Liberation efforts of 1914-Liberation efforts of 1914-1921. Revival of the 1921. Revival of the Ukrainian state.Ukrainian state.

PlanPlan

•1. World War I1. World War I

•2.Ukrainians in the First World War.2.Ukrainians in the First World War.

•3. Revolution in Ukraine. 3. Revolution in Ukraine.

•4. Bolshevik’s intervention in Ukraine.4. Bolshevik’s intervention in Ukraine.

•5. Soviet Union5. Soviet Union

•6.Ukraine in the first years of USSR.6.Ukraine in the first years of USSR.

World War IWorld War I• World War IWorld War I was a was a global war which took which took

place primarily in place primarily in Europe from 1914 to 1918. from 1914 to 1918.

• The act which is considered to have triggered The act which is considered to have triggered the succession of events which led to war the succession of events which led to war was the 28 June 1914 was the 28 June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, , heir to the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, by throne, by Gavrilo Princip, a , a Bosnian Serb citizen..

• The war was fought between two major The war was fought between two major alliances.alliances.

• The The Entente Powers initially consisted of initially consisted of France, the , the United Kingdom, , Russia, and , and their associated empires and dependencies.their associated empires and dependencies.

• Numerous other states joined these allies, Numerous other states joined these allies, most notably most notably Italy and the and the United States. .

• The The Central Powers, so named because of , so named because of their central location on the European their central location on the European continent, initially consisted of continent, initially consisted of Germany and and Austria-Hungary and their associated and their associated empires.empires.

• The The Ottoman Empire joined the Central joined the Central Powers, followed later by Powers, followed later by Bulgaria..

• Only The Only The Netherlands, , Switzerland, , Spain and the and the Scandinavian nations remained remained officially neutral among the European officially neutral among the European countriescountries

• One of the most striking One of the most striking results of the war was a large redrawing of the map of was a large redrawing of the map of Europe.Europe.

• All of the Central Powers lost territory, and All of the Central Powers lost territory, and many new nations were created.many new nations were created.

• Austria-Hungary was carved up into several Austria-Hungary was carved up into several successor states including successor states including Austria, , Hungary, , Czechoslovakia, and , and Yugoslavia..

• The Russian Empire, which had withdrawn The Russian Empire, which had withdrawn from the war in 1917 after the from the war in 1917 after the October Revolution, lost much of its , lost much of its western frontier as the newly independent western frontier as the newly independent nations of nations of Estonia, , Finland, , Latvia, , Lithuania, and , and Poland were carved from it. were carved from it.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife some minutes before they were assassinated

dental ambulance

Ukrainians in the First World Ukrainians in the First World WarWar• One of the underlying themes of One of the underlying themes of

Ukrainian history of the early 20th of the early 20th century has been the quest for an century has been the quest for an independent nation. Many attempts were independent nation. Many attempts were made in the early 20th century, but both made in the early 20th century, but both World War I and the and the Russian Civil War disrupted such attempts.disrupted such attempts.

• The consequences of the First World War The consequences of the First World War of 1914-1918 for Ukrainians were tragic. of 1914-1918 for Ukrainians were tragic.

• The great amount of Ukrainians fought The great amount of Ukrainians fought and died for empires, which ignored their and died for empires, which ignored their nation interestsnation interests

• When the When the First World War began in began in 1914, 1914, Ukrainians were split into two were split into two separate and opposing armies.separate and opposing armies.

• 3.5 million fought with the 3.5 million fought with the Imperial Russian Army, while 250,000 , while 250,000 fought for the fought for the Austro-Hungarian Army..

• Many Ukrainians thus ended up fighting Many Ukrainians thus ended up fighting each other.each other.

• Also, many Ukrainian civilians suffered Also, many Ukrainian civilians suffered as armies shot and killed them after as armies shot and killed them after accusing them of collaborating with accusing them of collaborating with opposing armiesopposing armies..

• Russian empire at the beginning of Russian empire at the beginning of September 1914 occupied the big part of September 1914 occupied the big part of eastern eastern GalychinaGalychina. .

• Hundreds of Ukrainians were arrested and Hundreds of Ukrainians were arrested and put to death without a court.put to death without a court.

• All Ukrainian cultural establishments, All Ukrainian cultural establishments, cooperative and periodic editions cooperative and periodic editions were were closedclosed by order of tsar authority of Russia. by order of tsar authority of Russia.

• There were implemented There were implemented restrictions to use restrictions to use Ukrainian languageUkrainian language and made attempts to and made attempts to apply Russian language at schools. apply Russian language at schools.

• The Austrians, up to the May 1915, retook The Austrians, up to the May 1915, retook the most part of eastern Galychina. the most part of eastern Galychina.

Revolution in Ukraine Revolution in Ukraine • News about the collapse of Russian tsar News about the collapse of Russian tsar

regime reached Kyiv on regime reached Kyiv on March 13 1917March 13 1917. .

• On March 17 Ukrainians founded On March 17 Ukrainians founded Central Rada. Central Rada.

• Myhaylo Grushevskiy Myhaylo Grushevskiy – well known, – well known, authoritative figure was elected the authoritative figure was elected the president of the Central Rada. president of the Central Rada.

• On On November 7 1917 November 7 1917 in Petrograd the in Petrograd the Bolsheviks took authority in their Bolsheviks took authority in their hands. hands.

• As most of Russians the Bolsheviks with enmity As most of Russians the Bolsheviks with enmity attituded to the attituded to the Ukrainian movementUkrainian movement..

• The Central Rada declared, that it took the The Central Rada declared, that it took the supreme power in all nine provinces, where the supreme power in all nine provinces, where the Ukrainians amounted the majority. Ukrainians amounted the majority.

• Formally it was confirmed by its Formally it was confirmed by its Third universalThird universal dated July 7 1917, which declared the dated July 7 1917, which declared the establishment of autonomous Ukrainian establishment of autonomous Ukrainian Republic. Republic.

• Still not dare to break off relations with Russia, Still not dare to break off relations with Russia, the Central Rada declared about the the Central Rada declared about the creation of creation of federation of free nationfederation of free nation. .

Bolshevik’s intervention in Bolshevik’s intervention in UkraineUkraine

• From northern east From northern east 12 thousand 12 thousand Bolshevik forcesBolshevik forces moved to Ukraine. moved to Ukraine.

• Against them the Ukrainian military Against them the Ukrainian military Minister Symon Petlyura had scattered Minister Symon Petlyura had scattered several hundreds of several hundreds of Kyiv gymnasia Kyiv gymnasia pupilspupils, which went to front straight , which went to front straight from the school. from the school.

• To the east from the city To the east from the city KrutyKruty 300 of 300 of gymnasium pupils got into gymnasium pupils got into encirclement, they all died.encirclement, they all died.

Soviet UnionSoviet Union• The The Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics

(USSR) was a (USSR) was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. from 1922 to 1991.

• The Soviet Union was officially established The Soviet Union was officially established in December 1922 as the union of the in December 1922 as the union of the Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, and , Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Transcaucasian Soviet republics ruled by Transcaucasian Soviet republics ruled by Bolshevik parties.Bolshevik parties.

• The Soviet Union was one of the world's The Soviet Union was one of the world's most ethnically diverse countries, with most ethnically diverse countries, with more than 200 distinct ethnic groups within more than 200 distinct ethnic groups within its borders.its borders.

Flag of the Soviet Union

Coat of arms of the Soviet Union

Ukraine in the first years of Ukraine in the first years of USSRUSSR

• Till 1923 soviet government of Ukraine Till 1923 soviet government of Ukraine maintained foreign relations,had maintained foreign relations,had foreign trade and even began to initiate foreign trade and even began to initiate the ground of separate Ukrainian army. the ground of separate Ukrainian army.

• Lenin suggested to give each republic Lenin suggested to give each republic consisting Russia consisting Russia the right of free exit the right of free exit from it.from it.

• Some operations remained exclusively Some operations remained exclusively in the area of Ukraine’s responsibilities, in the area of Ukraine’s responsibilities, others were divided between Ukrainian others were divided between Ukrainian and Russian ministersand Russian ministers

• Joining to the structure of Soviet Union, Joining to the structure of Soviet Union, Ukrainian republic became Ukrainian republic became the second the second its component in size.its component in size.

• The first facilities of Ukrainian The first facilities of Ukrainian government in the field of culture had government in the field of culture had the purpose to the purpose to extend the use of extend the use of Ukrainian languageUkrainian language..

• Similar Similar rebirth felt Ukrainian pressrebirth felt Ukrainian press, , which was oppressed by tsar regime.which was oppressed by tsar regime.

• Up to 1927 more than a half of books Up to 1927 more than a half of books published in Ukrainian, in 1933 from 433 published in Ukrainian, in 1933 from 433 newspapers of the republic 373 were newspapers of the republic 373 were issued in Ukrainian. issued in Ukrainian.

ReferencesReferences : :

• 1. 1. SubtelnySubtelny, Orest. Ukraine: A History. Toronto: , Orest. Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1988).University of Toronto Press (1988).

• 2. 2. Andrew WilsonAndrew Wilson. The Ukrainians: Unexpected . The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation. Yale University Press; 2nd edition (2002).Nation. Yale University Press; 2nd edition (2002).

• 3. Anna Reid. Borderland: A Journey Through the 3. Anna Reid. Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine. London, Orion Books; 4th History of Ukraine. London, Orion Books; 4th impression (1998, preface 2003).impression (1998, preface 2003).

• 4. Paul Robert Magocsi. A History of Ukraine. 4. Paul Robert Magocsi. A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1996).Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1996).

• 5. 5. Mykhailo HrushevskyMykhailo Hrushevsky. History of Ukraine-Rus’ in . History of Ukraine-Rus’ in 9 volumes.9 volumes.