lise nistrup jørgensen danish institute of agricultural sciences research centre flakkebjerg
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Twenty years' experience with reduced agrochemical inputs: Effect on farm economics, water quality, biodiversity and environment. Lise Nistrup Jørgensen Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences Research Centre Flakkebjerg 4200 Slagelse, Denmark. Important events for Pesticides in DK. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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Twenty years' experience with reduced agrochemical inputs:
Effect on farm economics, water quality, biodiversity and environment
Lise Nistrup JørgensenDanish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
Research Centre Flakkebjerg
4200 Slagelse, Denmark
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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Important events for Pesticides in DKImportant events for Pesticides in DK
• 1981-85: Increase in use of pesticides, • 1986: First Danish pesticide action plan (50% reduction
over 10 years)• Since 1993: Findings of pesticides in ground water• 1994: Introduction of prohibition list• 1996: Tax on pesticides increased from 3% to 13/27%• 1997: Status on 1. Pesticide action plan• 1997-1999: Bichel committee• 1999: Tax increase to 33% and 54%• 2000: 2nd pesticide action plan (target: TFI =2)• 2004: 3rd pesticide action plan (Target:TFI = 1.7)
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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The main content of the Action Plans
• Reduction of the treatment frequency (from 2,6 to 1,7)
• Establishment of ”buffer zones” along classified watercourses
• Strict and critical approval procedure for registration
• Tax on pesticides• Education and training• Voluntary plan with support from
advisors and research
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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Definition of Treatment Frequency Index
• Number of times an agricultural area in rotation can be treated with a full dose.
• Calculation is based on sold amounts of pesticides• Each active ingredient has a defined ”normal
dose” of active ingredients, which often is equal to the full lable dose
• If you use 2 x half dose, it only counts as one.
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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Treatment Frequency Index (TFI) of pesticides used in agriculture in the period 1981-2004.
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
TF
I
Target 1,3 by 1997Target 2,0 by 2003Target 1,7 by 2009
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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Guiding Target points in different cropsGuiding Target points in different cropsTo be reached before 2009To be reached before 2009
Crop herbicide fungicide insecticide Total
Wheat 0.95 0.65 0.15 1.75
S.barley 0.7 0.35 0.25 1.3
W.barley 0.7 0.5 0 1.2
Rape 0.6 0.15 0.8 1.55
Beet 2.2 0.2 0.2 2.6
Potatoes 1.6 5.0 0.5 7.1
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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Kg active ingredients sold for agricultural use in the period 1981-2004.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
kg a
ctiv
e in
gre
die
nts
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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Pesticide use, kg active ingredietns pr. ha
0
1
2
3
4
5
619
90
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Kg
pr.
ha
Holland UK Germany France
Finland Sweden Denmark
Nachrichten
Nachrichtenbl. 55, 2003
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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Percent direct crop loss in a Percent direct crop loss in a 0-pesticide scenario0-pesticide scenario
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
gras
rape
rye
sugar beet
spring barley
peas
win.barley
wheat
potatoes
grass seed
% crop loss
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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Relation between TFI and Relation between TFI and income at farmers level per haincome at farmers level per ha
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
arable farmerssugarbeet growers
TFI
Dkk/ha
+-scenario
++scenario= 400 euro
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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Reduction potential as an average for the country
Optimal
Actual
1,4 TFI
0
50
100
150
200
250
1,01,11,21,31,41,51,61,71,81,92,02,1
Pesticide use (Treatment Frequency Index)
Red
ucti
on
co
sts
(D
KK
pr.
ha)
(Ørum 2004)
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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Margin over fungicide cost for different fungicide dosages applied at GS 51-55.
-0,4
-0,2
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
0 12.5 25 50 75 100
% of normal dose
ton
nes
per
ha
normal septoria
severe septoria
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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TFI and average dose using fungicides TFI and average dose using fungicides in winter wheatin winter wheat
0
0,4
0,8
1,2
1,6
2
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 '00 '01 '02 '03
TFIdose
TFI or Dose
Farmstat/Kleffmann/ EPA
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Field inspection
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Recommendation page
26 EUR
32 EUR
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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-
20,00
40,00
60,00
80,00
100,00
0,0 0,1 1,0 10,0
Dose
Effe
ct (
%)
sensitive speciessmall w eedsw arm w eather
less sensitive speciesbig w eedscold w eather
Principles for changes in one dose response Principles for changes in one dose response curvescurves
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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Money given to increase dissemination Money given to increase dissemination activities carried out by the advisory serviceactivities carried out by the advisory service
• Focus on getting information from research to farmers
• Improving existing prognoses and warning systems on a national and regional basis
• Establishing demonstrations farms
• Calculate TFI at farm level (Target points)
• Establishing of farmer’s field groups with focus on low pesticide input
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TFI and farmsize
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
n=828 n=813 n=811 n=797 n=794 n=796 n=787 n=786 n=785 n=786
Ha <18 18-28 28-38 38-48 48-58 58-69 69-82 82-101101-138
>138
Tre
atm
en
t fre
que
ncy
ind
ex (
TF
I)
TFI Taget
Danish Advisory Service
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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Re-evaluation of pesticides. Re-evaluation of pesticides.
• The re-evaluation had as a consequence that more than 40% of all pesticides were withdrawn between 1986-97.
• Atrazin, cyanazin, trifluralin, hexazinon, dichlorbenil, MCPA, mechlorprop, diclorprop, 2,4,D, propachlor, isoprotoron
• vinclozolin, iprodion, captan, fenarimol, thiabendazole, thiaphanat-methyl, thiram, guazatine, ziram, dazomet, propineb, fenpropimorph
• paraquat,• dichlorvos, deltamethrin, diazinon, lindane,
chlorfenvinphos, esfenvalerat
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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Index of load for acute oral mammalian Index of load for acute oral mammalian and bird toxicity from 1981-85 to 1996.and bird toxicity from 1981-85 to 1996.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
81-85
86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96
acute oral mammalianAcute bird
Toxic load
Henning Clausen. EPA
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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Index of load for acute oral mammalian, Index of load for acute oral mammalian, bird and fish toxicity from 1981-85 to 1996.bird and fish toxicity from 1981-85 to 1996.
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
81-85
86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96
acute oral mammalianAcute birdAcute fish
Toxic load
Henning Clausen. EPA
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• Survey of field flora in: 1967-19701987-19892001-2004
• Several common weed species have become more common in major crops during the last 15 years.
Flora changes in the light of low dose strategies
Chr. Andreasen 2005
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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Changes in weed population in winter wheat -1970 to 1989
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1967-701987-89
Frequency
Chr. Andreasen 2005
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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Changes in weed population in winter wheat 1970 to 2004
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1967-70
1987-89
2001-04
Frequency
Chr. Andreasen 2005
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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3 years trials on 5 farms – plots of 6 ha.(wheat, barley sugar beet)
Dose of herbicides and insecticides
No.of plants left/m2
% increase in weed species
Increase in insects
Increase in number of birds
Average of morning and evening counts
Full 30 0
Half 48 16% 18% more skylarks
43% more seed eaters
quarter 55 28% More aphids
More beneficials
20-25% more skylarks
50-100% more seed eaters
Esbjerg et al 2003
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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Species, which were positively influenced by low dose strategies
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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% findings of pesticides in smaller wells
above 0.1 μg/l
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
96 97 98 99 '00 '01 '02 '03
prohibited productsApproved products
Source: GEUS800-2000 analysed samples
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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Conclusion on water pollution.• Smaller wells and ground water :
– Approved products: 2-6% with >0.1μg/l– Prohibited products: 12% with >0.1 μg/l
• Most finding are done in 1-20 m depth• From 1998-2003 the annual % of wells with
concentrations exceeding MAC declined from 10 to 5%.
• Major findings– BAM (from dichlobenil), atrazine and triazin-
metabolites dominate.
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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Conclusion I
• Difficult to measure impact of actions plans on nature and biodiversity.
• Indications that 20 years policy give more “nature”.
• Very toxic products have been prohibited. • Prohibition of mobile and persistent pesticides
have minimized the risk of polluting our ground water.
• Difficult to create a “real” environmental index for pesticides. TFI still the “best”
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Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
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Conclusion IIConclusion II
• Action plans have had impact on farmers perception on the use of pesticides. More environmental awareness.
• Cheap for the farmers to ensure their crop with pesticides beyond an economical optimal
• Difficult to reach TFI= 1.7; • Reductions beyond TFI=1.7 requires considerable
changes of common crop practise.• Need constant support from research and advisors in
order to give the farmer the necessary support.• Danish Farmers want mutual rules for farmers in EU.