linkages of aquaculture - wetlands - hydroponics & industrial wastewater in central queensland...
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Linkages of Aquaculture - Wetlands - Hydroponics & Linkages of Aquaculture - Wetlands - Hydroponics & Industrial Wastewater in Central Queensland (Australia)Industrial Wastewater in Central Queensland (Australia)
Dr. Brett Roe Central Queensland UniversityPlant Sciences Group Queensland, [email protected]
Project Location: Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
Mean annual precipitation: 614 mm
AUSTRALIA
Queensland
City of Rockhampton
Location: - 23 24' S lat. 150 30' E log.
Mean annual evaporation: 2243 mm
(1992 - 2002)
Depleted and degraded freshwater supply is the greatest threat currently facing Central Queensland.
Integrate regional water based industry, agribusiness, and ecology for multiple societal benefit.
Constructed wetlands
Aquaculture
Power station wastewater
Floral hydroponics
Integrated Aquaculture and Constructed Wetlands
• Biodiversity • Carbon dioxide sequestration and cycling • Soil and nutrient retention • Direct or indirect water supply• Wetland products / tourism / education
• In-line and discharge water quality control• Secondary crop and / or in situ feed production• Minimal skilled / non-skilled labor• Minimal energy to sustain• One time investment – long operating life
ConstructedWetlands
?
Aquaculture
+
Wetland Services
(RAMSAR, 1996)
Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) Red claw (Cherax quadricarinatus)
Schoenoplectus validus
Baumea articulata
SYSTEM DESIGN
Pilot Scale Integration
Rose Hydroponics
Wetlands
Barramundi
Red claw
Water Input
Physical - Hydrological Frameworks
discharge / reuse
RESULTS
Animal and Plant Growth
Barramundi Culture Efficiency
Trial 1 - 2001 Trial 2 - 2002 Trial 3 - 2003
R1 R2 R1 R2 R1 R2
SGR 2.77 2.72 2.56 2.63 2.52 2.31
feeding rate (% body weight day -1)
2.59 2.63 2.15 2.29 2.50 2.18
FCR 0.80 0.82 0.81 0.85 1.14 0.92
tank culture density (kg m-3)
14.8 14.5 8.5 7.6 20.2 30.2
wetland culture density (kg m-2)
1.4 1.4 0.8 0.7 1.9 2.8
survival % 97.5 100 95 90 75.4 92.3
Barramundi SGR measured at the high end of published SRGs for barramundi cultured commercially in ponds and cages
Barramundi feeding rate measured near the lower end of published feeding rates for fish cultured in integrated wetland systems, but high for commercial barramundi systems.
Barramundi FCRs were very efficient when compared to barramundi cultured commercially, and when compared to fish culture in integrated wetland systems,
Barramundi culture density (with respect to culture wetland surface area) was at least 6 times greater than fish culture densities reported for all other integrated wetland systems
Red Claw Culture Efficiency
trial 1 - 2001 trial 2 - 2002 trial 3 - 2003
R1 R2 R1 R2 R1 R2
SGR 0.91 0.92 0.60 1.24 0.96 0.98
wetland density (kg m-2)
0.04 0.05 0.18 0.15 0.12 0.14
survival (%) 80.0 70.0 na na 63.0 73.1
Red claw SGRs and survival rates measured at the high end of published SGRs where red claw had been cultured with fish in non-wetland systems.
Red claw SGRs measured at the low end (less efficient) of published SGR values for direct-fed pond cultured red claw.
Red claw culture densities were similar to those reported in crayfish poly-culture systems
year 04.02.01 08.01.03
dry
plan
t mat
ter
(g m
-2)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
7400
7600
7800
8000
T1 - T3 Schoenoplectus validus T4 - T6 Baumea articulata R1 - R2 Schoenoplectus validus
Wetland Plant Biomass
2001 2003
Nutrient Water Quality
Source
Effluent Total Nitrogen Concentration
year 01.08.01 16.08.01 29.08.01 18.09.01 15.10.01 18.06.02 05.08.02 28.09.02 23.11.02
tota
l nitr
ogen
-
g L
-1
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
A A A A A A A A A
source waterR1 - R2 Schoenoplectus validusT1 - T3 Schoenoplectus validusT4 - T6 Baumea articulataANZECC triggerA
Trial 1 Trial 2
2001 2002
Effleunt Total Phosphorus Concentration
year 01.08.01 16.08.01 29.08.01 18.09.01 15.10.01 18.06.02 05.08.02 28.09.02 23.11.02
tota
l pho
spho
rus
- g
L-1
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
A A A A A A A A A
source waterR1 - R2 Schoenoplectus validusT1 - T3 Schoenoplectus validusT4 - T6 Baumea articulataANZECC triggerA
Trial 1 Trial 2
2001 2002
MASS BALANCE
Culture Wetlands (R1-R2) Nitrogen Mass balance
nitrogen origin and fate
tota
l nitr
ogen
(g)
0
20
40
60
80
100
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
input sequestration output excessrecovered
musselcrayfishplant rootsoilplant shoottap waterfishfeedwastewaterexcess sequestered
musselcrayfish plant - below groundsoil plant - above groundtap water fish feed wastewater excess recovered
+ 1 %
+ 4 %
+ 103 %
Fish sequestered 44 % feed nitrogen
Crayfish indirectly sequestered 3 % nitrogen
Culture Wetlands (R1-R2) Phosphorus Mass balance
phosphorus origin and fate
tota
l pho
spho
rus
(g)
02468
101214
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
plant - below groundcrayfish mussel soil plant - above groundtap water fish fish feed wastewater excess recovered
input sequestration output excessrecovered
+ 4 %
+ 101 %
+ 3 %
Fish sequestered 50 % feed bound phosphorus
Crayfish indirectly sequestered 3 % phosphorus
Schoenoplectus validus Wetlands Nitrogen Mass Balance
nitrogen origin and fate
tota
l nit
roge
n (g
)
0123456
75
100
125
150
plant shoot plant root tap watersoilwastewater algaeexcess recovered
input output sequestration excessrecovered
Baumea articulata Wetlands Nitrogen Mass Balance
nitrogen origin and fate
tota
l nit
roge
n (g
)
0123456
25
30
35
40
plant shootplant roottap watersoilswastewateralgaeexcess recovered
input output sequestration excessrecovered
+ 1451 % + 1461 %
+ 10 %
+ 425 %
+ 433 %
+ 8 %
plant - above groundplant - below ground tap watersoilwastewater algaeexcess recovered
plant - above groundplant - below ground tap watersoilwastewater algaeexcess recovered
Buamea articulata Wetlands Phosphorus Mass Balance
phosphorus origin and fate
tota
l pho
spho
rus
(g)
-0.15
0.00
0.15
0.30
0.45
0.60
0.75
0.90
1.05
1.20
1.35
1.50
plant - below groundplant - above groundtap watersoilwastewateralgaenot recovered
input output sequestration not recovered
Schoenoplectus validus Wetlands Phosphorus Mass Balance
phosphorus origin and fate
tota
l pho
spho
rus
(g)
-0.15
0.00
0.15
0.30
0.45
0.60
0.75
0.90
1.05
1.20
1.35
1.50
tap waterplant - above groundplant - below groundsoilwasterwateralgaenot recovered
input output sequestration not recovered
+ 83 %
- 5 %+ 12 %
+ 83 %
- 5 %+ 12 %
Biodiversity
Wetland Litoria fallax density
wetland
frog
m-2
0
1
2
3
4
5
20002002
year
T1 - T3
Schoenoplectus validusT4 - T6
Baumea articulata
R1 - R2
Schoenoplectus validus
Benthic Invertebrate Identification and Density
Invertebrate Family
Pla
norb
idae
Lym
naid
ae
Cae
nida
e
Lib
ellu
lidae
Coe
nagr
ioni
dae
Cor
ixid
ae
Ple
idae
Not
onec
tidae
Vel
iidae
Cer
atop
ogon
idae
Chi
rono
mid
ae
Tab
anid
ae
Cul
icid
ae
Dyt
isci
dae
For
mic
idae
Ara
enae
Ter
re H
emip
tera
indi
vidu
al n
umbe
r pe
r 0.
9 m
2
0
2
4
6
8
20
30
40
50
T1 - T3 Schoenoplectus validusT4 - T6 Baumea articulataR1 - R2 Schoenoplectus validus
Experiment Conclusion
The integrated aquaculture / wetland system…...
Polishing wetland effluent total nitrogen and total phosphorus remained below ANZECC trigger levels roughly 40 % of the time.
● produced three healthy and efficient fish and crayfish harvests
● maintained culture quality water without added resource inputs
● supported local biodiversity
Baumea articulata plants have advantages over Schoenoplectus validus plants.…...
● Biomass production
● Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus sequestration
● canopy shade
● frog density
● able to support red claw in a niche habitat, without direct feed inputs
Integrated Floral Hydroponics - Power Station Wastewater - Aquaculture Wastewater
Experiment 2
Trials 1-3
Leonora Christine
• German hybrid tea rose • Robust, long stemmed, repeat flowering, insect
resistant, highly fragrant, large red flowers.
Pilot Integration
Rose Hydroponics
Power station wastewater (trial 1)
Physical - Hydrological Frameworks
Evaporation Pond Discharge
Aquaculture wastewater (trial 2)
Wastewater
Treatment
flowers per 0.45
m2
growth period(day)
stem length (cm)
flowerdiameter (cm)
vase life (day)
Water use per marketable flower (L)
0 % RO H2O
mean 6.8 49.3 42.0 7.7 5.8 10.1
stdv 1.9 1.8 5.2 0.6 0.1 2.7
50 %
mean 7.0 48.3 45.0 7.6 6.0 10.2
stdv 1.4 1.9 3.9 0.4 0.3 2.0
100 %
mean 8.2 48.5 47.5 7.2 5.9 9.8
stdv 2.6 2.6 1.8 0.6 0.1 2.4
Trial 1 : Power Station Wastewater - Results
growth period(day)
stem length (cm)
flowerdiameter
(cm)
vase life (day)
water use per flower (L)
Treatment 1
mean 35.8 46.3 8.0 5.5 10.8
stdv 1.9 8.9 0.7 0 0.3
Treatment 2
mean 35.8 46.1 8.1 5.0 10.7
stdv 4.0 2.2 0.2 0 0.2
Treatment 3
mean 38.8 37.2 7.6 5.7 10.4
stdv 6.4 3.4 0.3 0 0.0
RO H2O
mean 35.1 46.7 8.1 5.3 10.3
stdv 2.2 4.2 0.2 0 0.5
Trial 2 : Aquaculture Wastewater - Results
ConstructedWetlands
Aquaculture+
Power Station Wastewater
Floral Hydroponics
Multi-Benefit Services
• Wastewater re-use• Floral products
Trial 3 Inter-linkage
• Biodiversity • Carbon sequestration and cycling • Soil and nutrient retention • Direct or indirect water supply• Wetland products / tourism / education• Water quality enhancement• Secondary crop production• Minimal skilled / non-skilled labor• One time investment
Trial 3
Power Station + Aquaculture Wastewater - Results
wastewater treatment
growth period(day)
stem length (cm)
flower dia (cm)
Vase life (d)
Liters (l) % bloom
0 %
mean 53.6 68.1 8.0 6.0 16.7 100.0
stdv 1.0 12.9 1.0 0.0 0.7 0.0
50 %
mean 51.3 66.8 8.0 5.7 16.2 100.0
Stdv 5.4 10.5 0.4 0.3 1.2 0.0
100 %
mean 46.5 62.7 7.2 5.8 16.7 40.0
Stdv 6.9 20.2 0.2 0.4 1.3 54.8
Hydroponic rose culture supported by power station wastewater, aquaculture wastewater, and combined power station / aquaculture wastewater are a viable re-use options as flower growth and quality is not impacted.
Experiment Conclusion
The Model
Baumea articulata and Schoenoplectus validus Polishing Wetlands Light Interception and Biomass Increase
0 500 1000 1500 2000
dry
plan
t bio
mas
s (g
ram
m-2
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
light interception (MJ m-2)
0 250 500 750 1000
Baumea articulataSchoenoplectus validus
Baumea articulata
Schoenoplectus validus
Seminar Conclusion
Experiments completed suggest that….
1) Re-use of water and wastewater can better support the needs of industrial, agribusiness, and environmental community sectors if integration methods are employed.
2) Wetlands are well suited for integration with aquaculture.
3) Floral hydroponics is a viable wastewater re-use option.
Linkages of Aquaculture - Wetlands - Hydroponics & Linkages of Aquaculture - Wetlands - Hydroponics & Industrial Wastewater in Central Queensland (Australia)Industrial Wastewater in Central Queensland (Australia)
Dr. Brett Roe Central Queensland UniversityPlant Sciences Group Queensland, [email protected]
Specific growth rate (SGR is relative growth rate (RGR) multiplied by 100):
SGR = RGR x 100 where RGR = [(lnWt – lnW0) / t]Wt = fish fresh weight (g) at harvest;
W0 = fish fresh weight (g) at stocking;t = time.
nitric acid digestion (Tecator digester block) followed by analyses with an Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission System (ICP-OES) against external calibratio