ling morphology (3)

7/27/2019 Ling Morphology (3)

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MORPHOLOGY

The Study of Word Structure and

Word Formation


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How are words created? Many words are formed or created from

combinations of other words, or fromcombinations of words and prefixes orsuffixes.

What are other possible ways of forming orcreating new words in English?


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Derivation

The most productive process of wordformation in a language is the use of derivational morphemes to form new wordsfrom already existing forms.

Example:

-suggest can be derived to suggestion

- correct , we can derive incorrect , thenderive incorrectly


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Coinage

Is the invention of totally new words. Process usually involves the extensions of a

product a name from a specific reference to amore general one.

Example: aspirin, kleenex, xerox and kodak These started as names of specific products

but now used as the generic names fordifferent brands of types of product.

Can you think of other examples?


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Conversion

A change in the function of a word Is the extension of the use of one word from

its original grammatical category to anothercategory as well.

Example: the word must is a verb.

You must be punctual, but it can also beused as a noun as in Punctuality is a must. Other examples: butter, chair, google


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Conversion process is productive in modernEnglish.

Conversion can involve: verbs nouns ( ex: guess, spy, must)

phrasal verbs nouns (ex: to print out, totake over---a printout, a takeover) verbs adjectives (ex:see through, stand-

up see through material or a stand-upcomedian)

Adjv verbs (empty, dirty---to empty, to dirty)


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Borrowing

New words also enter a language throughborrowing from other languages.

Example: croissant (French), pretzel (German),sofa (Arabic), yogurt (Turkish).

Other languages do borrow terms fromEnglish.

Example: BM (relevan, komited), Japanese(suupa, suupaamaaketto (supermarket,taipuraitaa)


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Borrowing

Other examples of foreign words found their wayinto English:

(a) leak, yacht (from Dutch) (b) Barbecue, cockroach (from Spanish) (c ) Piano, concerto (from Italian) (d) Algebra, amulet, caramel, carat, coffee, safari,

syrup, sheriff, soda (from Arabic) (e) Yam, banana (from African Languages) Can you think of the examples?


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Compounding

Combining two or more words together toform a new complex word.

Examples:

a) Post + card = postcard

b) Post + office = post office

c) Book + case = bookcased) Finger + print= fingerprint


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Acronyms

They are words created from the initial lettersof several words.

Examples: CD (compact disk), VCR ( videocassette recorder), radar (radio detecting andranging), laser (light amplification bystimulated emission of radiation). Scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus),NATO, FBI, CIA, UN, UNICEF, UNESCO,RECSAM, RELC, AIDS,


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Back-Formation

A type of reduction process. Formation of a new word by removing an

affix; that base then is used as a root, and

becomes a word through widespread use. Usually a noun is reduced to form a verb.

(television-televise, donation-donate

Examples: enthuse (enthusiasm), burgle(burglar), burger (hamburger), edit (editor)


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Clipping Shortening of a longer word (a word of more than

one syllable) Examples:

pro (professional) Prof (professor) Math (mathematics) Sub (substitute or submarine) Fax (facsimile) Gym (gymnasium) Lab (laboratory)


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Blending Another way of combining words to form a new word. The difference between blending and compounding,

however, is that in blending only parts of the words,not the whole words, are combined.

Blending takes only the beginning of one word and joinit to the end of the other word.

Examples: smoke + fog = smog Motor + hotel= motel Break + lunch= brunch Binary + digit= bit television+ broadcast= telecast


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Onomatopoeia

A new word is formed by analogy with thesound made by the thing it names.

Examples: buzz, beep, hiss


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Suppletion

Is about irregularity. Replacement of a word form by a completely

different word. They are morphologically complex forms in

which the connection between the base andthe newly created form is not obvious at all.

Examples: go (present) = went (past)good = better


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Reduplication

A way of building up words by repeatingeither a part or all of the base word.

We dont have this in English. Examples: Total reduplication in B.M (rumah-rumah)

Partial reduplication in Tagalog, we take verb(bili) and reduplicate only the first two soundsto get the future form (bibili)


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Morpheme-Internal Changes

Adding morphemes results in changes to apart of the word (stem internal vowel change).

Some cases of this in English, though notproductive ones.

Examples: Sing (present) - sang (past) Mouse (singular) - mice (plural)


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Tutorial Task

1) We noted that radar and laser are acronyms. Listthree other recent English words that are acronymsand state their origin (do not take examples given inthe lecture).

2) In the word formation processes, conversion is oneof the most productive processes? Why?

Discuss with your partner.

ling morphology (3)

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