life diversity
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
The Five-Kingdom SystemThe Five-Kingdom System
An OverviewAn Overview
How many organisms are How many organisms are there in the world?there in the world?
– 250,000 plants250,000 plants– 750,000 insects750,000 insects– 43,000 vertebrates43,000 vertebrates
4200 mammals4200 mammals9000 birds9000 birds6300 reptiles6300 reptiles4200 amphibians4200 amphibians18,000 bony fishes18,000 bony fishes900 cartilaginous 900 cartilaginous fishes and jawless fishes and jawless fishesfishes
1.5 million known species1.5 million known species on earth on earth
Classification SystemClassification System
Why classify organisms?Why classify organisms?
– Method of organizing creatures into Method of organizing creatures into some meaningful patternsome meaningful pattern
Current method uses similar shared Current method uses similar shared observable characteristics that are observable characteristics that are unique to that group of organisms unique to that group of organisms ((phenetic schemephenetic scheme))
What do these animals have in common?
Why classify bats and hummingbirds together but not include dragonflies?
KingdomsKingdoms
Shared characteristics among Shared characteristics among KingdomsKingdoms–All are made up of cellsAll are made up of cells
–All have DNA with the same All have DNA with the same genetic codegenetic code
KPCOFGSKPCOFGSKingdomKingdom
PhylumPhylum
ClassClass
OrderOrder
FamilyFamily
GenusGenus
SpeciesSpecies
What are species?What are species?
What are genera?What are genera?
What are kingdoms?What are kingdoms?
What are Species?What are Species?
Interbreeding Interbreeding organisms that do organisms that do not ordinarily breed not ordinarily breed with members of with members of other groupsother groups
Pinyon mouse, Peromyscus truei
What are Genera?What are Genera?
An inclusive group of similar An inclusive group of similar species, usually with anatomical species, usually with anatomical similaritiessimilarities
Deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus
Pinyon mouse,
Peromyscus truei
Genus = Peromyscus
What are Kingdoms?What are Kingdoms?
Major unit of biological classificationMajor unit of biological classification
KPCOFGSKPCOFGSKingdomKingdom
PhylumPhylum
ClassClass
OrderOrder
FamilyFamily
GenusGenus
SpeciesSpecies
KPCOFGSKPCOFGSKingdom: AnimaliaKingdom: Animalia
Phylum: ChordataPhylum: Chordata
Class: AvesClass: Aves
Order: PasseriformesOrder: Passeriformes
Family: CorvidaeFamily: Corvidae
Genus: Genus: CorvusCorvus
Species: Species: brachyrhynchosbrachyrhynchos
American crowAmerican crow
Kingdom: AnimaliaKingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata (with backbones)Phylum: Chordata (with backbones)
Class: Aves (birds)Class: Aves (birds)
Order: Passeriformes (songbirds)Order: Passeriformes (songbirds)
Family: Corvidae (crows, jays)Family: Corvidae (crows, jays)
Genus: Genus: CorvusCorvus
Species: Species: brachyrhynchosbrachyrhynchos
Corvus brachyrhynchusCorvus brachyrhynchus
Why Latin?Why Latin?
““Dead” language – no changes being Dead” language – no changes being made; it is not in use todaymade; it is not in use today
Common names are often shared among Common names are often shared among several species; may differ from region to several species; may differ from region to region; may not be understood in different region; may not be understood in different culturescultures
Assures a unique name for each speciesAssures a unique name for each species
Lasionycteris noctivagans
Nocti = nocturnal
Vagans = wanderer
Nyct = night, nocturnal
Lasio = shaggy
“night wandering shaggy bat”
Silver-haired bat
Classification SystemClassification System
5 Kingdom System5 Kingdom System–MoneraMonera
–ProtistaProtista
–FungiFungi
–PlantaePlantae
–AnimaliaAnimalia
Differences among Kingdoms1. Monera: Prokaryotic cell structure2. Protista: Eukaryotic cells, unicellular3. Fungi: Eukaryotic cells, chitinous cell
wall, no chloroplasts, multicellular, heterotrophic
4. Plantae: Eukaryotic cells, cell wall, cellulose, chloroplasts, multicellular, autotrophic
5. Animalia: Eukaryotic cells, no cell wall, multicellular
Classification SystemClassification System
5 Kingdoms5 KingdomsMoneraMonera
ProtistaProtista
FungiFungi
PlantaePlantae
AnimaliaAnimalia
6 KingdomsArchaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
ProkaryotesProkaryotesDomain ArchaeaDomain Archaea
Domain EubacteriaDomain Eubacteria
BacteriaBacteriaAmong the first forms of life over 3.5 Among the first forms of life over 3.5 billion years ago billion years ago
Cyanobacteria contributed to formation of Cyanobacteria contributed to formation of our oxygen atmosphere by our oxygen atmosphere by photosynthesis.photosynthesis.
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/cyanofr.html
fossil cyanobacteria
ProkaryotaProkaryotaInclude eubacteria and archaebacteriaInclude eubacteria and archaebacteria
Most abundant/diverseMost abundant/diverse
Prokaryotic organismsProkaryotic organisms
Lacks an organized nucleus or membrane-Lacks an organized nucleus or membrane-bound organellesbound organelles
Nostoc (cyanobacterium)
1. Prokaryotic v Eukaryotic Cells1. Prokaryotic v Eukaryotic Cells
This characteristic separates which kingdoms?
EubacteriaEubacteria
Eubacteria (“True bacteria”) have 3 methods of energy acquisition
– Chemosynthetic bacteria: autotrophic, obtain energy from oxidation of inorganic compounds (ammonia, sulfur)
– Photosynthetic bacteria: autotrophic, obtain energy from sunlight and convert to carbohydrate energy
– Heterotrophic bacteria: saprophytes and symbionts
ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria
– Oldest and most primitive organisms known– Life’s extremists, occupying environments that
“normal” organisms find too harsh– 3 types
methanogens, halophiles, thermacidophiles– thermacidophile example: lives in heated acid
springs, mud pots, soil and can take temps of 60 to 95 C and pH of 1 to 5.
Roles in EcosystemCan cause disease– Lyme disease, strep throat, syphilis
Photosynthesis and oxygen production
Food source
Nutrient transfer – (convert inert N to organic forms useable by
plants)
Decomposition– Saprophytic (decompose dead tissue)– Symbiotic (live within a host multicellular organism)
Some oil deposits attributed to cyanobacteria
Spirulina
Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista
ProtistaProtistaProtozoans and mostly unicellular algae
Heterotrophic and autotrophic
Occur in freshwater, saltwater, soil
Because of tremendous diversity, classification of the Protista is difficult. paramecium
ProtistaProtistaProtozoa– Single-celled, motile, heterotrophic – Digest food by engulfing, breaking down, and absorbing
it
Algae– Single-celled to colonial– Diatoms, golden brown algae, dinoflagellates, red algae,
brown algae, green algae– Subdivided by type of photosynthetic pigment
Slime molds
Eukaryotes that are NOT fungi, animals, or plants!
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_3.htmlhttp://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/para-lab3/vivax_gameto100x.jpg
Protista – Roles in EcosystemProtista – Roles in EcosystemPhotosynthesis and oxygen productionFood source (brown, red, green algae)– Animal feed, fertilizers– Algae sheets used in some
Japanese dishes– Additive to puddings, ice cream,
salad dressing, candy (carrageenan and alginate)
Can cause disease– Avian malaria, human malaria,
amoebic dysentery
Protista and Red TidesProtista and Red TidesPopulation explosion of dinoflagellatesNeurotoxin releasedShellfish concentrate toxinHumans can be killed by eating shellfish contaminated by toxin
http://www.redtide.whoi.edu/hab/rtphotos/noctiluca.jpg
Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi
FungiFungi
Mushrooms, blights, rusts, molds
>60,000 species
Heterotrophic
Chitinous cell wall
Symbiotic– 2 or more organisms
live together in close association
Mostly multicellular– Yeasts are unicellular
FungiFungiHyphae = filaments make up the body of a fungus
Collectively, hyphae are called mycelium
Can produce sporocarps
Absorptive heterotrophs– Hyphae have small volume, large surface
area so enhance absorptive capacity– Break down food by secreting digestive
enzymes onto substrate then absorbing food molecules
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus
FungiFungi~6 taxonomic divisions:
Zygomycota – bread moldsGlomeromycota – arbuscular mycorrihizal fungiAscomycota – yeasts, sac fungi, PenicilliumBasidiomycota – mushrooms, toadstools, rustsLichens – fungus-algae relationshipDeuteromycota – everything else
www.tolweb.org/Fungi
Fungi – Roles in EcosystemFungi – Roles in Ecosystem
Food source– Mushrooms, truffles,
morels– Mycorrhizae– Fungal colonies in
cheeses give them their flavor
– Beer and wine produced with yeasts
Antibiotics – Penicillin
www.treepics.co.uk/education/animals/index.php?n=squirrel
www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/12_03/
yeast_screen.shtml
helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes/penicill.htm
Caribou feeding on lichens
Benefit wildlife– Food, nest sites, hiding cover
Fungi – Roles in EcosystemFungi – Roles in Ecosystem
Crop parasites - cause loss of food plants, spoilage, infectious diseaseClaviceps purpurea causes a crop disease called wild ergot Dutch elm disease and Chestnut blight
American chestnut, late 1800s
Claviceps purpureaClaviceps purpurea
Fungi – Roles in EcosystemFungi – Roles in Ecosystem
Symbiosis - mutualism– Lichens (fungus+alga)
– Mycorrhizae
Mycorrhizal fungi
Lichen
Mycorrhizal fungi benefit plants
Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae
PlantsPlants
>300,000 known species
Multicellular phototrophs
Cell wall with cellulose
2 groups– Nonvascular (liverworts, hornworts, and
mosses)– Vascular (common plants like pines, ferns,
corn, and oaks)
PlantsPlantsNonvascular plants– Small (lack of conducting cells
keeps them <5” high)– First evolved approximately 500
million years ago, likely were the earliest land plants
Vascular plants – Have specialized transporting cells
Xylem (for transporting water and mineral nutrients)
Phloem (for transporting sugars from leaves to the rest of the plant)
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/bryoph1.htm
www.ventephoto.com/image10.htm
Plants – Roles in EcosystemPlants – Roles in Ecosystem
Food source
Generate oxygen
Provide habitat
List 3 functional roles that plants play in your life.
my.opera.com/Mathilda/albums/show.dml?id=45047
Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia
AnimalsAnimals
Multicellular heterotrophsMulticellular heterotrophs
No cell wallNo cell wall
External or internal External or internal skeletons for supportskeletons for support
Skin to reduce water lossSkin to reduce water loss
Muscles for moving to find foodMuscles for moving to find food
Brains, nervous system for integration of Brains, nervous system for integration of signalssignals
Internal digestive systemsInternal digestive systems
Big-brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus
Animals - Feeding StrategiesAnimals - Feeding Strategies
HeterotrophsHeterotrophs– Herbivores – eat plantsHerbivores – eat plants
– Granivores – eat seedsGranivores – eat seeds
– Frugivores – eat fruitsFrugivores – eat fruits
– Foliovores – eat leavesFoliovores – eat leaves
– Carnivores – eat other animalsCarnivores – eat other animals
– Piscivores – eat fishPiscivores – eat fish
Animals - Animals - 2 main groups2 main groups
Invertebrate PhylaInvertebrate Phyla–PoriferaPorifera – Cnidaria – Cnidaria –PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes – Nematoda– Nematoda–AnnelidaAnnelida – Mollusca– Mollusca–ArthropodaArthropoda – Echinodermata– Echinodermata
Vertebrate PhylumVertebrate Phylum–Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata–Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata
Animals - InvertebratesAnimals - InvertebratesPhylum PoriferaPhylum Porifera– Sponges, primitive filter feedersSponges, primitive filter feeders
Phylum CnidariaPhylum Cnidaria– Jellyfish, corals, sea anemonesJellyfish, corals, sea anemones
Phylum Mollusca Phylum Mollusca – Bivalves - scallops, oysters, mussels, clamsBivalves - scallops, oysters, mussels, clams– Gastropods – snails, slugsGastropods – snails, slugs– Cephalopods – squids, octopiCephalopods – squids, octopi
Phylum EchinodermataPhylum Echinodermata– Sea urchins and sea starsSea urchins and sea stars
Phylum ArthropodaPhylum Arthropoda– Spiders, scorpions, crabs, Spiders, scorpions, crabs,
shrimp, insects, millipedes, and moreshrimp, insects, millipedes, and more
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-7004909622962894202&q=shark&hl=en
Animals - VertebratesAnimals - VertebratesPhylum Chordata: 50,000 Phylum Chordata: 50,000 vertebratesvertebrates2 groups2 groups– Jawless forms (Class Agnatha) Jawless forms (Class Agnatha)
hagfish, lampreyhagfish, lamprey– Jawed forms – most of the Jawed forms – most of the
animals we knowanimals we know
Animals – Vertebrate ClassesAnimals – Vertebrate Classes
CondrichthyesCondrichthyes
www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Education/bioprofile.htm
Animals – Vertebrate ClassesAnimals – Vertebrate Classes
OsteichthyesOsteichthyes
www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Education/bioprofile.htm
Animals – Vertebrate ClassesAnimals – Vertebrate Classes
AmphibiaAmphibia
www.natureserve.org
Animals – Vertebrate ClassesAnimals – Vertebrate Classes
ReptiliaReptilia
www.natureserve.org
Animals – Vertebrate ClassesAnimals – Vertebrate Classes
AvesAves
www.natureserve.org
Animals – Vertebrate ClassesAnimals – Vertebrate Classes
MammaliaMammalia
www.natureserve.org
A Short ReviewA Short Review
1. Prokaryotic v Eukaryotic Cells1. Prokaryotic v Eukaryotic Cells
This characteristic separates which kingdoms?
2. Chloroplasts2. Chloroplasts
This characteristic separates which kingdoms?
3. Cell Wall3. Cell Wall
This characteristic separates which kingdoms?
4. Chitin v. Cellulose4. Chitin v. Cellulose
Inflexible, Inflexible, tough, tough, insoluble in insoluble in waterwater
chitin
cellulose
5. Heterotropic v Autotrophic5. Heterotropic v Autotrophic
Autotrophic = “self-feeding”Autotrophic = “self-feeding”– Create food through photosynthesisCreate food through photosynthesis
Heterotrophic = “other feeding”Heterotrophic = “other feeding”– Must absorb foodMust absorb food– Can grow through or on a substrate, break Can grow through or on a substrate, break
down the substrate, absorb nutrientsdown the substrate, absorb nutrients
This characteristic separates which kingdoms?
6. Unicellular v Multicellular6. Unicellular v Multicellular
This characteristic separates which kingdoms?
multicellular animal cellunicellular bacteria cell
Differences among KingdomsDifferences among Kingdoms
1.1. Archaeabacteria: Prokaryotic cell structureArchaeabacteria: Prokaryotic cell structure2.2. Eubacteria: Prokaryotic cell structureEubacteria: Prokaryotic cell structure3.3. Protista: Eukaryotic cells, unicellularProtista: Eukaryotic cells, unicellular4.4. Fungi: Eukaryotic cells, chitinous cell wall, Fungi: Eukaryotic cells, chitinous cell wall,
no chloroplasts, multicellular, heterotrophicno chloroplasts, multicellular, heterotrophic5.5. Plantae: Eukaryotic cells, cell wall, Plantae: Eukaryotic cells, cell wall,
cellulose, chloroplasts, multicellular, cellulose, chloroplasts, multicellular, autotrophicautotrophic
6.6. Animalia: Eukaryotic cells, no cell wall, Animalia: Eukaryotic cells, no cell wall, multicellularmulticellular