lessons learnt from the recent off the pacific coast of ... · 8/4/2011 · akt tro nig hkd hku kgc...

2011/8/4

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Lessons Learnt from the Recent Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake in

International Platform for Reducing Earthquake Disasters (IPRED)26~28-07-2011 UNESCO-IPRED 4th Workshop, in Santiago, CHILE

Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake in Japan

Nobuo HURUKAWANobuo HURUKAWAResearch Coordinator

Building Research InstituteIncorporated Administrative Agency, Japan

1

• The Mw 9.0 earthquake occurred off the Pacific coast of Tohoku, Japan at 14:46 JST on 11th March 2011.• This magnitude ranked fourth

IntroductionIntroduction

A

40°N

Tohoku

NAM PAC

gamong the earthquakes in the world since 1900.• The earthquake caused extremely destructive tsunami.

• In addition to loss of lives and

Mw 9.0

B

38°N

36°N

142°E140°E 146°144°E

JT

destruction of buildings, the tsunami induced nuclear serious accidents in Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plants, where the response activity is still in process.

2

050

100150D

epth

(km

)

-100 0 100 200 300Distance (km)

A B

Relocated aftershocks by Hurukawa (2011 EPS)

http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/EPS/pdf/free/inpress/201105027.pdf

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The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami Joint Survey Grouphttp://www.coastal.jp/tsunami2011/ 3

I’ll present “The Tohoku Earthquake and its Tsunami Simulation” by Hurukawa and Fujii this afternoon.

Deaths 15,562

Missing 5,306

Casualties

IntroductionIntroduction

Missing 5,306

Injured 5,690

Total collapse 108,557

Damage to buildings

Source: National Police Agency, as of 15 July 2011

Total collapse 108,557

Partial collapse 120,186

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1. Strong motion observations for building structures2. Field Surveys of damage to buildings

1) Outline2) Damage to buildings caused by Seismic motion3) Damage to buildings caused by Tsunami3) Damage to buildings caused by Tsunami4) Damage to buildings caused by Fire

3. Technical support to the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

4. Information uploads5. Activities on going

＊Many research activities and field survey were carried out jointly by National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management (NILIM) and

Building Research Institute (BRI).

I’ll introduce results obtained by staff members of NILIM and BRI.

5

1. Strong motion observations for building structures

54 among 74 sites observed the mainshock

134˚ 135˚ 136˚ 137˚ 138˚ 139˚ 140˚ 141˚ 142˚ 143˚ 144˚ 145˚ 146˚44˚ 44˚

38˚ 38˚

39˚ 39˚

40˚ 40˚

41˚ 41˚

42˚ 42˚

43˚ 43˚

2011/03/1114:46(JST)THU, SND

HCN2, HCNHRH

AKT

TRO

NIG

HKD

HKUKGC

HRO

MYK

139˚20' 139˚40' 140˚00' 140˚20' 140˚40'

35˚40' 35˚40'

36˚00' 36˚00'

36˚20' 36˚20'

ANX, BRI

NIT

TUS

ICK

TKC

YCYFNB

EDG

UTK,NMW,SMD

TKD

ADC

MSTTDSAKB

KDI NKN

SITA, SIT2

6

134˚ 135˚ 136˚ 137˚ 138˚ 139˚ 140˚ 141˚ 142˚ 143˚ 144˚ 145˚ 146˚34˚ 34˚

35˚ 35˚

36˚ 36˚

37˚ 37˚

0 100 200

km

h=24 km, M9.0

NGN

YMN

SMZSMS

NGY

MTSOSK

KSOMIZ

IWK

139˚20' 139˚40' 140˚00' 140˚20' 140˚40'35˚20' 35˚20'

35 40 35 40

0 50

km

CGC,CG2,CG3

ICKCHB

TKD

TUF

KWS

http://smo.kenken.go.jp/

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Strong ground motions with large seismic intensities

138˚ 139˚ 140˚ 141˚ 142˚ 143˚

40˚

Acceleration

-3000

0

3000

(cm

/s2 )

N-S (peak: 2679 cm/s2)

0

3000

(cm

/s2)

E-W (peak:- 1285 cm/s2)

Pseudo Vel. Resp. Spectrum (h=5%)

50

100

500

loci

tyRe

spon

se(c

m/s

)

100

)

100

1000

1000

0K-Net

37˚

38˚

39˚

-3000

-3000

0

3000

(cm

/s2 )

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200Time (sec)

U-D (peak: 1886 cm/s2)

2

5

10

Pseu

doVe

l

0.1 0.5 1 5 10Period (sec)

0.1(cm) 1

1010(cm

/s/s)

N-SE-WU-D

MYG004: K-NET TsukidateAcceleration

-3000

0

3000

(cm

/s2)

N-S (peak: 1520 cm/s2)

-3000

0

3000

(cm

/s2 )

E-W (peak: 987 cm/s2)

-3000

0

3000

(cm

/s2)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200Time (sec)

U-D (peak:- 299 cm/s2)


2

5

10

50

100

500

Pseu

doVe

loci

tyR

espo

nse

(cm

/s)

0.1 0.5 1 5 10Period (sec)

0.1(cm) 1

10

100

10(cm

/s/s)

100

1000

1000

0

N-SE-WU-D

K-NET Tsukidate(MYG004)

K-NET Sendai(MYG013)

K-NET Hitachi(IBR003)

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138˚ 139˚ 140˚ 141˚ 142˚ 143˚

35 ˚

36˚

0 50 100

km

Time (sec) Period (sec)MYG013: K-NET SendaiAcceleration

-3000

0

3000

(cm

/s2)

N-S (peak:- 1599 cm/s2)

-3000

0

3000

(cm

/s2)

E-W (peak:- 1187 cm/s2)

-3000

0

3000

(cm

/s2 )

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200Time (sec)

U-D (peak: 1159 cm/s2)


2

5

10

50

100

500

Pseu

doVe

loci

tyRe

spon

se(c

m/s

)

0.1 0.5 1 5 10Period (sec)

0.1(cm) 1

10

100

10(cm

/s/s)

100

1000

1000

0

N-SE-WU-D

IBR003: K-NET Hitachi

(IBR003)

1 G or more at 20 sites. But less damage to buildings. Due to shorter predominant periods.

Nine-story school building of Tohoku Univ., Sendai

0

1000

c(g

al)

(a) Acc. in N192E01F(N192E)09F(N192E)

−1000

Acc

−1000

0

1000

Acc

(gal

)

(b) Acc. in N282E

−40

0

40

Dis

p(c

m) (c) Rel.Disp. in N192E

0

40

p(c

m) (d) Rel.Disp. in N282E

01F(N282E)09F(N282E)

8

−40

Dis

p

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

T(s

)

0 50 100 150 200Time (s)

(e) Natural period

N192E N282E

Lessons:We could observe a damage process of the building. It leads to1) Application to health monitoring.2) Testing of non-linear response analysis method.

Temporal change of national period of the building.

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Long-period motions in Tokyo and Osaka Bay areas

Displacement

-30

0

30

Dis

p. (c

m) 180-01F (peak:- 20.490 cm)

30

0

30

Dis

p. (c

m) 270-01F (peak:- 17.564 cm)

Displacement

-200

0

200

Dis

p. (c

m) 229-01F (peak:- 9.103 cm)

200

0

200

Dis

p. (c

m) 319-01F (peak: 7.828 cm)

Tokyo bay (01F) Osaka bay (01F)

01F-X

01F-Y

01F-X

01F-Y

10 cm

-30

-30

0

30

Disp

. (cm

) 180-37F (peak:- 32.114 cm)

-30

0

30

Disp

. (cm

) 270-37F (peak:- 27.909 cm)

-30

0

30

Dis

p. (c

m) 180-37F-01F (peak:- 14.742 cm)

-30

0

30

Dis

p. (c

m)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800Time (sec)

270-37F-01F (peak:- 16.689 cm)

-200

-200

0

200

Disp

. (cm

) 229-52FN (peak: 131.856 cm)

-200

0

200

Disp

. (cm

) 319-52FN (peak:- 86.409 cm)

-200

0

200

Dis

p. (c

m) 229-52F-01F (peak: 132.966 cm)

-200

0

200

Dis

p. (c

m)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800Time (sec)

319-52F-01F (peak:- 87.427 cm)

Pseudo Vel. Resp. Spectrum (h=5%)5010

010

00Pseudo Vel. Resp. Spectrum (h=5%)50

100

1000229-01F

319-01FUP-01F

37F-X

37F-Y

(37F-01F)-X

(37F-01F)-Y

52F-X

52F-Y

(52F-01F)-X

(52F-01F)-Y

10 min.

130 cm

9

0.5

1

5

10

Pseu

do V

eloc

ity R

espo

nse

(cm

/s)

0.1 0.5 1 5 10Period (sec)

0.1(cm)

1

10

1(cm/s/

s)

10

180-01F270-01FUP-01F

0.5

1

5

10

Pseu

do V

eloc

ity R

espo

nse

(cm

/s)

0.1 0.5 1 5 10Period (sec)

0.1(cm)

1

10

1(cm/s/

s)

10

UP-01F 7 sec

D = 770 kmD = 390 km

Lessons: Resonance, Damping, Health Monitoring To be retrofitted

2011theGreatEastJapanEarthquakeSendaiMYG013,OgawaTCG006,I hi kiMYG010

600h=0.05 Kawaguchi(b)JR Takatori(a)

Wajima(c)K-netKashiwazaki(d)

Analysis of Seismic Response Properties(Comparison with the past records using Pseudo-velocity response spectrum)

IshinomakiMYG010

1995 Kobe EarthquakeJMAKobe (a),JRTakatori (a)

2004 NiigataChuetsu EarthquakeKawaguchi (b)

2007 N t H t E th k100

200

300

400

500

pSv(

cm/s

)

SendaiMYG013

IshinomakiMYG010

JMA Kobe(a) OgawaTCG006

Wajima(c)

2007 Noto Hanto EarthquakeWajima (c)

2007NiigataChuetsu-okiEarthquakeK-net Kashiwazaki (d)

00.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Period(s)

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1995 Kobe EQLessons:Building damage was caused by strong 1.0 – 1.5 s seismic waves mainly.The Kobe EQ caused much severe damage than the Tohoku EQ.

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2. Field Surveys of damage to buildings

1) Outline

2) Damage to buildings caused by Seismic motionTimber StructureReinforced Concrete StructureSteel Structure, Non-Structural ElementsHousing-Site Ground, Foundations

3) Damage to buildings caused by Tsunami3) Damage to buildings caused by Tsunami

4) Damage to buildings caused by Fire

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1) Outline

• Organizing field survey teams to learn lessons from structural damage

Miyako City

Otsuchi TownYamada Town

Ofunato City

Kamaishi City

Rikuzentakata CityKesennuma City

Minamisanriku Town

Ishinomaki City

Kitakami City

Hiraizumi Town

Tono City

Kurihara City

Iwate

Miyagifrom structural damage state, BRI and NILIM are dispatching more than140 experts to the survey areas since March 12.

Onagawa TownHigashi matsushima CityMatsushima TownShiogama City

Shichigahama TownTagajo CitySendai CityNatori City

Watari TownIwanuma City

Yamamoto TownShiroishi City

Nihonmatsu CityFukushima City

Miharu TownKoriyama City

Nasu Town

Yaita City

Shi t T

y g

Fukushima

12Survey Areas in Citiesand Towns Names

Sukagawa CityShirakawa City

Hitachiota CityHitachi CityNaka CityHitachinaka City

Mito CityOarai TownOmitama CityHokota City

Shirosato TownKasama City

Chikusei CityShimotsuma City

Koga CityBando CityJoso City

Tsuchiura CityRyugasaki City

Urayasu City

Kashima CityItako City

Kamisu CityInashiki CitySakae Town

BRI / NILIM

Ibaraki

Tochigi

Chiba0 50km

Tokyo

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2) Damage to buildings caused by seismic motion• Damage to Timber Structure

13

• Damage to RC Structure

14

• Cracks in columns and exterior walls

• Shear failure of non-structural wall next to entrance

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15

• 1st story of 3 storied RC building was collapsed. Front side is frame structure and back side is frame with wall structure.

• Shear failure in columns on 1st story of 4 storied RC building which shows 180 degree hooks of main bars.

• Damage to Steel Structure and Non-Structural Elements

16

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• Damage to Housing-Site Groundand Foundations

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Damage to buildings caused by seismic motion<Summary>

• Damage to buildings is not so severe whereas the seismic intensities were high and the disaster areas were extended to extremely large.

• Timber Structure：Typical seismic damage was observed.• RC Structure：Significant difference appears between before and

after the new seismic design code (1981). Typical seismic damage was observed.

• Steel Structure：Damage to vertical / horizontal braces and joints was observed.

• Non-structural Elements：The fall of exterior walls, suspendedNon structural Elements The fall of exterior walls, suspended ceilings in large-scale spaces, and interior materials were observed.

• Damage occurred in some grounds of developed residential areas and sloping areas.

• The severe liquefaction damage occurred in very wide areas.

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2011/8/4

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3) Damage to buildings caused by Tsunami• BRI and NILIM have jointly carried out

damage surveys three times since March 11th

to understand the general status of damage to buildingsIwate to buildings.

Team #1 30 March – 2 AprilRikuzentakata (IWATE) , Kesennuma, Minami-sanriku,

Onagawa, Ishinomaki, Natori (MIYAGI)Team #2 6 -9 April

Yamada, Ohtsuchi, Kamaishi, Ohfunato, Rikuzentakata (IWATE), Onagawa (MIYAGII) etc.

Team #3 6 – 8 AprilSendai Natori Watari Yamamoto (MIYAGI) etc

Iwate

Miyagi

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Sendai, Natori, Watari, Yamamoto (MIYAGI) etc.

• Data related to water depth and dimension in damaged buildings were also extensively collected. They are supposed to be much informative for the estimation of the effect of tsunami loads and also for the verification of the current design guidelines.

Fukushima

Survey areas


• Collapse of 1st story of 2 • Falling over of 4 storied RC

20

p ystoried RC frame building with concrete brick wall. The 2nd

story was supported by 4 RC columns.

gframe building with shear wall. This building was flowed 70 meters.•Photo shows the undersurface and a façade.

2011/8/4

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・Damage to RC StructureBuildings swept-away and fallen-over

4-story frame with shear wall structurePile foundation (pulled-out ruptured)Pile foundation (pulled out, ruptured) Few OpeningsSwept-away (70 m, no traces of dragged)Fallen-over

Distance from the coast：~200 mDepth of inundation：~15 m 21

・Damage to RC StructureBuildings swept-away and fallen-over

22

2-story frame structure (refrigerators)Few openings Swept-away and fallen-over

Distance from the coast：~200 mDepth of inundation：Over 6.5 m

2011/8/4

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• Damage to RC Structure3 storied RC factory building4 storied RC frame building

• Soil flowed away by tsunami • Out of plane collapse of

23

• Soil flowed away by tsunami.• Photo shows the footing basement under columns.

p pexterior wall with frame and without inside floor.• The right side of photo shows no collapse of wall with floor.

• Damage to Steel Structure

24

2011/8/4

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• Damage to Timber Structure

25

building z

Review for Tsunami Evacuation Building

Evaluation Method of Tsunami Evacuation BuildingThe Cabinet Office : Proposal equation of ‘Guideline for tsunami evacuation buildings’ to which the hydrostatic

3h

3ρgh

zqbuildings to which the hydrostatic pressure is applied using the threefold depth of design wave depth.

Design wave depth: h

( )zhgq −= 3ρDesign wave pressure

Based on the surveyed results, the validity of the above-mentioned Tsunami Load (Tsunami Wave Pressure) is under reviewing.

26

( )zhgqz = 3ρ

2011/8/4

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4) Damage to buildings caused by fire• Grasping the damage state of large-scale fire and fire in buildings

caused by the earthquake and the following tsunami in cooperation with other institutes and universities

27

2011 Miyako, Iwate (IISEE/BRI)

2011/8/4

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Break water in Miyako


May 14, 2010

April 2011

2011/8/4

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World largest break water in Kamaishi

PortPort

1,660 m long & 63 m height

1/3 collapsed, butTsunami height was reduced 40 %.Arrival time delayed 6 min.(Kamaishi Port Office)


2011/8/4

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2011 Ootsuchi, Iwate (IISEE/BRI)

2011 Onagawa, Miyagi (IISEE/BRI)

2011/8/4

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2011 Sendai, Miyagi (IISEE/BRI)


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2011 Iwaki, Fukushima (IISEE/BRI)

2011/8/4

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3. Technical support to the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MILIT)

• Collaborative Research with private companies in the development and promotion project of building standards.

1: Consideration of contributing to the development of building standards in tsunami hazard areas

2: Consideration of contributing to the development of non-structural elements standard based on earthquake damage

3: Consideration of the effect of long-period seismic motion on super high-rise buildings

• Building Structural Standard Committee (NILIM)

57

Cooperate in research surveys and investigations of this committee appointed to consider the draft of building structural standard

• Committee of Technical Countermeasure against Liquefaction (MILIT)

Participate as a member in this committee appointed to consider technical issues common in each infrastructure

4. Information uploads・Established the special website to provide official information

http://iisee.kenken.go.jp/special2/20110311 h k h20110311tohoku.htm

58

http://www.kenken.go.jp/japanese/contents/topics/20110311

2011/8/4

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・Produced “Quick Report of the Field Survey and Research on The 2011 Off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake” jointly q j ywith NILIM and announced on the special web site on May 13, 2011.

* English version will be released on the end of August.

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5. Activities on going

• Continuation and expansion of the field survey and research works, and quick release and dissemination of their res ltstheir results.

• Active participation and technical support to activities by the national government.

• Close cooperation with concerned organizations such as p gArchitectural Institute of Japan (AIJ).

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lessons learnt from the recent off the pacific coast of ... · 8/4/2011 · akt tro nig hkd hku kgc...

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