light gas cherenkov detector for...
TRANSCRIPT
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Light Gas Cherenkov Detector for SoLID
E. Kaczanowicz, Z.-E. Meziani,M. Paolone, N. Sparveris
Temple University
SoLID Dry RunNov 7th 2014
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Detector Configurations and Requirements
● The LGC is designed to accommodate two primary configurations:
– SIDIS
– PVDIS
● Each configuration has different:
– incident particle angle / momentum ranges
– luminosity
– background profiles
– space constraints
● Goal is to have each configuration provide a pion rejection above 99% when combined with the calorimeter.
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Detector Configurations and Requirements
● The LGC is designed to accommodate two primary configurations:
– SIDIS
● 1 to 5 GeV● ~7 to 15 deg
– PVDIS
● 2 to 4 GeV● 22 to 35 deg
● Each configuration has different:
– incident particle angle / momentum ranges
– luminosity
– background profiles
– space constraints
● Goal is to have each configuration provide a pion rejection above 99% when combined with the calorimeter.
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Detector Configurations and Requirements
● The LGC is designed to accommodate two primary configurations:
– SIDIS
● 15uA on 3He
– PVDIS
● 50uA on D / H
● Each configuration has different:
– incident particle angle / momentum ranges
– luminosity
– background profiles
– space constraints
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● Goal is to have each configuration provide a pion rejection above 99% when combined with the calorimeter.
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Detector Configurations and Requirements
● The LGC is designed to accommodate two primary configurations:
– SIDIS
● Forward Calorimeter● Additional Gems
– PVDIS
● Baffles
● Each configuration has different:
– incident particle angle / momentum ranges
– luminosity
– background profiles
– space constraints
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● Goal is to have each configuration provide a pion rejection above 99% when combined with the calorimeter.
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Detector Configurations and Requirements
● The LGC is designed to accommodate two primary configurations:
– SIDIS
– PVDIS
● Baffles
● Each configuration has different:
– incident particle angle / momentum ranges
– luminosity
– background profiles
– space constraints
2
● Goal is to have each configuration provide a pion rejection above 99% when combined with the calorimeter.
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LGC geometric / material characteristics● Cherenkov is designed to maximize component use between
the two configurations.
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Tank
Common
● Primary tank toroidal shape:
– 105 cm length
– 71 to 85 cm inner radius
– 265 cm outer radius
● Windows– Polyvinyl fluoride (Tedlar)
● 1.45 g/mm3 density
– 0.05 mm entrance window
– 0.1 mm exit window
● Cherenkov gas is 65% C4F8O and 35% N2
Cherenkov gasis CO
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Mirrors
Common
SIDIS PVDIS
● 30 sectors (defined by baffle segmentation)
– 2 spherical mirrors per sector (60 mirrors total)
● Blanks are Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer [CFRP] (Same as LHCb RICH)
– Areal density < 6 kg/m2
– Reflective coating provided by Stony Brook (Al / MgF2 )
● Total reflective area per mirror is roughly 0.3 m2
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LGC Position and Mounting● The LGC will be directly
mounted to the back of the magnet support, and will not wheel-out with the snout assembly.
Magnet housing
LGC
Snout Assembly
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LGC Position and Mounting● The LGC will be directly
mounted to the back of the magnet support, and will not wheel-out with the snout assembly.
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LGC Position and Mounting● The LGC will be directly
mounted to the back of the magnet support, and will not wheel-out with the snout assembly.
● Six total internal support struts are designed to avoid interference with optical photon collection.
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LGC support and engineering6
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PMT Assembly● All components are common without
adjustment between both configurations.
● PMT assembly is:
– 3 x 3 array of Hamamatsu H8500C-03 maPMTS
● 64 pixel PMT array for each H8500C● Average QE ~ 15%● 2” by 2” per H8500C-03
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PMT Assembly● All components are common without
adjustment between both configurations.
● PMT assembly is:
– 3 x 3 array of Hamamatsu H8500C-03 maPMTS
– Reflective cone
● Standard glass cone● 30cm tall, inner radius = 7.6cm, outer
radius = 21cm, ~0.5cm thick.● polished and coated to maintain a
reflectivity > 80%.
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Model representation.Approximate size of reflective cone
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PMT Assembly● All components are common without
adjustment between both configurations.
● PMT assembly is:
– 3 x 3 array of Hamamatsu H8500C-03 maPMTS
– Reflective cone
– Mu-metal shielding.
● 0.04” thickness with 0.125” thick steel reinforcement
● Reduce BT and BL from 95 and 135 gauss (respectively) to < 50 gauss.
– Maintains at least 90% efficiency (see talk by M. Meziane)
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3 x 3 PMTs
Mu-Metal
Glass Cone
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PMT Assembly● All components are common without
adjustment between both configurations.
● PMT assembly is:
– 3 x 3 array of Hamamatsu H8500C-03 maPMTS
– Reflective cone
– Mu-metal shielding.
● 0.04” thickness with 0.125” thick steel reinforcement
● Reduce BT and BL from 95 and 135 gauss (respectively) to < 50 gauss.
– Maintains at least 90% efficiency (see talk by M. Meziane)
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3 x 3 PMTs
Mu-Metal
Glass Cone
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Simulation for pi rejection
● Event generation:– Electrons from electron generator eicRate.
– Pions from eicRate (Wiser)
– Uniformly distributed along target length.
● Propagate tracks out of target to LGC window– All interactions are handled by GEMC / Geant4
– All materials from SoLID design are included in the transport.
– CLEO magnetic field map is used.
● Simulate Cherenkov radiation through gas and collect optical photons.– Collection is recorded at the PMT on a p.e. per pixel level.
– QE as a function of photon energy is taken into account.
– Pion triggers below Cherenkov threshold are primarily from delta rays.
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Total Collection Efficiency for Electrons
● Calculated as # optical photons detected at PMT divided by # of reflections from spherical mirrors. Includes:
– Reflection efficiencies
– Quantum efficiency (dominant)
– Geometrical acceptance
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PVDIS
SIDIS
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Pion / electron signal
Pions (Primarily knock-ons)
electrons
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● Sample of collected PE signal:
(This MC is for track momentum below pion radiation threshold)
● Three settings possible pion rejection setting shown:
– Nominal
● Best compromise between electron efficiency and pion rejection.
– 0.9 Nominal
● Electron efficiency now 90% of nominal above.
– 0.8 Nominal
● Electron efficiency no 80% of nominal above
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PVDIS
pi rejection factor is theinverse pi acceptance after selection cut.
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SIDIS
pi rejection factor is theinverse pi acceptance after selection cut.
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Secondary backgrounds
● All pion rejection shown on previous slides only considers the primary source of pion contamination from charged pion production at the beam / target nucleon vertex (via Wiser)
● Other sources of background come from secondary particle production.
– Secondary background simulation is done by putting an 11 GeV electron beam on target in GEMC / Geant4.
● 200M events are simulated per “pass” on the ifarm.– This equates to 0.64 micro-seconds of beam.
● Geant4 physics list QGSP_BERT controls all EM / hadronic reactions.
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Rate of particles through LGC entrance window(PVDIS)
● High luminosity + large acceptance = large rates
– High rates can be handled, but care must be taken!
● Total rate through the LGC window for PVDIS.
– Integrated over all momentums.
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Rate of particles through LGC entrance window
● Rate through the LGC window.
– Only cherenkov radiation candidates.
Energies > LGC threshold
(10 MeV gamma/electrons)
(3 GeV pions)
(2.4 GeV muons)
(11 GeV kaons)
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Rate of particles through LGC entrance window
● Where does the majority of the electromagnetic radiation come from?:
– pi0's!
– Geant4 physics lists and Wiser predictions give very different rates of pi0 production at SoLID momentums and angles.
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Rate of particles through LGC entrance window
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Geant4 “Everything”Wiser pi0 Only
All momentums
Comparison between Wiser and Geant4
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Rate of particles through LGC entrance window
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Geant4 “Everything”Wiser pi0 Only
Momentums greater than radiation threshold
~10,000 MHz
~1000 MHz
~4000 MHz
~300 MHz
Comparison between Wiser and Geant4
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What estimate to use?● Which estimate is best?
– Geant4 likely underestimates rate.
– Wiser likely overestimates rate.
● Further testing (and comparison to experimental results) is needed.
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What effect does this have on the LGC rate (PVDIS)?
● For a trigger with 2 photoelectrons in 2 different PMTs in a given sector:
– Geant4 rate: ~ 1-2 Mhz/sector (Within DAQ capabilities)
– Wiser rate: ~ 5-6 Mhz/sector (Pushing DAQ)
What effect does this have on the LGC rate (SIDIS)?
● The SIDIS rate is much more manageable:
– Wiser rates are in the 10's of kHz/sector
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Continuing Improvements
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Quantum Efficiency
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Continuing Improvements
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Quantum Efficiency
QE peaks between 300 to 400 nm at about 30%
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Continuing Improvements
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Quantum Efficiency
QE peaks between 300 to 400 nm at about 30%
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Continuing Improvements
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Wavelength Shifting! Quantum Efficiency
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Continuing Improvements
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Wavelength Shifting! Quantum Efficiency
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Continuing Improvements● Wavelength shifter for PMTs:
– Temple is currently coating and testing the clas12 LGCC PMTs with p-Terphenyl.
.
Coating apparatus
Face plate coating:Before and after
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Wavelength shifting gains
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Continuing Improvements:PE pattern analysis
● Pattern of photoelectron signal could be recorded (binary signal per pixel) with a MAROC chip.
● Binary output together with pattern recognition could provide limited tracking information.
– Possibly useful for background suppression or better pion rejection.
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Example: Single triggered event
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Prototyping● 1st stage (Pre-R&D)
– maPMT / DAQ testing
– small Cherenkov tank
– With electron source → test more realistic PMT response.
– Ideally with a single aluminized / polished CFRP mirror
● 2nd stage (1st – 2nd year DOE)
– Construction of 1/6th of total SoLID detector.
● 5 combined sectors → to be used in final detector.
● Prototype 1/6th size tank.
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Budget
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Conclusion
● The SoLID LGC is designed to meet the requirements of the SIDIS and PVDIS experimental programs while maximizing inter-component use (minimizing cost).
● Extensive GEMC / Geant4 simulations have been performed testing signal, backgrounds, and pion rejection.
● Continuing efforts to study (and reduce) simulated EM / hadronic backgrounds.
● Wavelength shifting and PMT pixel pattern analysis are being investigated and may lead to even better LGC performance.
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Backups
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LGC support and engineering
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LGC support and engineering
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LGC support and engineering
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PMT efficiencies
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PMT in Magnetic Field
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PVDIS
pi rejection factor is theinverse pi acceptance after selection cut.
No calculation
12
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PVDIS
pi rejection factor is theinverse pi acceptance after selection cut.
No calculation
Generated electrons
Generated pions
12
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PVDIS
pi rejection factor is theinverse pi acceptance after selection cut.
No calculation
Generated electrons
Generated pions
Pion efficiency is undefined when there is no pion rate.
12
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Photons direct on PMTs
18
● Non-optical photons that interact with the maPMTs may also cause some background.
– First step: Simulate the rate of these photons incident on the PMTs:
– Two obvious peaks.
● Neutron capture with hydrogen in carbon fiber mirrors.
● e+ e- annihilation
– Low energy photon rate still dominated by electron production.
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Photons direct on PMTs
● Non-optical photons that interact with the maPMTs may also cause some background.
– First step: Simulate the rate of these photons incident on the PMTs:
– Two obvious peaks.
● Neutron capture with hydrogen in carbon fiber mirrors.
● e+ e- annihilation
– Low energy photon rate still dominated by electron production.
e+ e- annihilation (0.51 MeV)
Neutron capture (2.2 MeV)
18