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© 2012 WIPRO LTD | WWW.WIPRO.COM1
Lifecycle design & stewardship
P.S.Narayan
Vice President & Head - Sustainability
© 2012 WIPRO LTD | WWW.WIPRO.COM2
Industry’s impact on the environment
Make
Use of constrained resources
Disruption of biogeophysic
al cycles
CarbonWater
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Energy
Metals Biomass
Land
Use
Use of constrained resources
Energy
Water
Pollution and
disruption of cycles
Health and Safety
hazards
Dispose
Toxic pollution of land, air and
water
Appropriation of scarce land
resources
3
The elements of a production cycle
Product
Design
Extracti
on
Inbound
Logistics
Multi-
Stage
Manufg
Outbound
logistics
Product
Use
EOL
Disposal
Energy
Labor
Land
Energy
Water
Labor
Land
Energy
Labor
Land
Matls
Energy
Water
Labor
Land
Energy
Labor
Energy,
Water
Land
Energy
Labor
Resources
Processes
Generated Waste
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Lifecycle design frameworks
5
Open Loop Vs Closed Loop systems
6
7
The Lifecycle Assessment framework (LCA)
8
Lifecycle Analysis
A life-cycle assessment (LCA, also known as life-cycle analysis is a technique to assess
environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life from-cradle-to-
grave (i.e., from raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture,
distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling).
Attributional LCA: Seeks to establish the burdens associated with the production and
use of a product, or with a specific service or process, at a point in time (typically the recent
past)
Consequential LCA: Seeks to identify the future environmental consequences of a
decision or a proposed change in a system under study i.e. the market and economic
implications of a decision may have to be taken into account.
Social LCA: a different approach to life cycle thinking intended to assess social
implications or potential impacts. Social LCA should be considered as an approach that is
complementary to environmental LCA.
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Design for Environment
10
Green Production
11
The Product-in-Use
12
End of Life processing
13
14
Non-toxic, non-harmful materials that can be used
in continuous cycles without any negative
environmental impact
Can be disposed of in any natural environment
where they decompose in the soil and provide food
for small life forms
Minimize usage of hazardous, non-recyclable
substances in the product design
Minimize the negative environmental impact of
energy and water usage in the product life cycle
Cradle to Cradle (C2C)
Technical Nutrients
Biological Nutrients
Material health
C2C is a regenerative design approach that is modeled on nature’s processes involved in safe, healthy metabolisms ; Simply put, it is a holistic industrial, economic and social framework that seeks to create products and systems that are not just efficient but waste-free
Energy and Water
footprint
Other variants : Cradle-to-Grave, Cradle-to-Gate, Well-to-Wheel
15
Cradle to Cradle Certification ….(i)
16
Cradle to Cradle Certification ….(ii)
17
Challenges to Lifecycle stewardship
The Great Chemical Stew: Difficult to segregate materials at end of life for further
disposal
The Great Chemical Unknown : Most synthetic chemicals are yet to be tested for health and safety impacts
Clean Energy footprint is still in a nascent stage – 7 to 25% of national electricity
consumptions ; large scale availability for production systems is a question mark
With some exceptions, most industrial products today do not lend themselves well to ‘upcycling’ or ‘reuse’ i.e. the usage of biological nutrients in electronic products can, at best, be a small proportion of the overall product
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The Great Chemical Unknown
� Only a tiny fraction of the compounds around us have been tested for
safety
● Chemicals used by U.S. consumers and industry: 50,000
● Tested: 300
● Restricted: 5
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Case study of the electronics industry
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Salient characteristics of the electronics industry
Short, continuous innovation
cycles
Geographically dispersed supply chain
-Makes modular design and reusability a big challeng e
- Results in frequent improvements in certain areas e.g. energy efficiency
10s and 100s of
miniaturized components
- Makes reverse logistics that much more complex
- Aligning multiple stakeholders on common goal requires enormous management attention
- Many countries have sensitive geopolitical dimensions e.g. Conflict minerals
-Achieving forward compatibility a huge challenge
21
The environmental impact of the electronics ecosystem
Primary mining for metals
Considerable land required ;Significant quanta of waste water, sulfur dioxide and GHG emissions from mining
In-Use
Data centers contribute to significant energy consumption and GHG emissions ; One estimate points to more than 30% of lifecycle emissions during the ‘use’ stage
e-waste emissions
Hazardous reaction products as a result of improper treatment : Dioxins, Furans formed by incineration of plastics etc
Tertiary e-waste emissions
Hazardous substances used during recycling and that get released due to improper handling : Cyanide & other leaching agents
22
* Legend: Abiotic depletion (ADP), Global warming (GWP), Ecotoxicity ( ET), Human toxicity (HT), Acidification(Acid), Depletion of the stratospheric zone (ODP), Photooxidant f ormation (POCP), and Eutrophication (Eut)
Results of a Korean computer industry study
23
The challenges and opportunities in e-waste
The chemical stew
Modern electronic components contain up to 60 elements e.g. Mobile phones contain 40 periodic table elements – may of these are precious or hazardous or both, necessitating safe processing and recycling.
Many of these are found in the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) where they are fabricated together on a real estate that typically does not exceed millimeters
Value recoveredE-waste recycling is important because of the presence of so many precious metals ; even a 10% recycling is equivalent to USD 5 Bn saved
Pollution avoided
Recovery of metals can help avoid the negative environmental impact of mining ; as well as EOL emissions and land pollution
24
Metal content of a mobile phone
25
The value of recovered metal
Estimated annual monetary value of metals used in electrical andelectronic equipment : USD 45.4 Bn ( 2007)
26
CO2 emissions from the mining of metals in electron ics
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Wipro’s lifecycle approach
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Wipro computers – Design to Disposal
Total RoHS
compliance ( EU
ROHS directive)
21 toxic chemicals
eliminated in next
phase.
Phase out of PVC
and BFRs,.
Steps in progress
in eliminating
Beryllium ,Antimony
and phthalates
Energy Star 5
rating for 100% of
product range.
Alignment with
recent BEE
(Bureau of energy
efficiency ) Energy
label requirements.
A structured e-
waste process
arrangement
18 collection
centers across
India
67% increase in
quantum of e-waste
processed over the
last 2 years – a total
of 651 tonnes
processed since
inception in 2006
CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
E-WASTE MANAGEMENT
29
Elimination of Toxics at Wipro
2007 Early 2009 2010 2012+
First RoHS compliant Desktop and Laptop models
99.99% RoHS compliance on all desktop/ laptop models
Beyond RoHS : 1st
PVC and BFR model introduced
Elimination of Beryllium and Antimony
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Designing out toxicsS. No. Permissible Quantity (PPM) Permissible
Quantity (PPM)Wipro Strategy
1 Polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) 1000 Banned
2 Refractory Ceramic Fibers Restricted Banned
3 Asbestos and its compounds Restricted Banned
4 Azo dyes/colorants 100 Banned
Ozone depleting substances
(Class I & Class II CFCs and HCFCs)
6 Nickel and its components 1000 Banned
7 Mineral Wool Restricted Banned
8 Lead and its compounds 1000 ROHs Directive compliance
9 Cadmium 100 ROHs Directive compliance
10 Chromium IV 1000 ROHs Directive compliance
11 Mercury 1000 ROHs Directive compliance
12 Polybrominated Biphenyl (PBB) 1000 ROHs Directive compliance
13 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) 1000 ROHs Directive compliance
14 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Restricted Eliminated in Jan 2010
15 Brominated Flame Retardants Restricted Eliminated in Jan 2010
16 Phthalates 1000 Elimination by 2010
17 Short chain Chloro Paraffin, Alkanes 1000 Control within Limits
18 Antimony and its compounds 1000 Elimination by 2010
19 Beryllium and its compounds 1000 Elimination by 2010
20 Cadmium Oxide 1000 Control within Limits
21 Octabromo diphenyl ether (OBDE) 1000 Control within Limits
5 Restricted Banned
31
RoHS compliance has required Wipro to collaborate closely with its vendors in China and India ; the j ourney has been gradual with a step by step increase in supplier capability
Vendor Summary w.r.t ROHS
compliance
Classific
ation
No. of
Supplier
s
Meeting
ROHS
Norms
%age
Vendor
Imports 43 43 100%
Local 38 33 86.84%
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Extended footprint of Wipro computers
GHG footprint : 4400 tCO2 e
Water footprint : 18000 m3
Waste generation : 25 m tons
Operational Supply Chain
33
Wipro’s E-Waste journey
2006 2012+
First collection center set up
Wipro adopted the European standard, WEEE
18 direct and 300 authorized collection centers
Works with only certified e-waste processing firms ( Attero)
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� Avoid use of substances in its products that could seriously harm the environment or human health. Follow precautionary principle in this regard
� Invest in energy efficiency ahead of time ; the returns are real and justifiable, both for the manufacturer and the user
� Adopt a strong extended producer responsibility (EPR ) approach for End-of-Life (EOL) processing
� Develop a dynamic of constant collaboration with suppliers so that a continuous improvement cycle is set in motion
� Do not pass on costs to the customer to the maximum extent possible
Wipro Green Computers : Some design principles and milestones
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� First product of Indian Origin to be ROHS compliant
� First in India to get for Energy Star 5.0 certification
� First product of Indian Origin to eliminate PVC & BFR from products
� Awarded by ELCINA for Environment Management Systems in 2006 for achieving Top-2 position
� Among the leading players to get the BEE (Bureau of Energy efficiency) qualification for Notebooks
� Consistently rated among the Top2 in the world for the Greener Electronics brand by Greenpeace.
Wipro Green Computing milestones
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From Linear to Circular Will require all major stakeholders – designers, manufacturers,
recyclers, government – to come together ; but the benefits can
be enormous in terms of materials and cost savings
From the Many to a
few
-Number of components will need to reduce in products like
computers and telecom equipment so as to lessen the burden on
modular design and logistics
Simplify e-waste
legislation
-In its current state, the e-Waste law in India is needlessly
cumbersome and bureaucratic ; further, the informal sector is not
addressed
- The law must reduce unnecessary paperwork
-Facilitate the involvement of government investment along with
that of the private sector e.g. joint collection centers for CFLs
Some concluding thoughts on the long journey ahead
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Thank you