leksion 2: rishikim i koncepteve kryesore te rrjetave
TRANSCRIPT
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Një rishikim ikoncepteve kryesore të
rrjetave
MsC, Ing. Ezmerina [email protected]
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Overview
Telecommunications – tools to improve
communications
ISO/OSI Reference Model Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 LANs
Interconnecting Devices
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Communication
Exchange of Information (Communication), makes
possible the Human society and the civilization
Improvements in communication - milestones in the
history of civilization
Language Writing
Books
Electronic communication, Internet
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Communication with computers
Tools created to increase and enhance our capabilities:
Cars, Airplanes, Microscopes, Telescopes
Telegraph , Telephone to communicate
Computers born to store and process information
Computers to communicate; Network – more
than two computers
Each epoch in human history is dominated by onetool:
Industrial Revolution: Steam engine
Information Age: Computers and networks (Internet
is the universal medium of communication)
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Evolution of Networks
In 1890 simple telephone networks with manually
operated switches – circuit switching
Operators replaced by mechanical switches and 100
years later by electronic switches
Electronic switches and exchange control information
using the common channel signaling (CCS)
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Evolution of Networks
Since 1980s Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) for the
transmission links of the telephone networks
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) – integration of data and voice
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) > 1.5
Mbps downstream)
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RS-232C
Up to 38kbps over short distances (less than 30m)
Serial transmission one character at a time
Each character => 7 bits + 1bit parity
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Synchronous Transmission
The first computer networks designed to share large scale
computers
HDLC family
Packet based => header + data + CRC
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Store-and-forward PacketSwitching
To interconnect many computers
Statistical multiplexing – more efficient than time division
multiplexingARPNET late 1960s
The network is peripheral
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Local Area Networks
Emergence of LANs
Ethernet 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps
Ethernet everywhere: LAN and WAN
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Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Switched technology – total throughput muchlarger than shared medium ones
53 bytes cell. Integration of data and voice.
Very good QOS
Complex, less scalable than Ethernet and IP, nonative applications
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Cable Television Networks
CATV delivers TV in more than 50% of UShouseholds
High Speed Internet Access. Cable modems: 45
Mbps downstream, 1.5 Mbps upstream
Sharing Security issues No cable in offices
But new revenue for providers
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Summary
ISO/OSI reference model has seven layers. TCP/IP
Protocol suite has four layers.
Ethernet/IEEE 802 3 uses CSMA/CD
Addresses: Local vs Global, Unicast vs Broadcast.