Liberation efforts of 1914-1921. Liberation efforts of 1914-1921. Ukraine during the World War II.Ukraine during the World War II.Ukraine during the after-war period Ukraine during the after-war period (1945-1985). (1945-1985).

PlanPlan• 1.Ukrainians in the First World War.1.Ukrainians in the First World War.• 2.2. Industrialization of Ukraine. Industrialization of Ukraine.

Collectivization. Collectivization. • 3. The famine. Big terror.3. The famine. Big terror.• 4. Second 4. Second World WarWorld War in in Ukraine.Ukraine.• 5. Post-war reconstruction of Ukraine.5. Post-war reconstruction of Ukraine.• 6. Chornobyl.6. Chornobyl.

Ukrainians in the First Ukrainians in the First World War.World War.

• World War IWorld War I was a was a global war which took place which took place primarily in primarily in Europe from 1914 to 1918. from 1914 to 1918.

• The act which is considered to have triggered The act which is considered to have triggered the succession of events which led to war was the succession of events which led to war was the 28 June 1914 the 28 June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir , heir to the to the Austro-Hungarian throne, by throne, by Gavrilo Princip, a , a Bosnian Serb citizen..

• The war was fought between two major The war was fought between two major alliances.alliances.

• The The Entente Powers initially consisted of initially consisted of France, the , the United Kingdom, , Russia, and their , and their associated empires and dependencies.associated empires and dependencies.

• Numerous other states joined these allies, Numerous other states joined these allies, most notably most notably Italy and the and the United States. .

• The The Central Powers, so named because of , so named because of their central location on the European their central location on the European continent, initially consisted of continent, initially consisted of Germany and and Austria-Hungary and their associated and their associated empires.empires.

• The The Ottoman Empire joined the Central joined the Central Powers, followed later by Powers, followed later by Bulgaria..

• Only The Only The Netherlands, , Switzerland, , Spain and the and the Scandinavian nations remained remained officially neutral among the European officially neutral among the European countriescountries

• One of the most striking One of the most striking results of the war was a large redrawing of the map of was a large redrawing of the map of Europe.Europe.

• All of the Central Powers lost territory, and All of the Central Powers lost territory, and many new nations were created.many new nations were created.

• Austria-Hungary was carved up into several Austria-Hungary was carved up into several successor states including successor states including Austria, , Hungary, , Czechoslovakia, and , and Yugoslavia..

• The Russian Empire, which had withdrawn The Russian Empire, which had withdrawn from the war in 1917 after the from the war in 1917 after the October Revolution, lost much of its , lost much of its western frontier as the newly independent western frontier as the newly independent nations of nations of Estonia, , Finland, , Latvia, , Lithuania, and , and Poland were carved from it. were carved from it.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife some minutes before they were assassinated

dental ambulance

winter uniforms

• One of the underlying themes of One of the underlying themes of Ukrainian history of the early 20th of the early 20th century has been the quest for an century has been the quest for an independent nation. Many attempts were independent nation. Many attempts were made in the early 20th century, but both made in the early 20th century, but both World War I and the and the Russian Civil War disrupted such attempts.disrupted such attempts.

• The consequences of the First World War The consequences of the First World War of 1914-1918 for Ukrainians were tragic. of 1914-1918 for Ukrainians were tragic.

• The great amount of Ukrainians fought The great amount of Ukrainians fought and died for empires, which ignored their and died for empires, which ignored their nation interestsnation interests

• When the When the First World War began in began in 1914, 1914, Ukrainians were split into two were split into two separate and opposing armies.separate and opposing armies.

• 3.5 million fought with the 3.5 million fought with the Imperial Imperial Russian ArmyRussian Army, while 250,000 fought for , while 250,000 fought for the the Austro-Hungarian ArmyAustro-Hungarian Army..

• Many Ukrainians thus ended up fighting Many Ukrainians thus ended up fighting each other.each other.

• Also, many Ukrainian civilians suffered Also, many Ukrainian civilians suffered as armies shot and killed them after as armies shot and killed them after accusing them of collaborating with accusing them of collaborating with opposing armiesopposing armies..

• Russian empire at the beginning of Russian empire at the beginning of September 1914 occupied the big part of September 1914 occupied the big part of eastern eastern GalychinaGalychina. .

• Hundreds of Ukrainians were arrested and Hundreds of Ukrainians were arrested and put to death without a court.put to death without a court.

• All Ukrainian cultural establishments, All Ukrainian cultural establishments, cooperative and periodic editions cooperative and periodic editions were were closedclosed by order of tsar authority of Russia. by order of tsar authority of Russia.

• There were implemented There were implemented restrictions to use restrictions to use Ukrainian languageUkrainian language and made attempts to and made attempts to apply Russian language at schools. apply Russian language at schools.

• The Austrians, up to the May 1915, retook The Austrians, up to the May 1915, retook the most part of eastern Galychina. the most part of eastern Galychina.

Soviet UnionSoviet Union• The The Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics

(USSR) was a constitutionally socialist state (USSR) was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

• The Soviet Union was officially established The Soviet Union was officially established in December 1922 as the union of the in December 1922 as the union of the Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Transcaucasian Soviet republics ruled by Transcaucasian Soviet republics ruled by Bolshevik parties.Bolshevik parties.

• The Soviet Union was one of the world's The Soviet Union was one of the world's most ethnically diverse countries, with most ethnically diverse countries, with more than 200 distinct ethnic groups within more than 200 distinct ethnic groups within its borders.its borders.

Flag of the Soviet Union

Coat of arms of the Soviet Union

Ukraine in the first years of Ukraine in the first years of USSRUSSR

• Till 1923 soviet government of Ukraine Till 1923 soviet government of Ukraine maintained foreign relations,had maintained foreign relations,had foreign trade and even began to initiate foreign trade and even began to initiate the ground of separate Ukrainian army. the ground of separate Ukrainian army.

• Lenin suggested to give each republic Lenin suggested to give each republic consisting Russia consisting Russia the right of free exit the right of free exit from it.from it.

• Some operations remained exclusively Some operations remained exclusively in the area of Ukraine’s responsibilities, in the area of Ukraine’s responsibilities, others were divided between Ukrainian others were divided between Ukrainian and Russian ministersand Russian ministers

• Joining to the structure of Soviet Union, Joining to the structure of Soviet Union, Ukrainian republic became Ukrainian republic became the second the second its component in size.its component in size.

• The first facilities of Ukrainian The first facilities of Ukrainian government in the field of culture had government in the field of culture had the purpose to the purpose to extend the use of extend the use of Ukrainian languageUkrainian language..

• Similar Similar rebirth felt Ukrainian pressrebirth felt Ukrainian press, , which was oppressed by tsar regime.which was oppressed by tsar regime.

• Up to 1927 more than a half of books Up to 1927 more than a half of books published in Ukrainian, in 1933 from 433 published in Ukrainian, in 1933 from 433 newspapers of the republic 373 were newspapers of the republic 373 were issued in Ukrainian. issued in Ukrainian.

Industrialization of Ukraine.

• In 1928 Ukraine received In 1928 Ukraine received over 20% of the over 20% of the total investmentstotal investments that meant that from 1500 that meant that from 1500 new industrial enterprises, established in the new industrial enterprises, established in the USSR, 400 of them accounted for Ukraine. USSR, 400 of them accounted for Ukraine.

• But such achievements required mobilization But such achievements required mobilization of all workers’ forces.of all workers’ forces.

• Mass medias always called worker to execute Mass medias always called worker to execute the plan and to work under the schedule.the plan and to work under the schedule.

• In 1940 the industrial potential of Ukraine in In 1940 the industrial potential of Ukraine in eight times exceeded the level of 1913.eight times exceeded the level of 1913.

• Ukraine turned to Ukraine turned to one of the leading one of the leading industrial countriesindustrial countries in Europe. in Europe.

Industrialization of Ukraine.

• In 1928 Ukraine received In 1928 Ukraine received over 20% of the over 20% of the total investmentstotal investments that meant that from 1500 that meant that from 1500 new industrial enterprises, established in the new industrial enterprises, established in the USSR, 400 of them accounted for Ukraine. USSR, 400 of them accounted for Ukraine.

• But such achievements required mobilization But such achievements required mobilization of all workers’ forces.of all workers’ forces.

• Mass medias always called worker to execute Mass medias always called worker to execute the plan and to work under the schedule.the plan and to work under the schedule.

• In 1940 the industrial potential of Ukraine in In 1940 the industrial potential of Ukraine in eight times exceeded the level of 1913.eight times exceeded the level of 1913.

• Ukraine turned to Ukraine turned to one of the leading one of the leading industrial countriesindustrial countries in Europe. in Europe.

• The industrialisation bought about a The industrialisation bought about a dramatic economic and social dramatic economic and social transformation in traditionally transformation in traditionally agricultural Ukraine. agricultural Ukraine.

• The massive influx of the rural The massive influx of the rural population to the industrial centres population to the industrial centres increased the urban population from 19 increased the urban population from 19 to 34 percent.to 34 percent.

Collectivization.• Soviet industrial development plans were Soviet industrial development plans were

supposed that government could buy cheap supposed that government could buy cheap grain from the peasants.grain from the peasants.

• It could give it possibility to provide with the It could give it possibility to provide with the bread the growing labors in the cities and to bread the growing labors in the cities and to sell it abroad, benefits from it used for sell it abroad, benefits from it used for financing the industrialization.financing the industrialization.

• But peasants considered that offered by the But peasants considered that offered by the government prices (often they accounted government prices (often they accounted only one eighth from the market) too low and only one eighth from the market) too low and refused to sell products. It’s why refused to sell products. It’s why the the government began mass collectivization.government began mass collectivization.

• Those who greatly withstood were shot or Those who greatly withstood were shot or mass removed to the camps of forced labor mass removed to the camps of forced labor to to the North of Russia or to Siberia.the North of Russia or to Siberia.

• The most widespread of its form became The most widespread of its form became deportationdeportation.. Hundred thousands of peasants Hundred thousands of peasants were drove away from their houses, sat to the were drove away from their houses, sat to the product trains and went out the thousand product trains and went out the thousand kilometers to the North of Russia, where they kilometers to the North of Russia, where they were leaved among the arctic desert, often were leaved among the arctic desert, often without food and shelter. without food and shelter.

• About 850 thousands were deported to the About 850 thousands were deported to the North, where a lot of them especially children North, where a lot of them especially children died. Such way the great part of the most died. Such way the great part of the most capable of working and productive masters in capable of working and productive masters in Ukraine ceased to exist. Ukraine ceased to exist.

Goals•Modernize soviet agriculture by Modernize soviet agriculture by

modern equipment using the latest modern equipment using the latest scientific methods.scientific methods.

• Increase agricultural production. Increase agricultural production.

•Put agriculture under the control of Put agriculture under the control of the state.the state.

Industrialization Without Collectivization? Industrialization could have been Industrialization could have been

achieved without any collectivization achieved without any collectivization

However:•Would take much longer than Stalin's ultra-rapid version. •Would leave the Soviet Union far behind the West.•Possibly result in a victory for Germany in WWII.

Comparative Growth: Industrial Production Average Annual Growth (%)

12.3%

5.5%

1.9%

4.7% 4.4%

2.5%

U.S.S.R U.S.A. Britain Germany France0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

Percent Growth

The famine• The famine of The famine of 1932—1933 1932—1933 became for became for

Ukrainians the same as Golokhost for Jews Ukrainians the same as Golokhost for Jews and slaughter of 1915 for Armenians. and slaughter of 1915 for Armenians.

• The most important in the tragedy of famine The most important in the tragedy of famine is that it was possible to escape it. is that it was possible to escape it.

• The yield of 1932 was only 12% lower the The yield of 1932 was only 12% lower the average measures of 1926-1930.average measures of 1926-1930.

• Ignoring calls and warnings of the Ukrainian Ignoring calls and warnings of the Ukrainian communists, in 1932 Stalin raised the plan of communists, in 1932 Stalin raised the plan of grain purchase by 44%.grain purchase by 44%.

• The cruelty of the regime, doomed million of The cruelty of the regime, doomed million of people to death from starving, which could be people to death from starving, which could be called just called just artificialartificial..

• Series of means, performed in 1932, evidenced Series of means, performed in 1932, evidenced about about indifference of the regimeindifference of the regime to people to people suffering.suffering.

• Party activists received legal right Party activists received legal right to confiscate to confiscate the grain from collective farmsthe grain from collective farms, the shameful , the shameful law, providing the death penalty for stealing of law, providing the death penalty for stealing of “social property”, came into force.“social property”, came into force.

• For not allowing the peasants to leave For not allowing the peasants to leave collective farms in search of food, it was collective farms in search of food, it was implemented the system of implemented the system of internal passportsinternal passports. .

• In November Moscow issued the law, which In November Moscow issued the law, which prohibited giving peasants grainprohibited giving peasants grain, until the , until the execution of the government storage plan.execution of the government storage plan.

• The famine extending during 1932 gained The famine extending during 1932 gained the terrible force at the beginning of 1933. the terrible force at the beginning of 1933. Remaining without the bread, the Remaining without the bread, the countrymen eat cats, dogs, rest, barks, and countrymen eat cats, dogs, rest, barks, and leaves. The cases of cannibalism also took leaves. The cases of cannibalism also took placeplace. .

• Also it was considered that the famine was a Also it was considered that the famine was a mean of mean of weakness of Ukrainian nationalismweakness of Ukrainian nationalism for Stalinfor Stalin

• Till the recent time the soviet opposition Till the recent time the soviet opposition turned to refusal of the fact of famine. turned to refusal of the fact of famine.

Big terror • Industrialization and collectivization more and Industrialization and collectivization more and

more led to the bigger more led to the bigger concentration of the concentration of the power in Moscow. power in Moscow.

• Systematically eliminating almost all aspects Systematically eliminating almost all aspects of autonomy, Stalin aspired to turn Ukraine of autonomy, Stalin aspired to turn Ukraine into the into the administrative unit of Soviet Unionadministrative unit of Soviet Union. .

• The regime planned to annihilate the whole The regime planned to annihilate the whole groups of people: priests, former participants groups of people: priests, former participants of antibolshevik wars, those, who went abroad of antibolshevik wars, those, who went abroad or had relatives there, immigrants from or had relatives there, immigrants from Galychina. Galychina.

• With regard to the lack of information it is With regard to the lack of information it is difficult to determine the general quantity of difficult to determine the general quantity of human losses, caused by Stalin’s terrorhuman losses, caused by Stalin’s terror

• About 500 thousand persons were put to About 500 thousand persons were put to death and from 3 to 12 millions were sent to death and from 3 to 12 millions were sent to camps during 1937 and 1939. camps during 1937 and 1939.

• For that time the control for all areas of life For that time the control for all areas of life was completely concentrated in Moscowwas completely concentrated in Moscow

• With centralization came With centralization came russificationrussification • To the end of ten years after cleaning by the To the end of ten years after cleaning by the

national communists, the majority of national communists, the majority of members of the highest party’s government members of the highest party’s government and the state of Ukraine were Russians. and the state of Ukraine were Russians.

• In literature political principle emphasized In literature political principle emphasized that all outstanding Ukrainian poets and that all outstanding Ukrainian poets and writers of the past had been developed under writers of the past had been developed under the wholesome effect of Russia. the wholesome effect of Russia.

Time Magazine’s Man Of The Year

•Iosif Stalin (1879 – 1953)•1939 - he switched the balance of power in Europe by signing a "non-aggression pact" with Hitler. •1942 - he helped to stop Hitler and opened the door of opportunity for allied troops.

SECOND WORLD WAR IN SECOND WORLD WAR IN UKRAINEUKRAINE• Second World War for Ukraine actually Second World War for Ukraine actually

started on started on September 1 1939September 1 1939, when , when Germans attacked Poland, Germans attacked Poland,

• The most cruel and tragic stage of the war The most cruel and tragic stage of the war began with the attack of Germany on the began with the attack of Germany on the USSR on USSR on June 22 1941June 22 1941 and continued till the and continued till the autumn of 1944autumn of 1944, when German forces were , when German forces were turned out from Ukraineturned out from Ukraine..

• Having guarantee of neutrality of the Soviet Having guarantee of neutrality of the Soviet Union Union Hitler attacked PolandHitler attacked Poland, initiating the , initiating the start of the Second World War.start of the Second World War.

• On September 17 1939On September 17 1939 the Soviet army the Soviet army went to eastern Poland and occupied went to eastern Poland and occupied almost all territory, settled by almost all territory, settled by Ukrainians and Belorusians.Ukrainians and Belorusians.

• In June 1940In June 1940 the USSR forced Rumania the USSR forced Rumania to give back Bessarabiya and Bukovynato give back Bessarabiya and Bukovyna

• Punitive bodies of the USSR arrested Punitive bodies of the USSR arrested and and deported Ukrainian political deported Ukrainian political leadersleaders to the East of Russia. to the East of Russia.

• From 20 to 30 thousand Ukrainian From 20 to 30 thousand Ukrainian activists run away to Poland, occupied activists run away to Poland, occupied by the Germans. by the Germans.

• At the beginning many representatives of At the beginning many representatives of intelligence were impressed, as they received intelligence were impressed, as they received job in soviet educational and cultural job in soviet educational and cultural establishments, but they quickly understood, establishments, but they quickly understood, that became strictly controlled by organization that became strictly controlled by organization men of regime, and in case of violation of men of regime, and in case of violation of directions arose directions arose threaten of arrest and threaten of arrest and deportationdeportation

• In the spring of 1940 the regime opened the In the spring of 1940 the regime opened the mask of democracy and began wile-ranging mask of democracy and began wile-ranging repressions repressions – as against the Ukrainians, as – as against the Ukrainians, as against Polesagainst Poles. .

• The most popular and awful their type was The most popular and awful their type was deportation deportation to Siberia and Kazakhstanto Siberia and Kazakhstan, where , where people died by the whole familiespeople died by the whole families..

Ukrainians under the fascist occupation. Ukrainians under the fascist occupation. Movement of OppositionMovement of Opposition

• In 1939 about 550 thousand of Ukrainians In 1939 about 550 thousand of Ukrainians from from Lemkivshina Lemkivshina and and HolemshinaHolemshina turned out turned out in German occupation zone in the eastern in German occupation zone in the eastern remote area of Polandremote area of Poland

• ZacarpathianZacarpathian with 550 thousand Ukrainians with 550 thousand Ukrainians formed a part of formed a part of Hungary. Hungary.

• Soon after coming of Germans, in Ukraine Soon after coming of Germans, in Ukraine appeared the appeared the national movement of national movement of oppositionopposition. .

• There also existed underground organizational There also existed underground organizational system of system of Organization of Ukrainian Organization of Ukrainian NationalistsNationalists (OUN) (OUN)

• Partisans were mainly collected in northern Partisans were mainly collected in northern west part of the country – in the forests of west part of the country – in the forests of VolynVolyn, bogs of , bogs of PolissyaPolissya and and CarpathiansCarpathians. .

• In the In the beginning of 1944beginning of 1944 on the occupied on the occupied lands of Ukraine in general lands of Ukraine in general 47 thousand 80047 thousand 800 people in the form of people in the form of partisan detachmentspartisan detachments and struggled with fascist conquers.and struggled with fascist conquers.

• In 1942 members of different branches of In 1942 members of different branches of Organization of Ukrainian nationalists (OUN) Organization of Ukrainian nationalists (OUN) created small elements in Volyn. created small elements in Volyn.

• Ukrainian revolt armyUkrainian revolt army (URA) quickly grew in (URA) quickly grew in the big, well-organized partisan army, which the big, well-organized partisan army, which took control under the significant parts of took control under the significant parts of Volyn, Polissya and finally Galychyna.Volyn, Polissya and finally Galychyna.

Return of the soviet power to Return of the soviet power to UkraineUkraine • The decisive crisis arose in the war in 1943: The decisive crisis arose in the war in 1943:

the soviet army began the counter-offensive, the soviet army began the counter-offensive, the main purpose of which was in liberation the main purpose of which was in liberation of the left-bank Ukraine. of the left-bank Ukraine.

• During the end of the During the end of the summer-autumn of summer-autumn of 19431943 the soviet army occupied left-bank and the soviet army occupied left-bank and Donbas.Donbas.

• On On August 23August 23 in result of desperate fight in result of desperate fight Kharkiv was liberated. In September-October Kharkiv was liberated. In September-October the Red army broke powerful line of German the Red army broke powerful line of German defense at the Dnieper and on defense at the Dnieper and on November 6November 6 entered to Kyiv. entered to Kyiv.

• In January 1944In January 1944 after the short stop almost after the short stop almost 2,3 million of Red army began clearing 2,3 million of Red army began clearing from Germans right-bank and Crimea. from Germans right-bank and Crimea.

• In September they crossed the In September they crossed the Carpathians and Carpathians and till the October 1944till the October 1944 all all ethnic Ukrainian territory appeared in ethnic Ukrainian territory appeared in soviet hands. soviet hands.

• Second World War took the lives at least Second World War took the lives at least 5,3 million Ukrainians,5,3 million Ukrainians, or one from or one from every six citizen of Ukraine died in the every six citizen of Ukraine died in the struggle.struggle.

• 2,3 million Ukrainians2,3 million Ukrainians were taken out from were taken out from the forced labor in Germany. the forced labor in Germany.

• Completely or partly it were destroyed Completely or partly it were destroyed over over 700 big and small cities and 28 700 big and small cities and 28 thousand villagesthousand villages, in result of what 10 , in result of what 10 million people became homeless. million people became homeless.

• As the war caused in Ukraine more As the war caused in Ukraine more damage, than in any country in Europe, damage, than in any country in Europe, losses in the economy gained huge losses in the economy gained huge measures.measures.

• It was estimated, that Ukraine lost over It was estimated, that Ukraine lost over 40 percent of its economy40 percent of its economy..

Post-war reconstruction Post-war reconstruction of Ukraineof Ukraine

• Four years of war had a Four years of war had a harmful effect harmful effect on the on the Ukrainian economy;Ukrainian economy;

• Reconstruction of the hard industry swallowed Reconstruction of the hard industry swallowed up up 85 percent 85 percent of all investments, but it was of all investments, but it was successfulsuccessful..

• In 1950 Ukraine again became one from the In 1950 Ukraine again became one from the leading industrial countries leading industrial countries in Europe;in Europe;

• The life level of people improved very The life level of people improved very slowlyslowly;;

• The currency reform of 1947 devaluated The currency reform of 1947 devaluated karbovanetskarbovanets;;

• Started in 1954, project on development Started in 1954, project on development the lands of the lands of KazakhstanKazakhstan required the use required the use of huge labor and material resources, and of huge labor and material resources, and the big part of those expenses took the big part of those expenses took Ukraine.Ukraine.

• Though this program gave some positive Though this program gave some positive results, it results, it exhausted resources of Ukraine exhausted resources of Ukraine and weakened agricultural production of and weakened agricultural production of the republic.the republic.

• The government The government did not manage did not manage to to reach so quick growing of agricultural reach so quick growing of agricultural production as it was planned;production as it was planned;

• The officials in the far Moscow The officials in the far Moscow continued to decidecontinued to decide, what cultures , what cultures should cultivate collective farms, how should cultivate collective farms, how to sow them;to sow them;

1918 50 karbovantsiv banknote

ChornobylChornobyl• Chornobyl was a city in nothern Ukraine in Chornobyl was a city in nothern Ukraine in

the Kyiv Oblast near the border with the Kyiv Oblast near the border with Belarus.Belarus.

• Prior to its evacuation the city was Prior to its evacuation the city was inhabited by about 15000 residents.inhabited by about 15000 residents.

• On April 26, 1986 the fourth reactor of the On April 26, 1986 the fourth reactor of the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant exploded Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant exploded at 01:23 AM. at 01:23 AM.

• Further explosions and the resulting fire Further explosions and the resulting fire sent a “cloud” of highly radioactive fallout sent a “cloud” of highly radioactive fallout into the atmosphere. into the atmosphere.

• Four hundred times more fallout was Four hundred times more fallout was released than had been by the atomic released than had been by the atomic bombing of Hiroshima.bombing of Hiroshima.

• The “cloud” drifted over extensive parts of The “cloud” drifted over extensive parts of the western Soviet Union, Eastern, Western the western Soviet Union, Eastern, Western and Northern Europe and eastern North and Northern Europe and eastern North America.America.

• Large areas of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia Large areas of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia were badly contaminated, resulting in the were badly contaminated, resulting in the evacuation of over 336 000 people.evacuation of over 336 000 people.

• It is difficult to accurately tell the number of It is difficult to accurately tell the number of deaths caused by the events at Chornobyl. deaths caused by the events at Chornobyl.

• The Soviet government hid the lists of The Soviet government hid the lists of victims and later forbade doctors to victims and later forbade doctors to write “radiation” on deaths certificates.write “radiation” on deaths certificates.

• The overall costs of the disaster is The overall costs of the disaster is estimated at $200 billion. This places estimated at $200 billion. This places the Chornobyl disaster as the costliest the Chornobyl disaster as the costliest disaster in modern history.disaster in modern history.

• The Zone of Alienation is the 30km The Zone of Alienation is the 30km exclusion zone around the site of the exclusion zone around the site of the Chornobyl nuclear reactor disaster.Chornobyl nuclear reactor disaster.

• Now Chornobyl is a home to more than Now Chornobyl is a home to more than 500 residents. 500 residents.

ReferencesReferences : :

• 1. 1. SubtelnySubtelny, Orest. Ukraine: A History. Toronto: , Orest. Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1988).University of Toronto Press (1988).

• 2. 2. Andrew WilsonAndrew Wilson. The Ukrainians: Unexpected . The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation. Yale University Press; 2nd edition (2002).Nation. Yale University Press; 2nd edition (2002).

• 3. Anna Reid. Borderland: A Journey Through the 3. Anna Reid. Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine. London, Orion Books; 4th History of Ukraine. London, Orion Books; 4th impression (1998, preface 2003).impression (1998, preface 2003).

• 4. Paul Robert Magocsi. A History of Ukraine. 4. Paul Robert Magocsi. A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1996).Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1996).

• 5. 5. Mykhailo HrushevskyMykhailo Hrushevsky. History of Ukraine-Rus’ in . History of Ukraine-Rus’ in 9 volumes.9 volumes.