lela xomeriki - tsu learn | ერთად, შრომით ... khomeriki gender and politics...

• Gender Mainstreaming tools • presentation of good practices

Topic XIV. Gender analysis • How and where can we use Gender analysis • how GA can improve the policy/program development and/or implementation process to

support gender equality • Analytical techniques and tools (checklists; guidelines and terms of reference; Gender

impact assessment, Harvard framework) • Public policy on women and gender issues in Georgia

Topic XV. Gender Analysis of Gender Sensitivity of organizations • Gender Analysis of vision, mission, values, strategies, structure, systems, procedures,

management, leadership, competencies, staff of the organisation. • Cordaid’s Analytical Tool for Assessing Gender Sensitivity of organizations

48

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

genderi

da

politika

momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris

akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze

intensiuri seminari

socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis

lela xomeriki

Tbilisi

2006


mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006

© Center for Social Sciences, 2006

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10

el. fosta: [email protected]

internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa

centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis

mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 5 - 8

Topic III. Gender aspects of electoral systems • Differential impact of the electoral systems on female political representation • Electoral behaviour of woman voters • Electoral system of Georgia from gender perspectives Topic IV. Positive action in the field of equality between women and men

• Definitions and the international legal framework for positive action • Legal and administrative basis of positive action in the field of equality between

women and men • The practice of positive action in the different member States of the Council of

Europe • Examples of how to reach gender balance in appointed bodies, boards and councils

Topic V. Strategies for enchancing women’s political participation

• women’s parallel campaigns • The Nordic Case

Topic VI. Gender Politics of sistems and organizations • Gender blinde, Gender awere, Gender transformative politics

Topic VII. Gender politics of Media. • Methods of Gender analysis of Media • Gender aspects of Georgian media

Topic VIII. State Gender Policy • Main Components of Gender state Policy • Gender equality supporting legislation • What is Institutional machinery for Enhancing Gender Equality? • Beijing Platform for Action and National Plans of Action Topic IX. Gender-sensitive Budget • Defining concept of a gender-sensitive budget • How budget have differential effects on men and women • How to perform a gender analysis of budgets • The ways of responding to the specific needs of both men and women, mechanisms and

methods for developing a gender-sensitive budget. Topic X. Georgian State policy in the Field of Gender Equality. • Gender Equality Institutional Machinery (background and current situation) • National Plan of Action Topic XI. Gender policy on the Regional level • Legal mechanisms (Case study – Gender equality law of Saarland) • Action plans and specific programs on regional level

Topic XII. Gender statistics - as a tool for policy planning and evaluation • Defining concepts of gender disaggregated data and gender statistics • Main functions of gender statistics • Producing gender statistics • Presenting gender statistics (preparing easily accessible, user-friendly formats)

Topic XIII. Gender Mainstriming • What is gender mainstreaming? • Importance of gender mainstreaming • Actors of gender mainstreaming

47

LELA KHOMERIKI

GENDER AND POLITICS

Duration of the course: one academic term, 15 weeks, 30 classroom hours plus 95 hours of student’s independent work. Course description: The course reviews gender problems in modern political theory, trends of development of women’s right concept, national and international legal mechanisms of protection of women’s political rights. The course also reviews main directions of state gender policy, as well as gender equality supporting legislation and institutional machinery. Along with providing students with theoretical knowledge the course is also aiming at helping students apply concrete instruments of gender analysis. The course structure allows teacher supplement theoretical presentations with practical assignments, based on the knowledge obtained through the course, students will conduct gender analysis of Georgian legislation and specific aspects of political processes. Course objectives: At the completion of the course, students will be able to apply gender as one of the categories for analysis of political processes and will better understand gender aspects of different political systems, institutions and policies. Students will be able to identify gender related problems in politics. They will compare different gender policies. They will be able to list main components of gender state policy and describe structure and competences of institutional machinery for Gender equality. They will be introduced to concepts of gender analysis, gender mainstreaming, gender Budget, gender statistics. Homework, discussions, case studies will familiarize students with concrete instruments of gender analysis, help them practice skills of gender analysis and apply the knowledge and skills obtained through the course in practice. Methods of teaching: Theoretical presentations, group discussions, group work, student presentations, case studies, writing of essay, mini researches. Course Content Topic I. Women's participation in politics. Obstacles to women’s participation in politics. Women’s representation in decision making bodies on different levels. • Dynamics of women's participation in elective decision-making bodies • Obstacles to women’s political participation (Political, socio- economic and

psychological hindrances) • How far the entry of women on the parliamentary scene produces a qualitative change in

legislative work. • Participation of women in local government bodies. Topic II. Women in Political Parties • How women are incorporated in the decision-making structures of parties. • Political Parties and Special Measures Enhancing Women's Participation in Electoral

Processes. • The role of political parties in recruiting candidates for elections, the nomination of and

party support for candidates, including financial support; • Women's section of parties; • Gender problems in parties programs. • Female participation in political parties of Georgia (membership, management, electoral

lists, party programs, work with women electorate)

46

s a r C e v i

Tema I

qalTa monawileoba politikaSi, qalTa warmomadgenloba

saxelmwifo struqturebSi sxvadasxva doneze,

qalTa politikaSi winsvlis Semaferxebeli mizezebi .......................6

Tema II

genderuli parametrebi politikur partiebSi.....................................10

Tema III

saqarTvelos saarCevno sistemis genderuli aspeqtebi ..................12

Tema IV

specialuri droebiTi zomebi politikaSi

qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis .............13

Tema V

qalTa politikuri warmomadgenlobis gazrdis strategiebi .....18

Tema VI

sistemebisa da organizaciebis genderuli politika......................22

Tema VII

masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis genderuli politika.

mediaSi politikis gaSuqebis genderuli aspeqtebi ..........................24

Tema VIII

saxelmwifo politika genderuli da

qalTa problemebis sferoSi ............................................................................26

Tema IX

genderuli biujeti ................................................................................................30

Tema X

genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli

politikis ganxorcieleba saqarTveloSi ................................................31

Tema XI

genderuli politikis ganxorcieleba regionul doneze ...............35

Tema 12

genderuli statistika _ politikis Sefasebis,

analizis, dagegmvis instrumenti ..................................................................37

Tema XIII

genderuli meinstrimingi ...................................................................................40

Tema XIV

genderuli analizi. cnebis ganmarteba,

genderuli analizis instrumentebi ............................................................42

savaldebulo literatura .......................................................................................44

damatebiTi literatura da sxva saswavlo masala ....................................45

GENDER AND POLITICS .................................................................................................46

saswavlo kursis xangrZlivoba: erTi semestri (15 kvira).

saswavlo kursis mizani

saseminaro kursi mimoixilavs genderul problematikas Tanamedrove politikur

TeoriaSi, qalTa politikuri uflebebis koncefciis ganviTarebas, qalTa poli-

tikuri uflebebis dacvis saerTaSoriso da erovnul samarTlebriv meqanizmebs.

studentebi gaecnobian da imsjeleben erTi mxriv, politikaSi qalTa winsvlis

Semafarxebel mizezebze, meore mxriv, qalTa politikuri monawileobis gazrdis

sxvadasxva strategiebze. ganxiluli iqneba saxelmwifo genderuli politikis

ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi, genderuli Tanasworobis xelSemwyobi kanonmdebloba

da saxelmwifo struqturebi. kursi orientirebulia Teoriuli codnis

paralelurad studentebs aswavlos genderuli analizis instrumentebis gamo-

yeneba. amisaTvis kursi isea agebuli, rom konkretuli saleqcio Temis gacnobis

paralelurad, studentebi miRebul codnaze dayrdnobiT ganaxorcieleben

qarTuli kanonmdeblobisa da politikuri procesebis garkveuli aspeqtebis

genderul analizs.

saswavlo kursis formati

swavlebis dros gamoyenebuli iqneba swavlebis Semdegi formebi: Teoriuli

prezentacia, fasilitirebuli diskusia, konkretuli SemTxvevebis ganxilva,

mcire jgufebSi muSaoba, damoukidebeli muSaoba, literaturis damuSaveba,

mcire genderuli analizis ganxorcieleba.

swavlis Sedegebi

kursi gavlis Semdeg studentebi SesZleben gamoiyenon genderi, rogorc erT-

erTi kategoria politikuri procesebis SeswavlisaTvis da gaanalizon sxva-

dasxva politikuri sistemis, institutebis, programebis genderuli aspeqtebi.

studentebs SeeZlebaT politikaSi genderuli problemebis identificireba da

sxvadasxva tipis genderuli politikebis Sedareba. studentebs SeeZlebaT

ganmarton genderuli analizis, genderuli meinstrimingis, genderuli biu-

jetis, genderuli statistikis cnebebi. SemTxvevebis ganxilvis, saSinao dava-

lebebis Sesrulebisa da diskusiebis dros gavarjiSdebian politikis genderuli

eqspertizis ganxorcielebaSi, rac maT SemdgomSi saSualebas miscems miRebuli

codna praqtikuladac gamoiyenon.

saswavlo kursis Sinaarsi

Tema I. qalTa monawileoba politikaSi, politikaSi qalTa winsvlis Semafer-

xebeli mizezebi, qalTa warmomadgenloba saxelmwifo struqturebSi

sxvadasxva doneze

• qalTa warmomadgenlobis dinamika sakanonmdeblo organoebSi

• qalebi adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi

Tema II. genderuli parametrebi politikur partiebSi

• Sida partiuli demokratia da qalebis monawileoba

• politikuri partiebi da saarCevno procesebSi qalTa monawileobis gazrdis

zomebi

• politikuri partiebis mier kandidatTa rekrutirebisa da mxardaWeris (maT

Soris, finansuri) formebis mimoxilva

• qalTa seqciebi partiebSi

• genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebi partiaTa programebSi

Tema III. saarCevno sistemaTa genderuli aspeqtebi

saarCevno sistemebis gavlena qalTa warmomadgenlobaze politikaSi

amomrCevel qalTa saarCevno qceva, amomrCevel qalTa interesTa jgufebi

4

damatebiTi literatura da sxva saswavlo masala:

• Jill M. Bystydzienski, Women in Electoral Politics, 1995.

• Global Database of Quotas for Women, International IDEA and Stockholm University, http://www.idea.int/gender/quotas.cfm

• http://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/meetings/2004/EGMelectoral

• sonia lokari, qalTa politikuri moanwileobis gazrdis gzebi, 2006, Tbilisi,

seminaris masalebi.

• nino javaxiSvili, feminizmis mimarTulebebi, feministuri da genderuli

moZraoba/gederuli problematika saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2002. gv. 63-78.

• qali masmediaSi: portreti Tu karikatura, JurnalistTa asociaci, gender

media kavkasia, Tbilisi, 2005.




seminaris masalebi.

• saqarTvelos genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis erovnuli samoqmedo

gegmis proeqti, qalTa organizaciebis koaliciis instituciuri meqanizmebis

jgufi, 2006

• genderuli Tanasworobis kanonmdeblobis nimuSi, germaniis saaris mxaris

kanonmdeblobis magaliTi, qalTa informaciisa da ganaTlebis centri,

Tbilisi, 2000.

• samcxe-javaxeTis regionis genderuli politikis samoqmedo gegma, qalTa

regionuli centri, axalcixe, 2006.

• qali da mamakaci saqarTveloSi, weliwdeuli, 2005, saqarTvelos statistikis

departamenti.

45

savaldebulo literatura:

• Men and Women in Politics: Democracy Still in the Making. A World Comparative Study, Inter-

Parliamnetary Union, 1997.

• l. xomeriki, qalTa monawileoba adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi/ qalebi da

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba, qalTa ganaTlebisa da informaciis centris

almanaxi, Tbilisi, 2001.

• l. xomeriki, genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxi postsabWoTa saqarTvelo-

Si/demokratiis mSenebloba saqarTveloSi, demokratiisa da saarCevno

daxmarebis saerTaSoriso instituti, 2003.

• saqarTvelos politikuri landSafti, politikuri partiebi: miRwevebi,

gamowvevebi da perspeqtivebi, redaqtorebi: gia nodia, alvaro pinto

sqoltabaxi, mSvidobis. demokratiis da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti,

niderlandebis mravalpartiuli demokratiis instituti, Tbilisi, 2006 w.

• Richard E. Matland, Enhancing Women’s Political Participation: Legislative Recruitment and Electoral Systems/Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International Institute for democracy and Electoral Assistance, 1998.

• l. xomeriki, “dasavleTis qveynebis gamocdileba politikaSi qalTa

warmomadgenlobis gazrdis sferoSi”/genderuli problematika saqarTve-

loSi, Tbilisi, 2003.

• Using quotas to increase women’s political representation/Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International Institute for democracy and Electoral Assistance, 1998. pp. 91-115.

• sonia lokari, qalTa politikuri monawileobis gazrdis gzebi, 2006, Tbilisi,

seminaris masalebi.

• l. xomeriki, n. javaxiSvili, m. nikuraZe, genderuli politika da masmedia,

Tbilisi, 2002.

• l. xomeriki, saxelmwifo genderuli politika/genderuli problematika

saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2003.

• lela xomeriki, genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli

politikis ganxorcielebis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2006.

• Gender Statistics, UNECE's Gender Statistics Website for Europe & North America! http://www.unece.org/stats/gender/web

• Gender mainstreaming - Conceptual framework, methodology and presentation of good practices, Section Equality between Women and Men, Directorate General of Human Rights, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, February 1999

• Parliament, the Budget and Gender, Joachim Wehner (Germany) and Winnie Byanyima, MP (Uganda), the handbook jointly produced by the IPU, UNDP, WBI and UNIFEM/Chapter 4, A gender perspective on the budget, Chapter 5, Strengthening legislative participation, pages 55-81.

• An Integrated Approach to Gender-based Analysis, Gender-based analyses directorate, Status of Women Canada, 2004 Edition.

• genderuli analizis instrumenti — harvardis analitikuri CarCo.

• Analytical Tool for Assessing Gender Sensitivity of organizations, Cordaid, 2004.

44

Tema IV. specialuri droebiTi zomebi politikaSi qalisa da mamakacis

Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis

• specialuri droebiTi zomebis definicia da misi saerTaSoriso

samarTlebrivi CarCo

• samarTlebrivi da administraciuli bazisi specialuri droebiTi

zomebisaTvis

• specialuri droebiTi zomebis ganxoricielebis praqtika evropis qveynebSi

• rogor mivaRwioT genderul balanss daniSnul sabWoebsa da Tanamdebobebze

Tema V. qalTa politikuri warmomadgenlobis gazrdis strategiebi — e. w.

qalTa paraleluri kampaniebi, paritetuli koaliciebi. norvegiis magaliTis

Seswavla.

Tema VI. sistemebisa da organizaciebis genderuli politika. genderuli

linzebi. genderulad brma, genderulad gacnobierebuli da genderulad

transformaciuli politika. SemTxvevebis Seswavla.

Tema VII. masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis genderuli politika. mediaSi

politikis gaSuqebis genderuli aspeqtebi. mediis genderuli analizis

instrumentis SemuSaveba da ramdenime media saSualebis genderuli Seswavlis

ganxorcieleba.

Tema VIII. saxelmwifo genderuli politika

• saxelmwifo genderuli politikis ZiriTadi komponentebi

• genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli kanonmdebloba

Tema IX. genderuli biujeti. cnebis ganmarteba da konceptis Camoyalibebis

mokle istoria. genderuli biujetis mniSvneloba.

Tema X. genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli politikis

ganxorcieleba saqarTveloSi

• genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis instituciuri meqanizmebi

• genderuli Tanasworobis erovnuli samoqmedo gegma

Tema XI. genderuli politikis ganxorcieleba regionul doneze

• sakanonmdeblo meqanizmebi (saaris mxaris magaliTis ganxilva)

• samoqmedo gegmebi da programebi

Tema XII. genderuli statistika _ politikis Sefasebis, analizis, dagegmvis

instrumenti.

Tema XIII. genderuli meinstrimingis cnebis ganmarteba. politikis sxvadasxva

sferoSi genderuli meinstrimingis saukeTeso praqtikebis ganxilva

Tema XIV. genderuli analizi

cnebis ganmarteba, genderuli analizis instrumentebis gacnoba (longves

uflebamosilebaTa CarCo, harvardis analitikuri sqema). SemTxvevis Seswavla

genderuli analizis instrumentis gamoyenebiT.l

Tema XV. struqturebsa da organizaciebSi genderuli midgomebis danergvis

Sefaseba. organizaciis genderuli mgrZnobiarobis Sefasebis analitikuri

instrumentis Seswavla.

5

Tema I


saxelmwifo struqturebSi sxvadasxva doneze, qalTa

politikaSi winsvlis Semaferxebeli mizezebi.

qalTa warmomadgenloba politikaSi

miuxedavad imisa, rom bevr qveyanaSi qalma warmatebas miaRwia ganaTlebis,

samarTlis, ekonomikis, sportisa Tu xelovnebis sferoebSi, politikur arenaze

qalebi mainc cotani arian. marTalia, meoce saukunis bolosaTvis qveynebis 95%-

Si qalebs mopovebuli hqondaT saarCevno uflebebi, 1998 wlisaTvis msoflio

masStabiT qali lideri hyavda partiebis mxolod 11%-s, xolo parlamentari

qalebi msoflio parlamentarTa ricxvis 11,4%-s Seadgendnen. 2006 wlisaTvis

msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis sakanonmdeblo organoebSi qalTa ricxvma

umniSvnelod moimata da saSualod 16,3% Seadgina.

sakanonmdeblo organoebSi qalTa monawileobis saSualo procentuli

maCvenebeli msoflio masStabiT 2006 wlis ianvris mdgomareobiT Semdegnairia:

orive palata erTad

parlamentarTa jamuri

raodenoba 44'204

genderulad

dacalkevebuli statistika

arsebobs

43'387

kaci 36'827

qali 7'160

qalTa monawileobis % 16.3%

erTpalatiani parlamentebi da

qveda palata


raodenoba 37'269

genderulad


arsebobs

36'994

kaci 30'887

qali 6'107


zeda palata an senati


raodenoba 6'935

genderulad


arsebobs

6'993

kaci 5'940

qali 1'053


6

SesaZloa nebismieri sferos genderuli analizis ganxorcieleba. mogvyavs mcire

magaliTi, romelSic dasaqmebis politikis genderuli aspeqtebia warmoCenili.

SemTxvevis Seswavla. dasaqmebis politikis genderuli analizi

dasaqmebis bazarze dRemde dominantur modelad iTvleba sruli samuSao dRe

dadgenili saaTebiT. nel-nela inergeba moqnili samuSao drois sistemac, Tumca

normad mainc dadgenili saaTebi rCeba.

saWiroa zogadad samuSaos bunebis axleburad gaazreba da imis gacnobiereba,

rom mouqneli samuSao saaTebis sistemas Tavisi genderuli aspeqti aqvs. raki

dRemde ZiriTadad qalebi arian saojaxo saqmisa da bavSvebis aRzrdaze

pasuxismgebelni, maT mamakacebze metad sWirdebaT da awyobT arasruli samuSao

dRe, an Tundac sruli samuSao dRe oRond moqnili da ara dadgenili saaTebiT.

aris meore momentic, mag. did britaneTSi Tanabari SesaZleblobebis komisiis

mier 2004 wels ganxorcielebulma arasruli da moqnili samuSaos (part-time job)

kvlevam aCvena, rom arasruli samuSao dReze momuSave qalebis anazRaureba

TiToeuli namuSevari saaTisaTvis 40% naklebia, vidre mTlian samuSao dReze

dakavebuli mamakacebisa.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi moqnili samuSao dRiT momuSaveTa ricxvi izrdeba,

magram amgvari modelis ufro farTod danergvas Semdegi winaaRmdegobebi

xvdeba: • Sromis bazari mouqnelia da SezRudul SesaZleblobebs gvTavazobs.

• moqnili samuSao dRis modeli efeqturi rom iyos, menejersa da

daqiravebuls Soris kargi komunikacia da ndobaa saWiro.

• xSirad moqnili samuSao droiT momuSaves problemebi eqmneba sapensio

sferoSi.

genderuli analizis instrumentebi mimarTulia specifiur sferosa Tu

sakiTxis genderuli ganzomilebis gamovlenisaken da aCvenebs Tu rogor aris

damokidebuli sxvadasxva faqtorebi, genderze, asakze, socialur fenaze,

eTnikurobaze.

arsebobs genderuli analizis sxvadasxvagvari instrumentebi, imis Sesabamisad

Tu ra sferos an ra tipis programas vaanalizebT. magaliTad mogvyavs genderuli

analizis erTerTi intrumenti, romelic gamoiyeneba konkretuli SemoTavaze-

buli midgomis sxvadasxva jgufis uflebamosilebis gaZlierebaze zemoqmedebis

Sesafaseblad.

longves uflebamosilebaTa CarCo

qali mamakaci

procesi zemoqmedeba procesi zemoqmedeba

kontroli

mobilizacia

cnobiereba

misawvdomoba

keTildReoba

wyaro: Gender Equity Builging Blocks, Care, 2002.

43

Tema XIV


genderuli analizis instrumentebi

genderuli analizi warmoadgens qalsa da mamakacze, ama Tu im politikis,

programis, strategiuli midgomis, institutis gansxvavebuli zemoqmedebis

gamovlenasa da Seswavlas. genderuli analizi zogadi politikuri da socialur-

ekonomikuri analizis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia.

genderuli analizi bunebrivia moiTxovs sqesis niSniT gancalkevebul mona-

cemebs. genderuli analizisas, aanalizeben resursebis misawvdomobas, resur-

sebis kontrols, saqmianobis saxeebs, xelisSemSlel faqtorebs, saWiroebebsa da

moTxovnilebebs, calke qalebisa da calke mamakacebisaTvis.

genderuli analizis mizania, maqsimalurad gacnobierdes genderuli gansxva-

vebebi da politika Tu programa ise daigegmos da ganxorcieldes, rom maq-

simalurad upasuxos gansxvavebul saWiroebebs. genderuli analizi aumjobesebs

marTvasa da efeqturi politikis SemuSavebas, radgan orientirebulia maq-

simalurad upasuxos mravalferovan da gansxvavebul interesebs. genderuli

analizi xels uwyobs procesebSi qalebisa da mamakacebis srul CarTulobas da

Sesabamisad, adamianuri resursebis srulyofil gamoyenebas.

politikis ganxorcielebisas genderuli meinstrimingis aucileblobis gacno-

bierebam genderuli analizis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli. magaliTad, kanadaSi

genderuli analizis mniSvneloba saxelmwifo donezea aRiarebuli, genderul

Tanasworobaze momuSave specialur struqturam - kanadis qalTa statusma — 1999

wels Seqmna genderuli analizis direqtorati.

es direqtorati Semdegnairad gansazRvravs genderuli analizis sayrden

principebs:

aucilebelia yvela sferoSi qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris konstruqciuli

TanamSromlobis ganviTareba;

yoveli programa, qmedeba, proeqti, socialur-ekonomikuri tendencia

sxvadasxvagvarad aisaxeba qalsa da mamakacze;

genderuli Tanasworoba niSnavs qalisa da mamakacis Tanabari statusis da

ara msgavsebis miRwevas;

Tanabari mopyroba ar niSnavs Tanabari Sedegebis miRwevas. genderuli

Tanasworobis Tanamedrove koncefcia acnobierebs, rom qalebsa da

mamakacebs zogjer gansxvavebuli mopyroba sWirdebaT, raTa Tanabar

Sedegebs miaRwion.

qali ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri procesebis ara mxolod

samizne, aramed agentic unda iyos;

arsebuli genderuli uTanasworobis dasaZlevad specialuri zomebis

miRebaa saWiro;

qalis statusis gaZliereba sakvanZoa genderuli Tanasworobis miRwe-

visaTvis zrunvisas;

ar unda iqnes daviwyebuli, rom politikurma da socialur-ekonomikurma

tendenciebma SesaZloa mamakacebzec moaxdinos negatiuri gavlena.

42

saSualo maCvenebeli regionebis mixedviT

erpalatiani

parlamentebi

da qveda

palatebi

zeda

palata an

senati

orive

palata

erTad

skandinaviis qveynebi 40.0% --- 40.0%

amerika 20.1% 19.9% 20.1%

evropa — euTos wevri

qveynebi skandinaviuri

qveynebis CarTviT 19.0% 16.3% 18.4%



qveynebis gamoklebiT 16.9% 16.3% 16.8%

saharis qvemo afrika 16.4% 17.6% 16.6%

azia 16.1% 14.5% 15.9%

wynari okenis qveynebi 12.0% 26.5% 13.9%

arabuli qveunebi 7.0% 5.9% 6.8%

wyaro: parlamentTaSorisi kavSiri (The Inter-parliamentary Union), http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm

qalTa warmomadgenloba sakanonmdeblo organoebSi qveynebis mixedviT ix.

danarTSi.

saqarTveloSi sakanonmdeblo organoSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis suraTi

Semdegia:

arCevnebis

TariRi

sakanonmdeblo

organos

dasaxeleba

deputatTa

saerTo

raodenoba

deputat

qalTa

raodenoba

qalTa

monawileobis

%

1919 w. damfuZnebeli

kreba

130 4 3%

1990 w. uzenaesi sabWo 250 18 7,2%

1992 w. parlamenti 222 14 6,3%

1995 w. parlamenti 250 16 6,4%

1999 w. parlamenti 235 17 7,2%

2004 w. parlamenti 235 22 9,4%

2001 wlis Semodgomaze nino burjanaZe gaxda saqarTvelos parlamentarizmis

istoriaSi pirveli spikeri qali. 2004 wels isev n. burjanaZe iqna arCeuli

parlamentis Tavmjdomared.

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba. 1998 wlisa da 2000 wlis mTavrobis reorga-

nizaciebis Sedegad or-ori ministri qali iyo mTavrobaSi. 2003 wels, vardebis

revoluciis win mTavrobaSi 18 ministridan mxolod 2 iyo qali (nino CxobaZe,

garemos dacvis ministri da sesili gogiberiZe, kulturis ministri). vardebis

revoluciis Semdeg 2004 wlis TebervalSi dakompleqtebul ministrTa kabinetSi

7

4 ministri qali iyo (Tamar lebaniZe — garemos dacvis ministri, Tamar suluxia —

infrastruqturis ministri, eTer astemirova - ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis

ministri, Tamar beruCaSvili — evropasTan integraciis saxelmwifo ministri,

mogvianebiT maT daemata sagareo saqmeTa ministri — salome zurabiSvili) da

ministr qalTa ricxvma mTavrobis wevrTa 20% Seadgina, rac saqarTvelosaTvis

rekorduli maCvenebeli iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom mTavrobis dakompleqtebisas

pirvelad gaesva xazi, genderul maxasiaTebels. 2006 wlis dasawyisisaTvis

mTavrobaSi ministr qalTa ricxvi mkveTrad Semcirda da ministris postze

mxolod erTi qali darCa (samoqalaqo integraciis saxelmwifo ministri —

zinaida bestaeva).

qalTa monawileoba politikaSi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis doneze

saqarTveloSi adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi qalTa monawileobis

maCveneblebi arc ise saxarbieloa: 1998 wels Catarebuli arCevnebiT sakrebulos

wevrTa Soris qalebma mxolod 14% Seadgines.

2002 wlis arCevnebis Sedegad qalTa ricxvma sakrebuloebSi kidev ufro iklo

da pirveli donis TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi mxolod 11,9% Seadgina.

adgilobriv organoebSi qalTa monawileobis xarisxi regionebis mixedviTac

gansxvavdeba. yvelaze dabali procentia eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebul

raionebSi, gansakuTrebiT iq, sadac kompaqturad cxovrobs azerbaijaneli

mosaxleoba: magaliTad, marneulSi — 1,9%, bolnisSi 4,7%.

orive arCevnebis Sedegad gamoikveTa Zalze sayuradRebo tendencia: rac

ufro msxvildeba administraciuli erTeuli, miT ufro klebulobs qalTa

procenti adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi. 1998 wels soflis

sakrebuloebSi qalebi Seadgenen 15%-s, raionuli mniSvnelobis qalaqebsa da

dabebSi — 13%-s, raionis sakrebuloebSi 9-%-s, did qalaqebSi ki mxolod 7,4%-s.

2002 welsac didi qalqis sakrebuloebSi qalTa ricxvi 7%-s ar scildeba.

ukiduresad arasaxarbielod arian warmodgenili qalebi adgilobrivi TviT-

mmarTvelobis xelmZRvanel poziciebze: magaliTad, 1998 wels 60 raionis

sakrebulodan mxolod erTis Tavmjdomare iyo qali (1,6%). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

sadac meti Zalaufleba da resursia, iq naklebi qalia.

2002 wels mkveTrad Semcirda qalTa warmomadgenloba raionul sakre-

buloebSi, radganac axali saarCevno kanoniT raionis sakrebulo kompleqtdeba

soflis sakrebuloTa TavmjdomareebiT da radganac, qali praqtikulad ver

xvdeba xelmZRvanel postze, Sesabamisad, meore donis TviTmmarTvelobaSic

ukiduresad mcired aris warmodgenili.

2006 wels TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi axali kanoniT Catardeba, romelic

TviTmmarTveli erTeulebis gamsxilebasa da Sesabamisad, maTi ricxvis mkveTrad

Semcirebas iTvaliswinebs, rac adgilebze politikur konkurencias gazrdis da

qali kandidatebis Sansebs Seamcirebs. amitom, TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi

qalTa warmomadgenlobis gazrdisaTvis gadaudebeli amocanaa winasaarCevno

periodSi kandidat qalTa mxardamWeri programebis ganxorcieleba.

mniSvnelovania, seriozuli muSaobis warmarTva politikur partiebTan, raTa

partiebSi kandidatTa SerCevis mkafio da dadgenili procedura Camoyalibdes,

romelSic genderuli xedvac iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli. kargia, qalTa

organizaciebma erToblivi ZalebiT miadevnon Tvalyuri, Tu ramdeni kandidati

qali hyavs dasaxelebuli ama Tu im partias. mniSvnelovania aseve, amomrCevel

qalTa samoqalaqo ganaTlebis programebis ganxorcileba, raTa daCqardes maTi

interesebisa da moTxovnebis mkafio formulireba, rac aiZulebs politikur

partiebs meti yuradRebiT moekidon qali kandidatebis wamowevasa da genderuli

problematikis CarTvas winasaarCevno programebSi.

politikaSi qalTa winsvlis Semaferxebeli mizezebi

wyaro: Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, International Institute for democracy and Electoral Assistance, 1998.

8

daisva sakiTxi, ra ufro swori da efeqturia: calkeuli, specialuri proeqtebi

qalebisaTvis Tu qalTa komponentis integracia yvela proeqtSi (msoflio bankis

parqtika).

ganviTarebis tradiciuli Teoriebis mixedviT, modernizacias avtomaturad

mohyveba qalTa mdgomareobisa da statusis gaumjobeseba. feministebi Tvlidnen,

rom modernizacias qalis mxolod nawilobrivi emansipacia SeuZlia da

aucilebelia axali midgomis SemuSaveba.

genderuli meinstrimingis argumenti, ara mxolod socialuri samarTlianobaa,

aramed efeqturobac _ qalis potencialis srulad gamoyeneba (ara marto qalebi

moigeben ganviTarebiT, aramed ganviTarebac qalTa monawileobiT). midgoma WID (qalebi ganviTarebaSi) Seicvala GAD (genderi da ganviTareba).

genderuli meinstrimingis operacionalizacia anu praqtikaSi danergva

genderuli meinstrimingis realizacia or doneze xdeba — politikur da

teqnikur doneze. (UNIFEN).

teqnikuri done gulisxmobs _ momzadebuli kadrebis arsebobas, Teoriuli

bazisa da kvlevis Sedegebis qonas. politikur doneze — politikuri nebis

Camoyalibebas — saTanado kanonmdeblobis qonas, adamianTa uflebebis dacvis,

Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis efeqturi meqanizmebis arsebobas.

genderuli meinstrimingis ganxorcielebis SefasebisaTvis auclebelia krite-

riumebis qona: magaliTad, evrosabWos aqvs sqema konkretuli sferoebisaTvis,

romelsac SeuZlia asaxos dinamika. magaliTad, dasaqmebis sferos sqema.

genderuli meinstrimingis araswori interpretaciaa, roca imis nacvlad rom

fokusi gakeTdes genderul Tansworobaze, rogorc mizanze, ZiriTadi aqcenti

keTdeba qalebis CarTvaze saqmianobaSi, sadac qalebis roli umniSvneloa (sara

longve, evropis ganviTarebis komitetisaTvis Catarebuli kvleva).

mniSvnelovania ara ubralo monawileoba, aramed monawileoba garkveuli

pirobebiT - ara marto dRis wesrigSi Sesvla, aramed dRis wesrigis formireba.

41

Tema XIII

genderuli meinstrimingi

genderuli meinstrimingi aris qalTa da mamakacTa prioritetebisa da

saWiroebebis sistemuri integracia politikis formirebis, ganxorcielebis,

monitoringisa da Sefasebis procesSi, genderuli Tanasworobis xelSewyobis

mizniT.

genderuli meinstrimingi _ rTuli, winaaRmdegobrivi da dinamiurad

ganviTarebadi konceptia. ar arsebobs misi erTiani, martivi ganmarteba.

Tanxmobaa mxolod misi miznis _ genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis

gansazRvraSi.

ekososis ganmartebiT, genderuli meinstrimingi “yoveli dagegmarebadi

saqmianobis, maT Soris, kanonmdeblobis, politikis, nebismieri sferosa da yvela

donis programebis qalebsa da mamakacebze zegavlenis Sefasebis procesia”.

evrosabWos ganviTarebis daxmarebis komiteti: - “genderuli meinstrimingi aris

iniciativebi, romlebic rogorc qalebs, ise mamakacebs saSualebas aZlevs

gamoxaton TaviTi Sexedulebebi da miiRon monawileoba gadawyvetilebebis

miRebaSi TavianTi problemebis gadasaWrelad”.

evrokomisia ganmartavs genderul meinstrimings, rogorc “strategiuli

grZelvadiani midgomas, romelic nergavs genderul Tanasworobas sistemebSi,

struqturebSi, institutebSi, programebSi, politikasa da praqtikaSi”.

genderuli menistrimingi praqtikuli amocanaa, magram safuZvlad udevs

sxvadasxva filosofiuri, sociologiuri da politikuri Sexedulebebi.

sityva meinstrimingis Sesatyvisis moZebna qarTulad sakmaod Znelia. ara mxolod

qarTvelebi frangebi, Svedebi, holandielebi, rusebic pirdapir iyeneben am

termins. meinstrimingi niSnavs periferiidan ZiriTad nakadSi moqcevas (arsebobs

azri, rom es termini gacnobierebulad Tu gaucnobiereblad gadmoRebulia

ganaTlebis politikisa da praqtikis leqsikonidan, sadac meinstrimingi niSnavs

moswavlis gadayvanas specialuri kompensatoruli ganaTlebis kursidan ZiriTad

saswavlo nakadSi).

genderuli meinstrimingis idea warmoiSva 1970-ian wlebSi, damuSavda da

ganviTarda 1980-ian wlebSi ZiriTadad ganviTarebis sakiTxebiT dakavebuli

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis wiaRSi (aSS saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento

(USAID), msoflio banki, Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia). pekinis moqmedebaTa

platformam mkafiod gansazRvra genderuli meinstrimingi, rogorc praqtikuli

politikis mizani.

sami ZiriTadi jgufi SeiZleba gamoiyos im struqturebis, romlebmac

ganaviTares genderuli meinstrimingis idea: 1) ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso

saagentoebi, 2) gaeros struqturebi (gansakuTrebiT: gaeros ganviTarebis

programa UNDP, gaeros qalTa programa UNIFEM), 3) evropuli struqturebi.

genderuli meinstrimingis idea amoizarda midgomidan `qalebi ganviTarebis

procesSi~ (Women in Development). es midgoma Tavdapirvelad SeimuSava

ganviTarebis sakiTxebze momuSave socialurad da politikurad aqtiurma qalTa

jgufma vaSingtonSi.

40

gamoyofen politikaSi qalTa rolis gazrdis xelisSemSlel politikur,

socialur, ekonomikur, kulturul da fsiqologiur mizezebs.

arsebul politikur sistemebSi bevri dabrkolebaa qalTa politikaSi

winsvlisaTvis, kerZod:

• politikuri cxovreba da saxelmwifo struqturebi maskulinuri mode-

lisaa;

• politikur arenaze mamakacebi dominireben, isini gansazRvraven

politikuri TamaSis wesebs da politikosis Sefasebis standartebs;

• politikuri cxovreba da muSaobis reJimi organizebulia mamakacuri

normebisa da mamakacis cxovrebis stilis Sesabamisad;

• politika dafuZnebulia `gamarjveba-damarcxebisa~ da Sejibrisa da kon-

frontacis modelze da ara urTierTpativiscemaze, TanamSromlobasa da

konsensusis miRwevaze;

• aseTi zedmetad mamakacuri politika aRiqmeba WuWyian saqmed da qalebs ar

surT aseT garemoSi moxvedra;

• kandidat qalebs partiebis mxridan naklebi mxardaWera aqvT, maT Soris

finansuri mxardaWera.

garda politikuri sistemebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli barierebisa, SeiZleba

gamovyoT sxva xelisSemSleli mizezebic:

• saojaxo movaleobebis araTanabari gadanawileba da socialuri samsa-

xurebis nakleboba qalebs araTanabar pirobebSi ayenebs politikuri

aqtivobisaTvis saWiro drois TvalsazrisiT.

• masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi arasakmarisad warmoadgens qalTa

politikur xmebs, maT Sexedulebebs, liderobis moTxovnebs. es niSnavs, rom

qalebs ar gaaCniaT sakuTari politikuri identifikaciis modeli.

• qalTa ufro dabali Semosavali da Sesabamisad dabali ekonomikuri

statusi, winaswari ganwyoba, rom qalis Semosavali mTlianad ojaxis

saWiroebebze unda midiodes araTanabar finansur sastarto pirobebs qmnis

qalisa da mamakacisaTvis.

• Zaladobisa da kontrolis kerZo Tu sazogadoebrivi formebi, romlebic

gamoiyeneba qalebis mimarT, zRudaven da akontroleben qalTa qcevas,

gansakuTrebiT iq, sadac saWiroa gadawyvetilebebis miReba sarisko

situaciaSi.

wyaro: g. aSvordi, genderuli midgomebis danergvis praqtikuli saxelmZRva-

nelo, UNDP.

9

Tema II

genderuli parametrebi politikur partiebSi

qalTa monawileoba saqarTvelos politikuri partiebSi

qalTa da genderuli sakiTxebi qarTul politikur diskursSi saerTod ar

JRers. arc erT partias jerjerobiT ara aqvs Camoyalibebuli pozicia genderul

sakiTxze; wevrTa genderuli statistikac ki ar warmoebs. gamokiTxvisas isini

aRniSnavdnen, rom am niSniT ar ganasxvaveben TavianT wevrebs da kiTxvaze:

“ramdeni qalia Tqvens partiaSi?”, yvelaze tipuri pasuxia _ wevrTa daaxloebiT

mesamedi.

am Sefasebas adasturebs 1998 da 2001 wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvebi1,

romelTa mixedviTac qalebi politikuri partiebis wevrTa saerTo raodenobis

daaxloebiT 30%-s Seadgenen. qalTa monawileobis procenti gacilebiT dabalia

partiebis mmarTvel organoebSi. 1995 wels partiaTa centralur xelmZRvanel

organoebSi qalTa ricxvi mxolod 9% iyo, Semdgom ki umniSvnelod moimata da

11%-s miaRwia.

1997 wels 158 politikuri partiidan qalebi xelmZRvanelobdnen aTs

(partiaTa saerTo ricxvis 6%). 1998 wels arsebuli 79 partiidan qali lideri

hyavda mxolod 4 partias (5%). 1999 wels registrirebuli 124 partiidan qalebi

xelmZRvanelobdnen 5 partias (4%).

partiebis programebi qalTa sakiTxebs srulebiT ar iTvaliswinebs. zogierTi

partia Tvlis, rom qveyanaSi Seqmnili saerTo mZime mdgomareobis fonze es

problema jerjerobiT aqtualuri ar aris. bevris azriT, ar aris aucilebeli

qalTa problematikis gadasawyvetad specifikuri, mizanmimarTuli saqmianobis

warmarTva, radgan socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamosworeba

avtomaturad moagvarebs qalTa problemebsac. iSviaTi gamonaklisis saxiT

partiul programebSi gvxdeba dedobis xelSewyobis sakiTxi (igulisxmeba

mravalSvilian, martoxela da CvilbavSvian dedaTa daxmareba).

zogadad, qarTul politikur partiebs araTanmimdevruli da bundovani

ideologiuri poziciebi aqvT, Sesabamisad, Znelia am bundovan ideologiur

suraTSi mkafio genderuli xedvebisaTvis adgilis moZebna.

im politikuri partiebidan, romlebic SedarebiT mniSvnelovan rols

asruleben politikur cxovrebaSi, qalTa seqciebi erT-or partiaSi Tu aris

Seqmnili, magram ar arian imdenad Zlierni, rom gavlenas axdendnen partiis

prioritetebis Camoyalibebaze. jerjerobiT partiebSi ar Canan genderulad

mgrZnobiare da Tanasworobis sakiTxebze samuSaod motivirebuli qalebi,

romlebic SeZlebdnen qarTul politikur diskursSi qalTa da genderuli

problematikis wamowevas.

2005 wlis Semodgomaze kavkasiuri institutis mier Catarebuli kvlevis

Sedegebis Tanaxmad partiebis qalTa seqciebi ZiriTadad, saqvelmoqmedo

saqmianobiT arian dakavebuli, «qalTa organizaciebis iniciativiT partiebs

bevrjer gauweviaT mravalSviliani da invalidi ojaxebisaTvis daxmareba. isini

aRricxaven socialurad daucvel ojaxebs, swavloben maT problemebs da

SesaZleblobebis farglebSi gascemen... finansur da sxva materialur

daxmarebebs». calkeul SemTxvevebSi politikuri partiebis wevr qalebs

liderobisa da sxva saWiro unar-Cvevebis treningebs saerTaSoriso da

1 xomeriki l., n. CubiniZe, qalebi saqarTvelos politikur partiebSi/cnobari -

saqarTvelos politikur partiaTa cnobari, samoqalaqo kulturis saerTaSoriso

centri, Tbilisi, 1998.

l. xomeriki, S. murusiZe, qalTa monawileoba saqarTvelos politikur partiebSi,

genderuli problematika saqarTveloSi, qalTa ganaTlebisa da informaciis centri,

Tbilisi, 2002.

10

qorwinebis statusis mixedviT, eleqtoratis raodenoba da sxva. zemoaRniSnuli

sakiTxebi saWiroebs specialuri statistikuri kvlevebis Catarebas. statitikis

departamenti aRniSnavs, rom bolo wlebSi moTxovna genderul TanasworobasTan

dakavSirebul statistikur informaciaze gaizarda; agreTve gafarTovda

momxmarebelTa wre.

39

genderuli statistikis gavrceleba

genderuli statistikis Semdgomi ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan gzad miCneulia

mopovebuli monacemebis iseTi formiT gavrceleba, romelic morgebulia

momxmarebelTa saWiroebaze. amisaTvis aucilebelia momxmarebelTan kavSirebis

ganviTareba da maTgan Sesabamisi ukukavSiris miReba. magaliTad, did britaneTSi

am mizniT specialuri jgufic ki aris Seqmnili: genderuli statistikis

momxarebelTa jgufi. es jgufi miznad isaxavs imgvari monacemebis mopovebisa da

gavrcelebis ganviTarebas, romelic genderuli gansxvavebebisa da

uTanasworobis gaazrebasa da am mimarTulebiT politikis SemuSavebisa da

Sefasebis gaumjobesebas emsaxureba.

genderuli statistikis momxmarebelTa jgufis amocanebia:

• statistikis Seqmnisa da gavrcelebis im aspeqtebisa da sakiTxebis

gamovlena, romelsac gaumjobeseba esaWiroeba;

• Tematuri diskusiiebis organizeba konkretul sferoebSi genderuli

statistikis gaumjobesebis gzebis gamosavlenad;

• mWidro kavSiris Camoyalibeba statistikis mwarmoeblebsa da

momxareblebs Soris, momxmarebelTa interesebis wardgena saxelmwifo

statistikuri samsaxurisa da oficialuri statistikis sxva mwarmoebelTa

winaSe ;

• momxmarebelTa Soris informaciisa da genderuli statistikis saukeTeso

praqtikis nimuSebis gacvlis xelSewyoba.

wyaro: www.eoc.org.uk

genderuli statistika saqarTveloSi

saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departaments garkveuli gamocdileba

aqvs genderuli statistikis warmoebis TvalsazrisiT, TumcaRa mwiri finansuri

resursebis gamo srulyofilad ver flobs informacas genderul WrilSi.

SvedeTis statsamsaxuris daxmarebiT saqarTvelos statistikis departamentma

garkveuli nabijebi gadadga genderulad dacalkevebuli statistikuri

monacemebis mopovebis TvalsazrisiT. kerZod, statistikuri dakvirvebis

formebs daemata rigi maCveneblebi, romlis Sesabamisad gamoica statistikuri

publikacia “qali da kaci saqarTveloSi” 1999, 2003 da 2005 wlebSi.

miuxedavad amisa, saWiroa, kidev ufro daixvewos genderuli indikatorebi,

SesabamisobaSi movides saerTaSoriso standartebTan da dainergos informaciis

Sekrebis yvela doneze. kidev ufro mniSvnelovania genderuli statistikis

gavrcelebis axali formatebis SemuSaveba, raTa erTi mxriv, sazogadoeba

informirebuli iyos genderuli problemebis Sesaxeb da meore mxriv, sxvadasxva

sferoSi erovnul, Tu adgilobriv doneze politikis SemuSavebisas ar moxdes

genderuli faqtorebis ignorireba.

statistikis departamentis monacemebiT, jerjerobiT miuwvdomelia

genderulad dacalkevebuli monacemebi iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa:

anazRaurebadi da aunazRaurebeli Sroma, drois biujetis gamoyeneba, bavSvTa

dacvis maCveneblebi asakisa da ganTavsebis struqturis mixedviT, calkeuli

daavadebebis da asakobrivi jgufebis, eqimTan vizitebis sixSire, specialisti

eqimebis raodenoba, dasalevi wylis misawvdomoba, damnaSaveoba danaSaulis

saxeebis mixedviT, Zaladobis msxverpli danaSaulis saxeebis mixedviT,

trefikingi, kinoTeatrebSi, TeatrebSi, biblioTekebSi, eklesiebSi, sportul

darbazebSi, sakoncerto darbazebSi daswrebaTa, mwevelTa raodenoba asakisa da

38

adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi utareben, «Tumca, msgavsi

proeqtebi araregularulia da maTSi monawileTa raodenoba SezRudulia2».

partiebSi qalTa rolis gamokveTisaTvis saintereso masalas iZleva partiaTa

saarCevno siebi. maTi Seswavla gviCvenebs, rom im SemTxveveaSic ki, rodesac

partiuli sia genderulad ase Tu ise dabalansebulia, pirvel aTeulSi qali

kandidatebi praqtikulad ar arian warmodgenili da ZiriTadad siis bolo

adgilebze gvxvdebian, rac aisaxeba kidec arCevnebis Sedegebze.

saqarTvelos politikuri partiebSi qalTa monawileobis zrdas bevri mizezi

aferxebs; maTgan erT-erTi mTavaria Sidapartiuli demokratiis zogadi

ganuviTarebloba. im pirobebSi, roca partiebis organizaciuli struqtura ar

aris demokratiuli da dauxvewavia Sidapartiuli arCevnebis sistema,

qalebisaTvis Zalian Znelia partiul ierarqiaSi dawinaureba. kavkasiuri

institutis mier Catarebuli zemoT naxsenebi kvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad,

qarTul partiebSi wevrebs Soris urTierToba araformalur, erTmaneTis mimaT

pirad ndobazea damyarebuli da naklebi yuradReba eqceva zogadad aRiarebul

principebsa da formalurad gansazRvrul procedurebs, partiebis wevrebis

umravlesobis TqmiT, maT Soris urTierToba ojaxuri urTierTobebis msgavsia.

arada, rac ufro naklebad patronaJulia partiaSi dawinaurebisa da

saarCevno siebSi moxvedris sistema, miT ufro advilia qalebisaTvis partiaSi

Tanamdebobrivi winsvla. Sesabamisad, partiebSi mkafio Sida procedurebis

arseboba, erTi mxriv, Sida partiuli marTvis demokratiuli modelis

Camoyalibebas moemsaxureba, meore mxriv ki, partiul struqturebSi genderuli

balansis miRwevasac Seuwyobs xels.

genderuli sakiTxebis politikur dRis wesrigSi moxvedras isic aferxebs,

rom ar momxdara qalTa, rogorc amomrCevelTa specifikuri jgufis, inte-

resTagamokveTa da am interesTa garSemo konsolidireba, rac aiZulebda

politikur partiebs eRiarebinaT qalTa da genderuli problematika da

CaerToT TavianT programebSi.

saSinao davaleba studentebisaTvis: kiTxvaris SemuSaveba politikuri

partiebis analizisaTvis da saqarTvelos politikur partiebSi qalTa

monawileobis analizi (wevroba, xelmZRvaneli organoebi, gadawyvetilebis

miRebis meqanizmi, saarCevno siebi, saarCevno programebi, muSaoba amomrCevel

qalebTan).

2 saqarTvelos politikuri landSafti, politikuri partiebi: miRwevebi, gamowvevebi da

perspeqtivebi, redaqtorebi: gia nodia, alvaro pinto sqoltabaxi, mSvidobis. demok-

ratiis da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti, niderlandebis mravalpartiuli

demokratiis instituti, Tbilisi, 2006 w.

11

Tema III

saqarTvelos saarCevno sistemis genderuli aspeqtebi

saqarTveloSi tardeba 3 saxis arCevnebi: parlamentis, prezidentis da

TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa arCevnebi.

arCevnebs aregulirebs saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsi. saqarTveloSi 75 saar-

Cevno olqia.

parlamentis arCevnebi tardeba Sereuli principiT: maJoritaruliT da pro-

porciuliT. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebic aseve ori sistemiT

tardeba: maJoritaruliTa da proporciuliT.

zogadad, sxvadasxva qveynebis magaliTze, iTvleba rom proporciuli sistema

ufro xelsayrelia qalebisaTvis vidre maJoritaruli, parlamentis arCevnebis

dros es saqarTveloSic asea, parlamentSi arCeuli 22 deputati qalidan mxolod

samia maJoritaruli wesiT arCeuli (kerZod, quTaisis (nino burjanaZe),

bolnisisa (sofio larculiani) da yvarlis (nana patarkaciSvili) saarCevno

olqidan. rac Seexeba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebs, sadac adgilebze 1998

wlisa da 2002 wlis arCevnebze airCeoda 1100 pirveli donis adgilobrivi

sakrebulo, da arCevnebi naklebad konkurentuli iyo, aq ar Cans didi gansxvaveba

imaSi, qalebis arCevisaTvis romeli sistemaa ufro sasargeblo.

ra SeiZleba post-sabWoTa saarCevno gamocdilebidan CaiTvalos sakanonmdeblo

TvalsazrisiT yvelaze xelisSemSlelad qalebisaTvis?

2002 wlis mowvevis raionis sakrebuloebi aris e.w. asocirebuli sakrebuloebi da

Sedgeba raionSi Semavali pirveli donis sakrebulos Tavmjdomareebisagan.

amitom, radganac qali iSviaTad xdeba sakrebulos Tavmjdomare, Sesabamisad 2002

wlis mowvevis raionul sakrebuloebSi bevrad naklebi qali Sevida (praqtikulad

ar arian qalebi raionis doneze). 1998 wlis arCevnebSi raionis sakrebuloebi

pirdapir airCeodnen da maTSi iyo garkevuli procenti qalebisa. kerZod, raionis

sakrebuloebSi qalTa ricxvi 9-%-s Seadgenda.

aseve sayuradReboa, rom Tu 1998 wels did qalaqebSi qalTa warmomadgenloba

sakrebuloebSi iyo 7,8%, 2002 wels arCeul quTaisisa da rusTavis sakrebuloSi

arc erTi qali deputati ar aris. es SeiZleba avxsnaT imiT, rom 2002 wlis

adgilobriv arCevnebze partiebi meti SemarTebiT ibrZodnen, radgan es arCevnebi

2003 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis tramplinad aRiqmeboda, meorec SesaZloa

imiT, rom arCevnebi 1998 wlisagan gansxvavebiT amjerad maJoritarulad Catarda.

sakanonmdeblo doneze problema is aris, rom saarCevno kodeqsi genderulad

neitraluria da ar iTvaliswinebs garkveul xelSeswyobas genderuli

Tanasworobis miRwevisaTvis. amitom, genderuli TvalsazrisiT misi mTavari

naklic es aris.

12

Tema 12


analizis, dagegmvis instrumenti

wyaro: UNECE's Gender Statistics Website for Europe & North America

http://www.unece.org/stats/gender/web

ra aris genderuli statistika?

genderuli statistika SedarebiT axali dargia da konceftualurad ufro mets

niSnavs, vidre, ubralod, sqesis niSniT dayofili monacemebi. genderuli

statistika asaxavs qalisa da mamakacis mdgomareobas yvela sferoSi — da

SesaZleblobas iZleva genderuli sakiTxebis sistemuri SeswavlisaTvis.

genderuli statistikis Seqmna niSnavs tradiciul statistikis sistemaSi

genderis meinstrimingis ganxorcielebas, anu genderuli infikatorebis

danergvas statistikis sistemis yvela sferoSi da yvela doneze. srulyofili

genderuli statistika gulisxmobs genderuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebas

monacemTa Sekrebis, analizisa da warmodgenis dros da rac mTavaria, monacemebis

gavrcelebas momxmareblisaTvis moxerxebul formatSi.

ratom aris saWiro genderuli statistika?

genderuli statistika xels uwyobs sazogadoebis mier genderuli problemebis

swor aRqmasa da genderuli stereotipebis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayenebas.

genderuli statistika arwmunebs politikis SemmuSaveblebs koreqtireba

gaukeTon politikas da ukeT upasuxon rogorc mamakacis, ise qalis interesebs.

genderuli statistikis Seqmna aucilebelia, agreTve, genderuli Tanasworobis

xelSewyobis sferoSi cvlilebebis monitoringisaTvis.

genderuli statistikis warmoeba

genderuli inidkatorebis dasadgenad aucilebelia ganisazRvros, Tu ra

genderuli problemebis winaSe dgas sazogadoeba da ra Sesabamisi statistikuri

monacemebis Sekrebaa saWiro problemebis yovelmxriv warmosaCenad da Sesaswav-

lad. am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania TanamSromloba politikis Semmu-

Saveblebsa, genderul problematikaze momuSaveTa da statistikis mwarmoebelTa

Soris. monacemTa Sekrebisas gamoyenebuli unda iyos iseTi meTodika, romelsac

SeuZlia adekvaturad asaxos arsebuli genderuli gansxvavebebi.

genderuli statistikis ZiriTadi funqciebi

• genderuli statistika da indikatorebi aucilebelia genderulad

koreqtuli politikisa da gegmebis SemuSavebisaTvis.

• genderuli statistika mniSvnelovani instrumentia cvlilebebis

monitoringisa da Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis mimarTulebiT

progresis Sesafaseblad.

• genderuli statistika xels uwyobs genderuli stereotipebis

aRmofxvras.

37

isaxavs samcxe-javaxeTSi genderuli politikis mimarTulebebis gansazRvras,

genderuli politikis ganxorcielebis lobirebas, marTvis procesSi genderuli

parametrebis gaTvaliswinebisa da, regionSi arsebuli genderuli asimetriis

Semcirebis xelSewyobas. gegma kompleqsuria da dasaxuli miznebis

Sesasruleblad xelisuflebis organoebisa da sazogadoebis Zalisxmevis

gaerTianebaa saWiro. samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebis procesSic monawileoba

miiRes rogorc xelisuflebis, maT Soris, regionis eqvsive raionis gamgebelma,

ise sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis, mediisa da akademiuri wreebis

warmomadgenlebma. samcxe-javaxeTis genderuli politikis ganxorcielebis

samoqmedo gegma saqarTveloSi samxareo doneze SemuSavebuli am saxis pirveli

dokumentia da Sesabamisad, adgilobriv doneze genderuli politikis

formirebis pirveli mcdelobaa.

36

Tema IV


qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis

kvotebi qalTa politikuri warmomadgenlobis gasazrdelad

radgan politikaSi qalTa ricxvi nela izrdeba, msoflios bevr qveyanaSi

qalebi moiTxoven efeqturi meTodebis gamoyenebas politikaSi genderuli

balansis misaRwevad. kvota erT-erTi aseTi efeqturi meqanizmia, romelic

saSualebas iZleva naxtomiseburad gavzardoT politikos qalTa raodenoba.

amitom genderuli Tanasworobis bevri momxre kvotebs imediT uyurebs. amave

dros kvotebis sistema badebs bevr seriozul kiTxvas da, xSirad, Zalian

seriozul winaaRmdegobas awydeba. ra aris kvotebis ganxorcielebis saukeTeso

gza? ra argumentebi arsebobs kvotebis dasacavad da mis sawinaaRmdegod?

ra aris kvota?

kvotebis ideis safuZvelia, gadalaxos politikisagan qalebis izolirebis

arsebuli mdgomareoba da CarTos qalebi politikur procesSi.

kvotebis sistema qalebis politikaSi CarTvis pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs ara

calkeul qalebs, aramed politikur partiebs, romlebic politikaSi

rekrutirebis process akontroleben.

kvotas sxvagvarad specialuri droebiTi zomebs uwodeben, radganac is

warmoadgens droebiT RonisZiebas, romelic manamde moqmedebs, sanam

politikaSi qalTa monawileobis barierebi daiZleva.

kvotebi SeiZleba iyos kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli anda SeiZleba iyos Sida

partiuli, anu politikuri partiebis mier iyos dawesebuli.

saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli kvotebis ganxorcieleba SedarebiT

ioli gansaxorcielebelia daniSvniT adgilebze, vidre arCeviTze, radganac

arCevnebis dros kvotebis sistema exeba demokratiuli procesis safuZvlebs da

SeiZleba Seejaxos amomrCevelTa mier arCevanis Tavisuflad ganxorcielebis

ideas, TumcaRa kandidatebis nominaciis procesze amomrCevlebis met-naklebi

gavlenis miuxedavad, saarCevno sistemebis umravlesobaSi kandidatebis SerCeva-

dasaxelebis prerogativa politikur partiebis xelSia.

saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli kvotebis erT-erTi saxeobaa e. w.

rezervirebuli adgilebi. rezervirebuli adgilebis sawinaaRmdegoa is

argumenti, rom zogierT qveyanaSi, sadac demokratiuli sistema ar aris

srulyofili, xelisuflebas SeuZlia kvotebis sistema Tavis sasargeblod

gamoiyenos. specialurad SerCeuli qalebiT miiRos Tavisi morCili jgufi da

Tanac Tavi moiwonos politikaSi qalTa dawinaurebisaTvis xelSewyobiT.

qalTa moZraobis mxridan rezervirebuli adgilebis kritika (miT ufro Tu aseTi

adgilebis ricxvi 1/3-s ar aRemateba an amaze mcirea) efuZneba arguments, rom

aseTi sistema aferxebs qalTa ricxvis zrdas, mas Semdeg, roca moTxovna

Sesrulebulia.

`kvota avadmyofobis wamalia, magram gverdiTi movlenebica aqvs. kvotas

SeuZlia gamoiwvios erTgvari zeda zRvaris daweseba qalTa

monawileobisaTvis. agreTve, mas SeiZleba ar mohyves avtomaturad

politikuri kulturis ganviTareba.~

kristin pinta, inter-saparlamento kavSiri

13

kvotebi politikur partiebSi. kvotirebis efeqturi da warmatebuli nimuSia

Sida partiuli kvotebi. aseTi kvotebi gamoiyeneba CrdiloeTis qveynebSi, sadac

qalTa warmomadgenloba politikaSi yvelaze maRalia. (1998 wlis monacemebiT

SvedeTis parlamentSi qalebi Seadgenden 40%-s, norvegiaSi 38%-s, fineTsa da

daniaSi 34%-s).

arc konstitucia da arc saarCevno kanoni ar awesebs qalTa maRali

warmomadgenlobis aucileblobas. qalTa ricxvis gazrda politikaSi

ukavSirdeba partiebis qalTa seqciebisa da qalTa organizaciebis zewolas

politikur partiebze. aseTi moTxovnis sapasuxod, raTa ar daekarga iseT

amomrCevelTa mxardaWera, romelTa simpaTiac genderulad dabalansebul

partiebis mxares ixreboda, zogierTma partiam gadawyvita genderuli kvotebis

sistema SemoeRo partiis SigniT. 1970-80 wlebSi kvotebi SemoiRes memarcxene

partiebma. centristuli da memarjvene partiebis umetesobas aseTi RonisZiebebi

im xanad araliberalurad miaCndaT.

1983 wlis norvegiis leiboristulma partiam gadawyvita, rom `yvela arCevnebze

TiToeuli sqesis kandidatebi unda warmoadgendnen minimum 40%-s~.

1988 wels daniis social-demokratiulma partiam ganacxada `TiToeul sqess aqvs

ufleba warmoadgendes sul mcire 40%-s partiis kandidatTa siaSi adgilobrivi

da regionaluri arCevnebisaTvis. Tu ar iqna sakmarisi raodenoba TiToeuli

sqesis kandidatebis, es ufleba srulad ver ganxorcieldeba~. es wesi 1996 wels

gauqmda.

1994 wels SvedeTis social-demokratiulma partiam SemoiRo principi `yoveli

meore siaSi qali unda iyos~.

partiebi, kvotebs ara mxolod sxvadasxva donis arCevnebis dros iyeneben, aramed

Sidapartiuli struqturebisa da xelmZRvanelobis arCevisTvisac.

kvotebis SemoRebas skandinaviis qveynebSi ori ZiriTadi winaaRmdegoba hqonda:

xandaxan Znelia qali kandidatebis saTanado ricxvis moZieba, meorec xSirad

problematuria partiis inkumbenti mamakaci wevrebis gverdiT gaweva qalis

dasawinaureblad. SvedeTSi da daniaSi adgilobriv arCevnebSi inkumbentebis 2/3-s

xelaxla irCeven. maTi umetesoba mamakacia da cxadia, isini ewinaaRmdegebodnen

qalebisaTvis kvotebis SemoRebas, radganac eSinodaT adgilebis dakargva.

am tipis konfliqtis Sesamcireblad partiebi iyeneben Semdeg strategias:

daniis social-demokratiulma partiam, rodesac Sida partiul postebze 40%-

iani kvota daawesa, gazarda komitetis wevrTa ricxvi, ise rom mamakacma wevrebma

ar dakarges TavianTi adgilebi. aseve, Tu manamde partiis xelmZRvanels erTi

moadgile hyavda, daamates kidev erTi posti moadgilis, romelzedac qali

airCies.

calkeuli qveynebis gamocdileba kvotebis gamoyenebis sferoSi

radganac gadawyvetilebis miRebis organoebSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis zrdis

koeficienti mcirea, politikaSi genderuli dibalansis dasaZlevad msoflios

70-ze met qveyanaSi moisinja iseTi specialuri RonisZiebebi, rogoricaa

saarCevno kvotebi. rogorc aRvniSneT, kvotebi mravalferovania, konstituciiT

an kanonmdeblobiT dawesebulidan dawyebuli politikuri paartiebis mier

nebayoflobiT SemoRebuli Sidapartiuli kvotebiT gaTavebuli.

mimovixiloT ramdenime qveynis gamocdileba kvotebis gamoyenebis sferoSi.

wyaro: genderuli kvotebis globaluri monacemTa baza, demokratiisa da

arCevne-bis saerTaSoriso instituti da stokholmis unoversiteti

(http://www.quotaproject.org/).

14

Tema XI

genderuli politikis ganxorcieleba regionul doneze

germania/ zaaris mxaris magaliTi

1996 wlis zaaris mxaris landTagma (samxareo parlamentma) miiRo kanoni qalTa

da mamakacTa Tanasworuflebianobis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb. kanonis mizania

genderuli Tanasworuflebianobis realurad ganxorcieleba sajaro

dawesebulebebSi, rac gulisxmobs nebismier funqciur da saSemosavlo doneze

qalTa warmomadgenlobis arsebuli simciris moSlas da samsaxureobrivi da

ojaxur-mzrunvelobiTi movaleobebis SeTanxmebas. ojaxuri movaleoba

gulisxmobs mcirwlovani bavSvebis aRzrdas da ojaxis im wevrebze zrunvas,

romlebic movlas saWiroeben.

kanoniT sajaro dawesebulebebs evaleba:

• genderuli statistikis warmoeba, romelic moicavs Semdeg kategoriebs:

qalebisa da mamakacebis mier dakavebuli sruli da arasruli Statebi

satarifo Tanrigebis mixedviT, Sromis anazRaureba, Svebulebebis raodenoba

da xangrZlioba, profesiuli ganaTlebis mimRebTa raodenoba sqesebis

mixedviT. es statistika unda qveyndebodes dawesebulebaSi da agreTve, unda

gadaeces statistikis departamentsa da qalTa, samuSaos, jandacvisa da

socialuri uzrunvelyofis saministros. unda gaanalizdes Sedegebi samxareo

doneze da gamoqveyndes sul mcire sam weliwadSi erTxel.

• qalTa Tanasworuflebiani ganviTarebis gegmis SemuSaveba. TiToeulma

samsaxurma unda waradginos samwliani gegma qalTa warmomadgenlobis simciris

aRsakveTad. gegma unda moicavdes metwilad mamakacebiT dakompleqtebuli

samuSao adgilebis imgvarad Secvlas, rom maTi dakaveba qalebmac SesZlon.

• samuSao drois modelebis gamocda profesiuli da saojaxo movaleobebis

SeTavsebisaTvis. im pirebma, romlebic zrunaven ojaxis wevrebze SeuZliaT

garkveuli xniT moiTxovon arasruli samuSao dro (dRiuri, kvireuli, Tviuri

an wliuri).

• RonisZiebebis gatareba samuSao adgilze seqsualuri iZulebis winaaRmdeg;

• qalTa rwmunebulebi. sajaro samsaxurebma unda daaweson qalTa rwmunebulis

Tanamdeboba, romelic konsultacias gauwevs da daexmareba rogorc mTli-

anobaSi samsaxurs, ise TanamSromlebsac Tanasworuflebianobis realurad

damkvidrebaSi. qalTa rwmunebuls irCeven mdedrobiTi sqesis TanamSromlebi

sami wlis vadiT. qalTa municipaluri rwmunebuli monawileobas iRebs yvela

gegmis, RonisZiebis, proeqtis SemuSaveba-SefasebaSi, romlebmac gavlena

SeiZleba moaxdinos im municipaliteteSi mcxovrebi qalebis cxovrebaze.

zaaris mxareSi arsebobs qalTa, samuSaos, jandacvisa da socialuri uzrun-

velyofis saministro. saarbriukenis meriaSi Seqmnilia qalTa ganyofileba,

romlis movaleobacaa Tvali adevnos adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier miRebul

nebismier dokuments, ganviTarebis gegmas, biujets, moaxdinos genderuli

analizi da SeimuSaos rekomendaciebi iseT debulebebze, romelic ar

iTvaliswineben an ewinaaRmdegebian qalTa interesebs.

saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT samxareo doneze politikis formirebaSi genderuli

midgomebis danergvis erTaderTi iniciativa, gaeros ganviTarebis programis

mxardaWeriT Seqmnilma qalTa regionulma centrma wamoiwyo. kerZod, centrma

organizeba gaukeTa samcxe-javaxeTSi genderuli politikis grZelvadiani

samoqmedo gegmis (2006-2008 w.w.) SemuSavebis process. samoqmedo gegma miznad

35

gadaudebeli amocanaa, agreTve, ojaxuri Zaladobisagan dacvis efeqturi

sistemis Seqmna da saTanado samarTlebrivi meqanizmebis amoqmedeba.

cxadia, amgvari kompleqsuri amocanebis gadaWra genderuli Tanasworobis

saxelmwifo komisiisa da saparlamento sabWos Semdgom gaZlierebasa da

erTobliv nayofier saqmianobas moiTxovs. saparlamento sabWom da saxelmwifo

komisiam erToblivad SeimuSava saxelmwifo genderuli politikis koncefcia,

romlis damtkicebac 2006 wlis zafxulSia mosalodneli. koncefcia da

samoqmedo gegma unda iqcnen im ZiriTad dokumentebad, romelic gansazRvravs

saxelmwifos strategias genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis sferoSi.

mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis

instituciuri safuZvlis Seqmnis procesi adgilobriv donezec warimarTa.

kerZod, sazogadoebrivi organizacia “qalTa ganaTlebisa da informaciis

saerTaSoriso centrma” britaneTis saelCosa da euTos mier mxardaWerili

programis farglebSi “aqtiuri qalebi cvlilebebisaTvis”, SesZlo oTxi raionis

(mcxeTa, duSeTi, Coxatauri, axalcixe) mmarTvelobaSi genderul saqmeTa

samsaxurebis Seqmnis procesis inicireba. es saqarTveloSi pirveli precedentia

adgilobriv xelisuflebaSi genderul problematikaze momuSave specialuri

struqturis Seqmnisa. axalSeqmnili samsaxurebi teqnikurad aRWurva gaeros

ganviTarebis programis proeqtma “genderi da politika”, xolo samsaxurebis

warmomadgenlebma Sesabamisi kvalifikaciis misaRebad ramdenime treningi

gaiares, maT Soris, “partniorebi demokratiuli cvlilebebisaTvis _

saqarTvelosa” da “partniorebi — poloneTis” erToblivi proeqtis farglebSi,

rac am sferoSi polonuri gamocdilebis gaziarebas isaxavda miznad. imisaTvis,

rom axalSeqmnilma erTeulebma SesZlon TavianTi sicocxlisunarianobis

dadastureba, daagrovon gamocdileba da nayofieri saqmianobis pozitiuri

magaliTi Seqmnan sxva adgilobrivi xelisuflebebisaTvis, raionis gamgeobebis

genderuli samsaxurebis adamianuri da teqnikuri resursebis gaZliereba

aucilebelia SemdgomSic gagrZeldes, miT ufro, rom am samsaxurebs debulebiT

sakmaod farTo pasuxismgeblobebi akisriaT, kerZod:

• genderuli problemebis Sesaxeb monacemTa miRebisa da analizis sistemis

Camoyalibeba da genderuli statistikis Seqmna raionis masStabiT;

• adgilobrivi socialur — ekonomikuri situaciis yovelwliuri

genderuli analizi;

• genderuli parametrebis uzrunvelyofa adgilobriv biujetSi, qalebsa da

mamakacebze adgilobrivi biujetis xarjebis gansxvavebis analizi da

saTanado rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba;

• adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis moxeleTa genderuli ganaTlebis

uzrunvelyofa;

• adgilobrivi programebis genderuli analizi da programebis

SemuSavebisas genderuli parametrebis danergvis xelSewyoba;

• saxelmwifo programebis genderuli komponentebis Sesrulebis

xelSewyoba adgilobriv doneze;

• angariSebis miReba calkeuli ganyofilebebisa da samsaxurebis mier

genderuli parametrebis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb.

genderuli Tanasworobis instituciuri meqanizmebis gaZliereba, politikur

dRis wesrigSi zemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxebis wamoweva da maTi gadaWra

SeuZlebeli gaxdeba, Tu ver moxerxda Zalisxmevisa da resursebis maqsimaluri

mobilizeba, genderul problemebze momuSave, rogorc adgilobrivi, ise

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier. pekinis moqmedebaTa platformis 289 punqtis

Tanaxmadac, „arasamTavrobo organizaciebs gansakuTrebuli roli aqvT qalisa da

mamakacis Tanasworobaze damyarebuli socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri da

inteleqtualuri klimatis SeqmnaSi. qalTa organizaciebi aqtiurad unda iyvnen

CarTuli genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevisaken mimarTuli politikis

ganxorcielebasa da monitoringSi“.

34

norvegia

norvegia Sidapartiuli kvotebis gamoyenebis pioneria. memarcxene socialistur

partias (SV) 1975 wlidan aqvs SemoRebuli 40% kvota orive sqesisaTvis. aseve

axorcielebs siaSi sxvadasxva sqesis kandidatTa monacvleobis wess (zipping system).

40% kvota orive sqesisaTvis aseve dawesebuli aqvs norvegiis leiboristuli

partias 1983 wlidan, centristul partias 1989 wlidan, qristanul saxalxo

partias 1993 wlidan.

germania

germaniSi kvotebi arc konstituciiTa gansazRvruli da arc saarCevno kanoniT.

magram politikuri partiebi iyeneben Sidapartiul kvotebs saarCevno siis

formirebisas. magaliTad, demokratiuli socializmis partia (PDS) iyenebs 50%

kvotas partiul siebSi. aliansi 90/mwvaneebic 1986 wlidan iyeneben aseve 50%-ian

kvotas. qristian-demokratiul partiaSi 1996 wlidan dawesda, rom siaSi minimum

yoveli mesame kandidati qali unda iyos. social-demokratiuli partiam (SPD)

kvotebis sistema SemoiRo 1988 wlidan. 1990 wlisaTvis mizani iyo 25% qali

kandidatis CarTva siebSi, 1994 wlisaTvis 33%-s, da 1998 wlisaTvis ki ukve 40%-

isa. 40%-iani genderuli kovta moiTxovs aseve, siis ise agebas, rom siis bolo

adgilebze mxolod erTi sqesi ar moxvdes, risTvisac siaSi minimum yoveli mexuTe

mainc iyos gansxvavebuli sqesis, vidre wina oTxeuli.

rakiRa 80-iani wlebidan TiTqmis yvela partiam dauWira mxari sakanonmdeblo

organoebSi qalTa monawileobis gazrdisaTvis mizanmimarTuli saqmianobis

ganxorcielebas, bundestagSi qalTa ricxvi gaizarda 10%-dan (1983 w.) 20%-mde

(1990 w.), 1997 w. gaxda 26,6%, 2005 wlisaTvis ki 31,8%-s miaRwia.

didi britaneTi

britaneTSi didi xnis manZilze qalebi mxars uWerdnen konservatiul partias da

iTvlebodnen konservatorTa `saidumlo iaraRad~. 1990 wlebSi konservatiuli

partia mivida daskvnamde, rom qalTa mdgomareobaSi momxdari radikaluri

cvlilebebis Semdeg, mas erTxel da samudamod ar hqonda garantirebuli qali

amomrCevlebis mxardaWera. partiam daiwyo qalebis mimarT pozitiuri

deklaraciebis da saqmianobis ganxorcieleba. 1992 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis

Semdeg partiis Tavmjdomarem n. faulerma mouwoda Tavis partias waredginaT ara

nakleb 100 qali kandidatisa, parlamentis Semdgomi arCevnebisaTvis. marTalia, es

mizani bolomde ver iqna miRweuli, magram 1997 wlis arCevnebze konservatorebma

waradgines 67 kandidati qali.

liberal-demokratiul partias aqvs wesi, rom yovel saarCevno olqSi

kandidatTa CamonaTvalSi arc erTi sqesi ar unda iyos erT mesamedze naklebi.

aseve, partiam gamoiyena saarCevno siaSi sxvadasxva sqesis kandidatTa

monacvleobis principi evropis parlamentis arCevnebze 1999 wels.

leiboristuli partiisaTvis, romelic 18 wlis ganmavlobaSi (1979-dan 1997

wlamde) opoziciaSi iyo, qalTa dawinaureba partiaSi amomrCevelTa Soris

mxardaWeris gazrdis erT-erTi gza aRmoCnda. genderuli demokratiis

gafarToeba iyo nawili partiis zogadi modernizaciisa da demokratizaciisa,

ramac xeli Seuwyo leiboristebis gamarjvebas. partiam Seicvala Tavisi

`mamakacuri~ imiji da 80-iani wlebis bolos SeimuSava genderuli kvotirebis

programa. dawesda 40%-iani genderuli kvota partiis yvela arCeviTi

15

organosaTvis da daisaxa gegma saparlamento fraqciaSi qalTa ricxvs mieRwia

50%-Tvis. es bolo debulebis Sesrulebas bevri siZnele axlda, radganac

britaneTSi moqmedebs maJoritaruli saarCevno sistema, erTmandatian olqebidan

airCeva TiTo deputati.

leiboristulma partiam 1992 wels gadawyvita gaTavisuflebuli, vakanturi

adgilebis 50%-ze mxolod qalebis daesaxelebina. magram es gadawyvetileba

gasaCivrda da 1996 wels sasamarTlom is gaauqma, rogorc mamakacebisaTvis

diskriminaciuli da 1975 wels miRebuli “sqesebis diskriminaciis aqtTan”

SeuTavsebeli. Sotlandiis parlamentisa da uelsis erovnuli ansambleis 1999

wlis arCevnebisaTvis leiboristulma partiam gamoiyena mezobeli saarCevno

olqebis dawyvilebis sistema. TiToeul wyvilisaTvis am ori olqis partiis

wevrebi ikribebodnen da erTad irCevdnen erT qalsa da erT mamakac kandidats.

partiis TiToeul wevrs hqonda ori xma erTi qali kandidatis asarCevad da erTic

mamakaci kandidatisaTvis.

2001 wels parlamentma miiRo sqesTa diskriminaciis (saarCevno kandidatebis)

aqti, romelic SesaZleblobas aZlevs politikur partias ganaxorcielos

pozitiuri qmedebebi (positive action) qal kandidatTa sasargeblod, ise rom ar

daarRvios Sromis kanonmdebloba.

safrangeTi safrangeTSi genderuli kvotebis aucilebloba konstituciiT aris

gansazRvruli. 1999 wels konstituciaSi Sevida dameteba, romlis mixedviTac

“kanonmdebloba mxars uWers qalisa da kacisaTvis saarCevno mandatTa Tanabar

misawvdomobas” da politikurs partiebs akisrebs Tanabari misawvdomobis

uzrunvelyofis pasuxismgeblobas. am Sesworebas “paritetuli reforma” ewoda.

200 wels axali saarCevno kanoniT ganisazRvra, rom paritetuli reforma

50%-50% Seexeba yvela donis proporciul arCevnebs:

• municipalur arCevnebs qalaqebisaTvis, sadac 3 500 meti mcxovrebia;

• senatis arCevnebs, proporciulad arCeuli senatorTa mandatebisaTvis;

• regionul arCevnebs;

• evropis parlamentis arCevnebs;

• parizis sabWos arCevnebs;

• parizis, lionisa da marselis raionis sabWoebis arCevnebs.

es reforma moiTxovs aseve partiebis mier dasaxelebul kandidatTa Soris

genderuli balansis dacvas safrangeTis parlamentis arCevnebisas, romelic

orturiani maJoritaruli sistemiT tardeba.

2000 wlis saarCevno kanonma daawesa finansuri dasja im politikuri

organizaciebisaTvis, romlebic ar daicavdnen dasaxelebul kandidatTa Soris

genderul balanss. safrangeTSi saxelmwifo finansirebas politikuri

organizaciebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs. magaliTad, 1999 wels saxelmwifo

dotaciam Seadgina politikuri subieqtebis mTeli Semosavlis 51 procenti.

saxelmwifosagan miRebuli finansebi mcirdeba, Tu paritetidan gadaxra gacdeba

2%-s. amgvarad, partia, romelic daasaxelebs 49% qal kadidats da 51% mamakacs

ar dajarimdeba, magram meti gansxvavebis SemTxvevaSi dajarimdeba, Semdegi wesiT:

Tu partiis mier wardgenili qali da mamakaci kandidatebis ricxvi 2%-ze metad

gansxvavdeba, maSin saxelmwifo daxmareba mcirdeba am gansxvavebis naxevriT.

magaliTad, Tu partiim waradgina 60% mamakaci kandidati, xolo 40% qali,

gansxvaveba 20%-is toli iqneba da maSin partias saxelmwifo daxmareba

Seumcirdeba 10%-iT.

16

genderul sakiTxebze momuSave pasuxismgebeli piris, e.w. genderuli oficeris

Tanamdebobis SemoReba, saministroebis genderuli erTeulebis kapacitetis

gaZliereba, maTi teqnikuri aRWurva da specialistebis treningebi. aseve,

umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia, genderuli Tanasworobis instituciuri meqanizmebis

saqmianobis sabiujeto uzrunvelyofa. Sedegad, samizne saministroebSi unda

miviRoT, iseTi genderuli erTeulebi, romelTac SeuZliaT saministros

saqmianobis, proeqtebisa da programebis genderuli eqspertizis ganxorcieleba,

rekomendaciebis gaweva da saministros mier SemuSavebul politikaSi genderuli

midgomebis integrireba.

marTvaSi genderuli parametrebis danergvis umniSvnelovanesi instrumenti

srulyofili genderuli statistikaa. amitom, aucilebelia genderuli

statistikis indikatorebis SemuSaveba da maTi danergva informaciis mopovebisa

da damuSavebis Sesabamis doneebze. kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, genderuli

statistikis gavrcelebisa da efeqturad gamoyenebis formebisa da meTodebis

srulyofa. genderuli statistikis ganviTarebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba

genderuli analizis siRrmis miRweva, mkafio, gazomvadi miznebis dasaxva da

miRweuli Sedegebis zusti Sefaseba.

genderuli Tanasworobis xelSemwyobi sakanonmdeblo bazis SeqmnisaTvis,

umniSvnelovanesia ojaxuri Zaladobis winaaRmdeg, trefikingis winaaRmdeg,

migraciis Sesaxeb kanonebis miReba. Zalze aqtualuri da mtkivneuli sakiTxia

Sromis kodeqsis proeqtis daxvewa genderuli TvalsazrisiT. xelisuflebis mier

warmodgenil proeqtSi bevri xarvezi iyo am TvalsazrisiT, ramac mwvave sajaro

debatebi gamoiwvia.

genderuli politikis ganxorcielebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

mimarTulebaa genderuli biujetis principebis danergvis xelSewyoba rogorc

saxelmwifo, ise adgilobrivi biujetebis formirebisas. genderuli biujetis

cneba SedarebiT axalia da iTvaliswinebs biujetis genderul analizs, romelic

warmoaCens qalebsa da mamakacebze sabiujeto xarjebis gansxvavebuli gavlenas

da xels uwyobs biujetis iseT dagegmvas, romelic sabiujeto resursebs

Tanabrad misawvdoms xdis orive sqesisaTvis. rakiRa genderuli biujeti axali

cnebaa, dasawyisisaTvis saWiroa 2006 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis genderuli

analizis ganxorcieleba, sabiujeto procesis Sefasebis genderuli

indikatorebis SemuSaveba da specialuri saxelmZRvanelos momzadeba, romelic

xels Seuwyobs genderuli biujetirebis Sesaxeb codnis gavrclebas da

daexmareba saministroebisa Tu adgilobrivi xelisuflebis genderul

erTeulebs ganaxorcielon sxvadasxva programebisa da proeqtebis biujetebis

genderuli analizi.

saxelmwifo genderuli politikis mniSvnelovani mimarTuleba unda gaxdes

genderuli parametrebis danergva socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

procesSi, rac gulisxobs Sromis bazarze genderuli Tanasworobis xelSewyobas,

mcire biznesis ganviTarebasa da mewarme qalTa waxalisebas, saxelmwifo

dasaqmebis politikis SemuSavebas genderuli parametrebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

genderulad mgrZnobiare socialuri dacvis politikisa da demografiuli

politikis SemuSavebas.

unda aRiniSnos, rom pirveli nabijebi gadaidga trefikingis winaaRmdeg

saxelmwifoebrivi midgomis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. qmediTi RonisZiebebis

ganxorcielebisTvis da trefikingis danaSaulis da misi xelSemwyobi mizezebis

aRmofxvris mizniT, saqarTvelos prezidentis 2004 wlis 29 dekembris 623

brZanebulebiT damtkicda adamianTa vaWrobis (trefikingis) winaaRmdeg brZolis

2005-2006 wlebis erovnuli samoqmedo gegma da am samoqmedo gegmis efeqtiani

ganxorcielebis mizniT, 2005 wlis 1 Tebervals Seiqmna saqarTvelos erovnuli

uSiSroebis sabWos adamianis vaWrobis (trefikingis) winaaRmdeg brZolis

droebiTi uwyebaTaSorisi komisia. Tumca, 2005-2006 wlis samoqmedo gegmiT

gansazRvrul RonisZiebaTa umravlesoba ar Sesrulebula. trefikingis

winaaRmdeg brZolis sistema jer ar Camoyalibebula, Sesabamisi konvenciebi ar

aris ratificirebuli, trefikingis Sesaxeb kanonma mxolod pirveli

saparlamento mosmena gaiara, Senoba TavSesafrisaTvis ar aris gamoyofili.

33

samoqmedo gegma, romelsac mohyva 2000-2004 wlis samoqmedo gegma, romelic wina

arSesrulebuli dokumentis TiTqmis meqanikuri aslia.

saqarTveloSi genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis erovnuli

instituciuri meqanizmis Camoyalibebis Semdgomi etapi vardebis revoluciis

Semdeg daiwyo. muSaoba ori mimarTulebiT warimarTa: adgilobrivi qalTa

organizaciebis koaliciis erTma jgufma mTavrobas warudgina iniciativa,

romelic iTvaliswinebda genderuli Tanasworobis saxelmwifo komisiis

Seqmnas, xolo gaeros ganviTarebis programis (UNDP) axalamoqmedebulma

proeqtma „genderi da politika“ miznad daisaxa parlamentis spikerTan arsebuli

genderuli Tanasworobis sabWos Camoyalibeba. orive mimarTulebiT gaweuli

didi Zalisxmevis Sedegad, saqarTveloSi pirvelad miviReT iseTi mdgomareoba,

roca genderul Tanasworobaze momuSave struqtura arsebobs xelisuflebis

rogorc aRmasrulebel, ise sakanonmdeblo StoSi.

gansakuTrebul aRniSvnas moiTxovs is garemoeba, rom samTavrobo komisia

Seiqmna adgilobrivi organizaciebis ZalisxmeviT, anu iniciativiT «qvemodan»,

rac sakmaod uCveulo precedentia. am iniciativis warmateba mianiSnebs imaze, rom

qalTa organizaciebi wina periodTan SedarebiT ganviTarebis Tvisebrivad axal

etapze gadavidnen. es ki gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania im pirobebSi, roca

xelisuflebisaTvis genderuli Tanasworoba ar aris prioritetuli sakiTxi da

instituciuri meqanizmebis mdgradobisa da maTi efeqturi muSaobis uzrun-

velyofisaTvis swored is faqtori gaxdeba gadamwyveti, Tu rogor moaxerxebs

sazogadoebrivi seqtori resursebis mobilizebas am axali struqturebis

gasaZliereblad.

qalTa da genderul sakiTxebze momuSave arasamTavrobo organizaciebis

koaliciis instituciuri meqanizmebis jgufma, samTavrobo komisiis Seqmnis

iniciativis paralelurad, euTos misiis mxardaWeriT ganaxorciela proeqti,

romlis farglebSic SemuSavda genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis

axali erovnuli samoqmedo gegma. gegmis efeqturobis winapirobad Tavidanve

daisaxa, rom misi SemuSavebis procesi farTo da monawileobiTi unda yofiliyo.

marTlac, erovnuli samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebaSi monawileoba miiRo qalTa

koaliciis 56 wevrma-organizaciam, qalTa samSvidobo qselis 41 warmomadgenelma,

qalTa regionuli organizaciebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis 88

warmomadgenelma saqarTvelos 10 regionidan. paralelurad moxda saxelmwifo

struqturebis, kerZod 14 saministros 45 warmomadgenlis CarTva SemuSavebis

procesSi. gegmis proeqti gaigzavna, agreTve, saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi

eqspertizisa da rekomendaciebis misaRebad. amgvarad, axali samoqmedo gegmis

SemuSavebis etapze dacul iqna pekinis platformis 294 punqtis moTxovna, rom

erovnuli samoqmedo gegmiT unda waxalisdes aqtiuri mxardaWera da farTo

monawileoba sxvadasxva institucionaluri aqtorebisa, maT Soris

sakanonmdeblo organoebis, akademiuri da kvleviTi institutebisa, profesiuli

asociaciebis, mediis, adgilobrivi saTemo jgufebisa da arasamTavrobo, maT

Soris qalTa organizaciebisa.

amgvarad, am etapze miRweul warmatebad unda CaiTvalos instituciuri

meqanizmebis Seqmna xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel StoebSi da

axali erovnuli samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebuli proeqtis arseboba. Tumca win

urTulesi amocanebia:

• samoqmedo gegmis warmatebuli lobireba da misi damtkiceba mTavrobis mier;

• instituciuri meqanizmebis koodrinirebuli da efeqturi da nayofieri

muSaobis awyoba;

• samoqmedo gegmis warmatebulad Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa.

genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis erovnulma samoqmedo gegmam

gamokveTa ZiriTadi genderuli problemebi da dasaxa strategiuli miznebi, anu

genderuli politikis ganxorcielebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi. gegmis Tanaxmad,

unda gagrZeldes muSaoba efeqturi instituciuri meqanizmebis Semdgomi

ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT, risTvisac aucilebelia sxvadasxva saministroSi

32

municipalur doneze ki, sadac arCevnebi proporciuli sistemiT tardeba,

kvotebi kidev ufro efeqturad tardeba: saarCevno administracia ubralod ar

gaatarebs registraciaSi iseTi partiis sias, romelic paritetis moTxovnas ar

Seesabameba.

politikuri partiebidan safrangeTis socialistur partias (Parti Socialiste) 1990

wlidan hqonda 50% kvota saarCevno siebisaTvis.

aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi

sloveniaSi gaerTianebul social-demokratebs hqondaT 33% kvota orive

sqesisaTvis.

poloneTSi 30% kvota orive sqesisaTvis SemoRebuli aqvs sam partias:

demokratiul memarcxene alianss, Sromis kavSirsa da Tavisuflebis kavSirs.

CexeTis social-demokratiul partiidan arCeulTa 25% unda iyos qali. Tu

partiis adgilobrivi organizacia ver daasaxelebs 25%-s qali kandidatebisa,

maSin social-demokratebis qalTa organizacias aqvs ufleba daasaxelos

eqstrakandidatebi kvotis Sesavsebad.

ungreTis socialistur partias dawesebuli aqvs 20% kvota qalebisaTvis.

baltiis qveynebi

litvis social-demokratiul partias aqvs dawesebuli kvota - minimum 1/3 orive

sqesisaTvis.

genderuli kvotirebis dadebiTi mxareebi da siZneleebi

kvotebis warmatebul sistemas mosdevs:

• partiebis mier aqtiuri politikis warmoeba kvalificiuri kandidati

qalebis mosazidad;

• qalebs saSualeba eZlevaT gavlena moaxdinon gadawyvetilebis miRebis

procesze;

• politikaSi Cndeba qalTa kritikuli masa, romelsac SeuZlia gavlena

moaxdinos politikur normebsa da kulturaze.

kvotebis ganxorcielebas partiisaTvis Semdegi dadebiTi mxareebi aqvs:

• partias emateba axali resursi, izrdeba partiaSi aqtiuri wevri qalebis

ricxvi;

• partia ukeT muSaobs amomrCevel qalebTan, Sesabamisad izreba partiis

mxardamWer qalTa ricxvi.

kvotebis SemoRebas Tan sdevs siZneleebi:

_ kvotebis SemoReba imisTvisaa saWiro rom qalebi gaaZlieros, magram Tu qalebi

ukve garkveul Zalas ar floben, kvotebis SemoRebas ver miaRweven, radgan,

rogorc wesi, kvotebis daweseba gaafTrebul winaaRmdegobas awydeba.

_ kvotebis efeqturad asamuSaveblad aucilebelia kandidati qalebis mozidva.

Zneli ar aris politikur saqmianobaSi ukve CarTuli qalebis daTanxmeba zeda

poziciebze wasawevad. Znelia, qalebis pirveladi daintereseba politikaSi

monawileobis misaRebad adgilobriv doneze.

_ gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom sami arCevnebi mainc aris saWiro, rom kvotebis

sistema srulyofilad amuSavdes.

_ kvotebis bevr momxres hgonia, rom kamaTi da konfliqti kvotebis garSemo

droebiTi movlenaa da mis miRebasTan erTad Sewydeba, magram gamocdileba

adasturebs, rom amgvari debatebi merec ar wydeba.

17

Tema V

qalTa politikuri warmomadgenlobis gazrdis strategiebi

politikaSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis warmatebuli gazrda

(norvegiis magaliTi)

wyaro: Jill M. Bystydzienski, Women in Politics in Norway/Women and Politics, Vol. 8, Haworth Press, Inc. 1988.

1969 wels norvegiis parlamentSi qalebi mxolod 9%-iT iyvnen warmodgenili.

1970 wels adgilobriv TviTmmrTvelobaSi iyo 17% qali, 1975 wels qalTa ricxvi

25% gaxda, 1983 wels ki 33%. rogor da ratom miaRwies norvegielma qalebma

uCveulod maRal warmomadgenlobas politikaSi? qalTa politikaSi winsvlis ra

xelSemwyobi socialuri da politikuri winapirobebi arsebobda?

istoriuli da kulturuli faqtorebi:

istoriulad norvegiaSi Zlieria Tanasworobisa da socialuri

samarTlianobis Rirebulebebi. norvegielTa rwmeniT, saxelmwifo unda

asrulebdes ekonomikuri da socialuri gansxvavebebis gamaTanabrebel rols

da exmarebodes im jgufebs, romelTac naklebad miuwvdebaT xeli

sazogadoebriv resursebze. am pirobebSi qalTa mier sqesTaSoris

Tanasworobis moTxovnebi legitimurad aRiqmeba.

norvegiuli sazogadoeba tradiciulad Zalian organizebulia. sxvadasxva

tipis bevri asociaciaa, romlebic uzrunvelyofen monawileobis maRal

xarisxs. qalebi warmodgenili iyvnen yvela tipis sazogadoebebSi, agreTve,

qalTa organizaciebSi, rogoricaa diasaxlisebis da soflis qalTa

asociaciebi, saqvelmoqmedo saagentoebi. sazogadoebriv organizaciebSi

saqmianobam qalebs ganuviTara politikaSi monawileobisaTvis saWiro unar-

Cvevebi: sajaro sityvis warmoTqma, Sexvedrebis gamarTva, lobingi.

zogadad, norvegiaSi politikuri aqtivobis done maRalia.

norvegiaSi saarCevno da partiuli sistema SedarebiT Ria da

monawileobiTia.

norvegiaSi politikur partiaTa farTo speqtria radikaluri memarcxeneebidan

memarjveneebamde. politikuri partiebis sistema demokratiuli, Ria da

monawileobiTia. arCevnebi xdeba proporciuli sistemiT. partiis saarCevno siebi

dgeba Ria Sexvedrebze da partiis nebismier wevrs SeuZlia daasaxelos

kandidatura. arCevnebi proporciuli sistemiT tardeba. saerTod,

proporciuli sistemis dros qalebi ufro advilad modian politikaSi, radganc

maJoritaruli sistemis dros, rodesac erT adgilze mxolod erTi kandidati

unda SeirCes, qalebs rogorc wesi, uWirT upiratesobis mopoveba.

garda proporciuli sistemisa norvegiaSi saarCevno kanoniT amomrCevlebs

damatebiTi meqanizmebi aqvT imis gasakontroleblad Tu vis irCeven. amomrCevels

SeuZlia saarCevno biuletenSi ara marto gadaxazos gvarebi, aramed Caumatos

axali kandidatis gvari. (marTalia, es wesi SemdegSi nawilobriv Seicvala, magram

raRac etapze mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula politikur postebze qalebis

ricxvis gazrdaSi).

bevr qveyanaSi finansuri dabrkoleba umTavresia qalebis politikaSi win-

svlisaTvis. norvegiaSi saarCevno kampania, ZiriTadad, administraciis da TviT

partiebis mier finansdeba. amitom kandidatebs didi finansuri danaxarjebis

gaReba ar uxdebaT, rac uadvilebs qalebs politikaSi CarTvas.

18

Tema X


politikis ganxorcieleba saqarTveloSi

qarTul sazogadoebaSi mTeli postsabWoTa periodis manZilze momxdari

mniSvnelovani da xSirad radikaluri cvlilebebis miuxedavad, genderuli

Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken mimarTuli midgomebis danergva saxelmwifo

Tu adgilobrivi politikis formirebaSi jer kidev did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs.

sqesTa Soris uTanasworobis problemis aqtualizebas xels uSlis wlebis

manZilze dagrovili da gadauWreli uamravi socialur-ekonomikuri problema,

romlebic rogorc politikuri speqtris, iseve sazogadoebis umetesi nawilis

mier ufro mniSvnelovnad aRiqmeba. amave dros, jer ar aris saTanadod

gaazrebuli, rom nebismieri sferos politikis SemuSavebisas, nebismieri

erovnuli Tu adgilobrivi donis programis warmatebulobisaTvis aucilebelia

masSi genderuli midgomebis danergva. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da

dasavleTis qveynebi didi xania aRiareben, rom genderuli meinstrimingi, anu

genderuli parametrebis sistemuri integracia politikis formirebis,

ganxorcielebis, monitoringisa da Sefasebis procesSi ara marto genderuli

Tanasworobis miRwevas uwyobs xels, aramed, nebismieri politikis efeqturobis

mniSvnelovani winapirobacaa. genderuli midgomebis danergva, anu gansxvavebuli

saWiroebebisa da problemebis danaxva, gamocdilebisa da xedvebis mTeli

mravalferovnebis gaTvaliswineba, TavisTavad Zalian Rirebulia da xels uwyobs

socialurad mgrZobiare, sazogadoebis interesebze damyarebuli politikis

ganxorcielebas. mdgradi ganviTarebis Tanamedrove koncefcia genderuli

Tanasworobis principis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe warmoudgenelia.

saxelmwifo doneze efeqturi genderuli politikis gatarebisaTvis

aucilebelia qveyanaSi arsebobdes instituciuri meqanizmebi, romlebic

uzrunvelyofen genderuli Tanasworobis miRwevis strategiis SemuSavebasa da

ganxorcielebas, agreTve, am sferoSi aRebuli saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis

Sesrulebis koordinirebas.

1994 wels saqarTvelo miuerTda `qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis

likvidaciis konvencias~. 1995 wels ki, pekinSi gamarTul qalTa IV msoflio

konferenciaze SeuerTda im qveyanaTa ricxvs, romlebic SeTanxmdnen,

SeemuSavebinaT qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis erovnuli samoqmedo gegma

pekinis platformis cxovrebaSi gasatareblad. dRemde am mimarTulebiT

saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani nabijebi ar gadaudgams.

pekinis platformis 12 mimarTulebidan erT-erTi swored erovnul doneze

instituciuri meqanizmebis Seqmnaa. msoflio praqtikam aCvena, genderuli

Tanasworobis erovnulma instituciurma meqanizmma efeqturad rom imuSaos, anu

warmatebiT moaxdinos saxelmwifo politikis sxvadasxva sferoebSi genderuli

parametrebis integrireba, saWiroa is maRal samTavrobo doneze arsebobdes,

flobdes garkveul finansur da adamianur resursebs da hqondes politikis

formirebaze gavlenis moxdenis SesaZlebloba.

axalgazrda demokratiis qveynebSi, sadac genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxi

politikur dRis wesrigSi ar Sedis, saxelmwifo doneze genderuli Tanasworobis

uzrunvelyofis instituciuri meqanizmis Camoyalibebis stimulirebas xSirad

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi axdenen. 1998 wels gaeros ganviTarebis programis

proeqtis `qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi“ xelSewyobiT prezidentis

gankargulebiT saqarTvelos uSiSroebis sabWoSi Seiqmna qalTa mdgomareobis

gaumjobesebis erovnuli komisia. es iyo pirveli mcdeloba saqarTveloSi

samTavrobo doneze genderul problematikaze momuSave struqturis Seqmnisa.

Tumca, am struqturis efeqturi amoqmedeba im periodisaTvis ver moxerxda.

samwuxarod aseve qaRaldze darCa pekinis samoqmedo platformis moTxovnebis

Sesabamisad SemuSavebuli qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis 1998-2000 wlebis

31

Tema IX

genderuli biujeti

biujetis genderuli analizi niSnavs qalebsa da mamakacebze biujetis

gansxvavebuli zemoqmedebis kvlevas. genderuli biujeti xels uwyobs sajaro

saxsrebis samarTlian ganawilebasa da maT efeqtur ganTavsebas, biujetis

dagegmvisas samizne jgufebze orientirebas. genderuli biujeti, aseve, xels

uwyobs kargi marTvis principebis gamyarebas, angariSvaldebulebasa da

gamWvirvalobas.

genderuli biujetis iniciativa pirvelad avstraliaSi ganxorcielda 1984

wels. gaanalizda biujetis gavlena genderul urTierTobebze. avstraliuri

gamocdileba mniSvnelovani iyo ara mxolod cnobierebis amaRlebis Tval-

sazrisiT, aramed es midgoma sarekomendacio iyo Semdgomi iniciativebisaTvis.

britaneTSi 1989 wlidan moyolebuli qalTa sabiujeto jgufi (British Women’s Budjet Group), romelic aerTianebs eqspertebs universitetebidan, arasamTavrobo

organizaciebisa da profkavSirebidan, yovelwliurad aqveynebs komentarebs

erovnul biujetze.

1993 wels mSvidobisa da Tavisuflebis qalTa saerTaSoriso ligam wamoiwyo

genderuli biujetis iniciativa kanadaSi. usafrTxoebis alternatiul

koncefciaze dafuZnebuli es iniciativa fokusirebulia socialuri

uzrunvelyofisa da Tavdacvis xarjebze. britaneTisa da kanadis garda

genderuli biujetis proeqtebis umetesoba samxreT naxevarsferoSi

ganxorcielda. yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia samxreT afrikis qalTa sabiujeto

iniciativa, wamowyebuli 1995 wlis pirveli demokratiuli arCevnebis Semdeg.

amJamad genderuli biujetireba xorcieldeba msoflios 40-ze qveyanaSi.

genderuli biujetirebis inicirebisa da warmarTvis praqtika mravalferovania.

(Parliament, the Budget and Gender, Joachim Wehner, Winnie Byanyima, the handbook jointly produced by the IPU, UNDP, WBI and UNIFEM).

genderuli biujeti — Tanamedrove socialuri teqnologiaa, romelic

saSualebas iZleva dainergos samTavrobo politikis mier interesTa

gaTvaliswinebis diferencirebadi aRricxvis principi socialur-genderuli

niSnis mixedviT. genderuli biujeti ar warmoadgens gansxvavebul biujetebs

qalisa da mamakacisaTvis, is iTvaliswinebs sabiujeto procesSi genderuli

aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebas. genderuli biujeti aris finansuri meqanizmi

Tanasworobis politikis gansaxorcieleblad. (Carita jaSi, genderuli

biujeti/seminaris masalebi, Tbilisi, 2004).

30

norvegiis saxelisuflebo sistema samdoniania: erovnuli, saolqo da

municipaluri doneebi. tipiuri politikuri kariera gulisxmobs am doneebis

meTodur gavlas. dramatuli aRmasvla politikaSi praqtikulad SeuZlebelia.

TiTqosda ise Cans, rom aman politikaSi axali jgufebis gamoCenas xeli unda

SeuSalos, magram sinamdvileSi praqtika gviCvenebs, rom aseTi sistema saSualebas

aZlevs politikos qalebs TandaTanobiT misaRebi da legitimuri gaxdnen.

50-iani wlebis bolos da gansakuTrebiT 60-ian wlebSi skandinaviis yvela

qveyanaSi farTo diskusia gaCaRda genderuli rolebisa da Tanasworobis Sesaxeb.

momzadda oficialuri angariSebi norvegiaSi qalTa statusis Sesaxeb, 1959 wels

daarsda Tanabari anazRaurebis sabWo, mecnierebma da aqtivistebma

popularizacia gauwies sqesTa Soris Tanasworobis ideas. amgvarad, 60-iani

wlebis Sua xnebSi xelsayreli klimati Camoyalibda qalTa aqciebisaTvis.

1967 wlis politikuri kampania. qalTa mobilizaciis pirveli mniSvnelovani

aqcia politikaSi qalis rolis gasazrdelad organizebuli iyo 1967 wlis

adgilobrivi arCevnebisaTvis. aqcias xelmZRvanelobda qalTa erovnuli sabWo.

es sabWo gaxldaT qolga organizacia, romelic Sedgeboda qalTa

organizaciebisa da politikuri partiebis qalTa seqciebis

warmomadgenlebisagan. sabWos saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba iyo

politikuri partiebTan muSaoba saarCevno siebSi kandidati qalebis ricxvis

gasazrdelad. aseve midioda muSaoba imisaTvis, rom qali kandidatebi

moxvedriliyvnen siis zeda nawilSi, raTa hqonodaT Sansi gamarjvebisa.

paralelurad amisa, midoda farTo sareklamo kampania qalebis arCevis ideis

popularizaciisaTvis.

SemuSavebuli strategiis Semdegi nabijebisagan Sedgeboda:

• Sesaferisi kandidaturebis moZieba;

• maTi darwmuneba TavianT ZalebSi da daTanxmeba saarCevno brZolisaTvis;

• partiebTan muSaoba, maTi darwmuneba rom am kandidati qalis CarTva siaSi

kargi ideaa da partias bevr xmas moutons;

• siaSi Seyvanis Semdeg Tvalyuris devneba da muSaoba imaze, rom qali

kandidatebi siaSi perspeqtiul poziciebze moxvedriliyvnen;

• daskvniTi nabiji iyo mediisa da sajaro forumebis saSualebiT

eleqtoratTan muSaoba, qali kandidatebisaTvis mxardaWeris misaRwevad.

1967 wlis aqciebma sagrZnobi Sedegi moitanes, qalTa ricxvi adgilobriv

TviTmmarTvelobaSi gaormagda da 5%-dan 12%-mde gaizarda.

magram politikaSi qalebi isev mcire jgufad rCebodnen da 1971 wels organizda

meore mniSvnelovani aqcia. amjerad istebliSmentis qalebs SeuerTdnen axali

feministebi, romelic 1970 wels norvegiaSi Zalian gaaqtiurdnen.

1971 weli isedac politikurad aqtiuri weli iyo norvegiis istoriaSi. qveyanaSi

gaCaRda cxare debatebi evropis ekonomiur TanamegobrobaSi gawevrianebis

garSemo. 1972 w. Catarda referendumi am sakiTxze. debatebma bevri qalis

politizireba moaxdina. memarcxene Tu memarjvene Sexedulebebis bevri qali

politikurad aqtiuri gaxda swored am debatebis dros. is qalebi, romlebic

yvelaze metad Candnen sazogadoebriv asparezze gaxdnen logikuri kandidatebi

moaxloebul adgilobriv arCevnebSi.

am arCevnebis drosac gamoyenebuli iqna is taqtika, rac 1967 wlis arCevnebSi,

Tanac daemata amomrCevlebTan muSaoba biuletenis SevsebasTan dakavSirebiT.

amomrCevlebs unda gadaexazaT yvela mamakaci kandidati, raTa qal kandidats,

romelic ar iyo siis mowinave poziciaze arCevnebSi gamarjvebis Sansi miscemoda.

saarCevno kanoni iZleoda kandidatis Camatebis SesaZleblobasac.

19

istebliSmentis qalebi da axali feministebi paralelurad muSaodnen. axali

feministebi TavianTi gamosvlebiT qmnidnen xelsayrel sazogadoebriv klimats

qalebis politikaSi winsvlisaTvis, xolo istebliSmentis qalebi asrulebdnen

instrumentalur samuSaos (kandidatebis SerCeva, partiebis daTanxmeba,

amomrCevlebTan muSaoba).

1971 wlis arCevnebis Sedegebma yovelgvar molodins gadaaWarba. sam did

municipalitetSi askerSi, oslosa da trondheimSi qalebma gadaabijes 50%

bariers. (trondheimSi 20%-dan 54%-s miaRwies, askerSi 26%-dan-57%-s, osloSi

28%-dan 56%-s). 6 municipalitetSi qalTa ricxvma 40%-ze mets miaRwia.

aseTi warmatebis Semdeg qalebma garkveuli ukansvla ganicades. Zalian bevri

qali kandidati ar eloda aseT warmatebas da ar eloda, rom arCeuli iqneboda.

politikuri cxovrebisa da saojaxo pasuxismgeblobebis SeTavsebis siZneleebma

bevrs gadaafiqrebina Semdeg arCevnebSi monawileobis miReba. politikosma

kacebma qalebs brali dasdes `arademokratiul taqtikis~ gamoyenebaSi da

Secvales saarCevno kanonis is nawili, romelic nebas aZlevda amomrCevlebs

CaematebinaT biuletenSi axali kandidatebi. mamakacebma 1975 wlis arCevnebSi

qali kandidatebis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenes biultenidan gvarebis amoSlis is

taqtika, rac qalebma ganaviTares 1971 wlis arCevnebSi.

am gamocdilebis Semdeg daisaxa qalTa mobilizaciis axali taqtika, romelic

fokusirebuli iyo ara builetenebiT manipulirebaze, aramed mimarTuli iyo

partiul siebSi qali kandidatebis ricxvis maqsimaluri gazrdisaken.

formalurma qalTa organizaciebma da axalma feministebma ufro mWidro aliansi

Seqmnes. axali feministebis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli ixsenebs: `70-iani wlebis

meore naxevramde axali feministebi ar vewinaaRmdegebodiT meti qalis arCevas

politikur postebze, magram ar vTvlidiT saWirod muSaobas politikur

sistemasTan. Cven vcdilobdiT gagvezarda qalTa TviTSegneba, raTa ki ar

gveTanamSromla qalebis SemzRudav sistemasTan, aramed Segvecvala is. im xanebSi

Cven vfiqrobdiT, rom unda Segvecvala is garedan da ara Signidan. 1975 wlis

Semdeg Cven mivxvdiT, rom Tu gvsurs cvlilebebis ganxocieleba, saWiroa qalebma

moipovon Zalaufleba arsebul sistemaSi~.

1977 wlis saparlamento arCevnebisa da 1979 wlis municipaluri arCevnebis win

qalebma axali kampaniebi gamarTes. Camoyalibda e.w. `400-is koalicia~, masSi

Sediodnen qalebi yvela politikuri partiidan, qalTa organizaciebisa da axali

feministebis warmomadgenlebi. am qalebs Soris bevr sakiTxze iyo uTanxmoeba,

magaliTad, memarjveneebi abortis winaaRmdegni iyvnen, xolo memarcxeneebi

momxreni, magram maT aerTianebdaT erTi ram, undodaT yvela politikur

poziciaze 50% qali yofiliyo.

koalicia ori mimarTulebiT muSaobda:

• saarCevno siebSi meti qali kandidatis Casma;

• qalTa politikuri dRis wesrigis SemuSaveba, anu SemuSaveba qalebisaTvis

misaRebi politikisa cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoebSi: ganaTleba,

ekonomika, samarTlebrivi sistema, xelovneba, religia.

koaliciaSi Seiqmna komitetebi qalTa politikuri xedvebis SesamuSaveblad.

partiebze zewolis Sedegad miaRwies imas, rom partiebma daiwyes daTanxeba

genderuli kvotis SemoRebaze. 1976 wlisaTvis 2 partia daeTanxma genderul

kvotas liberalebi da memarcxene socialistebi, 1983 wels maT SeuerTda

leiboristuli partia.

20

wevris (qalebis, mamakacebis, bavSvebis, xanSiSesulebis) dacvas Zaladobisagan.

1995 wels saskeCevanis provinciam miiRo aqti ojaxuri Zaladobis mxverplTa

Sesaxeb. aqti iTvaliswinebs specialuri orderebis gacemas, romelic iZleva

policiis mxridan dauyovnebeli Carevis uflebas da avalebs policias Tvalyuri

adevnon krizisul ojaxebs da daicvan misi wevrebi moZaladisagan.

regionebSi moqmedebs sxvadasxvagvari programebi, gansakuTrebiT didi

yuradReba eqceva prevenciuli zomebis miRebas. tardeba sainformacio

kampaniebi, mozardebisaTvis SemuSavebulia sainformacio paketi Zaladobis

Sesaxeb aucilebeli informaciis misaRebad.

ontarios provinciaSi tardeba yovelwliuri treningi im prokurorebisaTvis,

vinc specializdebian ojaxuri Zaladobis saqmeebze. warmatebiT moqmedebs,

agreTve, programa `mowme _ msxverpli~, romelic iTvaliswinebs im mowmeebis

daxmarebas, romlebic TviTonac dazaraldnen. am mowmeebis umravlesoba qalebi

da bavSvebi arian.

manitobas provinciaSi moZaladeebisaTvis SemuSavebulia 3 tipis programa:

⇒ jgufuri Terapiis 24 saaTiani mecadineobebi;

⇒ 84 saaTiani intensiuri Terapiis programa (maTTvis, visac pirobiTi sasjeli aqvs);

⇒ 300 saaTiani programa msjavrdebulebisaTvis.

moqmedebs qalTa dacvis programebi (The Women’s Advocacy Program), romelTa

farglebSic xdeba qalebs exmareba samarTaldamcav sistemasTan urTierTobis

nebismier safexurze.

erT-erT provinciaSi Seqmnilia ojaxuri Zaladobis sasamarTlo, qalebis,

bavSvebisa da xandazmulTa winaaRmdeg Zaladobis SemTxvevebis meti yuradRebiTa

da profesionalurad ganxilvisaTvis. mosamarTleebsa da prokurorebs speci-

aluri swavleba aqvT miRebuli da sasamarTlo Zalze warmatebulad muSaobs.

ontarioSi ojaxuri Zaladobis orgvari sasamarTlo moqmedebs, erTi, romelic

SedarebiT iol SemTxvevebs ganixilavs (rodesac ojaxis wevrebs, surT SemdgomSi

erTad cxovrebis gagrZeleba), da meore, romelsac seriozul saqmeebTana aqvs

saqme. aseTma specializaciam marTlmsajulebis xarisxi mkveTrad gaaumjobesa.

did qalaqebSi, magaliTad, torontoSi moqmedebs ojaxur Zladobaze

dauyovnebeli reagirebis sistema (Domestic Violence Emergency Response System). am

sistemis damnergavebi arian kanadis usafrTxoebis samsaxuri, torontos policia

da msxverplTa daxmarebis samsaxurebi.

sistema muSaobs 24 saaTian reJimSi. Zaladobis msxverplebi usasyidlod arian

uzrunvelyofili portatiuli sasignalo aparaturiT, rac saSualebas aZlevT

saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi saswarfod gamoiZaxon policiis TanamSromeli. risk-

jgufis gansazRvras axdenen adgilobrivi socialuri samsaxurebi.

TavSesafrebi. kanadaSi amJamad moqmedebs mxsverplTa TavSesafrebis qseli,

romelSic gaerTianebulia 470 dawesebuleba. TavSesafrebi aris rogorc

qalaqebSi, ise sasoflo raionebSi.

TavSesafrebis dafinansebis 82% modis federaluri saxsrebidan, danarCens

regionisa da municipaluri saxsrebi Seadgens. 30 mln. dolari Semodis

arasamTavrobo wyaroebidan (Semowirulobebi, saqvelmoqmedo latariebi, grantebi).

90-ian wlebSi kanadis mTavrobam gaiTvaliswina ZaladobasTan brZolis erovnuli

strategiis SemmuSavebeli komisiis rekomendaciebi da gaafarTova muSaoba iseT

jgufebTan, romlebisTvisac naklebad misawvdomi iyo krizisuli centrebis

momsaxureba. aseTi jgufebia: soflad mcxovrebi qalebi, eTnikuri umciresobebi,

emigrantebi, invalidebi.

29

gamokiTxva, romelmac mTeli qveyana moicva. Seikriba monacemebi ojaxuri

Zaladobis problemis bunebisa da masStabis gasarkvevad. arsebobs ojaxuri

Zaladobis Semswavleli 5 cnobili kvleviTi centri, romlebic finansirdeba

jandacvisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis departamentisa da kanadis socialuri

da humanitaruli mecnierebebis samecniero sabWos mier. es centrebi

uzrunvelyofen partniorul urTierTobebsa da urTierTTanamSromlobas

ojaxuri Zaladobis sakiTxze momuSave mecnierebs, pedagogebs, praqtikosebs,

politikosebsa da qveynis masStabiT moqmed 600-ze met arasamTvarobo

organizacias Soris.

kanondebloba. specialuri calke federaluri kanoni ojaxuri Zaladobis

Sesaxeb ar arsebobs. magram 1994 wlidan moyolebuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi

Sedis Sesworebebi, romlebic iTvaliswineben samarTlebrivi zomebis sistemis

Seqmnas qalebis, bavSvebisa da xandazmulTa Zaladobisagan dasacavad.

programebi. 1997/98 ww. ojaxuri Zaladobis Sesamcireblad mimarTulma

federalurma finansirebam Seadgina 30,7 mln. dolari, es Tanxa xmardeba

TavSesafrebis Senaxvasa da, aseve, profilaqtikur muSaobas.

kanadis mTavrobis saqmianoba warmoadgens ojaxuri Zaladobis sakiTxTan

dakavSirebuli saxelmwifo politikis ganviTarebis axal safexurs. am

problemaze muSaoba integrirebulia iseTi struqturebis mimdinare

programebSi, rogoricaa jandacvis departamenti, policia, qalTa saqmeebis

saministro, iusticiis saministro, statistikis sammarTvelo, mSeneblobisa da

uZravi qonebis saministro, moqalaqeobisa da imigraciis saministro.

saxelmwifo programa mraval mimarTulebiania:

jandacvis saministro axorcielebs saqmianobas msxverplTaTvis samedicino

daxmarebis gasaumjobeseblad:

⇒ samedicino personalisaTvis specialuri swavlebis organizeba (seminarebisa

da kursebis Catareba samedicino saswavleblebTan da eqimebisa da eqTnebis

asociaciebTan TanamSromlobiT);

⇒ kvlevis ganxorcieleba `jandacva da Zaladoba qalis winaaRmdeg~ (Zaladobis

gavlenis Seswavla msxverplTa fizikur da fsiqikur janmrTelobaze);

⇒ Zaladobis msxverplebTan mopyrobisas qcevis wesebis SemuSaveba eqime-

bisaTvis;

⇒ saxelmZRvanelos momzadeba eqTnebisaTvis, romlebic daxmarebas uweven

ojaxuri ZaladobiT dazaralebulT.

generaluri prokuratura da iusticiis saministros gansaxorcielebel

saqmianobaSi Sedis:

⇒ Sesworebebis momzadeba parlamentSi warsadgenad kanonmdeblobis daxvewis

mizniT;

⇒ policielTa, prokurorTa, sapatrulo samsaxurebisa da penitencialuri

sistemis muSakTa treningi;

⇒ specialuri instruqciis SemuSaveba policielebisaTvis, rogor imoqmedon

ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevebSi;

⇒ sainformacio masalebis SemuSaveba policielebisaTvis, imis Sesaxeb Tu

rogor aRmouCinon daxmareba ZaladobiT dazaralebulebs;

⇒ saxelmZRvanelos momzadeba socialuri muSakebisaTvis.

ojaxuri Zaladobis problemaze muSaoba regionul doneze

calkeul provinciebs aqvT SemuSavebuli specialuri regionaluri kanonebi

ojaxuri Zaladobis sakiTxze. magaliTad, albertis provinciam 1998 wels miiRo

ojaxuri Zaladobisagan dacvis aqti, romelic iTvaliswinebs ojaxis yvela

28

bevri ram scenis miRma ganviTarda. bevr partiul, profkavSirul da mewarme

lider qals ar surda identifikacia radikalur feministebTan, magram

TanaugrZnobdnen koalicias da faqtobrivad iyvnen misi wevrebi ise, rom ar

akeTebdnen amis afiSirebas.

koalicia moqmedebda 18 Tve da sagrZnob warmatebebs miaRwia. parlamentSi qalTa

ricxvma 16% dan 24%-mde aiwia. parlamentis dRis wesrigSi qalTa sakiTxebi

permanentulad xvdeboda. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis cxrave partiam CarTo

Tavis programebSi qalTa moTxovnebi.

1979 wels qalTa organizaciebma da axalma feministebma Camoayalibes komiteti

da droebiTi samdivno. rogorc adre muSaobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi iyo:

• meti qalis CarTva partiaTa saarCevno siebSi;

• zewola partiebze qalTa moTxovnebis programebSi CasarTavad;

• muSaoba eleqtoratTan kandidati qalebis mxardaWeris gasaZliereblad.

amgvari kampaniebi 80-ian wlebSic gagrZelda, magram aseTi mizandasaxulobiTa da

intensiobiT ara. qalTa moZraoba ise Zlieri aRar iyo. didi nawili misi

aqtivistebisa Sevidnen politikur partiebSi, profkavSirebSi, saxelmwifo

administraciaSi. miuxedavad amisa, qalTa warmomadgenlobis zrda politikaSi

gagrZelda da kulminacias miaRwia gro harlem brundtlandis mmarTveli

kabinetis dros, 1987 wels _ es iyo msoflio rekordi, qalebi Seadgendnen

social-demokratiuli partiis mier Sedgenili mmarTveli kabinetis 44%-s.

21

Tema VI

sistemebisa da organizaciebis genderuli politika

genderuli Tanasworoba harmoniuli, socialuri samarTlianobis principebze

dafuZnebuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia. genderuli

Tanasworoba niSnavs, rom qalsa da mamakacs aqvT Tanabari pirobebi da

cxovrebiseuli Sansebi TavianTi potencialis sruli realizaciisaTvis,

Tanabrad monawileoben politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli

ganviTarebis procesebSi da Tanabrad sargebloben sazogadoebrivi sikeTeebiT,

SesaZleblobebiTa da resursebiT.

genderuli Tanasworoba ar niSnavs qalisa da mamakacis igiveobas, piriqiT _

demokratiul pluralistur sazogadoebaSi aRiarebulia, rom adamianebs aqvT

sxvadasxva Rirebulebebi da miznebi, sxvadasxva saWiroebebi da cxovrebis wesi,

miuxedavad amisa, maTi interesebi Tanabrad unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli yvela

doneze, isini unda sargeblobdnen Tanabari uflebebiTa da SesaZleblobebiT da

hqondeT erTnairi pasuxismgeblobebi da valdebulebebi.

rodesac genderuli Tanasworobas vexebiT, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom erTi

mxriv, igi demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebis dacvis sakiTxia, meore mxriv, ki

igive genderuli Tanasworoba keTildReobis mniSvnelovani pirobaa.

mravalferovneba TavisTavadi Rirebulebaa, romelic keTildReobas qmnis.

warmatebuli demokratia gulisxmobs sazogado saqmeebis warmarTvisas qalsa da

mamakacs Soris WeSmarit TanamSromlobas, maT Tanaswor da Semavsebel

saqmianobas, urTierTgamdidrebas TavianTi gansxvavebulobiT. (demokratiis

universaluri deklaracia, parlamentTaSorisi sabWo, 1997 w.).

genderuli politikebi

genderuli politikaa, iseTi politika, romelic iTvaliswinebs genderul

parametrebs da mimarTulia genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisaken.

ganasxvaveben genderuli politikis ganxorcielebis sxvadasxva doneebs.

genderulad brma politika

genderulad "brma" politika, programebi, proeqtebi ugulvebelyofs qalebisa

da mamakacebis gansxvavebul moTxovnilebebs. "Cven yvelas erTnairad vepyrobiT".

aseT SemTxvevebSi:

• ar xdeba qalisa da makacis moTxovnilebebis, prioritetebis da interesebis

gaTvaliswineba. mosaxleoba, samuSao koleqtivi an sxva jgufi ganixileba

erTgvarovan jgufad;

• ar iwarmoeba dacalkevebuli statistika: magaliTad, vis ukavia umaRlesi

Tanamdebobebi, vis aqvs gadamzadebis da kvalifikaciis miRebis meti

SesaZlebloba.

22

jandacva, reproduqciuli janmrTeloba, kontracefciisa da maT Soris,

abortis sakixebi, qalur organoTa daavadebebi (maT Soris, simsivnuri).

genderuli Tanasworobis xelSemwyobi kanonmdebloba

litva

1998 wels litvam miiRo kanoni qalebisa da kacebis Tanabari

SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb da daawesa Tanabari SesaZleblobebis

kontrolioris samsaxuri. es iyo postsabWoTa sivrceSi amgvari xasiaTis kanonis

miRebis pirveli SemTxveva.

kanoni moqmedebis sfero moicavs saswavlo, samecniero dawesebulebebs,

saxelmwifo marTvis organoebs da sakuTrebis nebismieri formis dawe-

sebulebebs.

Tanabari SesaZleblobebis kontroliori ganixilavs saCivrebs genderuli

diskriminaciisa da samuSao adgilze seqsualuri iZulebis Sesaxeb. kontroliors

SeuZlia SemTxvevis Seswavlis Semdeg daawesos administraciuli jarima an

sasamarTlos gadasces saqme. fuladi jarimebi midis saxelmwifos biujetSi da

ara dazaralebul pirTan. kontroliors gamoZiebebs awarmoebs Tavisi

iniciativiTac, aseve monitorings uwevs diskriminaciuli xasiaTis gancxadebebs

presaSi, SeimuSavebs winadadebebs kanonmdeblobis daxvewis mizniT.

kanonis miRebisa da kontrolioris samsaxuris gaCenis Semdeg latviis presaSi

Semcirda diskriminaciuli xasiaTis gancxadebebi. 2000-2001 wlebSi, anu

funqcionirebis pirvel wels qalisa da mamakacis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis

kontrolioris samsaxurma ganixila 47 gancxadeba. saCivrebis ricxvi izrdeba da

litvis rigiTi moqalaqeebi ufro xSirad mimarTaven Tanabari SesaZleblobebis

kontroliors.

estoneTi

estoneTma 2000 wels xeli moawera evropis sabWos socialur qartias (Social Charter of Council of Europe). estoneTs hyavs Tavisi warmomadgeneli evropis sabWos

qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis komitetSi (Steering Committee for Equality Between Women and Men).

evropis sabWom miiRo daaxloebiT 20 dokumenti, genderuli Tanasworobis

politikis gasaviTareblad evropis saxelmwifoebSi. estoneTma daiwyo Tavisi

kanonmdeblobisa da evropis sabWos kanonmdeblobis SedarebiTi analizi.

gamoCnda mniSvnelovani gansvlebi Tanasworobis evropul standartebsa da

estoneTis kanonmdeblobas Soris. estoneTma aiRo valdebuleba miiRos

genderuli Tanasworobis aqti. genderuli Tanasworobis kanonis miReba iqneba

erT-erTi winapiroba estoneTis mierTebisa evropis kavSirisadmi. Tanasworobis

kanonma unda Seqmnas samarTlebrivi bazisi genderuli Tanasworobisadmi

mimarTuli saqmianobebis saxelmwifo doneze warsamarTavad.

saxelmwifo politika ojaxuri Zaladobis sferoSi

(kanadis magaliTi)

kanada mowinave qveyanaa ojaxuri Zaladobis sferoSi efeqturi saxelmwifo

politikis SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT. kanadaSi kargad aris

damuSavebuli federaluri da regionaluri kanonebi ojaxuri Zaladobis Sesaxeb

da, aseve, arsebobs efeqturi socialuri programebi adgilobriv doneze.

Seqmnilia ZaladobasTan brZolis erovnuli strategiis SemmuSavebeli komisia.

1988 wlidan moqmedebs ojaxuri Zaladobis samTavrobo programa.

federaluri done

sakiTxis Seswavla. qalis winaaRmdeg Zaladobis problemis kvleva kanadaSi 20

welze meti xania rac mimdinareobs. 1991-93 ww. Catarda msxvilmaStabiani

27

Tema VIII

saxelmwifo politika genderuli da qalTa problemebis sferoSi

bevri qveyana aRiarebs, rom arsebobs genderuli da qalTa problemebi, romelTa

gadaWrac moiTxovs konkretuli strategiebis SemuSavebasa da specialuri

zomebis ganxorcielebas.

cxovrebis yvela sferoSi genderuli uTanasworobis problemis gadasaWrelad

kompleqsuri da mizanmimarTuli politikis aucilebloba xazgasmiT aRiniSna

pekinSi gamarTul qalTa msoflio konferenciazec. am Sexvedris erT-erT

sakvanZo moTxovnas warmoadgenda mTavrobebis mier erovnuli strategiebisa da

programebis SemuSaveba.

qalTa da genderuli sakiTxebis mogvarebisadmi mimarTuli saxelmwifo prog-

ramebi sxvadasxvagvari da mravalferovania, magram Tu Zalian ganvazogadebT

SesaZlebelia gamovyoT msgavsi Semadgeneli nawilebi, rogoricaa:

⇒ srulyofili gederuli statistikis warmoeba;

⇒ problemebis yovelmxrivi samecniero Seswavla;

⇒ statistikuri monacemebisa da kvlevis Sedegebis farTod gavrceleba,

sainformacio kampaniebis mowyoba, sazogadoebis codnis amaRleba qalTa da

genderuli sakiTxebis sferoSi;

⇒ statistikur monacemebsa da kvlevebze dayrdnobiT genderuli da qalTa

sakiTxebis mogvarebis erovnuli strategiis SemuSaveba;

⇒ sakanonmdeblo iniciativebis SemuSaveba kanonmdeblobis Semdgomi daxvewis

mizniT;

⇒ saxelmwifo programiT dasaxuli RonisZiebebis institucionaluri safuZ-

vlis Seqmna da ganviTareba (socialuri samsaxurebi, krizisuli centrebi,

monitoringis samsaxurebi);

⇒ Tanasworobis sakiTxebze momuSave saxelmwifo struqturis Seqmna

(magaliTad, saberZneTis Tanasworobis biuro, portugaliis Tanasworobisa

da qalTa uflebebis komisia);

⇒ qalTa monacemTa bazebis Seqmna (1974 wels irlandiis mTavrobam Seqmna kva-

lificiur qalTa monacemTa baza, risi meSveobiT xdeba saxelmwifo samsaxu-

risaTvis Sesabamisi kandidaturebis moZieba. 1995 wels niderlandis mTavrobam

daarsa organizacia `Toplinki~, romlis mizanic aris Seqmnas kvalificiur

qalTa monacemTa baza, romelic daexmareba saxelmwifo saagentoebs, partiebs,

kerZo kompaniebs moZebnon Sesabamisi kvalifikaciis qalebi).

rogorc wesi, qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaken mimarTuli saxelmwifo

programebi aucileblad moicavs Semdeg sakiTxebs:

⇒ dedobisa da ojaxis daxmareba (ra xasiaTisaa da moculobis amgvari

programebi, rogoria dafinanseba);

⇒ martoxela mSoblebisa da mravalSviliani ojaxebis daxmareba;

⇒ ojaxuri Zaladoba da Zaladoba qalis mimarT (rogoria kanonmdebloba,

arsebobs Tu ara daxmarebis samsaxurebi, ra xarisxisa da moculobis

momsaxurebis gaweva SeuZliaT, rogoria samarTaldamcav organoebSi

Zaladobis SemTxvevebze reagirebisa da sasamarTlo saqmeebis warmoebis

xarisxi, tardeba Tu ara prevenciuli zomebi);

⇒ gadawyvetilebis procesSi qalTa monawileobis gazrdis uzrunvelyofa;

⇒ trefikingi;

⇒ prostitucia;

⇒ jandacvis programebi _ orsulTa, axalSobilTa da mSobiareTa, bavSvTa

26

genderulad neitraluri politika

es politika zogjer gamosadegia moklevadiani problemebis gadasaWrelad.

• aseTi midgomisas yuradReba mimarTulia qalebis praqtikul da ara

strategiul moTxovnilebebze;

• ucvleli rCeba resursebis da pasuxismgeblobis arsebuli ganawileba.

genderulad gacnobierebuli politika

genderuli cnobiereba niSnavs realobas SevxedoT ”axali” TvaliT da davinaxoT

genderuli gansxvavebebi. am midgomas axasaiTebs:

• gacnobiereba da aRiareba, rom arsebobs sxvaobebi;

• genderulad dacalkevebuli monacemebis Segroveba;

• konsultireba rogorc mamakacebTan, ise qalebTan.

genderulad transformaciuli politika gulisxmobs:

• arsebuli gansxvavebebis, saWiroebebis, diskriminaciis mizezebis Seswavlas;

• orive sqesis praqtikuli da strategiuli moTxovnilebebis dadgenasa da

gaTvaliswinebas;

• arsebuli genderuli rolebis da tradiciebis eWvqveS dayenebas da

kritikulad gaazrebas;

• qalebisa da mamakacebis TanamSromlobis gaumjobesebas;

• qalebisa da mamakacebis potencialis gaZlierebas, maTTvis samsaxurSi

miRebisa da kvalifikaciis gazrdis Tanabari Sansebis micemas.

Tu ar ganxorcieldeba transformaciuli politika:

• ucvlelad darCeba resursebis da pasuxismgeblobis arsebul usamarTlo

ganawilebas;

• ver amaRldeba cnobiereba da imis gaazreba, rom arsebobs genderuli

gansxvavebebi da sazogadoebis erTi naxevris SesaZleblobebi bolomde ar aris

realizebuli.

genderuli midgoma

genderuli midgoma niSnavs sxvadasxva sferoSi sqesisagan damoukidebeli

SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofis politikis ganxorcielebis xerxebis

SemuSavebas.

genderuli midgomis ganxorcielebis etapebi SegviZlia Semdegnairad

warmovidginoT:

• konkretuli genderuli problemis (genderuli uTanasworobis) arsebobis

gacnobiereba

• viTarebis Seswavla, informaciis mopovebis, kvlevisa da analizis saSualebiT

• genderuli cvlilebis strategiis SemuSaveba

• strategiis ganxorcielebis samoqmedo gegmis Camoyalibeba

• samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcieleba

• ganxorcielebis SemuSaveba

23

Tema VII


mediaSi politikis gaSuqebis genderuli aspeqtebi

mediis genderuli analizi, anda mediis genderuli monitoringi masobrivi

informaciis saSualebebis genderuli parametrebis Seswavlaa.

media udides rols asrulebs genderuli problemebis Sesaxeb sazoga-

doebrivi azris formirebasa da zogadad, stereotipebis, maT Soris, genderuli

stereotipebis Camoyalibebasa Tu kvlavwarmoebaSi, amitom igi xSirad xdeba

genderuli analizis samizne. mediis monitoringebi sakmaod gavrcelebuli

praqtikaa. tardeba globaluri media-monitoringebic ki, romelTac msoflio

masStabis aqciis saxe eZlevaT. msgavsi RonisZieba, `vin akeTebs axal ambebs~,

pirvelad 1995 wlis 18 ianvars Catarda, romlis drosac gaanalizes 71 qveynis 15

aTasamde media siuJeti. msoflio monitoringi meored 2000 wels, mesamed ki 2005

wels ganxorcielda.

mediis monitoringis dros gamoiyeneba kvlevis rogorc raodenobrivi, ise

Tvisebrivi meTodebi.

qarTuli media da genderuli sakiTxebi

qarTul mediaSi qalebi mcired arian warmodgenilebi, qalTa da genderuli

sakiTxebi saTanado moculobiTa da siRrmiT ar Suqdeba, saredaqcio politika

movlenebis gaSuqebisas ar iTvaliswinebs genderul ganzomilebas, Jurnalistebi

ar arian genderulad mgrZnobiareni. saerTo jamSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli

media xels uwyobs damkvidrebuli genderuli stereotipebis kvlavwarmoebas.

mediis yuradReba ZiriTadad mipyrobilia politikuri movlenebisadmi, qarTul

politikur diskursSi ki qalTa sakiTxebi saerTod ar JRers. politika dRemde

rCeba sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis yvelaze maskulinizebul sferod. aseve

naklebad ismis qalebis azri mimdinare mniSvnelovani procesebis Sesaxeb, rac

gamowveulia politikuri diskusiis sazRvrebis siviwroviT, rodesac mniSvne-

lovani politikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoeba naklebad

monawileobs.

qalebi TiTqmis ar Canan ekonomikis sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnil rubrikebSi,

radganac ZiriTadad, mcire biznesiT arian dakavebuli, xolo ekonomikis es

sfero qarTul mediaSi maincdamainc aqtiurad ar Suqdeba aseve, daumuSavebeli

Temaa mediisaTvis Sromis uflebebi da zogadad, SromiTi urTierTobebi, romlis

saTanadod gaSuqebis SemTxvevaSic genderuli problematika aucileblad iCenda

Tavs. mediaSi warmodgenil qalTa simcires gansazRvravs agreTve is faqtori,

rom Zalian mcired da zedapirulad Suqdeba ganaTlebis, jandacvis, socialuri

sferoebi, anu is sferoebi, romlebSic ZiriTadad, qalebi arian dakavebulni.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Jurnalistebis umetesoba qalia, qarTuli medias aklia

genderuli mgrZnobiaroba. saqarTveloSi globalur media-monitoringis

CarCoebSi JurnalistTa asociacia `gendermediakavkasiis mier 2005 wels

ganxorcielebulma analizma gamoarkvia, rom:

• televiziisa da radios wamyvanTa Soris 92 procenti qalia, 8 procenti _

mamakaci;

• reportiorTa Soris 71 procenti qalia, 29 procenti mamakaci;

• axali ambebis gmirebs Soris ki mxolod 19 procentia qali.

monitoringis Sedegebi SegiZliaT ixiloT internetSi:

http://www.gmc.ge/images/news.html

raTa naTeli gaxdes suraTi, Tu rogor arian qalebi warmodgenili

postsabWoTa periodis qarTul mediaSi, mogvyavs sxvadasxva wlebis qarTul

24

presaSi qalebisa da qalTa sakiTxebis Sesaxeb masalebis moculobis procentuli

maCveneblebi:

1989 1990 1999 2001 masalebi qalebis Sesaxeb

23,4% 7,2% 9% 15%

wyaro: l. xomeriki, n. javaxiSvili, m. nikuraZe, genderuli politika da

masmedia, Tbilisi, 2002.

1990 wlis mediaSi jer kidev SeiniSneba qalebisadmi formalur yuradRebis

sabWouri inercia. niSandoblivia, rom pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebis

Semdeg, 1991 wlidan qalebis Sesaxeb masalebi mkveTrad iklebs 7,2%-mde.

aRsaniSnavia, rom am dros sagazeTo fotoebis 39% mamakacTa individualuri

fotoebia, xolo 54% Seadgens jgufuri fotoebi, romlebzedac erovnuli

moZraobis warmomadgeneli mamakaci politikosebi arian warmodgenili. radganac

qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis ideologiisaTvis genderuli Tanasworobis

sakiTxi absoluturad araaqtualuri iyo, qalebsa da qalTa problematikis

Sesaxeb publikaciebs ricxvis aseTi kleba bunebrivia.

qarTuli mediis analizma gamokveTa is tendenciebi, romlebic xels uSlian Zveli

genderuli stereotipebis moSlas;

im publikaciebSi, romlebic ojaxs, mis simtkices, meuRleTa movaleobebsa

da zogadad, ojaxur tradiciebs Seexeba, Zalian xSirad ikveTeba, rom ojaxur

simyudrovesa da ojaxis SenarCunebaze pasuxismgebloba mTlianad qals

ekisreba.

qalisa da mamakacis seqsualuri qcevis Sefaseba umeteswilad ormagi

standartiT xdeba, is rac qalisaTvis dauSvebelia, mamakacisaTvis mxolod

xalisiani Tavgadasavlia.

interviuebsa da sxva tipis siuJetebsa Tu publikaciebSi sacolis

motaceba xSirad saxeldeba, rogorc gavrcelebuli da rac yvelaze cudia,

savsebiT misaRebi forma daqorwinebis, romelic aramcTu aRSfoTebas,

gakvirvebasac ar iwvevs.

publikaciebSi Zalze xSirad gvxdeba SemTxvevebi, rodesac gaTxovebis

Semdeg qalebi Tavs anebeben an zRudaven TavianT profesiul karieras.

bolo xanebSi farTod gavrcelebul e. w. saojaxo interviuebSi

umeteswilad ikveTeba, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac qalic qmris

paralelurad saintereso da mniSvnelovani profesiuli saqmianobiT aris

dakavebuli mTeli saojaxo saqmeebi mas awevs mxrebze.

stereotipebi gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans reklamaSi, sadac ZiriTadad

qalis ori tipi figurirebs:

⇒ ojaxis deda, kargi diasaxlisi da mzrunveli ojaxis sisufTavesa da

kvebaze (sakvebisa da sarecxi fxvnilebis reklamaSi).

⇒ komerciuli saxe lamazi da seqsualuri qalisa, romelic nebismieri

tipis saqonlis reklamaSi SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli.

rodesac masala qals Seexeba, maSinac ki, rodesac Tema sakmaod

seriozulia, xSirad axlavs erotiuli Seferilobis foto.

iSviaTad, magram mainc gvxdeba aSkarad seqsisturi gamonaTqvamebi.

sityva feminizmi, qarTul mediaSi Zalian iSviaTad JRers da umetes

SemTxvevaSi Zalian uaryofiT konteqstSi.

niSandoblivia, rom genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb antistereotipuli

masalebi da azrebi ZiriTadad gvxdeba iseT statiebSi, romlebic ucxoeTs

Seexeba.

25