LEQ’s• How did European colonialism impact

South Africa?• What was apartheid and what impact

did it have on South Africa?• What events lead to the end of

apartheid in South Africa?• What role did Nelson Mandela and

Willem de Klerk play in the end of apartheid?

http://www5.unitedstreaming.com/index.cfm

Contrast life during apartheid

Whites Non-Whites

apartheid

A policy of segregation and discrimination against non-white groups in the Republic of South Africa

Literally means “apartness” in Dutch

History of Apartheid• 1600’s – Dutch arrive (known as Afrikaners or

Boers)• 1900 - Discovery of diamonds• English invasion• Uneasy power-sharing between the two • 1904’s – Afrikaner National Party gained

majority • They invented apartheid

1948 Enactment of Apartheid Laws

• Racial discrimination became law– Prohibited marriage between races– Sanctioning of “white-only’’ jobs– Separate beaches, buses, hospitals, schools,

parks, and even park benches– Non-whites stripped of voting rights– Non-whites not allowed to run business in

white-only areas– Non-whites “resettled”

Segregated beach in 1982

Segregated public facilities - 1985

1950Population Registration Act• 3 categories

– White – “obviously white”– Black – pencil test– Colored – of mixed decent

• Based on– Appearance– Social acceptance– Descent

• Required to carry pass books – 16 years old

Main purposeof the Population Registry

• To control the movement of black South Africans

• Pass books – Given at age of 16– Identification– History of government opposition– Failure to produce pass book

resulted in arrest and jail

1951Bantu Authorities Act

• Created “Homelands”

A “resettlement” that the non-whites were forced to live in! 1990

A house in one of the “homelands”

A girl looking through the window of her home in one of the many homelands.

1953Public Safety Act &

Criminal Law Amendment Act• States of emergency

– Police permitted to use violence against protesters

• Penalties for protesting– Heavy fines– Imprisonment without trial

• Those who were tried, sentenced to death, banished, or imprisoned for life

– Whippings and beatings

1960Sharpeville

• Refused to carry passes

• Government declared state of emergency

• 69 died• 187 wounded • Lasted 156 days

1971Black Homeland Citizenship Act

• Changed status of citizenship – all non-whites were now “citizens” of their “homeland” and NOT South Africa

• Therefore, no longer citizens of South Africa

• Aliens in their own country– Needed “passports” to travel

within South Africa

Soweto UprisingJune 16th, 1976

• Children, as young as 9, refused to go to school because the government was forcing them to be taught in Afrikaner – the language of the whites

• What began as a peaceful march soon turned into a bloody massacre!

• Police tried to stop the march, which by now was more than 10,000 students, but the students just found other routes.

• So, in anger the police released dogs and then shot tear gas into the crowds.

• When the students began throwing rocks, the police responded with bullets! (They were “allowed” to because they had declared a state of emergency.)

• These riots spread to other townships (homelands)

• Several hundred students were killed and many more wounded.

The world responds…International Intervention

• 70’s throughout the 80’s• 1977 - Mandatory arms embargo• 1980 - Cease supply of aircrafts, parts,

and engines• 1985 – US and Great Britain impose

sanctions–Banned imports from South Africa–Prohibited American investments in South

Africa

Key people working to end apartheid• African National Congress (ANC)

– Group of black Africans that opposed apartheid.• Nelson Mandela

– A leader of the ANC – stressed non-violent protests (followed Gandhi’s example)

• Civil disobedience• Passive resistance

– Arrested and imprisoned for 27 years– Later became South Africa’s first black president

• Willem de Klerk– A white South African who opposed apartheid– Elected president 1989 – Freed Nelson Mandela and others wrongfully imprisoned

1989End of

apartheid

• End of apartheid• Mandela released

from prison• 1994 – 1st multi-

race election• Mandela elected

1st black president Mandela casting his vote in 1st multi-racial election – April 1994

State of South Africa today• All adults have the right to vote• However, still many live in

poverty, many without running water and electricity

• However, government working very hard to provide better life for all South Africans

• Gold mines• Leader in gold mining

• World’s largest gold deposit

South Africa’s economy

Johannesburg – established as a gold mining town … now referred to as the City of Gold

South Africa leader in gold mining

South Africa is third in production of diamonds

Gold and diamonds together account for 85% of the mineral

output in South Africa today.

South Africa’s Government

• Republic• All citizens - whites and non-whites - vote• 3-tier system – national, provincial, and local levels

• National• Bicameral parliament – members elected

• National assembly• National council of provinces

• List some things non-whites were not allowed under apartheid laws.

• What were the 3 classifications of people under the Population Registration Act?

• What were “homelands”?• What did states of emergency allow?• In the Sharpeville Massacre, what was it

that the demonstrators refused to carry?• What happened in the Soweto uprising?

Words to know…

• Afrikaners • Boers• Apartheid• Segregation• Discrimination

• ANC• Embargo• Civil disobedience• Sanction • Passive resistance

Your turn…

• Choose one of the following…– Write a poem about apartheid– Write an editorial about helping the poor of

South Africans today– Create a flyer that could have been posted in

the days of apartheid that would have encouraged the end of apartheid

– Write a speech for Nelson Mandela that he could have given the day of his release

Apartheid Writing Assignment Rubric

Expert Master Apprentice Beginner Total

Knowledge of Content

Work excels in knowledge of apartheid

50

Work exhibits knowledge of

apartheid

45

Work exhibits only minimal knowledge of

apartheid

40

Work does not exhibit any

knowledge of apartheid

35

Creative and carefully thought out

Work is extremely creative and very

obvious much thought was given

25

Work is creative and obvious much

thought was give

20

Work exhibits little effort and questionable

to the thought given

15

Work exhibits very little effort and very

questionable to thought given

10

Appearance Work is extremely neat and orderly and does

not have any mistakes, mark-outs, or torn edges

20

Work is neat and orderly, and does not have any mistakes, mark-outs, or torn

edges15

Work lacks neatness and order and/or includes a few

mistakes, mark-outs, and/or torn edges

10

Work is sloppy, messy and/or includes many

mistakes, mark-outs and/or torn edges.

5

Rubric Rubric included5

Rubric missing0

Embargo

• An order of a government prohibiting movement of merchant ships into and out of ports

Civil disobedience

• The refusal to obey certain laws for the purpose of influencing legislation or government policies – characterized by nonviolent techniques such as boycotting, picketing, or non-payment of taxes

Sanctions

• A penalty imposed on a nation that is violating international law

Segregation

• The act of separating or setting apart from others

Discrimination

• To make a distinction in favor of or against a person or people based on the group, class, or category the person/people belong

Passive resistance

• Opposition to a government by means of nonviolent techniques, such as boycotting, picketing, etc.

Apartheid

Where

When

DefinitionA policy of

segregation and discrimination

against non-white groups of South

Africa History - 1600’s - Dutch arrive – Afrikaners• 1900’s – diamonds

bring English • 1904 – Afrikaner

National Party take over – invent apartheid

Laws • Racial

discrimination• Population

Registration Act • Public Safety Act

Protests begin • 1960 –

Sharpeville - passbooks

• 1976 – Soweto - Afrikaner language

International Intervention • 1970’s – 80’• Embargo• Sanctions

• Banned imports from S.Africa

• Banned investments in S. Africa

Key people• Nelson Mandela

• Followed Gandhi’s example

• Stressed non-violent protests

• Imprisoned – 27 years

• Willem de Klerk• White president• Elected 1989• Opposed apartheid • Released Mandela

End of apartheid• 1989• 1994 – 1st multi-

race election • Mandela elected

president

South Africa Today

Life for South Africans• Right to vote

– all• Poverty for

many

Economy • Gold –

world’s largest gold deposits

• Diamonds

Government• Republic• Unitary• Bicameral

parliament