linux operating system by quontra solutions

8/12/2019 Linux Operating System by Quontra Solutions

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Z`sns Wfm t`snmfe

Bultm t`snmfe

Wsgrs Qmfelg Wsgr

Bultm Wsgr

Xriagssmfe

Wfm priagssmfe Bultm priagssmfe

Zmbgsd`rmfe


4/46

Crgg Ipgf Qiurag Qictw`rg

CrggBg`fs Lmogrty `fj fit rgl`tgj ti Xrmag ir aist

IpgfQiurag aijg ms `v`ml`olg `fj `fy oijy a`faiftrmoutg ti tdg jgvglipbgft. Ire`fmz`tmif mfjgpgfjgft


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Airg ir fualgus ic `f ipgr`tmfe systgb

Mftgr`ats wmtd tdg d`rjw`rg

Cmrst prier`b ti egt li`jgj wdgf tdg systgb st`rts `fj

rufs tmll tdg sgssmif egts tgrbmf`tgj Jmccgrgft crib OMIQ wdmad ms d`rjw`rg jgpgfjgft.

Ngrfgl ms sictw`rg jgpgfjgft


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Bifilmtdma@ll IQ rgl`tgj aijg `rg stuccgj mf ` smfelg bijulg

@v`mlòlg `s ` smfelg cmlg

@jv`ftèg ; C`stgr cufatmifmfe Bmari

IQ aibpifgfts `rg msil`tgj `fj ruf mf tdgmr iwf`jjrgss spàg

Jgvmag jrmvgrs, prier`bs `fj systgb sgrvmags rufiutsmjg ngrfgl bgbiry spàg

Quppirts bijul`rmty

Lgssgr mf smzg


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Xrier`b td`t mftgr`ats wmtd ngrfgl

Ormjeg ogtwggf ngrfgl `fj tdg usgr

Aibb`fj mftgrprgtgr

Wsgr a`f typg aibb`fj `fj tdg aibb`fj ms aifvgygjti tdg ngrfgl `fj mt wmll og gxgautgj


8/46

Qdsmbplg sdgll

O@QDOiurfg @e`mf Qdgll

NQDNirfg Qdgll

AQDA Qdgll

QQDQgaurg Qdgll Zi usg ` p`rtmaul`r sdgll typg tdg sdgll f`bg `t tdg aibb`fj pribpt.

Ge $asdwmll swmtad tdg aurrgft sdgll ti a sdgll

Zi vmgw tdg `v`ml`olg sdglls mf tdg systgb, typg a`t /gta/sdglls `t tdgaibb`fj pribpt

Zi vmgw tdg aurrgft sdgll td`t ms ogmfe usgj, typg gadi $QDGLL `t tdgaibb`fj pribpt


9/46

Crggjib ti ruf tdg sictw`rg `fywdgrg

Crggjib ti stujy diw tdg prier`bs wirn. m.g siuragaijg wmll og `aagssmolg

Crggjib ti rgjmstrmoutg aipmgs Crggjib ti mbprivg tdg sictw`rg

Mc ` sictw`rg d`s `ll tdgsg : crggjibs, tdgf mt ms ` CIQQ


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Zgrbgj oy _mad`rj B`tdgw Qt`llb`f

Lmogr`tgs mfcirb`tmif crib tdg priprmgt`ry lge`lgfaubor`fags `ssiam`tgj wmtd aifvgftmif`l aipyrmedt

Aipylgct st`tgbgft; Sgro`tmb aipymfe `fj rgjmstrmoutmif `rg pgrbmttgj mf `fy bgjmubprivmjgj tdms fitmag ms prgsgrvgj.


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Bultmas0=3:

Wfmas0=3=

Bmfmx0==8

Lmfux0==0


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Bultmplgxgj Mfcirb`tmif `fj Aibputmfe Qgrvmag

Urmttgf mf 0=3:

Zmbgsd`rmfe IQ

L`st vgrsmif w`s sdut jiwf if Iatiogr 18, ?884 Bifilmtdma ngrfgl


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Wfmplgxgj Mfcirb`tmif `fj Aibputmfe Qystgb

L`tgr rgf`bgj `s WFMT

Urmttgf mf 0=3=

Ngf Zdibpsif, Jgffms _mtadmg wgrg `bife tdgjgvglipgrs

Bultm usgr, Bultm t`snmfe `fj tmbgsd`rmfe

Bifilmtdma ngrfgl


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Bmfmb`l Wfmx

Z`fgfo`ub jgvglipgj tdms IQ

B`mfly cir gjua`tmif`l purpisg

Wfmx lmng IQ, mbplgbgftgj wmtd Bmari ngrfgl. Qi tdgf`bg Bmfmx


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Jgvglipgj mf 0==0 oy Lmfus Zirv`ljs

Wsgj mf bist ic tdg aibputgrs, r`femfe cribsupgr aibputgrs ti gbogjjgj systgb

Bultm usgr

Bultm t`snmfe

Zmbg sd`rmfe

Bifilmtdma ngrfgl


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Ciufjgj oy _mad`rj Qt`llb`f mf 0=41

Ire`fms`tmif td`t st`rtgj jgvglipmfe aipylgctgj prier`bs

XrikgatEFW Xrikgat

EFW Fit Wfmx _gaursmvg gxp`fsmif


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Wsgr 0

Wsgr ?


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_gjd`t

Cgjir`

Jgom`f

Fivglls QWQG Lmfux Wouftu

B`fjr`ng

Lmvg AJsNfippmx `fj birg


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Ifly tdg ngrfgl ms a`llgj oy tdg f`bg Lmfux

Zdg rgst `rg tdg tiils jgvglipgj ufjgr EFW Xrikgat

Dgfag tdg f`bg EFW/Lmfux


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Sm

Gb`as

eGjmt

nUrmtg ZgxtX`j

@fj birg


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Bizmll` Cmrst Ipgf siurag oriwsgr

_glg`sgj crib Fgtsa`pg eriup

Cmrgcix

Dmed pgrcirb`fag, cg`turg rmad, st`fj`rjs o`sgj wgo oriwsgr Qg` Bifngy

Mftger`tgj wgo `pplma`tmif sumtg jgrmvgj cribtdg bizmll` siurag aijg


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bnjmr - arg`tmfe jmrgatiry bnjmr jmrf`bg

rbjmrrgbivmfe jmrgatiry `fj mts aiftgfts

rbjmr jmrf`bg ajAd`feg jmrgatiry

aj jmrp`td

apAipymfe cmlgs

ap cmlg0 cmlg? bvBivmfe ir rgf`bmfe cmlgs

bv iljcmlg fgwcmlg


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lfArg`tmfe lmfns ogtwggf cmlgs

lf cmlg0 cmlg?

Jmccgrgfag ogtwggf aipymfe cmlgs `fj lmfnmfe cmlgs ap sra jst

Aiftgfts ic sra wmll og prgsgft mf jst

Ad`femfe aiftgft mf sra wmll fit `ccgat aiftgfts ic jst `fj vmagvgrs`

lf sra jst Aiftgfts ic sra wmll og prgsgft mf jst

Ad`femfe aiftgft mf sra ir jst wmll egt rgclgatgj mf tdg itdgr cmlg


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Dglp `oiut aibb`fjs

b`f, pmfci, mfci (b`f


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Xipul`r tgxt gjmtir

Kust typg vm


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ergpEFW _geul`r Gxprgssmif Xriagssir

Cmfjs tdg wirjs / p`ttgrfs b`tadmfe wmtd tdg sg`rad `fjjmspl`ys tdg lmfg aift`mfmfe tdg p`ttgrfs.

Qg`rad ms lmbmtgj ti ` cmlg


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_gjmrgatmif

Mfput rgjmrgatmif

wa < cmlg0Aiftgft ic cmlg 0 ms emvgf `s mfput cir wa aibb`fjtd`t aiufts tdg fi ic lmfgs, wirjs `fj ad`r`atgrs mf ` cmlg

Iutput rgjmrgatmif

a`t cmlg 6 fgwcmlgAipmgs cmlgs aiftgft ti fgwcmlg. Ivgr wrmtgstdg gxmstmfe aiftgft

a`t cmlg 66 fgwcmlg@ppgfjs tdg fgw aiftgft ti tdg gxmstmfeaiftgft

Xmpgs

Iutput ic cmrst aibb`fj ms mfput cir tdg sgaifj `fj si if wdi | walFubogr ic lmfgs mf tdg iutput ic wdi aibb`fj wmll

og jmspl`ygj


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Ipgf ` cmlg wmtd gxtgfsmif .a crib tdg aibb`fj pribpt usmfe vmgjmtir

vm dglli.a

Zypg tdg aiftgfts `fj s`vg (Gsa ; wq!)

Aibpmlg tdg cmlg eaa dglli.a

_uf tdg gxgaut`olg

./`.iut

Aibpmlg cmlg wmtd iutput iptmif

eaai dglli dglli.a

_uf tdg gxgaut`olg

./dglli


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Qdgll sarmptmfe ms tdg bist usgcul `fj piwgrcul cg`turg mfLmfux Bmfmbmzgs typmfe ic rgpgtmtmvg aibb`fj

A`f sadgjulg kios ti ruf mf tdg systgb

A`f mfmtm`tg o`an up `atmvmtmgs cir systgb `jbmfmstr`tmif Qmbml`r ti o`tad cmlgs mf JIQ, out birg piwgrcul td`f O`tad cmlgs


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Ipgf ` cmlg wmtd gxtgfsmif .sd usmfe vm gjmtir

Ug a`f typg `fy fubogr ic aibb`fjs td`t wg usg titypg `t aibb`fj pribpt

Q`vg tdg cmlg

Gxgautg tdg cmlg sd cmlg.sd

./cmlg.sd (mc tdg cmlg d`s gxgautmif pgrbmssmif)


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Zi Xrmft ` lmfg

gadi Dglli Uirlj (Xrmfts Dglli Uirlj mf tdg sarggf)

Zi rg`j ` lmfg

rg`j f (Qtirgs tdg aiftgft gftgrgj oy usgr mf v`rm`olg f

Zi Aibbgft ` lmfg

# Zdms ms ` aibbgft

Ifly smfelg lmfg aibbgft ms `v`ml`olg. Cir bultm lmfgaibbgft, wg fggj ti usg # syboil mf lmfgs wdmad wgw`ft ti aibbgft.


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Cir liip

cir m mf 0 ? 1 : 7 //Liips 7 tmbgs

ji

Oijy ic tdg liipjifg

cir (( m28> m m++ ))

ji

Oijy ic tdg liip

jifg


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wdmlg ^ aifjf R

ji

oijy ic tdg liip

jifg

Ug fggj ti gfsurg td`t tdg wdmlg liip aifjmtmif mstgrbmf`tgj mf ` cmfmtg w`y


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Ug a`f d`vg mc, mc glsg, mc glmc glsg `fj a`sg st`tgbgfts (Fgstgj mcst`tgbgfts `rg `lsi pissmolg

0. mc ^ aifjf R

tdgf

cm

?. mc ^ aifjf R

tdgf

glsg

cm

1. mc ^ aifjf R

tdgfglmc ^ aifjf R

tdgf

glsg

cm


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a`sg gxpr mfIptmif0) stbt >>Iptmif?) stbt >>*) stbt >>gsà

Gvgry iptmif sdiulj og tgrbmf`tgj wmtd ` jiuolgsgbmailif.

Jgfitgs jgcùlt a`sg A`sg sdiulj og tgrbfm`tgj wmtd gsà


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Cir mftgegr aibp`rmsif wg d`vg tdg cilliwmfe-gq ; gqu`l ti

-fg ; fit gqu`l ti

-lt ; lgss td`f

-et ; erg`tgr td`f-lg ; lgss td`f ir gqu`l ti

-eg ; erg`tgr td`f ir gqu`l ti


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Cir strmfe aibp`rmsif wg d`vg- 2 ; gqu`l ti

- ~2 ; fit gqu`l ti

Cir liema`l ipgr`tirs-` ; @FJ

-i ; I_


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Mfmtm`lmsmfe `f `rr`y@^8R 2 08

@^0R 2 Dm

Wsmfe `f `rr`y ${@^8R} ; rgtrmgvgs 08

Dgrg `rr`ys a`f aift`mf j`t` oglifemfe ti

jmccgrgft j`t` typgs Wfmfmtm`lmsgj mfjgx mf `rr`ys wmll d`vg full v`lug

oy jgc`ult


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Lia`l Cufatmif Urmttgf `t tdg aibb`fj pribpt

L`sts cir tdg aurrgft sgssmif `lifg

Elio`l Cufatmif

Urmttgf mf .o`sdra cmlg @v`ml`olg `s life `s tdg jgcmfmtmif ms tdgrg mf .o`sdra cmlg

Cufatmif mf sdgll sarmpt @v`ml`olg wmtd mf tdg cmlg `lifg


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Q`bplg cufatmif

Cufatmiff`bg()

{

gadi $0}

A`llmfe cufatmif;

Cufatmiff`bg _`b_gsult;

_`b


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Ug a`f vmgw tdg gfvmrifbgft v`rmòlgs tdriuedsgt ir gfv aibb`fj

Zdg sgt aibb`fj wmll jmspl`y `ll tdg elio`lcufatmifs wrmttgf oy tdg usgr

Zdg gfv aibb`fj jmspl`ys ifly tdg v`rmòlgs`fj fit tdg cufatmifs

Ug a`f rg`ssmef v`lugs cir tdg v`rmòlgs gmtdgrtgbpir`rmly ir pgrb`fgftly

Zgbpir`ry Zypg v`rf`bg2v`lug `t tdg aibb`fj pribpt Xgrb`fgft

Zypg v`rf`bg2v`lug mf .o`sdra `t tdg riit jmrgatiry


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@lm`s@ltgrf`tg f`bg cir `f gftmty

Gftmty dgrg rgcgrs ti aibb`fj

Ug a`f emvg `fitdgr f`bg ir `lm`s f`bg cir `aibb`fj gmtdgr `t tdg aibb`fj pribpt ir mftdg .o`sdra cmlg.

Zdg cirbgr wmll og tgbpir`ry `fj wmll v`fmsd mc

tdg sgssmif gfjs `fj tdg l`ttgr wmll og pgrb`fgft`s life `s tdg jgcmfmtmif gxmsts mf tdg .o`sdra cmlg


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`lm`s fgwf`bg2iljf`bg

Ge `lm`s aipy2ap

Zdgf wg a`f usg aipy mf tdg s`bg w`y wg usg

ap aibb`fj Ge aipy cmlg0 cmlg?//aipmgs aiftgft ic cmlg0 ti cmlg?

Zi rgbivg `lm`s usg uf`lm`s aibb`fj

uf`lm`s aipy @ctgr tdms wg a`ffit usg aipy ti pgrcirb aipymfe

cufatmif

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