ling 100 - phonology review and morphological analysis
TRANSCRIPT
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Phonological and Morphological AnalysisLING 100 2013W: Tutorial T02/T04
Meagan Louie
2013-10-18
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Core Subdomains: Phonology and Morphology
Linguistics: The study of Language
Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Review: Allophones or Phonemes?
We’ll often ask the question:
”Are [x] and [X] distinct phonemes, or allophones of the samephoneme?”
This is a shorthand, and somewhat misleading - it should really be:
”Are [x] and [X] allophones of distinct phonemes, or allophones ofthe same phoneme.”
Why?
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Review: Allophones or Phonemes?
We’ll often ask the question:
”Are [x] and [X] distinct phonemes, or allophones of the samephoneme?”
This is a shorthand, and somewhat misleading - it should really be:
”Are [x] and [X] allophones of distinct phonemes, or allophones ofthe same phoneme.”
Why?
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Review: Allophones or Phonemes?
We’ll often ask the question:
”Are [x] and [X] distinct phonemes, or allophones of the samephoneme?”
This is a shorthand, and somewhat misleading - it should really be:
”Are [x] and [X] allophones of distinct phonemes, or allophones ofthe same phoneme.”
Why?
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Review: Allophones or Phonemes?
Q: When do you use [x] and when do you use /x/ ?
The angled slashes are for (sequences of) phonemes, the squarebrackets are for (sequences) allophones.1
The angled slashes are for the underlying form, the squarebrackets are for the surface form.
What does that mean?
1Where we allow for a trivial sequence with a single term/member , eg., [x] and /x/Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Review: Allophones or Phonemes?
Q: When do you use [x] and when do you use /x/ ?
The angled slashes are for (sequences of) phonemes, the squarebrackets are for (sequences) allophones.1
The angled slashes are for the underlying form, the squarebrackets are for the surface form.
What does that mean?
1Where we allow for a trivial sequence with a single term/member , eg., [x] and /x/Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Review: Allophones or Phonemes?
Q: When do you use [x] and when do you use /x/ ?
The angled slashes are for (sequences of) phonemes, the squarebrackets are for (sequences) allophones.1
The angled slashes are for the underlying form, the squarebrackets are for the surface form.
What does that mean?
1Where we allow for a trivial sequence with a single term/member , eg., [x] and /x/Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Review: Allophones or Phonemes?
Q: When do you use [x] and when do you use /x/ ?
The angled slashes are for (sequences of) phonemes, the squarebrackets are for (sequences) allophones.1
The angled slashes are for the underlying form, the squarebrackets are for the surface form.
What does that mean?
1Where we allow for a trivial sequence with a single term/member , eg., [x] and /x/Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Review: Distinct Phonemes or Allophones of the samePhoneme?
Let’s say you found two sounds that are in complementary distribution:
You can create a rule (or rules) that accounts for the complementarydistribution
EXAMPLE RULES: for Canadian Raising
A1: X → Y / C[-voice]
A2: Y → X / C[+voice]Y → X / VY → X / #
A1 and A2 differ in what the underlying phoneme is (X or Y)
Fewer rules is better! (easier for a child to learn. And the TA tomark.)
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Review: Distinct Phonemes or Allophones of the samePhoneme?
Let’s say you found two sounds that are in complementary distribution:
You can create a rule (or rules) that accounts for the complementarydistribution
EXAMPLE RULES: for Canadian Raising
A1: X → Y / C[-voice]
A2: Y → X / C[+voice]Y → X / VY → X / #
A1 and A2 differ in what the underlying phoneme is (X or Y)
Fewer rules is better! (easier for a child to learn. And the TA tomark.)
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Review: Distinct Phonemes or Allophones of the samePhoneme?
Let’s say you found two sounds that are in complementary distribution:
You can create a rule (or rules) that accounts for the complementarydistribution
EXAMPLE RULES: for Canadian Raising
A1: X → Y / C[-voice]
A2: Y → X / C[+voice]Y → X / VY → X / #
A1 and A2 differ in what the underlying phoneme is (X or Y)
Fewer rules is better! (easier for a child to learn. And the TA tomark.)
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Review: Distinct Phonemes or Allophones of the samePhoneme?
Let’s say you found two sounds that are in complementary distribution:
You can create a rule (or rules) that accounts for the complementarydistribution
EXAMPLE RULES: for Canadian Raising
A1: X → Y / C[-voice]
A2: Y → X / C[+voice]Y → X / VY → X / #
A1 and A2 differ in what the underlying phoneme is (X or Y)
Fewer rules is better! (easier for a child to learn. And the TA tomark.)
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Review: Distinct Phonemes or Allophones of the samePhoneme?
Let’s say you found two sounds that are in complementary distribution:
You can create a rule (or rules) that accounts for the complementarydistribution
EXAMPLE RULES: for Canadian Raising
A1: X → Y / C[-voice]
A2: Y → X / C[+voice]Y → X / VY → X / #
A1 and A2 differ in what the underlying phoneme is (X or Y)
Fewer rules is better! (easier for a child to learn. And the TA tomark.)
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Review: Distinct Phonemes or Allophones of the samePhoneme?
Let’s say you found two sounds that are in complementary distribution:
You can create a rule (or rules) that accounts for the complementarydistribution
EXAMPLE RULES: for Canadian Raising
A1: X → Y / C[-voice]
A2: Y → X / C[+voice]Y → X / VY → X / #
A1 and A2 differ in what the underlying phoneme is (X or Y)
Fewer rules is better! (easier for a child to learn. And the TA tomark.)
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Review: Distinct Phonemes or Allophones of the samePhoneme?
Let’s say you found two sounds that are in complementary distribution:
You can create a rule (or rules) that accounts for the complementarydistribution
EXAMPLE RULES: for Canadian Raising
A1: X → Y / C[-voice]
A2: Y → X / C[+voice]Y → X / VY → X / #
A1 and A2 differ in what the underlying phoneme is (X or Y)
Fewer rules is better! (easier for a child to learn. And the TA tomark.)
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Underlying Forms: Beyond segments
Phonological rules take you from the underlying form to a surface form
eg.,Rule 1: C[+voice] → C[-voice] / ]word
2
Rule 2: aw→2w/ C[-voice, -nasal]
Rule 3: ∅ → t / σ[
/tawn/ → [tawn˚]
/bawd/ → [b2wt]/awb/ → [t2wp]
A single underlying morpheme can have several surface allomorphs(depending on the morpheme’s environment)
2Word boundaries can also be indicated with a #Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Underlying Forms: Beyond segments
Phonological rules take you from the underlying form to a surface form
eg.,Rule 1: C[+voice] → C[-voice] / ]word
2
Rule 2: aw→2w/ C[-voice, -nasal]
Rule 3: ∅ → t / σ[
/tawn/ → [tawn˚]
/bawd/ → [b2wt]/awb/ → [t2wp]
A single underlying morpheme can have several surface allomorphs(depending on the morpheme’s environment)
2Word boundaries can also be indicated with a #Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Underlying Forms: Beyond segments
Phonological rules take you from the underlying form to a surface form
eg.,Rule 1: C[+voice] → C[-voice] / ]word
2
Rule 2: aw→2w/ C[-voice, -nasal]
Rule 3: ∅ → t / σ[
/tawn/ → [tawn˚]
/bawd/ → [b2wt]
/awb/ → [t2wp]
A single underlying morpheme can have several surface allomorphs(depending on the morpheme’s environment)
2Word boundaries can also be indicated with a #Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Underlying Forms: Beyond segments
Phonological rules take you from the underlying form to a surface form
eg.,Rule 1: C[+voice] → C[-voice] / ]word
2
Rule 2: aw→2w/ C[-voice, -nasal]
Rule 3: ∅ → t / σ[
/tawn/ → [tawn˚]
/bawd/ → [b2wt]/awb/ → [t2wp]
A single underlying morpheme can have several surface allomorphs(depending on the morpheme’s environment)
2Word boundaries can also be indicated with a #Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Underlying Forms: Beyond segments
Phonological rules take you from the underlying form to a surface form
eg.,Rule 1: C[+voice] → C[-voice] / ]word
2
Rule 2: aw→2w/ C[-voice, -nasal]
Rule 3: ∅ → t / σ[
/tawn/ → [tawn˚]
/bawd/ → [b2wt]/awb/ → [t2wp]
A single underlying morpheme can have several surface allomorphs(depending on the morpheme’s environment)
2Word boundaries can also be indicated with a #Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Turkish Allomorphy Problem Set(Archibald & O’Grady 2004)
1. What are the allomorphs for the morpheme meaning ’in/at’?
2. What conditions their distribution?
(1) a. lokanta ’a restaurant’
b. kap1 ’a door’
c. reandevu ’an appointment’
d. baS ’a head’
e. kitap ’a book’
f. koltuk ’an armchair’
g. taraf ’a side’
(2) a. lokantada ’in/at a restaurant’
b. kap1da ’in/at a door’
c. reandevuda ’’in/at an appointment’
d. baSta ’in/at a head’
e. kitapta ’in/at a book’
f. koltukta ’in/at an armchair’
g. tarafta ’in/at a side’
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Underlying Forms: English Accents
Two derivations:
”writer” /ôaj.t@ô/
Canadian Raising:
a → 2 / C[-voice]
/ô2j.t@ô/
Intervocalic Flapping:
t → R / V V[-stress]
/ô2j.R@ô/
[ô2j.R@ô]
”writer” /ôaj.t@ô/
Aspiration:
t → th
/ôaj.th@ô/
R-loss:
ô → ∅ / ]word
/ôaj.th@/
[ôaj.th@]
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Underlying Forms: Beyond segments
Notice that rules don’t just make reference to single segments...
R1: C[+voice] → C[-voice] / ]word
R2: aw→2w/ C[-voice, -nasal]
R3: ∅ → t /σ[
...they can also talk about word, and foot, and syllable boundaries.
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Underlying Forms: Beyond segments
Notice that rules don’t just make reference to single segments...
R1: C[+voice] → C[-voice] / ]word
R2: aw→2w/ C[-voice, -nasal]
R3: ∅ → t /σ[
...they can also talk about word, and foot, and syllable boundaries.
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Underlying and Surface FormsPhonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Phonological Constituents
Phonological (and morphological) rules are sensitive to phonologicaldomains
Eg., some rules only apply if the segments involved are within the sameword, or within the same foot, or within the same syllable, etc.
This means that the theory needs to posit things like syllables, feet,words, etc., for the phonological rules to refer to.
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Syllable Structure
σ
Onset Rhyme
Nucleus Coda
1. Identify the nucleus (usually a vowel).
2. Every consonant after the nucleus forms part of the coda
3. Every consonant before the nucleus forms part of the onset
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Syllable Structure
General Syllabification Processes:
1. Minimize codas (i.e., CV syllables preferred over CVC syllables)
2. Maximize onsets (i.e., CV syllables preferred over V syllables)
3. Abide by the Sonorance Hierarchy!
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
The Role of the Sonority Hierarchy
The Sonority Hierarchy (Guideline for Syllabification)
In terms of sonority, syllables should peak at the nucleus
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
Samoan Problem Set(Archibald & O’Grady 2004)
(3) a. mate ’he dies’
b. nofo ’he stays’
c. galue ’he works’
d. tanu ’he buries’
e. alofa ’he loves’
f. taoto ’he lies’
g. atamaPi ’he is intelligent’
(4) a. mamate ’they die’
b. nonofo ’they stay’
c. galulue ’they work’
d. tatanu ’they bury’
e. alolofa ’they love’
f. taooto ’they lie’
g. atamamaPi ’they are intelligent’
1. What morphological process expresses singular/plural?
2. Describe how it works.
3. If [malosi] means ’he is strong,’ what is ’they are strong’?
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
DefinitionsUrban DictionaryMore Exercises
Word Formation Processes
Coinage: Invention of a totally new term,eg., aspirin, zipper, vaseline
Compounding: Joining two separate words into a single form,eg., fingerprint, picture book, wallpaper
Blending: Joining two separate words into a single form, but onlytaking parts of the component words,eg., brunch, smog, chunnel
Conversion: Changing the category of an existing word (withoutderivational morphology) to form a new wordeg., bottling, buttering, vacationing, verbing
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
DefinitionsUrban DictionaryMore Exercises
Word Formation Processes
Borrowing: Taking words from other languages,eg., croissant, pretzel, tycoon
Calque: Taking words from other languages, via direct translationeg., gratte-ciel, perros calientes
Clipping: Taking a multisyllabic word, and reducing it to a formwith fewer syllableseg., fax, pub, phone, plane
Backformation: When an single-morphemic form is reinterpretedas consisting of several morphemes, and a new form is produced by”removing” one of these morphemes.eg.emote, enthuse, liase, babysit
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
DefinitionsUrban DictionaryMore Exercises
Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
DefinitionsUrban DictionaryMore Exercises
Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
DefinitionsUrban DictionaryMore Exercises
Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
DefinitionsUrban DictionaryMore Exercises
Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
DefinitionsUrban DictionaryMore Exercises
Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
DefinitionsUrban DictionaryMore Exercises
Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
DefinitionsUrban DictionaryMore Exercises
Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
DefinitionsUrban DictionaryMore Exercises
Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
DefinitionsUrban DictionaryMore Exercises
Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
DefinitionsUrban DictionaryMore Exercises
Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
DefinitionsUrban DictionaryMore Exercises
Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
DefinitionsUrban DictionaryMore Exercises
Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary
thriftster
An off-shoot (or sub-culture) of the general hipster trend, but while mostcontemporary hipsters attempt to buy indie flavor by frequenting UrbanOutfitters or American Apparel, a ”thriftster” alternatively obtains saidstyle by frequenting thrift stores or through general use ofhand-me-downs. While shopping at the Salvation Army may have beenincluded in the original definition of a ”hipster,” now that mainstreamcommercialism has caught onto the hipster fashion trends, the term”thriftster” must be adopted to differentiate those who appreciate usedclothing and the ideals that come along with it from the ever-increasinggroup of trendy 20 and 30-somethings who are content to buy themassed-produced version of this clothing without asking how it got to bethere in the first place.
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
DefinitionsUrban DictionaryMore Exercises
Identify the Word-Formation Process(Archibald & O’Grady 2004)
1. automation → automate
2. humid → humidifier
3. information, entertainment → infotainment
4. PROgress → proGRESS
5. typographical error → typo
6. act → deactivate
Meagan Louie Morphophonology
IntroductionReview: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable StructureWord Formation I
DefinitionsUrban DictionaryMore Exercises
Identify the Word-Formation Process(Archibald & O’Grady 2004)
1. perambulator → pram
2. beef, buffalo → beefalo
3. random access memory → RAM
4. influenza → flu
5. combN → combV
Meagan Louie Morphophonology