 .22.8 21.70 21000 'J"/ .8 11.0 828 '/
1 138 100.1 52. 2.4 62.58 23.9 2400 24800 42.5 12.J. 870 135 99.s 54.71 6lw9l 24.7 2570 26200 39.8 13.0 980 Table IX.
0 I Tube Sizea l/2 in. O. D., 18 BWG Water Inlet Tenperature, 42•;0 F i w 100.5 47.53 61..25 17~8 JJSO l.89{() 45~8 7.0 617 1)1. 100.s j),03 6l.73 17.8 1,380 16150 44,75 7.0 538 lA6 100.1 47.87 ~.79 19.0 1570 20330 45.45 s.o 667 160 100.4 49.26 60,83 19.0 1570 lal.90 45.2 a.o 600 r 149 100.6 1+9.72 60.12 20,.3 1780 18550 45.5 9,0 608 t 144 100.4 48.52 58.35 21.5 1970 l9J90 46.9 10.0 6l6
I
.• ·\ 147 100.2 46,97 57.90 22.a 2170 23'1SO 47.7 11.0 743 I . ~. •' I
l· ,, t 100.6 '!I .EU 23.9 2400 2QJJ0 46.85 12.0 64l
I
J' J lj) 49.43
t.·
,,
~:- I
159 100.4 47 • .3.3 56.95 2.3.8 2380 229,:) ~.o 12.0 7JJ
~ j: i:
l4S 100.6 47.2.3 56,47 24.7 2570 ~000 48.7 l,3.0 72:J
~ ,;
us 99,7 46,46 ;6.ll 2S.7 mo 267':IJ "8.ss J.Ja..O 822
. '
152 100.1 44.52 54~32 26.7 29SO 29000 50.4 J4.9 858 ;I t. . ( '','
158 100.s 43.34 5:,.35 27.9 .3160 31700 52.J 16,0 904 ~ '
153 99,S 44,33 5.3.08 29.0 3.340 29300 50.55 16.9 86; ?:r :,
:1! f:, lS? 100.0 43.68 ,2.90 '$>.1 3S60 32900 ;J..8 18,0 947
.i ''
154 99.9 43~18 )l.98 32.1 J7'JO 32900 52.1 18.9 940 !I, ... '
•'
l..56 ~so 33,6 J4SOO S4,l ~.o 9SL
:,
100.8 51.~ 3950 I,
1S5 l.00.6 43.S4 52.32_ 34.4 413> .3,000 ;2.3 20.9 998 : 1 .if• ., ' I I lj II, 1
I / f ,: : I " 1 r ;; , •: 1 : I, iii:.
i i /t 'i\\ I I 'f I1 :1 'I •I' I ''{ 1 l : 11 \:p ,( ! Ii ,
l i r,
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tabla .u. " 'Tube Si.Bea J/P. in. o. u., ;;.XJ ~o ·,· r'
'i" _,.,..,...,,,,.- ••
w V u - .. ..
.. - .. -~-~*....._.. __ , ___ . .,_ ·------
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1) '"
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i ·!
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fall "' ti 'a - - - -'labl.G Xll• TUbe: Sissel l/2 in. o. u., 20 ~~
176 l.00,3 59.00 ?l.~91 179 101.0 w.94 71.U 18$ 100.J s,.99 70.JB 171 99.7 59.10 69~60 lOO l.00,0 59,43 69~2!/ J8JJ 99,4 s,.a, 68.17 178 100.1 60.~ 69.U lSl. 100.0 60.06 oa.·40 111/ 9<}.a 59,11 67.73 100 100,2 oa.sa 10.0, iru. 99.6 60.'n 60.47 189 100.1 61."1 68.6, 103 100.l. 62..U 63.96 190 100,4 61,ZI rll,'91 18.2 rr,.1 61.l.6 61.59
19
H w q A~ V u - -- - - - .. Water lw.Gt Tem1)eroturoa
0 !t~3 F
19.a 1600 192)) J4~l.S 1.1 $40 20.6 JaaO 2DIIXJ 3;.1 a.o a66 2a.o w:M> 21350 Jh.95 9.0 YlO 2'.4 22iO aa600 J~8 lO.J. m 24.a 2470 24270 35.) 10.9 ioa, 2.;.6 2750 245,0 ,~.o 12.2 l04S 26,7 .1950 2J5CO 3S.l lJ.O 10&1 ae.1 3190 a6600 JS.6 l.4.l WJ 29.5 JI/.() :rta«J J~.a 15.0 UJ2 :;.i.o J60o Z1COO l).65 15,9 ll9S JJ,O ,aao 28,00 J4,8 16,9 ~ 34.l 406<> 2YJS0 34/JS 18.0 l.2,0 ,,., 4320 29450 .'34,)5 l.9,l 1200 )6.6 4Sl0 moo 35,9 19,9 WIJ Yf,8 4690 30100 ,,., m.1 lZ'lO
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- 4--C--f- -;--:---- -+-· -~-t---: -r--: --~ i l . -i : . . . ! . I. : l . l ;,.;JJfc:cit1· ·: ---i-- ·:· J' .. :. r- :· ·1i--· :· i: ·-:· ; ... ··1· -- -.. _:i--~---1--·_ --r-··---·: ---:_--··i------ .. r-:·-1····:;:;c~-ri~T-O' I -1 -·!····-,-·:·- 1·-··-~ -~-; --:··-i-~--- _____ i_:_
I J ' : ' ' : I • t ' : • • : •
1 , • . . . _ ·4· .. . . .. . , ... , ... . . .. ·l .. ·. "I _.. I" . . . ... J ...... -- . .. 1, . ... l .... _:.. L ..... ; . .. '1-- .... , .... ~ ... L .... _; ______ :_-=---·· J ---~ .... L. ... ...: J ... :... .... :. .. I .... ___ , _____ ; - -I I I I I I , • 1 , i ·I 1 I : l I I · • 1 , ' ' 1 ! i 1 /:'i :···1• .. ! ..... : .. j., .... j .... j I I i _j ___ !ZQ.QL.. .. '... . : .. . " .. :,.. .: .... : --1- . ~ ---1· -----~ ___ J_ --~ 1· ; i :, I : : . . , I , . . .•.. --- r·--· ·-· ··:·:··:1 .. -~: -···- - • --, I I : : ' • I : • • I : :
V. '.1.· J .: !• : .... I
-·· .... . i. ; . 1_ ...... • . '. ...... '. .. ---- - .••..• !......... ._: .... :: ·• . i ... L
I +-: ..... 1.
600: ·: .... : .. ·!··--·--
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. -· •·-
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:600 I
6
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OVERi\Ll !~.:,J~T !H,d1SYf.H COEFFl~:IF,!·;'.!: f I • VS,:
CO~LINGi TIATE/R VEliOC tl'Y' • j • • ' ····!-····- .· !_.
10 1.d
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.. f.7
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. . .
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; .. L---·1-:-:-·r--1 J~L ___ . ,
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-
1
--- ~T-I--: ·-t----r-·· ~-- r--~--1--· -l ·---, -1·----1!-~--1-:··1-:--J_- ! - r··-:--. --~J·--r· i--:-· I ·. i · ····r·-:., ·· ..... ,-. · d: 1
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' : • I • I ":· i .•• t· r,4------ __ ,_ .. : .... ···-·-. j . ! . : i I I . : ; -1·---·r·--; __ -:--:·--:-·-mt--; ... ~---: ____ ; __ ~~---1 _x_J __ : -i_. I 1-- I ··-:- "I ... ;· --,l.- :·· ':'" ·:-- r~ ·-:--·: . ___;... I to . I . I i I . I I . ~ . ·:--·-j· ----t·---4----~-- -- . I • I . I : · u.d.~-: _ : , ·· : i · · I ·· t + + + · i i ; 1 . i_ L.L~.:... I • - I vr----,-- -- --~----- +-------,----:-t-- - ( - l. t- - 1 - I - , • 1 1 I . + ··• f • ! . • .. ' .. · i . ; • 1 • I :·;·~~~1
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. ·•· ... ~ -• ... : .. :·~~.I-. __ : ___ , .. -,! . ' ...... : . ·.· .... : ...... · .. _: __ ;j
I • ··,··- ··-·· r··-· - · ~---.... _ __
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' I ' ' : . - __ ; --- I- ...
'
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--[·-~---····" ! ....... ;·
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: ~-+-~-+~-~---~-r-1
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. I ' I . I ' . . . ' ' • ' I -. -.- ·---- ---l---l--'--l
I, I ' ' . I I ' : : : : . ' . I ' I • ' I . . : -,··- · · · ............ l.. . . · · . • , ' . I · · • · ·
I ...;__\_ . : I : . I i I . ' ' I ' i ; I ' ' . ' --t- : 1-~---..: j -~·:-···, -~--...: _ _J_;_ __ J ___ .:_ __ !_. _ _;_ I . _L ___ ~_.:......J_ __ \ ~
·:t-1··· f ·: ·; .! ... I ; .. 1 ... : ··1i .:: ... Li,,,, ~,q-. +- 1.·- i + : ____ 1 __ :___j __ •
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--: : . : · , · : · · :· : · 1· : .. ·/ tlll Tam .... .,tiiJra • ! · . :lOOQF' : t · · : - -• 17,.10 I I I ' · · 'I' \J ~ ,:;,. f ' , • ' .
~--·-,r-LL -i .. :····· ··-t- ·: -·[--- ··! .... .. ;·_:·1.· ~-Wati?'-f-e!fl,L~i.-~.1.-4 --~; ~-·t-;_ :-·:.- :,: .· i ···:·
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. ! i . : ! : t ! ·: . ' ;
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' f • : ·, '. ! ' . ; ~ '. ! ; I I ' • : I
· -~·-· · ···r· ... , ···· •· ·······r· ·: ···:····· -·!.·-·: .. ··:·-·:.-·:-r ·······'.····: ···r··· ·····:··· · ·· ···-·-················ ·
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l l
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31
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',•·:
i •, [,
'the exp,~ value, or owml.l b~at tnoa.fer coatAcloot,
ae plottul •Mt oooJJ.ng water wloclt, on the p:e~ ~ea aBl
o~ai with tbe tbeoretA.hl. cootAcl.ento c&loulatc in the £~
'A'b3 owr-~ ml~ W8!llil.'•r coetfiaent, u, in the g&Mr&l. eqtmticn
of he~ t1YJW1for, q : UA A tm, my oe :z~et! into tho ,t_i cond~e
film coeft'icimt, th0 t.uoe wall r~am;flJllCo &id the WIM..- fil.rn oootti•
cl.cut, q, t£n ~neGien for the cum of reoist.aice,
• ' ••••• (l)
ni.i Ntdatanee or thi..· tube t;B!l11 LOJl:JJ,l ae de.tined qy fouri~r's
1A11 Sld aquatk,n 1, is celcule.ted t'rom tho wf:\U. tdlieknel11, a.ve~o and
out:d.de dia,ttre, 31Ji tnermw. c»nwct.1'1 ~ ot the tube.
'lbe reai.atance o.t' th•) Wtit.t.ir .tUa, ~, 1o calculated t'ro,11. t.uoo
~om aoo the Dittue-Uoelwr o,i\l&t4.oiu
•• (2)
~et"G the p10pottle1 k, / , /"' arx1 c are ~«1 ~ the nJaan o! it1b.t
and m.m1et w.lat,<W ttmper&tQNe,
CQ'JID1n1DS the tuoo wall M-1 vat-er f1Jm Ntlistancea, and~
the tltot tranetw rGt.G Gl1i Cllt.lleio \Ube .re from the ~ntal data,
too tenp)ratUN d,op acroaa tho tube wall ra1 watartU.m ie OOt\'utod.
$ub\l'&QU.QS tb.u valGe from t.he ap,d.maatel 10i wean tlq}lature 41.ff.,_
mce g1,., th• ,-.,.mun 4ro, una, tb• .._ coud.maaw .tUm.
The at.ea ocmcteuai. tu.a .. ,a.., u o~ated 01 __. ot
the R~ Qllt.ltn lOJt cxmclNDI .,.. ..... on a a1.Q618 borilOfttel.
, •. --------··r·---·---~---------"···--------·--·· ····-----·--~--··- -
I·
. -· - .. ,J
'' 0, '/25 ( J L:J 211 i\) ~
1/4 . • ••••• (J)
in which th• p~e• k1 / •/ and /\ ..,. naluatAd at t.he averep
teaipenture ot the oom.enaat,e film.
Sow,Al tlleoret1oal. cootts.ot,nte oaloulaHCl in thio llll'l1tlr tmm t,bt
·G1Cpe'1atnttl data (T~ Wl) ore -,.lq,e1d w t1et&bl.1eh t.hw cu,vo ot
\beOnU.cal naat, t,nt•t•r ooefAcS.onti •a• cool!ng water velooit.;ir awn on
tt.ie em,11 ror ooct1 Mptr.lJmntel at.tuaU.ai.
Ii 1e w be a1Qted th£lt the dak tor l/2 in. v, L>, 1 18 Ii'JG Wbt at
inlet wat~r i68peraturo r-e 42-rth (Table u, 1:1g. 12) dLftera mr~
lroz w t:rd of tl'IJ at,h1r dat;a, 'f'111 ecat~ of p<4ntl indioatM
oome doubt ae to tne reliabW.\y ot tld.e partJ.oul.M'~~ 84$ of du.t.a, std
ce~ demotMttretH poor repro4ucihUJ.t;y, lt1 t.h\e seri.oe of row» con,.
eidernbl.e CJq)OAant,al dif 4cul.iy wu enoouutAtm in m&inttd.nina tJw low
ini.esl. wter t~turo 4eairt'd. C1rcul.atJ.ng water wu tlit fill t'.\u'uet fraa
U1e ume'gl'OUnd cit, mal.ns du.ring the o,ld•t. pariocl of tbO td.d,er montbo,
tmd Wal not, ~ Tiu ,. ...... lad to peateJJ .i.r teq)erature
variation during a rue than lm«l thl coolara oou1.d b• t1ted.
f'erual 01 1b, pJ.ot;i,xl G.\l"ftl dlOWI ttte -.riant,&1 values ot U tc
.foll• ill tora tho tbtoNM.cal. valuet, b\\t. to eaetd the l&~r bi dfN'iat.\.cna
vo.r,liU troa , to 2J percct.
The peroet. dfflaU.ou 14 u _,.iueal aw u theoJ'O\ioal
(tabla nv} .,. plot.tad in Fis. .1.6, el a aarTe 111 dnm 11.<MiA .. ~ aan
dn1at4.on u a twtoU.m r4 cd.N\w&"86 wa.t.1tt v-.o:t.i.,. Uaitll tJliG u u.
oomct.i.on 01no tort.he •••• ot u t.beomLoetJ. a tabll nv, IDi compcrina
Vat w.lnoe ol~ U .,..ma 14\b OOl'f&Okd U tMoffWta1 st.we t&.o Natl.It
ebom. The Did.Wt clnl.ad.OD u 6.C ,we•'• 1M awrap dnLaU.on 1o 2.J
,. ... , u. pcobab1e dfll6t1.m·i• 1.9' '°'""•
I
' . (i
:,[• Ati ·.
R\11 "a ti,. ta V '\, bo tJ t:!1• :, 1,i
l't - - - - - - - -f'.: '.:(;, Tatlo nu. tlalculat.ed '.tltio~Ulll wer£l H$ Tronater Golftic'4eutt. ~I I ' ,, . ti}[-· ,!\'
'N>8 S1lo1 'J/8 1n. o. o., la lid ,i.:(
:t;·1 '.1;\;'
l r. 'F,.,7)0, 60.l.a°f 8j.Ql0, 7.0 fpt!J 3,)j; 2920 '126 ,,:( fii
4 lfXi,28 w.64 64.19 lD,l a(4.0 ~JO $;;6
.\·';; .. 9 99.91 00.2, 8JJ9 lS,O 2>.l)$ 2610 9ilJ './' I ;·1! t
•1: ; 24 J.00.19 79.92 62.Sl 19.9 »JO a~ ·985
tr : i ·., 100 9~.l ti).16 76.26 .,.1 1460 ZIIIJ if.)6 .. ,
j 84 1fit4 70,18 1;.x. u.o 2320 as,:. 6S9
I i lJ1) 99.B €{1,03 7:J.Cb J.9.0 JUO 2270 927
l} . \' a)6 99."l w.w. 00,51 e.o 1495 2;6S ~92
i .. 20l; 100.0 lJl,34 oo~w. u.o 196~ ~ 100
: i l 20J 100.) 60.48 eru.ao 14.0 aJ60 226() ~;
:r :,_'
\._
r : d 91 100.0 57,22 66.92 7.0 lJ4} 2,:0 640
!Y ''!
93 99.9 ,,.oo 6).21 ll.0 1695 a;,o.) 7'1>
I,, 105 100.2 SJ,60 59.25 19.e 2950 20)5 G65 ,;: j
i' :/ ::,,
I iii; 'l\wc 5i;oi l/2 ;tu. o. i,., lO .owG.
,, 28 99,,7 00.02 86113S r1.o 1620 :)210 746
51 z .• ,5 19iJ6 e4 ;J .14.0 2700 :at;;eo r•42 • ') ( 54 100.l.6 •79.eQ SJ,JJ a.o J:150 2710 :.w:;~
l.2;. J.00,9 6'1,67 79.~(~ 7,0 15JB 29!Al 706 1,2(} 100.e 70,17 76.ll.> 1~.o 2${}0 2'AO '104 132 100.a 70.24 7;.&3 ao.o ),3) aJ.{jJ 776
l<,14 99,S 60,51 11.62 t;,0 l6i0 256~ 716 196 99.5 00.57 t,z 6H 14,0 2620 2JllJ oos ' * . 142 100.0 :>9•1S
.,., 00 ao.o J;l.O a»o 964 ~ .. lJA) 100,2 %.9J 69..\6 .,.o ~ ;a;I.D 6!il,
lJ[J l.00.4 ~.,~% 66.r, 10,0 lS60 aJJO 7'J7
141 100,2 ;1.,s 67.04 u.o 20J5 2320 76)
1'1. lOO.a ,o.o, 61.,13 1.0 1360 2050 6f1J
160 100.4 49.a& 60.a, 6.0 1502 ~ 6J4
14$ <y;.1 11.,,46 56.U 14.0 ZS:10 20;, 770 lS4 w.9 "3.l.8 51,96 18.9 tlOO 4)~ u20 .
lllbo Sise; l/2 in, 0. o,, 20 ;J.)1),
S5 ,w.s, 79.'/7 8:6.11 6,9 1SOO ;~5 ea, 72 99,6 so.o, a,..;u. 1(>.0 JC'' ~ l.009
1J. w.9 00.15 SJ,'8 20.9 JOOS 2690 lJ.)9
l€t4 99.S 70,11 1s.a., s.o l6l'I ;f/S<} 6f1I
16(, 'fJ,1 69.at. 76JR 1,4.0 26JS -·2530 918 lb8 100.2 69.72 11.~ ;r,.1 J,00 ~ lQGa
179 101.0 ;9.94 .71.U a~o 1'9'/ 2540 76S 178 lOOJ. 60 56 69.Zr lJ,O aJJ.5 aJ90 910 .. 16.) l.OJ,1 62.U ~~- 19.1 ll7S 2),0 1020
.\
'' •' :
E' '! Table nv. Ooql&d.aon of 51q>er.1tantal ~ Tblo~4 Vol.ula of u •
.. , '
i· .! ' . ' ~
................ , •• i ,: ., .. ,., I _., I ..... •• i .... lll!lll .......
'f, ' ~ : h
Tube Sile \ 7 ll JS 20 f! 11·
if\l: t,,., --- - - - - -tll ': ;/a 1.n., is arh· UeMp az, 900 WW 1099
tT 'i' . } j ',
Ut.~1. 126 66S _940 98S
t·T ' . ' ' %Dev.· u.~ u., ll.7 u.s
~!.h i ; ii:/.: ' ~:;l '.
:Dj •. corr. uth. 812 98!, 'JtUI W2
'fi
%Dev. +1.e -a.; •J.4 -4.6
··,11 !-1:i' we 1n., 1.a 10°ir ucmp. 790 9t.S w, lDS9 tll,
)'; jl''
uth. 692 au, aas 9:J4 I·
'.j: ~- 14.1 15,a 16.6 l.6.6
:,1, : !~ :
r oorr. otil. 'n4 9.xt lO'rl 109;
'fiiw$ fQJ. tl,.6 ,J0,7 -o.4 !,
l:ii ;/e 1n., 1a 6(/'p u.p • "160 900 Wt ;i
. JjJ
ut.h. 6S4 700 ell)
,lij %Dev. 16.2 16.4 l.9.6
11 \'.11 :t\1 oorr. Uth. 7Jl 008 m ,'·!· -'it . 111
/.Dev • 44-0 ,ti.) f,J.4
~} I fJ-,So'i.
i'•'f ,1a 1n., a 1'J'I 905 l~
'lJ
Uexp. 890
{~! ~ ut.ll 648 7S6 825 866 •••
j ! ~ev. lJ,8 17.8 19,J ;l.),4
. ' 11i . :?;t
cone Uthe 72S 861 ~j lOlJ ,l!'l, ~. '1 . H•'
%Dev. +le? +J.4 tJ,4 +.1.0
1i'f' r;I I : l!ff '.
,:...,· J./2 1n., lS ooOF ;I : .
UCJp. aia 9SO l.060 ll~J \ ut,h, 746 8/.fi 960 1.00;
1~v. 9.2 "•' l0.4 l.2,5
corr. \ith, 84S 990 lllO 1200 ,m..v. -,.2 -i..O -4,5 •J,9
1/2 1n., lS 700, u~. 7'34 917 1023 1W UMl. 706 @iC '104 976 ~. u.o u.1 u.2 u.1
con-, U\1-. 7'0 923 1044 1142 ~. -o.s .(),1 .J..9 -1.1
1/3 ln,, 18 60°F u-, 71/J sea 999 l09S • •
U\bt 688 m 005 ?'3 ~. 7,6 11.a U.8 ·O 1s.2
UOfft ~ 1/0 903 · 1023 w.s liOn,' . .,., .a., -a., -0,2
l/2 in., 2'i
)
,,..:.;•,w
·----·-·•'-• --·------·-··· -· ---··-···---- ·--·-· ·------- .. \.. __ _
• 7 -
u.p. a Ulb. 651 ~. 5.l
"' .
•
Uth. 7al ~. -6.o
00°F Uap. 9,s
corr.
corr.
Utb. '°.; ;r~. 14.6
Uth, 9.31 ~. +2.S
Uap, S60 oth. 776 1.iUtv, w.a ~1.b. 863 :roe,,. -O.'J
Uetp. f!/f/ Uth, '/)4 ~. 14.0
U\11. S2C :iDov. +2,1
I ••WIWt
-a,a ?6S s,e il/l. -4.5
~J +o.4
lWI 8'5 17.7
974 +:,.4
! IUJl L 111• J. tt • lR. f
-
l2J} tJ.,6
U62 1002 16.0
1159 +o,J
1146 961 19,2
-
1369 lW l9J.
~ tl,,9
Ub-V l.076 19,7
36
37 r-----,--~---·---,.·- •--- ,----·--·····.---.- -- .
I .
: ---1
! . ' .. '
-!.24 i .. lrl~ai tle:1l.a.t:ioi1._pl.or..ttd. all .fi;,n9t.lrn1 of. '[ c+r~ul}l.tliii wattir ~-cto~itv .to~ us,e :as '
1 c~rrectfon :curv~; rrr.4tiply U theor~ticai
--:· ·-1 ·· . .- :····bf rac(of ·cr;rfefcxsn·dlniCtr-·wa~er··vtfiocity :· -t : ' ; i . :
: ·1
>(
-·-·-··ti_ 221, ..... ,. . ···•··· ·-·- •·- ' ........ . . ·•.··------, -·-.·-···.···. . . . •••• ··1- -• ,- ---~----·- ·--··-· --------·- _______ ,.. _____________ _,
! I t L ' I
~- ljhi ·· !. J J ! · J .· .• _/ i . i J L · : l. ·- .. ·• .··-• ··_•· .· . -< •·· .. ! · I I . I • I . . . . I ' • J . . . X . I
··~ .L.i .. ·:·-· .. ___ ; ___ ;_ .. _L_: __ j_~~: ..... ~ .. -:.::J __ ~ __ j C. :_ ;_~}~ __ ;_~j ___ : ____ ·:_~ --~----·t __ · _: ___ :_j l : ' ) ; ; - ; t i ! ' ' ti ' : : ! : . i
I . ' ' ' I I . l I ' . ' ' I •
--~-J.).a[ ..... --~ : ....... , _____ ..1_ _____ i ---~---~J ~---t--.... _L __ }_~~l~-~:-···: __ ~:-~-~-~--l_jja._:J ,t : - . . I I t ! i , ; i : I ;· : . ·; - : : \...j
~--_-! _ .. :t --·· _ ---·· ____ : ____ -___ :) ---~ _; ...... ·-·· __l__ · ___ :_ .. _ ~ ______ f --: · :· -. _:_ . _______ T _·-:· -_·-_; --~2J i ·1· . .i i .. , I ! i ! l : I . i ; ' i. . \ 11
-~ j ;/_ ... _;_ . ,·; : 1 : : . -t .. i : . : T . l ";-- i .. -.·~ : · ..... : .. :·.· :·· ·- ; ~ /~---:.:1·
~
I -:~1-·-··;· ·- . ·'!·· :_··-r-··--· :··-·•-·-r\···-····1-----t--_;_-;_:_ I '1 ' :-~;----:-----j·-1-Llf'-tt !-- . l · i . ! - .. . .. : ~ . . .. i : . I .: -:; . : . >·.·< . f· .. ···l- - .. . --: .. . :_ ·--
·--1---~----~-----t··.:.;_; -~--l ·~- -··-·! : .I : i I : .! . t J i _J. __ j
~--'.- , ~~:1 : tf · : ... l! · i .• J · ~ · l · ~1 ti:··· ·. !· ·· i ·+- : -:+ 1· i.) ~a \!. i l : ! J : I : I ' : ! ! . i ; J ; I : ' ; . :
I ,:,_~ ·-· .. ·---.-----i~- 1--- ' -- l . -,--""7" ' -~-1 . -;- '
· ~-- ··: l ·· ··/ ····:····. j° · ···:.i_···:·· :-······:···· 1···:-·-1···-··r~-·-r···-·T··--:· ---r-···-:---~
·-1-·-+·-··---:--·:- l .;-- ~-i_: ___ t _:--[---- -~JL-~--t-.-+-.i-+ : ! ·-; --+-. ; . · .J :· lu~.; ;· · i ·: ·:\ .... ~ix:Ja-~· ·! ·:·· l : · t: ···• l ··• ·· ·····• t I ···· + i ···· : ···· · +1./~ ~
_;....._ ' '!L.----1 -·-l-fp.!J' ____ --~---·-+----- --1 _ _;__ -----.---f---:----l-c-- ___ ; __ _ " ! : · · : 1 • 1· : : 1 • • • • .. :ri : 1 : : •
1 : . : 1
~ t : ! . i -. l .... ·i . i : +: [ .i .... ·r··:···:--····-1·« .. · 1· .. ·:·-r· .. ···i ····~-· ··r-
• ' (---· j •.. :. ·t-·-·-,--., .. ·•,•••·--f---• '-:--·:.....-;--·•--•~--~---r.-, · \ I --t- ' I . ' ---:-·
~ : ... t1 . : ·!.,.: J .. 1 . ·! . ; .. l- : . := .. · 1· : . +-- ~ --1< ·+· .. --~ __ J ___ :_ l-- ·;· ;o··---1 1'.Q . ' I . . i • I . ' . I : I '~: I • U-'-' . -, T""·---r-- · -,- ... i---·-·;·---:---;··-···--:--: ···r· ··:--·r-~-n~1-- : · : 1 -
-~ · I : : · , · i · ·: .. ; : i · ! · · i · :. / ... · .. : · !:· · .. i··· :. ·:- .. ·· 1 .
. I : + ; : : + . : ; . l : ! : : . I ' .. q l : ···:--·~-·-, -···--'·~r··-···: ··"·-t--·: .. t ~:--·~:--··-r····-~·-1-·~--T--:-···r----~----T-:--r--:-·. _; __ _
~i.ti: .•.. L . : .+ .. cl .. .Lc.. 1 +.J.-.r..· i-~-1Li-. t·1··: . 9.'. I ; • + .. i : . 1 : l·: / -L;;· -~·:,:-·!·· :· /···;·./. :···-! .... ; .. : ....
. : ....... J .. _,, .; .. ·· ···!··-··--· -····-· i-----. _____ J ___ ---1--- . .:._;_·~-'$-Ln..'µff.l,:J.8_/3.W...<i._.llJf. . --···;··. , · i I : I i ·: ! · I · i : •
! · i· . . -- · r : · -~ .·. r; :. i :--·l- ~ ·:··---: · 1·- .... '. · · -.... 6 .. j ___ :.. ..L..-- __ ; ___ ; _____ ':?i_1.a...;Q12,L.1a.ew6 ·-------- . ' I i f ! I ' I . .
I. , t , I , 1 •
~ .1/ • : : , ·. : r---·----~-1111012,; .. 20:BW...6 . .. +. .. ••.. , ... _.,_ -t--
1
.. -, ._. ... ,---·l
8 JO 12. 14
V -fps .. : 18. 2() . I
... ------1
F1G. 16
I
I .... ..J
I I
/~ I
\
In ffl.lch a atvd1 iG tb.1.a ubtrein inrottiigal:ton ot: l~t tranoto.r
owacttriotie& 1c U~ttid w a 1'• 611l~er su• ot oondOMtr tuoea of
a p~~r ooti>l and w,tng ~ st.~~ ted waier u the i'lU1.d -.ii.a,
it \t>uld be umd.P \o propooe a now, empirlCQl e-1on o.wllcabl.e only
to this spo~ Bituatl.on. ,U&o al.nee the Nw,dt cad D1ttua-Lwlter
e:.;~uatials are well kt'l.om1 em ~st.a41.uhoo in tb.~ llt-orotU11ti £ex· senerel
tLt 0£ wc:p3r~ d.at.a.
Instead it. 1 a thought pre! e1•a,ble to UG ~ tb o ooceptlld gerA8r-.iil
onuationa a.nd then ~ti.Pll u·: ti. oorrc--ctioo r~ctol" oolftsr.ond1ng to Uw
oi1wlat,iag ·.,ater val.ocity tc.i det~r;wio an ove1~~ h;.at. ti~~i'e1." cc14.d'fi•
eioot for practictil [email protected]~. 1dthir. tho ~e Q£ Ud.s inveoti-
&titioo correction :~rs ~ do<v.::~ i'i~ r1,m'tl lG ~ ~ ~oct l.o
prt~ict. t,hG werall heat trarud,;r e-'Oe.L'ileif¥1t !o:i:0 n i.dnglo, Glu.. .• n~ hot'i• .; .
J
38
,·
A
C
NCIWfJLATtltE
Outside tube area, sq ,)t.--. 0
Specific heat, BTU/lb,• F •
Diameter, ft •. D
g
h
Acceleration of gravity, 4,18 JC 108 tt,/hr.2
0 Film coefficient, BTU/hr,-sq, ft.- F.
H Flowmater gauge reading, cm. 0
/k Thermal conductivity, BTU-tt./hr,-sq, ft.- F.
L LEllgth, ft.
q Heat tramfer rate, BTU/hr,
t Tanparature, °F,
U overall heat transfer coefficient, BTU/hr,-sq.rt.-°F.
V Circulating water velocity, ft./sec.
w Circulating water !low rate, lb./hr. 0
Log mean tanperat'l.ll'e diff erance, F.
Lat mt he at of evaporation, BTU/lb.
Absolute viscosity, lb./ft.-sec. or lb./!t,-hr,
Denai.ty, lb./cu. rt.
~ybscripts
a Average,
i Ine1cle,
o Outside,
s steam, or caidE11sate !'ilm.
w Water film,
l Inlet,.
2 Ou.tlet~
I
! .
"---• /
1·
r I
./ ,f -.f""f•~·-···~,, :• \•.! , ••.• ~ • .• '' ~~,.-· '.
In a previous investigation using this eame calorimeter a.Bi
evaporator (R. J. McGregor, Lehigh u. Inst. of ResearchJ unpublished
report and data for The Heat Exchange Institute, 6 Nay 194'1) it was
sham that at the low velocities inwlvEd, variations in the steam
velocity have a negligible effect on the overall heat transfer
coefficient. That is to say, the condensate film coefficient does not
vacy with steam velocity.
Steam velocity was varied by changing coil steam p1-essure in the
evaporator from two to twelve pounds ~r aqua.re inch in a series of
.runs while holding all other variables constant. A brief summary- of the
data is given below:
Coil Steam Pressure .!:.a ii. y .!!
12 psi J.3$,7°F 6S,8°F 2.6 fps 501 BTU/hr.-sq.ft,-°F
p(_ 2.6 526
J
•\ \
5
2
.3
4
5:
? 5
l.35.7 "
133.7
136,9
1.34,9
139.7
1.37.2
1.37.2
\
68.7
69,0 2,7 527
70,5 ·2,6 524
70,3 2.6 51.3
70.3 2.6 524
69,J 2.6 524.
i 70,0 2.6 5Z7
J
(
[. "'-'
r L_
l L... 8~
~
I
~M
t I
~ 7S
r- 70
:
- f ~, ..... . ;;.
,:
'
-,.o "),_ ' ..::
/
~':,".)·
~'" ~
l"
-S' ;,-
/
/
/
I /
/
/ /
-/
/
I
., I
/ /
/ /
/ /
/
/
/ /
/ /
4<0f',C/
4(...r...._,
.5900
'!..Boo
"5700
3600
-.3500
/ .:S4oo/
I /
3J/oo / .:U-Oo
/
I//~ - 3too
~ ,r- -
// I // I
I I I ~
I
I
I I I I
-I L-
I
\ Z.900
I r80o 2.700
I
~2~ 2i,oo: r - .;. f '""·i
>soot rz.:2.o0 fl:)
~"-i zooo..: - "-
t /900 3
~ ; r"-]
1700
r/600
t'"-I-loo
1.500
1?-00
1180
/ /
t ,, 20
Lv /,
f-18
f-·17
I- /6
f- ,:;-
f- 14-
L I /j
r,,
l:'. I
l. I
~ I·
l' I I L..7
::i
""ll-~ 0 u ~ .. (·
.... " " .....
~
" .e ~
' ,J ... i
1/z. i,1 OD, ,a 6Wo ~
:.-
Y2 '" 90·, llJ 8W4' -··
\l
NoMoc;RAPH FOR .D11n1.:.,-8on,TER £:.c.>uAT/.ON
Wd·rt:c:.y -/lo-;,..,J. lh..-o_..,JI, conden!.c:..- f·,,;-,,.
[3.;.:,ed on F 'ft.Id f-,or, :
h'= 0.02.25 t,( ;_.q-'-';,a/8 ( C,p r4-
A~~L(.,_,,,-..,J /3 m1cl 9 COr,Sfcml -/o..- /he mn:;c or '/·&j??pc'~cdL(re
,Jnu conve.-tin9_,,u_ c1.nd k- in tc.-n1s of- 111ean Ternpera-furc
h ~ 495 ¢-t- ...«0. 8 0-0.2.
'
Q.
-~
"' < 0 ~ <
" t ::i
" ..., ~
" ' ~ <
" -,, <
0
1 " .-,, ~
V)
"/B ,,., oo,· 18 BW6 _
5/a In. OD, Zf) dw4
,·1
~ -_-,---.·-... ~ ... .,~. -·-.------- .- -- . ---. --· --- -~--- --··· -···------- -----~-·--- ---- ---- ---- - ------ i
20
.5 8
I 2 ] (.D) ConderJser Tu6e ·an:, /n .
NoMOGRAM FOR NussELT EQUATION
Sfeam Condensing· on a S/n3le !-lor,zonfal Tuhe
Based on E<Juatl'on
·h= 07'?'5 (-k$,,ozq A_)~ · • _L• .pD~t /
"Conv~rfi'ng fo DI
in. and Sirnpl/f_ying gives
h 4))1-0 -I =13. 86 x /0 8(k~'J;,2
A?
I
/
' I
= /3 86 x 101' fn (fave)
I /
I /
I
./
/ /
.' I
I Key:
...
60
80
90
95
!00
I .. I
- - ·- --' i , .
.. t~ -: ... --:1: ?'·:·-~··~- =·~~ ~ ... ~:·::: ~t .. ~...:~~i ;.1t:-; -u~·~'.~--~· _,:~;..£:.~-~=- .. ~~
I . ······1
80 I '
.! I
.J
.----~----~- .. - . ----------- - ------' .
i I i
I ' i
·----, ..... "i
·1
... 60
••• j"" -•· ··-··· -
: 70 I
OF
- 44
19 I I I
.. ·t-S···· . --:· ··•·--. -----1 ' ! -1-t· -;····-·--·----1
i I
i : I
)~~-~; ____ _l_~J
-•I•--••·, .• · -
80
I ···-: -·---·- ···-·-· . -·····-····---_J
i -:-· -·- ·-1 i
I
I --,--
, .... -•-'(. ···--r, ~---
4. . _5 I
l- I
:.l ,f
! ' t !
,'
( ... \
r
4 .•..
c-
c-
/\ )
' I
.. ,-0.
"
\· ~
\
... ".
·•
?
( I
" ,f
\ ~-
' ·'
...
t,
(
7
\ - (
J
Vl!Ai::
ff.ichard hal~ Aroy,
ht.1"0rtts i Guy ifaltor. Md F~ut!i "J'.oe Ar';,lj". '
?.iduc~tion:
ln<lc pen<lono© (Kansas) Junior Collo;e Univorsit1.• of Lansaa
"'
I
i
, ')').{ ·3r; ••• . ./.,;- l
United St~tco ~,a.vol Acad~· ·', {r:e(ree of &chelor oi' .:.icience awe.rued
119
:j. 3. Ni...val . outerad@ti::: School
19JS 193$-4.l
r .. ee,'ember 1941) 1946-47 "l.9l,7-!./: 'otl~ ,?1·, l'·...-.~srpf"''t'· .J..tv, ...,..__ .. \.r.1J..,'i...,. u.4 . . 1
,,,--, r )
,-.. '' ·, ' J.1l,,·l"'!~;.
· .. :,~it:r-ictor, r.:u, t, ;)f ,.:ari:-...! . : · ~ So ~-:.\u.:.~ j·~c~\~!<1-t(
••,,I.,•
.:..'\"4"l.i
l'I r' ('' , I 11 .., L!I ,C. '. II. ,"t • lo ' \.I • 1' ... .... I' ~· • ., ~ " ! -· "'· " ...
.;or.,:
::.kli w:rs'a ,. of :·/811.w,,~ro . .. i;dteu St[-.t.es :;av.:.l_..;..c(J.dm::1:r-
( l)on"Ga of !l:J.cl!elor of '}c:.~nc(; i • S. :nWG-1 , o.stc:r,~dl,,~t<,: .::chvJJ. l.obirh t'nlveresit/
:'rofesoion,il Sx~r::cnce:
Coi1Kmmications arid Gunner:, )fficer, USS 0-7 (SS 7G)
ttnginoer and Electrical ~)ffieer, lJSS i- INT ADO ( SS JS 6)
Engineer and Electricsl .Jf 1'icor, 085 TUSK (SS 424)
....
~ r· . ,; .. ,. .!,... ;,I t_i.\lJ.·,.J.
1946
\,
I
...
'l