letter of don antonio de otermin on volume...

Volume 1

The Declaration of Independence Had Condemned

Slavery? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132

Lee Had Not Followed Virginia in Secession? . . . . . . 355

English Spelling Reform Had Been Accepted? . . . . . 484

Volume 2


Operation Overlord Had Failed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758

Letter of Don Antonio de Otermin on

Popé’s Revolt in 1680 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1048

Patrick Henry’s “Give Me Liberty or

Give Me Death” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049

John O’Sullivan on Manifest Destiny . . . . . . . . . . . 1050

“Battle Cry of Freedom” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051

Willa Cather’s My Ántonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1052

Andrew Carnegie’s “Gospel of Wealth” . . . . . . . . . 1053

John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath . . . . . . . . . 1054

Georgia O’Keeffe’s Oriental Poppies . . . . . . . . . . . 1055

Audie Murphy’s “Alone and Far Removed” . . . . . . . 1055

“Letter from a Birmingham Jail“

by Martin Luther King, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1056

Elva Trevino Hart’s Barefoot Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057

The Magna Carta, 1215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1060

The Mayflower Compact, 1620 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061

The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 1639 . . . 1062

The English Bill of Rights, 1689 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1063

Second Treatise of Government, 1690 . . . . . . . . . . 1064

The Virginia Statute for Religious

Freedom, 1786 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065

The Federalist No. 10, 1787 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1066



Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796 . . . . . . . . . . 1068

The Kentucky Resolution, 1799 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069

“The Star-Spangled Banner,” 1814 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069

The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1070

The Seneca Falls Declaration, 1848 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1070

The Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 . . . . . . . . . . 1071

The Gettysburg Address, 1863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1072

The Pledge of Allegiance, 1892 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1072

President Harrison on Hawaiian

Annexation, 1893 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073

The American’s Creed, 1918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073

The Fourteen Points, 1918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074

The Four Freedoms, 1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075

The Truman Doctrine, 1947 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1076

Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1077

“I Have a Dream,” 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1078

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079

President George W. Bush’s Address to Joint Session

of Congress, September 20, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . 1079

Volume 1

The Constitution of the Five Nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

The American Crisis, Number 1, by

Thomas Paine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Walden, by Henry David Thoreau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, by

Frederick Douglass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

An Indian Teacher Among Indians, by

Gertrude Simmons Bonnin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

Volume 2



The Jungle, by Upton Sinclair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

Selected Poems by Langston Hughes . . . . . . . . . . . . 631

Farewell to Manzanar, by Jeanne Wakatsuki

Houston and James D. Houston . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773

The Yellow Wallpaper, by

Charlotte Perkins Gilman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931

Hunger of Memory, by Richard Rodriguez . . . . . . . 1007

Volume 1

The Caravel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

The Cotton Gin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

The Telegraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

The Mining Sluice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

Volume 2


Modern Battleships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524

The Assembly Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641

The Hydrogen Bomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798

Solar Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942

Magnetic Resonance Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014

iv

Volume 1

The Declaration of Independence Had Condemned

Slavery? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132

Lee Had Not Followed Virginia in Secession? . . . . . . 355


Volume 2


Operation Overlord Had Failed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758

Letter of Don Antonio de Otermin on

Popé’s Revolt in 1680 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1048

Patrick Henry’s “Give Me Liberty or

Give Me Death” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049

John O’Sullivan on Manifest Destiny . . . . . . . . . . . 1050

“Battle Cry of Freedom” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051

Willa Cather’s My Ántonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1052

Andrew Carnegie’s “Gospel of Wealth” . . . . . . . . . 1053

John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath . . . . . . . . . 1054

Georgia O’Keeffe’s Oriental Poppies . . . . . . . . . . . 1055

Audie Murphy’s “Alone and Far Removed” . . . . . . . 1055

“Letter from a Birmingham Jail“

by Martin Luther King, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1056

Elva Trevino Hart’s Barefoot Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057

The Magna Carta, 1215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1060

The Mayflower Compact, 1620 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061

The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 1639 . . . 1062

The English Bill of Rights, 1689 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1063

Second Treatise of Government, 1690 . . . . . . . . . . 1064

The Virginia Statute for Religious

Freedom, 1786 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065




Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796 . . . . . . . . . . 1068

The Kentucky Resolution, 1799 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069

“The Star-Spangled Banner,” 1814 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069

The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1070

The Seneca Falls Declaration, 1848 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1070

The Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 . . . . . . . . . . 1071

The Gettysburg Address, 1863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1072

The Pledge of Allegiance, 1892 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1072

President Harrison on Hawaiian

Annexation, 1893 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073

The American’s Creed, 1918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073

The Fourteen Points, 1918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074

The Four Freedoms, 1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075

The Truman Doctrine, 1947 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1076

Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1077

“I Have a Dream,” 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1078

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079

President George W. Bush’s Address to Joint Session

of Congress, September 20, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . 1079

Volume 1

The Constitution of the Five Nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

The American Crisis, Number 1, by

Thomas Paine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Walden, by Henry David Thoreau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, by

Frederick Douglass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339



Volume 2



The Jungle, by Upton Sinclair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

Selected Poems by Langston Hughes . . . . . . . . . . . . 631

Farewell to Manzanar, by Jeanne Wakatsuki

Houston and James D. Houston . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773

The Yellow Wallpaper, by

Charlotte Perkins Gilman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931

Hunger of Memory, by Richard Rodriguez . . . . . . . 1007

Volume 1

The Caravel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

The Cotton Gin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

The Telegraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365


Volume 2


Modern Battleships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524

The Assembly Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641

The Hydrogen Bomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798

Solar Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942

Magnetic Resonance Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014

iv

Volume 1The Compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Gunpowder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373The Trans-Siberian Railroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444Volume 2The Trans-Siberian Railroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444The Suez Canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540Jazz’s Global Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629

v

Volume 1Rush to the Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344Campaigning in Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377Winds of Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388Volumes 1 and 2The End of a Way of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426Labor Savers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450Teeming Tenements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472Hard Life on the Plains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505Volume 2Feisty Leader for a New Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531Youthful Protest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552Hero’s Homecoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600Entertainment for a New Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622On the Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642Image of an Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662Brief Respite for FDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691Never Give In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717Behind Barbed Wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752Aid for War’s Youngest Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780The King of Rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823Youth’s Helping Hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859American Segregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867America’s Longest War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900Woodstock Nation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924Hostage to Terror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968A City Reunited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003Terrorism in the Heartland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024

Volume 1

Land Bridge to America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Westward to the Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Spanish Missions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

Gettysburg: The Final Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

Immigrants Arrive in Chicago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

Volume 2


The Story of Yosemite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560

Hoover Dam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666

A Day for Heroes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762

Global Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944

Urban America on the Move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992

Volume 1The Spread of American Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . 148The Cowboys of Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419Volume 2The Cowboys of Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419Global War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597Geography and War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730The War’s Refugees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914The Islamic State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969

Volume 1

Refugee Migration to America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Popular Protest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Advances in Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

The Income Tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

Virginia City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

Volume 2

Virginia City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

The NAACP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569

Roosevelt Dime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680

The Incredible Shrinking Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817

Volume 1

The Spanish in Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Should the Majority Rule? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174

Did Manifest Destiny Violate American Ideals? . . . . 308

Carpetbaggers: Corrupt or Well-Intentioned? . . . . . 401

Two Views of Immigration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

Volume 2


Abrams v. United States, 1919 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588

What Should the Government’s Role in the

Economy Be? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669

Dropping the Atomic Bomb: Was It the

Right Decision? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770

Should the War in Korea Be Expanded? . . . . . . . . . . 788

The Vietnam War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898

Carter and Reagan on Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986

Volume 1The Compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Gunpowder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373The Trans-Siberian Railroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444Volume 2The Trans-Siberian Railroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444The Suez Canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540Jazz’s Global Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629

v

Volume 1Rush to the Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344Campaigning in Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377Winds of Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388Volumes 1 and 2The End of a Way of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426Labor Savers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450Teeming Tenements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472Hard Life on the Plains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505Volume 2Feisty Leader for a New Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531Youthful Protest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552Hero’s Homecoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600Entertainment for a New Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622On the Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642Image of an Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662Brief Respite for FDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691Never Give In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717Behind Barbed Wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752Aid for War’s Youngest Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780The King of Rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823Youth’s Helping Hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859American Segregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867America’s Longest War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900Woodstock Nation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924Hostage to Terror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968A City Reunited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003Terrorism in the Heartland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024

Volume 1

Land Bridge to America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Westward to the Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Spanish Missions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

Gettysburg: The Final Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374


Volume 2


The Story of Yosemite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560

Hoover Dam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666

A Day for Heroes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762

Global Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944

Urban America on the Move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992

Volume 1The Spread of American Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . 148The Cowboys of Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419Volume 2The Cowboys of Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419Global War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597Geography and War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730The War’s Refugees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914The Islamic State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969

Volume 1

Refugee Migration to America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Popular Protest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Advances in Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

The Income Tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

Virginia City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

Volume 2

Virginia City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

The NAACP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569

Roosevelt Dime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680

The Incredible Shrinking Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817

Volume 1

The Spanish in Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Should the Majority Rule? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174

Did Manifest Destiny Violate American Ideals? . . . . 308

Carpetbaggers: Corrupt or Well-Intentioned? . . . . . 401


Volume 2


Abrams v. United States, 1919 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588

What Should the Government’s Role in the

Economy Be? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669

Dropping the Atomic Bomb: Was It the

Right Decision? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770

Should the War in Korea Be Expanded? . . . . . . . . . . 788

The Vietnam War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898

Carter and Reagan on Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986

vi

Volume 1Christopher Columbus, 1451–1506 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Bartolomé de Las Casas, 1474–1566 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Pocahontas, 1596–1617 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Anne Bradstreet, c. 1612–1672 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101John Peter Zenger, 1697–1746 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106Sam Adams, 1722–1803 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122Bernardo de Gálvez, 1746–1786 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143Elizabeth Freeman (Mumbet), c. 1742–1829 . . . . . .149James Madison, 1751–1836 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Roger Sherman, 1721–1793 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Tecumseh, c. 1768–1813 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230Henry Clay, 1777–1852 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241John C. Calhoun, 1782–1850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Nat Turner, 1800–1831 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256Margaret Fuller, 1810–1850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276Prudence Crandall, 1803–1890 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286Lorenzo de Zavala, 1788–1836 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302Sam Houston, 1793–1863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302Harriet Tubman, c. 1820–1913 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328John Brown, 1800–1859 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338Federico Cavada, 1832–1871 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361Ulysses S. Grant, 1822–1885 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372Robert E. Lee, 1807–1870 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372Hiram Revels, 1822–1901 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Joseph Rainey, 1832–1887 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Volumes 1 and 2Sitting Bull, 1831–1890 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429Mother Jones, 1830–1930 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456Booker T. Washington, 1856–1915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485George Washington Carver, 1864–1943 . . . . . . . . . 485Mary Ellen Lease, 1853–1933 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504Mary Church Terrell, 1863–1954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510Volume 2Susan B. Anthony, 1820–1906 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550Jeannette Rankin, 1880–1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580Bessie Coleman, c. 1892–1926 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643Amelia Earhart, 1897–1937 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643Dorothea Lange, 1895–1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665Mary McLeod Bethune, 1875–1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696Frances Perkins, 1882–1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696Albert Einstein, 1879–1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720Chester W. Nimitz, 1885–1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746Isoroku Yamamoto, 1884–1943 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746The Navajo Code Talkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750Jonas Salk, 1914–1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819Esther Peterson, 1906–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860Thurgood Marshall, 1908–1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870Roy P. Benavidez, 1935– . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912Shirley Chisholm, 1924– . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929Dolores Huerta, 1930– . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936José Angel Gutiérrez, 1944– . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936Romana Acosta Bañuelos, 1925– . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954Sandra Day O’Connor, 1930– . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989Franklin R. Chang-Diaz, 1950– . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998Jerry Yang, 1968– . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015

Volume 1The Columbian Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42The Northwest Ordinance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160The 1828 Election . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268The Fourteenth Amendment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392Land-Grant Colleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

Volume 2Land-Grant Colleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422The Panama Canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538The TVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684Interstate Highways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812The Space Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848Strait of Hormuz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004

Volume 1Old-Fashioned School Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

Volume 2Flappers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6141930s Entertainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698Disco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972

Volume 1Comparing Accounts of the Boston Massacre . . . . . .124Investigating Standard Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452

Volume 2Investigating Standard Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452Who Sank the Maine? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534The Sacco-Vanzetti Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618Incident in the Gulf of Tonkin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902

Volume 1Colonizing America: 1519–1732 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Forging a Nation: 1781–1789 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Moving West: 1816–1850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298Rebuilding the Nation: 1865–1877 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396The Gilded Age: 1865–1896 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

Volume 2The Gilded Age: 1865–1896 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498A War to End All Wars: 1914–1918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590The Jazz Age: 1920–1929 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624An Age of Prosperity: 1945–1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826New Frontiers: 1961–1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852

vi

Volume 1Christopher Columbus, 1451–1506 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Bartolomé de Las Casas, 1474–1566 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Pocahontas, 1596–1617 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Anne Bradstreet, c. 1612–1672 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101John Peter Zenger, 1697–1746 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106Sam Adams, 1722–1803 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122Bernardo de Gálvez, 1746–1786 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143Elizabeth Freeman (Mumbet), c. 1742–1829 . . . . . .149James Madison, 1751–1836 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Roger Sherman, 1721–1793 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Tecumseh, c. 1768–1813 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230Henry Clay, 1777–1852 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241John C. Calhoun, 1782–1850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Nat Turner, 1800–1831 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256Margaret Fuller, 1810–1850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276Prudence Crandall, 1803–1890 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286Lorenzo de Zavala, 1788–1836 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302Sam Houston, 1793–1863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302Harriet Tubman, c. 1820–1913 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328John Brown, 1800–1859 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338Federico Cavada, 1832–1871 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361Ulysses S. Grant, 1822–1885 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372Robert E. Lee, 1807–1870 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372Hiram Revels, 1822–1901 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Joseph Rainey, 1832–1887 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Volumes 1 and 2Sitting Bull, 1831–1890 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429Mother Jones, 1830–1930 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456Booker T. Washington, 1856–1915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485George Washington Carver, 1864–1943 . . . . . . . . . 485Mary Ellen Lease, 1853–1933 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504Mary Church Terrell, 1863–1954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510Volume 2Susan B. Anthony, 1820–1906 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550Jeannette Rankin, 1880–1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580Bessie Coleman, c. 1892–1926 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643Amelia Earhart, 1897–1937 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643Dorothea Lange, 1895–1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665Mary McLeod Bethune, 1875–1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696Frances Perkins, 1882–1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696Albert Einstein, 1879–1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720Chester W. Nimitz, 1885–1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746Isoroku Yamamoto, 1884–1943 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746The Navajo Code Talkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750Jonas Salk, 1914–1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819Esther Peterson, 1906–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860Thurgood Marshall, 1908–1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870Roy P. Benavidez, 1935– . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912Shirley Chisholm, 1924– . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929Dolores Huerta, 1930– . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936José Angel Gutiérrez, 1944– . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936Romana Acosta Bañuelos, 1925– . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954Sandra Day O’Connor, 1930– . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989Franklin R. Chang-Diaz, 1950– . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998Jerry Yang, 1968– . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015

Volume 1The Columbian Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42The Northwest Ordinance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160The 1828 Election . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268The Fourteenth Amendment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392Land-Grant Colleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

Volume 2Land-Grant Colleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422The Panama Canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538The TVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684Interstate Highways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812The Space Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848Strait of Hormuz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004

Volume 1Old-Fashioned School Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

Volume 2Flappers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6141930s Entertainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698Disco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972

Volume 1Comparing Accounts of the Boston Massacre . . . . . .124Investigating Standard Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452

Volume 2Investigating Standard Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452Who Sank the Maine? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534The Sacco-Vanzetti Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618Incident in the Gulf of Tonkin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902

Volume 1Colonizing America: 1519–1732 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Forging a Nation: 1781–1789 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Moving West: 1816–1850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298Rebuilding the Nation: 1865–1877 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396The Gilded Age: 1865–1896 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

Volume 2The Gilded Age: 1865–1896 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498A War to End All Wars: 1914–1918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590The Jazz Age: 1920–1929 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624An Age of Prosperity: 1945–1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826New Frontiers: 1961–1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852

vii

Contents

Volume 1

Causes and Effects of European Exploration . . . . . . . 35

Causes and Effects of Tensions with Britain . . . . . . . 120

Causes and Effects of the American Revolution . . . . 129

Causes and Effects of the Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Volume 2

Effects of World War I on the United States . . . . . . . 601

Causes of the Great Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658

Causes and Effects of the Cold War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784

Volume 1

Pass the Popcorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Spain, 1492 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Flag of New France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

John Locke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

English Flag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

America’s Flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

The Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

The Star-Spangled Banner, 1779–1818 . . . . . . . . . . 229

Invasion of the Velocipedes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Abolitionist Songs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Dangers on the Western Trails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

“Born in a Log Cabin” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

Same Battles, Different Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

Expanding the Nation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

Volumes 1 and 2

Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

The New York Stock Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

The Seventh-Inning Stretch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

Volume 2

The Teddy Bear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558

New Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615

Cartoon Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638

The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650

Hobo Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664

The Battle of Dunkirk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716

Family Sacrifices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771

Cold War Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796

Quick and Easy Eats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822

Camelot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843

The Peace Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907

New 1960s Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923

The Day the Pitcher Refused to Play . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933

“Ping-Pong Diplomacy” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955

Put on a Happy Face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974

Food and Fashion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995

Social StudiesVolume 1Reading a Time Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Understanding the Parts of a Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Reading a Bar Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Reading a Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Reading a Line Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Understanding Latitude and Longitude . . . . . . . . . . 305

Interpreting Political Cartoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

Interpreting Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424

Volume 2Interpreting Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424

Reading a Thematic Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748

Conducting an Interview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915

Reading a Cartogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030

Critical ThinkingVolume 1Understanding Cause and Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Making Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Predicting Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

Making Inferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

Hypothesizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

Volume 2Making Inferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

Hypothesizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

Interpreting Points of View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513

Analyzing Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598

Synthesizing Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

Distinguishing Fact From Opinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651

Making Generalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731

Making Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861

Analyzing Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938

Analyzing Secondary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975

Analyzing News Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000

Study & WritingVolume 2Taking Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554

Outlining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701

Writing a Journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833

Preparing a Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887

TechnologyVolume 1Developing a Multimedia Presentation . . . . . . . . . . 289

Evaluating a Web Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

Volume 2Using an Electronic Spreadsheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526

Building a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673

vii

Contents

Volume 1

Causes and Effects of European Exploration . . . . . . . 35

Causes and Effects of Tensions with Britain . . . . . . . 120

Causes and Effects of the American Revolution . . . . 129

Causes and Effects of the Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Volume 2

Effects of World War I on the United States . . . . . . . 601

Causes of the Great Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658

Causes and Effects of the Cold War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784

Volume 1

Pass the Popcorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Spain, 1492 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Flag of New France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

John Locke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

English Flag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

America’s Flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

The Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

The Star-Spangled Banner, 1779–1818 . . . . . . . . . . 229

Invasion of the Velocipedes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Abolitionist Songs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Dangers on the Western Trails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

“Born in a Log Cabin” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

Same Battles, Different Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

Expanding the Nation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

Volumes 1 and 2

Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

The New York Stock Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

The Seventh-Inning Stretch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

Volume 2

The Teddy Bear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558

New Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615

Cartoon Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638

The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650

Hobo Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664

The Battle of Dunkirk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716

Family Sacrifices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771

Cold War Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796

Quick and Easy Eats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822

Camelot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843

The Peace Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907

New 1960s Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923

The Day the Pitcher Refused to Play . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933

“Ping-Pong Diplomacy” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955

Put on a Happy Face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974

Food and Fashion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995

Social StudiesVolume 1Reading a Time Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Understanding the Parts of a Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Reading a Bar Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Reading a Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Reading a Line Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Understanding Latitude and Longitude . . . . . . . . . . 305

Interpreting Political Cartoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

Interpreting Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424

Volume 2Interpreting Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424

Reading a Thematic Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748

Conducting an Interview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915

Reading a Cartogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030

Critical ThinkingVolume 1Understanding Cause and Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Making Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Predicting Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

Making Inferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

Hypothesizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

Volume 2Making Inferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

Hypothesizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

Interpreting Points of View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513

Analyzing Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598

Synthesizing Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

Distinguishing Fact From Opinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651

Making Generalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731

Making Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861

Analyzing Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938

Analyzing Secondary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975

Analyzing News Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000

Study & WritingVolume 2Taking Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554

Outlining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701

Writing a Journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833

Preparing a Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887

TechnologyVolume 1Developing a Multimedia Presentation . . . . . . . . . . 289

Evaluating a Web Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

Volume 2Using an Electronic Spreadsheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526

Building a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673

Volume 1

CHAPTER 1 • Converging Cultures,Prehistory to 1520Frank H.H. Roberts, Jr., adapted from The First American:

A Story of North American Archaeology . . . . . . . . . . . .12Anonymous Natchez man, quoted in

America in 1492 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Mahmoud Kati, adapted from

Wonders of the African World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26Abu Hamid al-Andalusi, quoted in

African Kingdoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28Leo Africanus, quoted in African Kingdoms . . . . . . . . . . .29Pope Urban II, quoted in The Discoverers . . . . . . . . . . . . .32Anonymous English monk, quoted in Colloquy . . . . . . .33Christopher Columbus, adapted from

The Log of Christopher Columbus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38Christopher Columbus, quoted in 500 Nations . . . . . . . .40Christopher Columbus, quoted in

The Voyage of Christopher Columbus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

CHAPTER 2 • Colonizing America:1519–1733Anonymous Aztec, quoted in The Broken Spears:

The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico . . . . . . . .50Anonymous Aztec, quoted in The Broken Spears:

The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico . . . . . . .52Hernán Cortés, quoted in Five Letters of

Cortés to the Emperor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52Anonymous Aztec, quoted in The Broken Spears:

The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico . . . . . . .53Sir George Yeardley, adapted from Jamestown,

1544–1699 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58Ralph Hamor, quoted in Colonial America . . . . . . . . . . . .63Pilgrim’s agreement, adapted from

Basic Documents in American History . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66John Winthrop, from “A Model of Christian Charity” . . . .68Dutch citizens, adapted from A New World

and Colonial New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

CHAPTER 3 • Colonial Ways of Life,1607–1763William Byrd II, quoted in The Growth of

the American Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84Olaudah Equiano, from The Interesting Narrative

of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or GustavusVassa the African . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

Francis Higginson, from “On the Riches of New England,” The Annals of America . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

Benjamin Franklin and the Boston Gazette, adaptedfrom The Rise of American Civilization . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

Jonathan Mayhew, quoted in The Making of American Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

Benjamin Franklin, adapted from Colonial Pennsylvania: A History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

Cotton Mather, quoted in The Colonial Image . . . . . . . .105

CHAPTER 4 • The American Revolution,1754–1783John Hughes, adapted from What They Didn’t

Teach You About the American Revolution . . . . . . . .116John Adams, quoted in America’s History . . . . . . . . . . . .120Wife of a pro-British merchant, quoted in Eyewitness

Accounts of the American Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . .121George Hewes, quoted in The Spirit of ‘Seventy-Six . . .126Thomas Paine, from Common Sense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133Henry Beckman Livingston, adapted from

A Salute to Courage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138Thomas Paine, from The American Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . .141William Cushing, adapted from

Founding the Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147Thomas Jefferson, in the Virginia

Statute for Religious Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149

CHAPTER 5 • Creating a Constitution,1781–1789George Washington, adapted from The Forging

of the Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158Benjamin Franklin, quoted in An Outline of

American History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164Benjamin Franklin, quoted in Benjamin Franklin:

A Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167Patrick Henry, quoted in Patrick Henry: A Biography . . .172Amos Singletary, quoted in the Massachusetts Gazette . .173James Madison, from The Federalist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174Thomas Jefferson, letter to Madison,

December 20, 1787 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174Jedidiah Morse, quoted in

Readings in American History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177

CHAPTER 6 • Federalists and Republicans,1789–1816George Washington, adapted from

Washington: The Indispensable Man . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210Alexander Hamilton, quoted in

America, A Narrative History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212John Marshall, adapted from The Flavor of the Past . . 215George Washington, from Washington’s

Farewell Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218Anonymous Washington, D.C. resident, quoted in

The Life of Thomas Jefferson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221Philip Barton Key, quoted in The American Spirit . . . . . . . 225Francis Scott Key, from “The Star-Spangled Banner” . . . . . 228

A variety of quotations and excerpts throughout the text express thethoughts, feelings, and life experiences of people, past and present.

viii

Volume 1

CHAPTER 1 • Converging Cultures,Prehistory to 1520Frank H.H. Roberts, Jr., adapted from The First American:

A Story of North American Archaeology . . . . . . . . . . . .12Anonymous Natchez man, quoted in

America in 1492 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Mahmoud Kati, adapted from

Wonders of the African World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26Abu Hamid al-Andalusi, quoted in

African Kingdoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28Leo Africanus, quoted in African Kingdoms . . . . . . . . . . .29Pope Urban II, quoted in The Discoverers . . . . . . . . . . . . .32Anonymous English monk, quoted in Colloquy . . . . . . .33Christopher Columbus, adapted from

The Log of Christopher Columbus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38Christopher Columbus, quoted in 500 Nations . . . . . . . .40Christopher Columbus, quoted in

The Voyage of Christopher Columbus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

CHAPTER 2 • Colonizing America:1519–1733Anonymous Aztec, quoted in The Broken Spears:

The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico . . . . . . . .50Anonymous Aztec, quoted in The Broken Spears:

The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico . . . . . . .52Hernán Cortés, quoted in Five Letters of

Cortés to the Emperor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52Anonymous Aztec, quoted in The Broken Spears:

The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico . . . . . . .53Sir George Yeardley, adapted from Jamestown,

1544–1699 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58Ralph Hamor, quoted in Colonial America . . . . . . . . . . . .63Pilgrim’s agreement, adapted from

Basic Documents in American History . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66John Winthrop, from “A Model of Christian Charity” . . . .68Dutch citizens, adapted from A New World

and Colonial New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

CHAPTER 3 • Colonial Ways of Life,1607–1763William Byrd II, quoted in The Growth of

the American Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84Olaudah Equiano, from The Interesting Narrative

of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or GustavusVassa the African . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

Francis Higginson, from “On the Riches of New England,” The Annals of America . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

Benjamin Franklin and the Boston Gazette, adaptedfrom The Rise of American Civilization . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

Jonathan Mayhew, quoted in The Making of American Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

Benjamin Franklin, adapted from Colonial Pennsylvania: A History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

Cotton Mather, quoted in The Colonial Image . . . . . . . .105

CHAPTER 4 • The American Revolution,1754–1783John Hughes, adapted from What They Didn’t

Teach You About the American Revolution . . . . . . . .116John Adams, quoted in America’s History . . . . . . . . . . . .120Wife of a pro-British merchant, quoted in Eyewitness

Accounts of the American Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . .121George Hewes, quoted in The Spirit of ‘Seventy-Six . . .126Thomas Paine, from Common Sense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133Henry Beckman Livingston, adapted from

A Salute to Courage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138Thomas Paine, from The American Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . .141William Cushing, adapted from

Founding the Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147Thomas Jefferson, in the Virginia

Statute for Religious Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149

CHAPTER 5 • Creating a Constitution,1781–1789George Washington, adapted from The Forging

of the Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158Benjamin Franklin, quoted in An Outline of

American History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164Benjamin Franklin, quoted in Benjamin Franklin:

A Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167Patrick Henry, quoted in Patrick Henry: A Biography . . .172Amos Singletary, quoted in the Massachusetts Gazette . .173James Madison, from The Federalist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174Thomas Jefferson, letter to Madison,

December 20, 1787 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174Jedidiah Morse, quoted in

Readings in American History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177

CHAPTER 6 • Federalists and Republicans,1789–1816George Washington, adapted from

Washington: The Indispensable Man . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210Alexander Hamilton, quoted in

America, A Narrative History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212John Marshall, adapted from The Flavor of the Past . . 215George Washington, from Washington’s

Farewell Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218Anonymous Washington, D.C. resident, quoted in

The Life of Thomas Jefferson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221Philip Barton Key, quoted in The American Spirit . . . . . . . 225Francis Scott Key, from “The Star-Spangled Banner” . . . . . 228

A variety of quotations and excerpts throughout the text express thethoughts, feelings, and life experiences of people, past and present.

viii

ix

Contents

James Madison, from Madison’s War Message to Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

Massachusetts residents, quoted in the Columbian Centinel, July 20, 1812 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

CHAPTER 7 • Growth and Division,1816–1832James Monroe, from James Monroe’s

Inaugural Address, March 1817 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240Seminole leader Kinache, quoted in

The Seminoles of Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243Anonymous Erie Canal investor, quoted in

The Artificial River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245Lucy Larcom, quoted in Ordinary Americans . . . . . . . . 249Reporter, from A History of the United States . . . . . . . . 250Solomon Northup, quoted in Twelve Years a Slave . . . 251Mark Twain, from Huckleberry Finn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253Frederick Douglass, from Narrative of the

Life of Frederick Douglass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254Samuel Ringgold Ward, quoted in Long Memory:

The Black Experience in America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Thomas Jefferson, quoted in

The Annals of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257Andrew Jackson Donelson, quoted in Henry Clay . . . . 259John Marshall, from McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 . . . . 262

CHAPTER 8 • The Spirit of Reform,1828–1845Margaret Bayard Smith, adapted from

First Forty Years of Washington Society . . . . . . . . . . . 266Daniel Webster, quoted in The Writings

and Speeches of Daniel Webster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269Daniel Guiney, quoted in Out of Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . 273August Blümmer, quoted in News from

the Land of Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274Dorothea Dix, adapted from Old South Leaflets . . . . . . 278Horace Mann, from “Report of the

Massachusetts Board of Education,” 1848 . . . . . . . . . 280William Lloyd Garrison, quoted in Witness

to America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284William Lloyd Garrison, from the Liberator . . . . . . . . . 286Editorial from the Raleigh Register,

November 9, 1829 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

CHAPTER 9 • Manifest Destiny, 1835–1848Mary Richardson Walker, quoted in

Women of the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294Elizabeth Geer, quoted in Women’s Diaries

of the Westward Journey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296Stephen F. Austin, quoted in Stephen F. Austin:

Empresario of Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300William B. Travis, quoted in History of Texas . . . . . . . . 302

Napoleon Dana, adapted from Monterrey is Ours! . . . . 306Albert Gallatin, quoted in The Mission of the

United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308John L. O’Sullivan, quoted in Annexation . . . . . . . . . . . 309Anonymous army officer, from Memoirs of a

Maryland Volunteer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309Charles Sumner, quoted in Readings in

American History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

CHAPTER 10 • Sectional ConflictIntensifies, 1848–1860Daniel Webster, from the Congressional Globe,

31st Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324Isabella Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe, adapted

from Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326Levi Coffin, quoted in The Underground Railroad . . . . 328Abraham Lincoln, quoted in Abraham Lincoln . . . . . . . 332Roger B. Taney, from Dred Scott v. Sandford . . . . . . . . 335Robert Purvis, quoted in Witness for Freedom . . . . . . . 335Abraham Lincoln, quoted in The Civil War:

An Illustrated History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336Abraham Lincoln, quoted in The Civil War:

Opposing Viewpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337John Brown, quoted in John Brown, 1800–1859 . . . . . . 338Mary Chesnut, adapted from

Mary Chesnut’s Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340Abraham Lincoln, from Lincoln’s

Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343Edward A. Pollard, from The Lost Cause . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

CHAPTER 11 • The Civil War, 1861–1865Theodore Upson, adapted from With Sherman

to the Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350Charles Coffin, quoted in Voices of the Civil War . . . . . . . 357George Julian, quoted in Battle Cry of Freedom . . . . . . . 363Robert Stiles, quoted in Voices of the Civil War . . . . . . 364Frederick Douglass, quoted in

Battle Cry of Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366The New York Tribune, from Like Men of War . . . . . . 366Carl Schurz, quoted in The Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367Kate Cumming, quoted in Battle Cry of Freedom . . . . . . . 368Samuel Wilkeson, quoted in

Eyewitness to History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369Jesse Bowman Young, quoted in

Voices of the Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371Abraham Lincoln, from the Gettysburg Address . . . . . . . 372Abraham Lincoln and guest, adapted from

The Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376Robert E. Lee, from Personal Reminiscences,

Anecdotes, and Letters of General Robert E. Lee . . . 383

CHAPTER 12 • Reconstruction, 1865–1877Houston Holloway, quoted in A Short History

of Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

ix

Contents

James Madison, from Madison’s War Message to Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

Massachusetts residents, quoted in the Columbian Centinel, July 20, 1812 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

CHAPTER 7 • Growth and Division,1816–1832James Monroe, from James Monroe’s

Inaugural Address, March 1817 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240Seminole leader Kinache, quoted in

The Seminoles of Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243Anonymous Erie Canal investor, quoted in

The Artificial River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245Lucy Larcom, quoted in Ordinary Americans . . . . . . . . 249Reporter, from A History of the United States . . . . . . . . 250Solomon Northup, quoted in Twelve Years a Slave . . . 251Mark Twain, from Huckleberry Finn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253Frederick Douglass, from Narrative of the

Life of Frederick Douglass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254Samuel Ringgold Ward, quoted in Long Memory:

The Black Experience in America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Thomas Jefferson, quoted in

The Annals of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257Andrew Jackson Donelson, quoted in Henry Clay . . . . 259John Marshall, from McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 . . . . 262

CHAPTER 8 • The Spirit of Reform,1828–1845Margaret Bayard Smith, adapted from

First Forty Years of Washington Society . . . . . . . . . . . 266Daniel Webster, quoted in The Writings

and Speeches of Daniel Webster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269Daniel Guiney, quoted in Out of Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . 273August Blümmer, quoted in News from

the Land of Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274Dorothea Dix, adapted from Old South Leaflets . . . . . . 278Horace Mann, from “Report of the

Massachusetts Board of Education,” 1848 . . . . . . . . . 280William Lloyd Garrison, quoted in Witness

to America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284William Lloyd Garrison, from the Liberator . . . . . . . . . 286Editorial from the Raleigh Register,

November 9, 1829 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

CHAPTER 9 • Manifest Destiny, 1835–1848Mary Richardson Walker, quoted in

Women of the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294Elizabeth Geer, quoted in Women’s Diaries

of the Westward Journey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296Stephen F. Austin, quoted in Stephen F. Austin:

Empresario of Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300William B. Travis, quoted in History of Texas . . . . . . . . 302

Napoleon Dana, adapted from Monterrey is Ours! . . . . 306Albert Gallatin, quoted in The Mission of the

United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308John L. O’Sullivan, quoted in Annexation . . . . . . . . . . . 309Anonymous army officer, from Memoirs of a

Maryland Volunteer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309Charles Sumner, quoted in Readings in

American History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

CHAPTER 10 • Sectional ConflictIntensifies, 1848–1860Daniel Webster, from the Congressional Globe,

31st Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324Isabella Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe, adapted

from Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326Levi Coffin, quoted in The Underground Railroad . . . . 328Abraham Lincoln, quoted in Abraham Lincoln . . . . . . . 332Roger B. Taney, from Dred Scott v. Sandford . . . . . . . . 335Robert Purvis, quoted in Witness for Freedom . . . . . . . 335Abraham Lincoln, quoted in The Civil War:

An Illustrated History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336Abraham Lincoln, quoted in The Civil War:

Opposing Viewpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337John Brown, quoted in John Brown, 1800–1859 . . . . . . 338Mary Chesnut, adapted from

Mary Chesnut’s Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340Abraham Lincoln, from Lincoln’s

Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343Edward A. Pollard, from The Lost Cause . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

CHAPTER 11 • The Civil War, 1861–1865Theodore Upson, adapted from With Sherman

to the Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350Charles Coffin, quoted in Voices of the Civil War . . . . . . . 357George Julian, quoted in Battle Cry of Freedom . . . . . . . 363Robert Stiles, quoted in Voices of the Civil War . . . . . . 364Frederick Douglass, quoted in

Battle Cry of Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366The New York Tribune, from Like Men of War . . . . . . 366Carl Schurz, quoted in The Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367Kate Cumming, quoted in Battle Cry of Freedom . . . . . . . 368Samuel Wilkeson, quoted in

Eyewitness to History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369Jesse Bowman Young, quoted in

Voices of the Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371Abraham Lincoln, from the Gettysburg Address . . . . . . . 372Abraham Lincoln and guest, adapted from

The Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376Robert E. Lee, from Personal Reminiscences,

Anecdotes, and Letters of General Robert E. Lee . . . 383

CHAPTER 12 • Reconstruction, 1865–1877Houston Holloway, quoted in A Short History

of Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

x

Henry Wilson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388Charles Sumner, quoted in Charles Sumner . . . . . . . . . 391Essic Harris, adapted from The Fiery Cross . . . . . . . . . . 398Oliver Morton, quoted in Reconstruction:

Opposing Viewpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401William Manning Lowe, quoted in

Reconstruction: Opposing Viewpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . 401Anonymous African American organization,

from Records of the U.S. Senate, 42nd Congress . . . 402Rutherford B. Hayes, quoted in

Rutherford B. Hayes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406

Volumes 1 and 2

CHAPTER 13 • Settling the West,1865–1900John Waldorf, adapted from A Kid

on the Comstock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414Nat Love, quoted in Life and Adventures

of Nat Love . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418Charley O’Kieffe, adapted from Western Story:

Recollections of Charley O’Kieffe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420William Allen White, from the Emporia Gazette . . . . . . . 423Ten Bears, adapted from Tribes of the

Southern Plains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425Chief Joseph, quoted in Bury My Heart

at Wounded Knee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429Satanta, quoted in Bury My Heart at

Wounded Knee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

CHAPTER 14 • Industrialization,1865–1901Thomas Alva Edison, quoted in

Eyewitness to America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436Grenville Dodge, quoted in Mine Eyes Have Seen . . . . 442Grenville Dodge, quoted in The Growth of the

American Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443Ida Tarbell, quoted in All in the Day’s Work . . . . . . . . . 447Andrew Carnegie, quoted in The Growth of the

American Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449John Siney, quoted in Labor’s Untold Story . . . . . . . . . . 454William Sylvis, quoted in Industrialism and the

American Worker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456Ida Tarbell, quoted in Readings in

American History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

CHAPTER 15 • Urban America, 1865–1896Mary Hayye, adapted from Witnessing America . . . . . . . 464Edward Steiner, quoted in World of Our Fathers . . . . . . . 465Lee Chew, quoted in A Sunday Between Wars . . . . . . . 467Frank Lloyd Wright, quoted in Eyewitness

to America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469Anonymous professor’s wife, quoted in

A Sunday Between Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471Zalmen Yoffeh, quoted in How We Lived . . . . . . . . . . . 471

George Plunkitt, quoted in In Search of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

William Lyon Phelps, adapted from Social Darwinism in American Thought . . . . . . . . . . . 476

Edward Atkinson, quoted in America’s History . . . . . . . 477Andrew Carnegie, quoted in Voices

from America’s Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478Lillian Wald, quoted in The House on

Henry Street . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481Henry George, from Progress and Poverty . . . . . . . . . . 482Anonymous editorial, from the Commercial

and Financial Chronicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488

CHAPTER 16 • Politics and Reform,1877–1896Charles Guiteau, quoted in Garfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492Leonidas L. Polk, quoted in Democratic Promise:

The Populist Movement in America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500William Jennings Bryan, quoted in America in

the Gilded Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506Tom Watson, adapted from Tom Watson:

Agrarian Rebel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508Henry King, quoted in Eyewitness: The Negro

in History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509Booker T. Washington, adapted from Up

from Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512Washington Gladden, quoted in Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

Volume 2

CHAPTER 17 • Becoming a World Power,1872–1912John L. Stevens, adapted from A History of

the American People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520John Fiske, quoted in Expansionists of 1898 . . . . . . . . . 521Clara Barton, adapted from The Spanish War . . . . . . . 527William McKinley, quoted in A Diplomatic

History of the American People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532Theodore Roosevelt, quoted in The Growth of

the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541Carl Schurz, quoted in The Policy of

Imperialism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542

CHAPTER 18 • The Progressive Movement,1890–1919Rose Winslow, quoted in Jailed for Freedom . . . . . . . . 546Theodore Roosevelt, presidential speech,

Washington, D.C., April 14, 1906 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547Lincoln Steffens, quoted in Theodore

Roosevelt, A Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555Upton Sinclair, from The Jungle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558Theodore Roosevelt, Nellie Taft, and William Howard

Taft, adapted from The American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

x

Henry Wilson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388Charles Sumner, quoted in Charles Sumner . . . . . . . . . 391Essic Harris, adapted from The Fiery Cross . . . . . . . . . . 398Oliver Morton, quoted in Reconstruction:

Opposing Viewpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401William Manning Lowe, quoted in

Reconstruction: Opposing Viewpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . 401Anonymous African American organization,

from Records of the U.S. Senate, 42nd Congress . . . 402Rutherford B. Hayes, quoted in

Rutherford B. Hayes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406

Volumes 1 and 2

CHAPTER 13 • Settling the West,1865–1900John Waldorf, adapted from A Kid

on the Comstock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414Nat Love, quoted in Life and Adventures

of Nat Love . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418Charley O’Kieffe, adapted from Western Story:

Recollections of Charley O’Kieffe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420William Allen White, from the Emporia Gazette . . . . . . . 423Ten Bears, adapted from Tribes of the

Southern Plains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425Chief Joseph, quoted in Bury My Heart

at Wounded Knee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429Satanta, quoted in Bury My Heart at

Wounded Knee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

CHAPTER 14 • Industrialization,1865–1901Thomas Alva Edison, quoted in

Eyewitness to America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436Grenville Dodge, quoted in Mine Eyes Have Seen . . . . 442Grenville Dodge, quoted in The Growth of the

American Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443Ida Tarbell, quoted in All in the Day’s Work . . . . . . . . . 447Andrew Carnegie, quoted in The Growth of the

American Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449John Siney, quoted in Labor’s Untold Story . . . . . . . . . . 454William Sylvis, quoted in Industrialism and the

American Worker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456Ida Tarbell, quoted in Readings in

American History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

CHAPTER 15 • Urban America, 1865–1896Mary Hayye, adapted from Witnessing America . . . . . . . 464Edward Steiner, quoted in World of Our Fathers . . . . . . . 465Lee Chew, quoted in A Sunday Between Wars . . . . . . . 467Frank Lloyd Wright, quoted in Eyewitness

to America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469Anonymous professor’s wife, quoted in

A Sunday Between Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471Zalmen Yoffeh, quoted in How We Lived . . . . . . . . . . . 471

George Plunkitt, quoted in In Search of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

William Lyon Phelps, adapted from Social Darwinism in American Thought . . . . . . . . . . . 476

Edward Atkinson, quoted in America’s History . . . . . . . 477Andrew Carnegie, quoted in Voices

from America’s Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478Lillian Wald, quoted in The House on

Henry Street . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481Henry George, from Progress and Poverty . . . . . . . . . . 482Anonymous editorial, from the Commercial

and Financial Chronicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488

CHAPTER 16 • Politics and Reform,1877–1896Charles Guiteau, quoted in Garfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492Leonidas L. Polk, quoted in Democratic Promise:

The Populist Movement in America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500William Jennings Bryan, quoted in America in

the Gilded Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506Tom Watson, adapted from Tom Watson:

Agrarian Rebel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508Henry King, quoted in Eyewitness: The Negro

in History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509Booker T. Washington, adapted from Up

from Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512Washington Gladden, quoted in Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

Volume 2

CHAPTER 17 • Becoming a World Power,1872–1912John L. Stevens, adapted from A History of

the American People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520John Fiske, quoted in Expansionists of 1898 . . . . . . . . . 521Clara Barton, adapted from The Spanish War . . . . . . . 527William McKinley, quoted in A Diplomatic

History of the American People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532Theodore Roosevelt, quoted in The Growth of

the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541Carl Schurz, quoted in The Policy of

Imperialism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542

CHAPTER 18 • The Progressive Movement,1890–1919Rose Winslow, quoted in Jailed for Freedom . . . . . . . . 546Theodore Roosevelt, presidential speech,

Washington, D.C., April 14, 1906 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547Lincoln Steffens, quoted in Theodore

Roosevelt, A Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555Upton Sinclair, from The Jungle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558Theodore Roosevelt, Nellie Taft, and William Howard

Taft, adapted from The American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

Contents

William Howard Taft, quoted in The American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidentsof the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563

Woodrow Wilson, adapted from Wilson: The Road to the White House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566

Ida Husted Harper, quoted in The Independent, 1901 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573

CHAPTER 19 • World War I and Its Aftermath, 1914–1920Edith O’Shaughnessy, adapted from

A Diplomat’s Wife In Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576Woodrow Wilson, quoted in the

Congressional Record, 1917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583Eugene Debs, adapted from Echoes of

Distant Thunder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584John H. Clarke, majority opinion from

Abrams v. United States, 1919 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., dissenting opinion

from Abrams v. United States, 1919 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588Newton Baker, quoted in Echoes of

Distant Thunder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589John J. Pershing, quoted in The Yanks Are Coming . . . 592Anonymous American soldier, quoted in

The American Spirit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593Henry Cabot Lodge, from “On the League

of Nations” speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598Mary Harris Jones, quoted in Labor in Crisis . . . . . . . . 599Warren G. Harding, quoted in Portrait of a Nation . . . 603Eugene V. Debs, quoted in Echoes of Distant Thunder . . . 604

CHAPTER 20 • The Jazz Age, 1921–1929Alfred Levitt, quoted in Centenarians: The Story

of the Twentieth Century by the AmericansWho Lived It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610

Henry Curran, quoted in Ellis Island: Echoes from a Nation’s Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612

F. Scott Fitzgerald, quoted in Echoes of the Jazz Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620

Brooks Atkinson, from New York’s Greenwich Village . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621

Edna St. Vincent Millay, “First Fig” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621Louis Armstrong, quoted in The African

American Family Album . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626W.E.B. Du Bois, from When Harlem Was in Vogue . . . 629Arna Bontemps, from “A Black Man

Talks of Reaping” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

CHAPTER 21 • Normalcy and Good Times, 1921–1929Calvin Coolidge and Charles Hopkinson,

adapted from Flappers, Bootleggers, “Typhoid Mary”and the Bomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636

Alice Roosevelt Longworth, quoted in The Perils of Prosperity, 1914–1932 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637

Henry Ford, adapted from The Fords: An American Epic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640

Lena Stanley, quoted in Centenarians: The Story of the Twentieth Century by the Americans Who Lived It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643

Harry Daugherty, adapted from Mellon’s Millions . . . . . . . 647Calvin Coolidge, from President Coolidge’s Annual

Message to Congress, December 4, 1928 . . . . . . . . . 652

CHAPTER 22 • The Great DepressionBegins, 1929–1932Annetta Gibson, quoted in Centenarians: The Story


Arthur Marx, quoted in The Year of the Great Crash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658

Dynamite Garland, adapted from Hard Times . . . . . . . 661Peggy Terry, quoted in Hard Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662John Steinbeck, from The Grapes of Wrath . . . . . . . . . . 665Joseph Heffernan, adapted from

The Great Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668Herbert Hoover, from his Madison Square

Garden Address, 1928 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669Franklin Roosevelt, from Roosevelt’s

Inaugural Address, 1933 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669E.Y. Harburg, from “Brother, Can You

Spare a Dime?” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674

CHAPTER 23 • Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1933–1939Louis Howe, adapted from The Crisis of the

Old Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678Franklin Roosevelt, quoted in The Public Papers

and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt . . . . . . . . . . . 679Harold Clurman, quoted in Franklin Roosevelt

and the New Deal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680Will Rogers, adapted from Will Rogers: A Biography . . 682Harry Hopkins, adapted from The Politics

of Upheaval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689Bruce Bliven, quoted in The Great Depression . . . . . . . 693Robert Vann, adapted from The Politics

of Upheaval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695Franklin Roosevelt, quoted in Public Papers and

Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698

CHAPTER 24 • A World in Flames,1931–1941Dorothy Thompson, quoted in The Women Who

Wrote the War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708Franklin Roosevelt, quoted in Freedom from Fear . . . . 712Sumner Welles, quoted in Roosevelt and Churchill . . . 713

xi

Contents

William Howard Taft, quoted in The American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidentsof the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563

Woodrow Wilson, adapted from Wilson: The Road to the White House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566

Ida Husted Harper, quoted in The Independent, 1901 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573

CHAPTER 19 • World War I and Its Aftermath, 1914–1920Edith O’Shaughnessy, adapted from

A Diplomat’s Wife In Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576Woodrow Wilson, quoted in the

Congressional Record, 1917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583Eugene Debs, adapted from Echoes of

Distant Thunder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584John H. Clarke, majority opinion from

Abrams v. United States, 1919 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., dissenting opinion

from Abrams v. United States, 1919 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588Newton Baker, quoted in Echoes of

Distant Thunder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589John J. Pershing, quoted in The Yanks Are Coming . . . 592Anonymous American soldier, quoted in

The American Spirit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593Henry Cabot Lodge, from “On the League

of Nations” speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598Mary Harris Jones, quoted in Labor in Crisis . . . . . . . . 599Warren G. Harding, quoted in Portrait of a Nation . . . 603Eugene V. Debs, quoted in Echoes of Distant Thunder . . . 604

CHAPTER 20 • The Jazz Age, 1921–1929Alfred Levitt, quoted in Centenarians: The Story


Henry Curran, quoted in Ellis Island: Echoes from a Nation’s Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612

F. Scott Fitzgerald, quoted in Echoes of the Jazz Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620

Brooks Atkinson, from New York’s Greenwich Village . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621

Edna St. Vincent Millay, “First Fig” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621Louis Armstrong, quoted in The African

American Family Album . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626W.E.B. Du Bois, from When Harlem Was in Vogue . . . 629Arna Bontemps, from “A Black Man

Talks of Reaping” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

CHAPTER 21 • Normalcy and Good Times, 1921–1929Calvin Coolidge and Charles Hopkinson,

adapted from Flappers, Bootleggers, “Typhoid Mary”and the Bomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636

Alice Roosevelt Longworth, quoted in The Perils of Prosperity, 1914–1932 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637

Henry Ford, adapted from The Fords: An American Epic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640

Lena Stanley, quoted in Centenarians: The Story of the Twentieth Century by the Americans Who Lived It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643

Harry Daugherty, adapted from Mellon’s Millions . . . . . . . 647Calvin Coolidge, from President Coolidge’s Annual

Message to Congress, December 4, 1928 . . . . . . . . . 652

CHAPTER 22 • The Great DepressionBegins, 1929–1932Annetta Gibson, quoted in Centenarians: The Story


Arthur Marx, quoted in The Year of the Great Crash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658

Dynamite Garland, adapted from Hard Times . . . . . . . 661Peggy Terry, quoted in Hard Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662John Steinbeck, from The Grapes of Wrath . . . . . . . . . . 665Joseph Heffernan, adapted from

The Great Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668Herbert Hoover, from his Madison Square

Garden Address, 1928 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669Franklin Roosevelt, from Roosevelt’s

Inaugural Address, 1933 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669E.Y. Harburg, from “Brother, Can You

Spare a Dime?” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674

CHAPTER 23 • Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1933–1939Louis Howe, adapted from The Crisis of the

Old Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678Franklin Roosevelt, quoted in The Public Papers

and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt . . . . . . . . . . . 679Harold Clurman, quoted in Franklin Roosevelt

and the New Deal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680Will Rogers, adapted from Will Rogers: A Biography . . 682Harry Hopkins, adapted from The Politics

of Upheaval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689Bruce Bliven, quoted in The Great Depression . . . . . . . 693Robert Vann, adapted from The Politics

of Upheaval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695Franklin Roosevelt, quoted in Public Papers and

Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698

CHAPTER 24 • A World in Flames,1931–1941Dorothy Thompson, quoted in The Women Who

Wrote the War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708Franklin Roosevelt, quoted in Freedom from Fear . . . . 712Sumner Welles, quoted in Roosevelt and Churchill . . . 713

xi

xii

Winston Churchill, quoted in Freedom from Fear . . . . 717Mira Ryczke, quoted in Echoes from the Holocaust . . . .719Frederick Morton, quoted in Facing History

and Ourselves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721Leon Bass, quoted in Facing History and Ourselves . . . . . 723Daniel Inouye, quoted in Eyewitness to America . . . . . .725Franklin Roosevelt, quoted in Franklin D.

Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny . . . . . . . . . . . . 730Charles Lindbergh, from his speech to

the America First Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733

CHAPTER 25 • America and World War II, 1941–1945Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt and Frank Knox,

adapted from No Ordinary Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736George C. Marshall, quoted in Miracle of

World War II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738Saunders Redding, quoted in America at War . . . . . . . 740James Thach, quoted in The Pacific War

Remembered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742Leon Beck, quoted in Death March: The Survivors

of Bataan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743Laura Briggs, quoted in Wartime America:

The World War II Home Front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749Inez Sauer, quoted in Eyewitness to World War II . . . . . 750John Bentz Carroll, quoted in D-Day: Piercing

the Atlantic Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755Robert Sherrod, from Tarawa:

The Story of a Battle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759Luther Fletcher, quoted in World War II: From the

Battle Front to the Home Front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764Anonymous survivor of Tokyo firebombing,

quoted in New History of World War II . . . . . . . . . . . 768Nozaki Kiyoshi, quoted in Senso: The Japanese

Remember the Pacific War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770Gar Alperovitz, quoted in The Decision to Use

the Atomic Bomb, and the Architecture ofan American Myth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770

Herbert Feis, quoted in Japan Subdued: The AtomicBomb and the End of the War in the Pacific . . . . . . . 771

Alexander Allen, quoted in Wartime America . . . . . . . 774

CHAPTER 26 • The Cold War Begins,1945–1960Harry S Truman and Vyacheslav Molotov, adapted

from The Cold War: A History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778Winston Churchill, quoted in The United States

and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947 . . . . . . . 782George C. Marshall, quoted in

Marshall: A Hero for Our Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785Harry S Truman defends limited war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788Douglas MacArthur, address to Congress,

April 19, 1951 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788

Ruth Goldberg, adapted from Red Scare . . . . . . . . . . . . 790Joseph R. McCarthy, quoted in The Fifties . . . . . . . . . . . 793Francis Gary Powers, adapted from May-Day:

The U-2 Affair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797John Foster Dulles, quoted in Rise to Globalism . . . . . . . 799Margaret Chase Smith, from “Declaration of

Conscience” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805

CHAPTER 27 • Postwar America,1945–1960Robert Eubanks, adapted from When Dreams

Came True . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808Harry S Truman, quoted in The Growth of the

American Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809Kemmons Wilson, adapted from The Fifties . . . . . . . . . 814Milton Bracker, quoted in Voices from

America’s Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819Sidney Poitier, quoted in The Fifties: The Way

We Really Were . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822Elvis Presley, quoted in God’s Country: America

in the Fifties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824Lorraine Hansberry, adapted from To Be Young,

Gifted, and Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828Michael Harrington, from The Other America . . . . . . . 829Benjamin Reifel, quoted in The Earth Shall Weep . . . . 831George Gallup, quoted in Vital Speeches

of the Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834

CHAPTER 28 • The New Frontier and the Great Society, 1961–1968Anonymous citizens, adapted from

The Great Debate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840Pierre Salinger, quoted in With Kennedy . . . . . . . . . . . 842Tami Gold, quoted in Collective Memories of

the Cuban Missile Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846John F. Kennedy, quoted in Let the

Word Go Forth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847John Rath, quoted in Division Street: America . . . . . . . . 854Lyndon B. Johnson, quoted in Lyndon Johnson

and the American Dream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855Anonymous writer, from Lyndon Johnson:

The Exercise of Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855

CHAPTER 29 • The Civil Rights Movement,1954–1968Rosa Parks, E.D. Nixon, and J.P. Blake, adapted from

Parting the Waters: America in the King Years . . . . . 866Martin Luther King, Jr., quoted in Parting the

Waters: America in the King Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870The Greensboro Four, adapted from Civilities

and Civil Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873John F. Kennedy, from Kennedy’s White House

Address, June 11, 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877

xii

Winston Churchill, quoted in Freedom from Fear . . . . 717Mira Ryczke, quoted in Echoes from the Holocaust . . . .719Frederick Morton, quoted in Facing History

and Ourselves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721Leon Bass, quoted in Facing History and Ourselves . . . . . 723Daniel Inouye, quoted in Eyewitness to America . . . . . .725Franklin Roosevelt, quoted in Franklin D.

Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny . . . . . . . . . . . . 730Charles Lindbergh, from his speech to

the America First Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733

CHAPTER 25 • America and World War II, 1941–1945Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt and Frank Knox,

adapted from No Ordinary Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736George C. Marshall, quoted in Miracle of

World War II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738Saunders Redding, quoted in America at War . . . . . . . 740James Thach, quoted in The Pacific War

Remembered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742Leon Beck, quoted in Death March: The Survivors

of Bataan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743Laura Briggs, quoted in Wartime America:

The World War II Home Front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749Inez Sauer, quoted in Eyewitness to World War II . . . . . 750John Bentz Carroll, quoted in D-Day: Piercing

the Atlantic Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755Robert Sherrod, from Tarawa:

The Story of a Battle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759Luther Fletcher, quoted in World War II: From the

Battle Front to the Home Front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764Anonymous survivor of Tokyo firebombing,

quoted in New History of World War II . . . . . . . . . . . 768Nozaki Kiyoshi, quoted in Senso: The Japanese

Remember the Pacific War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770Gar Alperovitz, quoted in The Decision to Use

the Atomic Bomb, and the Architecture ofan American Myth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770

Herbert Feis, quoted in Japan Subdued: The AtomicBomb and the End of the War in the Pacific . . . . . . . 771

Alexander Allen, quoted in Wartime America . . . . . . . 774

CHAPTER 26 • The Cold War Begins,1945–1960Harry S Truman and Vyacheslav Molotov, adapted

from The Cold War: A History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778Winston Churchill, quoted in The United States

and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947 . . . . . . . 782George C. Marshall, quoted in

Marshall: A Hero for Our Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785Harry S Truman defends limited war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788Douglas MacArthur, address to Congress,

April 19, 1951 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788

Ruth Goldberg, adapted from Red Scare . . . . . . . . . . . . 790Joseph R. McCarthy, quoted in The Fifties . . . . . . . . . . . 793Francis Gary Powers, adapted from May-Day:

The U-2 Affair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797John Foster Dulles, quoted in Rise to Globalism . . . . . . . 799Margaret Chase Smith, from “Declaration of

Conscience” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805

CHAPTER 27 • Postwar America,1945–1960Robert Eubanks, adapted from When Dreams

Came True . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808Harry S Truman, quoted in The Growth of the

American Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809Kemmons Wilson, adapted from The Fifties . . . . . . . . . 814Milton Bracker, quoted in Voices from

America’s Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819Sidney Poitier, quoted in The Fifties: The Way

We Really Were . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822Elvis Presley, quoted in God’s Country: America

in the Fifties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824Lorraine Hansberry, adapted from To Be Young,

Gifted, and Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828Michael Harrington, from The Other America . . . . . . . 829Benjamin Reifel, quoted in The Earth Shall Weep . . . . 831George Gallup, quoted in Vital Speeches

of the Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834

CHAPTER 28 • The New Frontier and the Great Society, 1961–1968Anonymous citizens, adapted from

The Great Debate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840Pierre Salinger, quoted in With Kennedy . . . . . . . . . . . 842Tami Gold, quoted in Collective Memories of

the Cuban Missile Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846John F. Kennedy, quoted in Let the

Word Go Forth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847John Rath, quoted in Division Street: America . . . . . . . . 854Lyndon B. Johnson, quoted in Lyndon Johnson

and the American Dream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855Anonymous writer, from Lyndon Johnson:

The Exercise of Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855

CHAPTER 29 • The Civil Rights Movement,1954–1968Rosa Parks, E.D. Nixon, and J.P. Blake, adapted from

Parting the Waters: America in the King Years . . . . . 866Martin Luther King, Jr., quoted in Parting the

Waters: America in the King Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870The Greensboro Four, adapted from Civilities

and Civil Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873John F. Kennedy, from Kennedy’s White House

Address, June 11, 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877

Contents

Martin Luther King, Jr., quoted in Freedom Bound: A History of America’s Civil Rights Movement . . . . . . . 878

Anonymous, adapted from Anyplace But Here . . . . . . . 881Stokely Carmichael, from the New York Review

of Books, September 1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884

CHAPTER 30 • The Vietnam War,1954–1975Joe Marm, quoted in The Soldiers’ Story . . . . . . . . . . . . 892Archimedes Patti, quoted in The Perfect War . . . . . . . . 894Dwight D. Eisenhower, quoted in America

in Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894Marlene Kramel, adapted from The Living and

the Dead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896George W. Ball, from an address in January 1966 . . . . 898George F. Kennan, speaking before the

Senate Foreign Relations Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899McGeorge Bundy, quoted in The Best and

the Brightest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899Ronald J. Glasser, quoted in Vietnam, A History . . . . . . 900Martin Jezer, quoted in The Vietnam War:

Opposing Viewpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904Martin Luther King, Jr., quoted in

A Testament of Hope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906Frank Snepp, quoted in Decent Interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910Jan Barry, quoted in Who Spoke Up? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911Doug Johnson, quoted in Touched

by the Dragon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913Anonymous soldier, quoted in Nam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916

CHAPTER 31 • The Politics of Protest,1960–1980Mario Savio, quoted in Decade of Shocks . . . . . . . . . . . 920Todd Gitlin, from The Sixties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921Herma Snider, quoted in The Female Experience:

An American Documentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926Betty Friedan, from The Feminine Mystique . . . . . . . . . 928Vernon Bellecourt, quoted in

Native American Testimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932Ruth Baston, quoted in Freedom Bound . . . . . . . . . . . . 934Victor Yannacone, quoted in Since Silent Spring . . . . . . . 939Rachel Carson, from Silent Spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940Ralph Nader, from Unsafe at Any Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . 943

CHAPTER 32 • Politics and Economics,1971–1980G.L. Halbert, quoted in Newsweek,

September 16, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952Richard Nixon, quoted in The Limits of Power . . . . . . . 956Maurice Stans, quoted in Nixon:

An Oral History of His Presidency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957Bob Woodward, quoted in Nixon:

An Oral History of His Presidency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962

Ellen Griffith and Robert Everson, adapted from the New York Times, February 3, 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963

Hamilton Jordan, quoted in Crisis: The Last Year of the Carter Presidency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969

Stoyan Christowe, quoted in Newsweek,July 4, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970

Kathy Smith, quoted in The Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971Gus Rodriguez, quoted in The Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973Unknown author, from article in U.S. News &

World Report, December 3, 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976

CHAPTER 33 • Resurgence ofConservatism, 1980–1992Midge Decter, quoted in Commentary,

September 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 980Ronald Reagan, quoted in

Where’s the Rest of Me? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985Jimmy Carter, from his acceptance speech at

the Democratic National Convention, August 14, 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986

Ronald Reagan, from his acceptance speech at the Republican National Convention, July 17, 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986

Ronald Reagan, from Reagan’s FirstInaugural Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987

Ronald Reagan, quoted in Ronald Reagan . . . . . . . . . . 989Julie Katzman, from Sleepwalking

Through History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994Ronald Reagan, from Speaking My Mind . . . . . . . . . . . 998George Bush and advisers, adapted from

Triumph Without Victory and PBS FrontlineGulf War Interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001

Ronald Reagan, from Speaking My Mind . . . . . . . . . . 1008

CHAPTER 34 • Into a New Century,1992–presentMichael Kinsley, from “Slate Goes Free,”

Slate, February 13, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1012George Stephanopoulos, quoted in

All Too Human . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016Madeleine Albright, quoted in Madeleine

Albright and the New American Diplomacy . . . . . . . 1022May Akabogu-Collins, quoted in Time,

December 11, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1026George W. Bush, from his televised statement,

December 13, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029George W. Bush, from his Address to the Joint

Session of Congress, September 20, 2001 . . . . . . . . 1034George W. Bush, from his Address to the Nation,

October 7, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036Tim Radford, from World Press Review,

February 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1038

xiii

Contents

Martin Luther King, Jr., quoted in Freedom Bound: A History of America’s Civil Rights Movement . . . . . . . 878

Anonymous, adapted from Anyplace But Here . . . . . . . 881Stokely Carmichael, from the New York Review

of Books, September 1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884

CHAPTER 30 • The Vietnam War,1954–1975Joe Marm, quoted in The Soldiers’ Story . . . . . . . . . . . . 892Archimedes Patti, quoted in The Perfect War . . . . . . . . 894Dwight D. Eisenhower, quoted in America

in Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894Marlene Kramel, adapted from The Living and

the Dead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896George W. Ball, from an address in January 1966 . . . . 898George F. Kennan, speaking before the

Senate Foreign Relations Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899McGeorge Bundy, quoted in The Best and

the Brightest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899Ronald J. Glasser, quoted in Vietnam, A History . . . . . . 900Martin Jezer, quoted in The Vietnam War:

Opposing Viewpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904Martin Luther King, Jr., quoted in

A Testament of Hope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906Frank Snepp, quoted in Decent Interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910Jan Barry, quoted in Who Spoke Up? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911Doug Johnson, quoted in Touched

by the Dragon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913Anonymous soldier, quoted in Nam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916

CHAPTER 31 • The Politics of Protest,1960–1980Mario Savio, quoted in Decade of Shocks . . . . . . . . . . . 920Todd Gitlin, from The Sixties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921Herma Snider, quoted in The Female Experience:

An American Documentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926Betty Friedan, from The Feminine Mystique . . . . . . . . . 928Vernon Bellecourt, quoted in

Native American Testimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932Ruth Baston, quoted in Freedom Bound . . . . . . . . . . . . 934Victor Yannacone, quoted in Since Silent Spring . . . . . . . 939Rachel Carson, from Silent Spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940Ralph Nader, from Unsafe at Any Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . 943

CHAPTER 32 • Politics and Economics,1971–1980G.L. Halbert, quoted in Newsweek,

September 16, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952Richard Nixon, quoted in The Limits of Power . . . . . . . 956Maurice Stans, quoted in Nixon:

An Oral History of His Presidency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957Bob Woodward, quoted in Nixon:

An Oral History of His Presidency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962

Ellen Griffith and Robert Everson, adapted from the New York Times, February 3, 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963

Hamilton Jordan, quoted in Crisis: The Last Year of the Carter Presidency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969

Stoyan Christowe, quoted in Newsweek,July 4, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970

Kathy Smith, quoted in The Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971Gus Rodriguez, quoted in The Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973Unknown author, from article in U.S. News &

World Report, December 3, 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976

CHAPTER 33 • Resurgence ofConservatism, 1980–1992Midge Decter, quoted in Commentary,

September 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 980Ronald Reagan, quoted in

Where’s the Rest of Me? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985Jimmy Carter, from his acceptance speech at

the Democratic National Convention, August 14, 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986

Ronald Reagan, from his acceptance speech at the Republican National Convention, July 17, 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986

Ronald Reagan, from Reagan’s FirstInaugural Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987

Ronald Reagan, quoted in Ronald Reagan . . . . . . . . . . 989Julie Katzman, from Sleepwalking

Through History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994Ronald Reagan, from Speaking My Mind . . . . . . . . . . . 998George Bush and advisers, adapted from

Triumph Without Victory and PBS FrontlineGulf War Interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001

Ronald Reagan, from Speaking My Mind . . . . . . . . . . 1008

CHAPTER 34 • Into a New Century,1992–presentMichael Kinsley, from “Slate Goes Free,”

Slate, February 13, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1012George Stephanopoulos, quoted in

All Too Human . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016Madeleine Albright, quoted in Madeleine

Albright and the New American Diplomacy . . . . . . . 1022May Akabogu-Collins, quoted in Time,

December 11, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1026George W. Bush, from his televised statement,

December 13, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029George W. Bush, from his Address to the Joint

Session of Congress, September 20, 2001 . . . . . . . . 1034George W. Bush, from his Address to the Nation,

October 7, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036Tim Radford, from World Press Review,

February 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1038

xiii

xiv

Volumes 1 and 2

Reference AtlasUnited States Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA2United States Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA4United States Congressional Reapportionment . . . . . . . . . . . RA6United States Territorial Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA8Middle America Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA10Canada Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA12Middle East Physical/Political. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA14World Political. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA16

Geography HandbookWinkel Tripel Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Robinson Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Goode’s Interrupted Equal-Area Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Mercator Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Volume 1

Unit 1Mesoamerica, B.C. 500–1500 A.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13North American Cultures, A.D. 1300. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Empires of West and Central Africa, c. 1100–1525 . . . . . . . . . 30Europe in the Age of Exploration, c. 1100–1400 . . . . . . . . . . . 34The Columbian Exchange, c. 1500s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43The Crusades, 1095–1204 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47European Explorations and Settlements, 1497–1682. . . . . . . . 59The Thirteen Colonies, 1750 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65The Great Migration, 1620–1646. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68New England Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70The Middle Colonies, c. 1700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75The Southern Colonies, c. 1733 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Settlement of the Colonies, 1587–1700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Southern Agriculture, 1750 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Economy of the Northern and Middle Colonies, 1750. . . . . . . 92Sudbury, Massachusetts, c. late 1600s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Colonial Trade Network, 1750 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Ethnic Diversity in Colonial America, 1760 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Colonization and Exports in the Americas, 1750 . . . . . . . . . . 111

Unit 2The Proclamation of 1763 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Battles of Lexington and Concord, April 1775 . . . . . . . . . . . . 130War for Independence, 1775–1777. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140War for Independence, 1778–1781. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Emancipation After Independence, 1780–1804 . . . . . . . . . . . 150Land Claims in North America, 1783. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Northwest Territory, 1780s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Western Land Claims of the Original States, 1787 . . . . . . . . . 177The Election of 1800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220The War of 1812 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231Treaty of Greenville, 1795 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

Unit 3Adams-Onis Treaty Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244Roads, Canals, and Railroads, 1820–1840 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246The Missouri Compromise, 1820. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258The United States in 1824 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263Election of 1828 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269Native American Removal, 1832–1841 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270African American Populations, 1820 and 1860 . . . . . . . . . . . 287Overland Trails West, 1840–1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296Texas War for Independence, 1835–1836 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303Oregon Country, 1840 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305The War With Mexico, 1846–1848 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310Spanish Missions, 1776 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Unit 4Slavery and the Underground Railroad, 1830–1860 . . . . . . . 329“Bleeding Kansas,” 1856 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330The Election of 1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341Seceding States, 1860–1861. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347First Battle of Bull Run, 1861 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358War in the West, 1862–1863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360War in the East, 1862–1863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362Final Campaigns of the Civil War, 1864–1865 . . . . . . . . . . . . 379Peninsula Campaign, April–May 1862 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383Military Districts, 1867 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394The Election of 1876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

Volumes 1 and 2

Unit 5Mining Country and Cattle Trails, 1848–1890 . . . . . . . . . . . . 417Native American Battles and Reservations, late 1800s. . . . . . 428Major Industries, c. 1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437Railroads, 1870 and 1890. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445Strikes and Labor Unrest, 1870–1890 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457“Old” and “New” Immigrants, 1870–1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465The Election of 1884 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494

Volume 2

Unit 6Spanish-American War in the Philippines and

the Caribbean, 1898 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530The Panama Canal, 1990s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539U.S. Possessions in the Pacific, 1899 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543Woman Suffrage, 1869–1920 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551Early National Parks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560The Federal Reserve System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568The Progressive Movement and State Governments, 1889–1912 . . 573European Alliances, 1914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579Battles of World War I, 1914–1918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594Western Front, 1914–1918. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595Europe After World War I, 1920 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605

xiv

Volumes 1 and 2

Reference AtlasUnited States Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA2United States Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA4United States Congressional Reapportionment . . . . . . . . . . . RA6United States Territorial Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA8Middle America Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA10Canada Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA12Middle East Physical/Political. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA14World Political. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA16

Geography HandbookWinkel Tripel Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Robinson Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Goode’s Interrupted Equal-Area Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Mercator Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Volume 1

Unit 1Mesoamerica, B.C. 500–1500 A.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13North American Cultures, A.D. 1300. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Empires of West and Central Africa, c. 1100–1525 . . . . . . . . . 30Europe in the Age of Exploration, c. 1100–1400 . . . . . . . . . . . 34The Columbian Exchange, c. 1500s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43The Crusades, 1095–1204 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47European Explorations and Settlements, 1497–1682. . . . . . . . 59The Thirteen Colonies, 1750 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65The Great Migration, 1620–1646. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68New England Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70The Middle Colonies, c. 1700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75The Southern Colonies, c. 1733 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Settlement of the Colonies, 1587–1700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Southern Agriculture, 1750 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Economy of the Northern and Middle Colonies, 1750. . . . . . . 92Sudbury, Massachusetts, c. late 1600s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Colonial Trade Network, 1750 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Ethnic Diversity in Colonial America, 1760 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Colonization and Exports in the Americas, 1750 . . . . . . . . . . 111

Unit 2The Proclamation of 1763 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Battles of Lexington and Concord, April 1775 . . . . . . . . . . . . 130War for Independence, 1775–1777. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140War for Independence, 1778–1781. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Emancipation After Independence, 1780–1804 . . . . . . . . . . . 150Land Claims in North America, 1783. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Northwest Territory, 1780s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Western Land Claims of the Original States, 1787 . . . . . . . . . 177The Election of 1800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220The War of 1812 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231Treaty of Greenville, 1795 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

Unit 3Adams-Onis Treaty Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244Roads, Canals, and Railroads, 1820–1840 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246The Missouri Compromise, 1820. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258The United States in 1824 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263Election of 1828 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269Native American Removal, 1832–1841 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270African American Populations, 1820 and 1860 . . . . . . . . . . . 287Overland Trails West, 1840–1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296Texas War for Independence, 1835–1836 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303Oregon Country, 1840 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305The War With Mexico, 1846–1848 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310Spanish Missions, 1776 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Unit 4Slavery and the Underground Railroad, 1830–1860 . . . . . . . 329“Bleeding Kansas,” 1856 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330The Election of 1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341Seceding States, 1860–1861. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347First Battle of Bull Run, 1861 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358War in the West, 1862–1863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360War in the East, 1862–1863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362Final Campaigns of the Civil War, 1864–1865 . . . . . . . . . . . . 379Peninsula Campaign, April–May 1862 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383Military Districts, 1867 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394The Election of 1876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

Volumes 1 and 2

Unit 5Mining Country and Cattle Trails, 1848–1890 . . . . . . . . . . . . 417Native American Battles and Reservations, late 1800s. . . . . . 428Major Industries, c. 1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437Railroads, 1870 and 1890. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445Strikes and Labor Unrest, 1870–1890 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457“Old” and “New” Immigrants, 1870–1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465The Election of 1884 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494

Volume 2

Unit 6Spanish-American War in the Philippines and

the Caribbean, 1898 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530The Panama Canal, 1990s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539U.S. Possessions in the Pacific, 1899 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543Woman Suffrage, 1869–1920 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551Early National Parks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560The Federal Reserve System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568The Progressive Movement and State Governments, 1889–1912 . . 573European Alliances, 1914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579Battles of World War I, 1914–1918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594Western Front, 1914–1918. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595Europe After World War I, 1920 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605

xv

Contents

Unit 7European Immigration Totals, 1890–1920 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613Dust Bowl, 1930s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663The TVA, 1940 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684

Unit 8Axis Expansion, 1935–1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715Jewish Losses, 1939–1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, December 7, 1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camps,1933–1945 . . 733Battle of Midway, 1942. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744Bataan and Corregidor, December 1941–May 1942 . . . . . . . 748Migration in the United States, 1940–1950. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751Island-Hopping in the Pacific, 1942–1945. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760World War II in Europe and Africa, 1939–1945 . . . . . . . . . . . 766Rise and Fall of Axis Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767Battle of the Bulge, December 1944–January 1945 . . . . . . . . 775Divided Europe, 1948 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782Korean War, 1950–1953 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787NATO and the Warsaw Pact, 1955. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800

The Occupation of Berlin After World War II, 1945 . . . . . . . . 805The Election of 1948 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811The Interstate System, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812

Unit 9The Election of 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863Route of the Freedom Riders, 1961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889Indochina, 1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893The Tet Offensive, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908The Vietnam War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917ERA Ratification, 1972–1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947

Unit 10The Election of 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953Rise of the Sunbelt, 1950–1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983Revolution in Eastern Europe, 1989–1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1002War in the Persian Gulf, 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005The Election of 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009The Election of 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028Major Terrorist Attacks Affecting Americans, 1970–2001 . . 1034

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88

1988 Bomb on Pan Am flight 103 kills 270in Lockerbie, Scotland

1986 Bombing at West Berlin dance club;kills 3, injures 150

1985 TWA flight 847 hijacked; hostagesheld for 17 days in Beirut, Lebanon

1983 Bombing of U.S. Marine barracks inBeirut, Lebanon, kills 241

1979 Fifty-two Americans held hostage inIran for more than a year

1970 Terrorists hijack airplanes to Jordan

2001 Hijacked airliners crash into the World TradeCenter, the Pentagon, and a field in Pennsylvania,killing thousands

2002 Bombing at nightclub in Bali, Indonesia,kills 202

2000 Bomb kills 17 American sailors and injures39 aboard USS Cole

1998 Bombing at U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania kills more than 200

1993 Bomb at World Trade Center kills 6

1995 Truck bomb destroys a federal building inOklahoma City; kills 168, injures more than 500

1996 Bomb at U.S. complex in Dharan,Saudi Arabia, kills 19 American soldiers

Major Terrorist Attacks Affecting Americans, 1970–2001

xvi

Volume 1

Unit 1American Civilizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Comparing European Colonies in the

Americas, c. 1700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Tobacco Imported by England, 1705–1775 . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Major Navigation Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Population of Six English Colonies, 1700 . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Major Cities, c. 1760 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Unit 2The Opposing Sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Some Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation . . . 162

The Articles of Confederation and

the United States Constitution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

The Federal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Checks and Balances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

The Bill of Rights: The First Ten Amendments . . . . . . . . 182

How a Bill Becomes a Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

The Amendment Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

The Federal Court System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Competing National Visions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

Presidential Election, 1800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Circumstances Leading to the

Louisiana Purchase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Unit 3Major Supreme Court Decisions, 1803–1824 . . . . . . . . 242

The Transportation Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

Urban and Rural Populations in the United States,

1810–1870 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

U.S. Patents Issued 1810–1840. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Increased Voter Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

Major American Political Parties Since 1789 . . . . . . . . . 272

Voter Participation, 1824–1840 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Unit 4The Compromise of 1850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

Events of the 1840s: Results and Reactions . . . . . . . . . 325

Political Parties of the Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333


Resources of the Union and of the Confederacy. . . . . . 354

The Anaconda Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

Casualties of the Civil War, 1861–1865 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

American War Deaths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

The Costs of War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378


Agricultural Production in the South, 1860–1900 . . . . . 409

Volumes 1 and 2

Unit 5The Railroad and Native American Population . . . . . . . 424

Native American Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

Vertical Integration Horizontal Integration

Independent Oil Refineries

U.S. Oil Company

Purchase of CompetingCompanies in Same Industry

Cattle

Slaughterhouse

Refrigerated Railroad Cars

Purchase of Companiesat All Levels of Production

Cooled Warehouses

Meat Packing Plants

Delivery Wagons

Ace MeatIndustries

xvi

Volume 1

Unit 1American Civilizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Comparing European Colonies in the

Americas, c. 1700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Tobacco Imported by England, 1705–1775 . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Major Navigation Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Population of Six English Colonies, 1700 . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Major Cities, c. 1760 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Unit 2The Opposing Sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Some Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation . . . 162

The Articles of Confederation and

the United States Constitution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

The Federal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Checks and Balances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

The Bill of Rights: The First Ten Amendments . . . . . . . . 182

How a Bill Becomes a Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

The Amendment Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

The Federal Court System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Competing National Visions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214


Circumstances Leading to the

Louisiana Purchase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Unit 3Major Supreme Court Decisions, 1803–1824 . . . . . . . . 242

The Transportation Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

Urban and Rural Populations in the United States,

1810–1870 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

U.S. Patents Issued 1810–1840. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Increased Voter Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

Major American Political Parties Since 1789 . . . . . . . . . 272

Voter Participation, 1824–1840 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Unit 4The Compromise of 1850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

Events of the 1840s: Results and Reactions . . . . . . . . . 325

Political Parties of the Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333


Resources of the Union and of the Confederacy. . . . . . 354

The Anaconda Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

Casualties of the Civil War, 1861–1865 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

American War Deaths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

The Costs of War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378


Agricultural Production in the South, 1860–1900 . . . . . 409

Volumes 1 and 2

Unit 5The Railroad and Native American Population . . . . . . . 424

Native American Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

Vertical Integration Horizontal Integration

Independent Oil Refineries

U.S. Oil Company

Purchase of CompetingCompanies in Same Industry

Cattle

Slaughterhouse

Refrigerated Railroad Cars

Purchase of Companiesat All Levels of Production

Cooled Warehouses

Meat Packing Plants

Delivery Wagons

Ace MeatIndustries

xvii

Contents

American Inventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

Miles of Track, 1870–1890 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

Vertical Integration, Horizontal Integration . . . . . . . . . . 449

Steel Production, 1865–1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

Immigration, 1870–1900. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465

Death Rates for Specific Causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

High School Graduation Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

Life Expectancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

Immigration’s Contribution to Population Growth,

1860–1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489


Farm Prices, 1860–1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

Volume 2

Unit 6U.S. Foreign Investments at the Turn of

the Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521

U.S. Deaths in the Spanish-American War . . . . . . . . . . . 530

U.S. Exports, 1890–1910 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537

Mayor-Council Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549

Commission Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549

Council-Manager Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549

Federal Mobilization Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587

World War I Military Deaths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

Unit 7Women’s Status in the 1920s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

U.S. Immigration, 1921 and 1925. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

Percentage of National Income Generated by

Industry, 1919–1928 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645

Farm Wages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645

The Washington Conference, November 1921–

February 1922 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649

Cost of a Model T, 1908–1924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653

The Great Depression: Cyclical Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658

Stock Prices, 1920–1932 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658

The Great Depression: Causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658

Crop Prices, 1910–1935 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675

The First New Deal, 1933–1935 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687

The Second New Deal, 1935 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692

Union Membership, 1933–1943. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693

Unemployment, 1933–1940 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703

Unit 8Automobile Production, 1941–1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738

Tank Production, 1941–1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739

Military and Civilian Deaths in World War II . . . . . . . . . 767

Percent of Military and Civilian Deaths in

World War I and World War II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767


The Baby Boom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816

American Scene, 1950–1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827

Suburban Dwellers, 1910–1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835

Unit 9Major Decisions of the Warren Court, 1954–1967 . . . . 844

Major Great Society Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858

Vietnam War Deaths, 1965–1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901

Opposition to the Vietnam War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909

U.S. Hispanic Population Growth Since 1980 . . . . . . . . 935

Unit 10Presidential Election, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953

Inflation, 1960–1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977

Military Spending and the Deficit, 1980–1992 . . . . . . . 990

Estimated World Oil Production in 2000

(by region) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004

Presidential Election, 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009

The Florida Election, 2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027


Population Density by Region in the U.S., 1996 . . . . . 1030

American Diversity, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039

7

5

6

4

3

2

1

0

Total populationincrease

Immigration

Peop

le (

in m

illio

ns)

1861–1865

1866–1870

1871–1875

1876–1880

1881–1885

1886–1890

1891–1895

1896–1900

YearSource: Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970.

Immigration’s Contribution toPopulation Growth, 1860–1900

xvii

Contents

American Inventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

Miles of Track, 1870–1890 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

Vertical Integration, Horizontal Integration . . . . . . . . . . 449

Steel Production, 1865–1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

Immigration, 1870–1900. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465

Death Rates for Specific Causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

High School Graduation Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

Life Expectancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

Immigration’s Contribution to Population Growth,

1860–1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489


Farm Prices, 1860–1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

Volume 2

Unit 6U.S. Foreign Investments at the Turn of

the Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521

U.S. Deaths in the Spanish-American War . . . . . . . . . . . 530

U.S. Exports, 1890–1910 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537

Mayor-Council Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549

Commission Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549

Council-Manager Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549

Federal Mobilization Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587

World War I Military Deaths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

Unit 7Women’s Status in the 1920s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

U.S. Immigration, 1921 and 1925. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

Percentage of National Income Generated by

Industry, 1919–1928 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645

Farm Wages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645

The Washington Conference, November 1921–

February 1922 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649

Cost of a Model T, 1908–1924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653

The Great Depression: Cyclical Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658

Stock Prices, 1920–1932 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658

The Great Depression: Causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658

Crop Prices, 1910–1935 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675

The First New Deal, 1933–1935 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687

The Second New Deal, 1935 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692

Union Membership, 1933–1943. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693

Unemployment, 1933–1940 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703

Unit 8Automobile Production, 1941–1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738

Tank Production, 1941–1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739

Military and Civilian Deaths in World War II . . . . . . . . . 767

Percent of Military and Civilian Deaths in

World War I and World War II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767


The Baby Boom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816

American Scene, 1950–1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827

Suburban Dwellers, 1910–1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835

Unit 9Major Decisions of the Warren Court, 1954–1967 . . . . 844

Major Great Society Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858

Vietnam War Deaths, 1965–1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901

Opposition to the Vietnam War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909

U.S. Hispanic Population Growth Since 1980 . . . . . . . . 935

Unit 10Presidential Election, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953

Inflation, 1960–1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977

Military Spending and the Deficit, 1980–1992 . . . . . . . 990

Estimated World Oil Production in 2000

(by region) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004


The Florida Election, 2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027


Population Density by Region in the U.S., 1996 . . . . . 1030

American Diversity, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039

7

5

6

4

3

2

1

0

Total populationincrease

Immigration

Peop

le (

in m

illio

ns)

1861–1865

1866–1870

1871–1875

1876–1880

1881–1885

1886–1890

1891–1895

1896–1900

YearSource: Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970.

Immigration’s Contribution toPopulation Growth, 1860–1900