List of Authors

Abe, Haruo, Dr. Molecular Photochemistry Laboratory, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-01 Japan

Aoki, Hideyuki, Dr. Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University Aramaki, Sendai 980 Japan

Asami, Masayuki, Dr. Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113 Japan

Azetsu, Akihiko, Professor Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113 Japan

Chikahisa, Takemi, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University N13, W8, Sapporo 060 Japan

Daisho, Yasuhiro, Professor Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University Okubo, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169 Japan

D'Alessio, Antonio, Professor Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, University "Federico II" Piazzale V, Tecchio-80125 Napoli, Italy

Dodo, Satoshi, Dr. Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113 Japan

Durst, Franz, Professor Lehrstuhl fur Stromungsmechanik, Universit,ft Erlangen-Niimberg Cauerstrasse 4, D-8520 Erlangen, Germany

Eisfeld, Fritz, Professor Fachbereich Maschinenwesen, Universit,i"t Kaiserslautem Erwin-Schrodinger-Strasse 6750 Kaiserslautem, Germany

312

Enomoto. Yoshiteru. Professor Faculty of Engineering, Musashi Institute of Technology Tamatsutsumi. Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158 Japan

Frenklach. Michael. Professor

List of Authors

Department of Materials Science and Engineering. The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802. USA

Fujii. Nobuyuki. Professor Department of Chemistry. Nagaoka University of Technology Kamitomioka, Nagaoka 940-21 Japan

Fujimoto. Hajime. Professor Faculty of Engineering. Doshisha University Karasuma-Imadegawa. Kamigyo-ku Kyoto 602 Japan

Fujiwara. Yasuhiro. Professor Hokkaido Institute of Technology Teine-Maeda. Teine-ku Sapporo 006 Japan

Furuhama. Shoichi. Professor Faculty of Engineering, Musashi Institute of Technology Tamazutsumi. Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158 Japan

Hayashi. Hisaharu. Dr. Molecular Photochemistry Laboratory. The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research Hirosawa, Wako. Saitama 351-01 Japan

Hirai. Shuichirou. Dr. Faculty of Engineering. Osaka University Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565 Japan

Hiroyasu. Hiroyuki. Professor Faculty of Engineering. University of Hiroshima Kagamiyama. Higashi Hiroshima 724 Japan

Iida, Norimasa. Professor Faculty of Science and Engineering. Keio University Hiyoshi. Kohoku-ku Yokohama 223 Japan

Ikegami. Makoto. Professor Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University Yoshida Honnmachi. Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-01 Japan

Ito. Kenichi. Professor Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University N13. W8. Sapporo 060 Japan

Kadota. Toshikazu. Professor Faculty of Engineering. University of Osaka Prefecture

Ust of Authors

Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 593 Japan

Kamimoto, Takeyuki, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152 Japan

Katsuki, Masashi, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University Yamada-oka, Suita Osaka 565 Japan

Kimura, Itsuro, Professor Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokai Kitakaname, Hiratsuka Kanagawa 259 Japan

Kishi, Takeyuki, Dr. Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113 Japan

Koda, Seiichiro, Professor Faculty of Engineering, The Unviersity of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113 Japan

Komori, Satoru, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812 Japan

Kono, Michikata, Professor Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113 Japan

Lee, Kwan Y., Dr. Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113 Japan

Liao, Chihong, Dr. Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240 Japan

Massoli, Patrizio, Dr. Instituto Motori CNR Piazza Barsanti e Matteucci, 80125 Napoli, Italy

Matsui, Hiroyuki, Professor Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bukyo-ku Tokyo 113 Japan

Misono, Makoto, Professor Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113 Japan

313

314

Miura, Takatoshi, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University Aramaki, Sendai 980 Japan

Miwa, Kei, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Tokushima University Minami-josanjima-chou, Tokushima 770 Japan

Miyamoto, Noboru, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University N13, W8, Sapporo 060 Japan

Mizutani, Yukio, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565 Japan

Murayama, Tadashi, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University N13, W8, Sapporo 060 Japan

Naqwi, Arnir A, Dr" Lehrstuhl fiir Stromungsmechanik, Universita"t Erlangen-Niimberg Cauerstrasse 4, D-8520 Erlangen, Gennany

Nishiwaki, Kazuie, Professor Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University Toji-in Kitamachi, Kita-Ku Kyoto 603 Japan

Ogawa, Hideyuki, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University N13, W8, Sapporo 060 Japan

Ohtake, Kazutomo, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology Hibariga-oka, Tempaku, Toyohashi 441 Japan

Okajima, Satoshi, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Hosei University Kajino-cho, Koganei Tokyo 184 Japan

Okamoto, Tatsuyuki, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565 Japan

Onuma, Yoshiaki, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology Hibariga-oka, Tempaku, Toyohashi 441 Japan

Peters, Norbert, Professor Institute fiir Technische Mechanik, RWTH-Aachen

list of Authors

list of Authors

D5100, Aachen Gennany

Pitz, William J., Dr. Lawrence Livennore National Laboratory P.O.Box 808, Livennore, California 94550 USA

Sadakata, Masayoshi, Professor Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113 Japan

Sano, Taeko, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Tokai University Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-12 Japan

Senda, Jiro, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha University Karasuma-Imadegawa, Kamigyo-ku Kyoto 602 Japan

Shimamoto, Yuzuru, Profeesor Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University Yoshida Honnmachi, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-01 Japan

Someya, Tsuneo, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Musashi Institute of Technology Tamazutsumi, Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158 Japan

Sugiyama, Gen, Dr. Japan Automobile Research Institute,Inc. 2530, Karima, Tsukuba 305 Japan

Tachibana, Takeshi, Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology Sensui-cho, Tobata-ku Kitakyushu 804 Japan

Takagi, Toshimi, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565 Japan

Takasaki, Koji, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812 Japan

Takeno, Tadao, Professor School of Engineering, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-01 Japan

Tanabe, Hideaki, Professor Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Kanazawa Institute of Technology Oogiga-oka, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921 Japan

315

316

Terao, Kunio, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240 Japan

Wakisaka, Tomoyuki, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University Yoshida Honnmachi, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-01 Japan

Wakuri, Yutaro, Professor Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812 Japan

Wang, Hai, Professor

list of Authors

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802, USA

Weinberg, Felix 1., Professor Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London SW7 U.K.

Westbrook, Charles K., Dr. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory P.O.Box 808 Livermore, California 94550 USA

Xie, Lin, Dr. National Aerospace Laboratory Jindaijihigashi-machi, Chofu-shi, Tokyo 182 Japan

Yoshihara, Yoshinobu, Professor Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritumeikan University Tojiin-Kitamachi, Kita-ku Kyoto 603 Japan

Yoshizawa, Yoshio, Professor Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactor, Tokyo Institute of Technology Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152 Japan

Index

Ab initio calculations 138 Abstraction of hydrogen atom

168 Addition of acetylene to

radical 168 Additive 256 Adiabatic engine 207 Agglomerate 165 Air entrainment 251 Alkane 144 Arc discharge 276, 282 Aromatic compound 144 Aromatic content 254 Aromatic hydrocarbon 140 Aromatics 216 Atomization 95, 98 Atomization process 70 Attached vortices 20 Auto-correlation 2, 10

Bell-shape dependence of soot yield 183

Bell-shaped profile in soot yield 179

Bending vortex tube 13 Benzene 145, 179 Branched hydrocarbon 151 Break up 102 Brownian motion 50 Bunker fuel oil 264 Burner Reynolds number 9

C/O ratio 257 Cz 297 Cz chemistry 27 Cz Swan band 32 CzH 141

CzHz 141, 189 CzHz addition 189 Carbon cluster 164, 175,

177, 182 Carbon vapor 182 CARS 5 Catalyst 301 Catalytic combustion 301 Cavitation 102 Cetane number 216 CFD 207 CH 296 CH-band 127 CHEMKIN data base 27 Chromaticity coordinates 30 Classification of color 31 Clusters of two-phase

diffusion flamelets 116 Coagulation 163 Coagulation rate of soot

particle 187 Coaxial jet diffusion flame

54,62 Colorimeter 31 Colorimetric analysis 29 Combustion control 273 Combustion systems 205 Compensated fme

thermocouple 17 Complex mechanism 139 Compression air temperature

267 Compression-ignited mixture

206 Concentration fluctuations 53 Conditional mean

concentration 109

317

318

Cone angle 102 ConselVed scalar approach

39,55 Constant-volume combustion

vessel 206 Contours of isothenn,

equi-concentration 21 Convective heat transfer 205 Counter flow flame 27 Counterflow diffusion flame

197, 290 Cross section 88 Cross-correlation 2 Crystallization of soot 167 Cyclization to aromatic ring

169

Damkohler number 52, 252 Dark strip 26 Density fluctuation 66 Density-weighted average 37 Diesel combustion 114, 206 Diesel engine 119, 205 Diffraction 87 Diffusion coefficient 54 Diffusion flame 277, 283,

290 Direct numerical simulations

49 Disintegration 99 Distillation temperature 266 Drop size 79 Droplet density 104 Droplet group combustion

116, 125, 126 Droplet refractive index 79 Dry soot 254

Eddy dissipation model 70 Eddy structure 248 Elastic scattering 93 Electric field 290 Electrical aspects 273 Elementary reaction 138, 142 Emission 205, 301 Empirical rate law 143 Engine knock 150 Entrainment of surrounding

air 12 Equivalence ratio 206

Evaporation 96, 104 Exciplex 107 Exhaust emissions 120 Exhaust gas recirculation 205 Exothennic reaction 207 Extended phase Doppler

anemometer(EPDA) 84 External group combustion

mode 126 External sheath combustion

mode 126 Extinction 44

Favre average 37 Finite difference fonn 154 Finite difference method 152 Flame length 250 Flame photograph 249 Flame position 291 Flame propagation 263 Flame quenching 46 Flame spectra 32 Flame structure 116, 125,

292 Flame temperature 219, 247,

293 Flame-stabilization 278, 282 Flamelet concept 42 Flat one-dimensional flame

25 Fluorescence technique 107 Fuel 245 Fuel effect 245 Fuel pyrolysis 206 Fuel-air mixing 205 Fullerene 176

G coordinate values 33 Gas sampling 206 Gas-phase turbulent diffusion

flames 116 Gauss-Seidel method 18 Group additivity rule 143 Group combustion number

126 Growth 163 Growth species 188

H-abstraction 189 Heat flux 232

Index

Index

Heat production 301 Heat ray tracing method 240 Heat release rate 123, 211,

265 Heat transfer 205, 259 Heat transfer coefficient 228 Heavy oil fuel 264 Heterogeneous mixture 111 Heterogeneous nucleation

163, 164 Heterogeneous reactions 28 High combustion efficiency 7 High pressure injection 115,

117 High speed air stream 278 High-speed Schlieren

photographs 118 Holography 3 Homogeneous nucleation 182 Horizontal cut 13 Hot wire concentration probe

108 Hydrocarbon 206 Hydrocarbon fuel 139 Hydrocarbon model 140 Hydrogen 258 Hydrogen fueled engine 258 Hydrogen jet 262

Ignitability 253 Ignition 121, 150, 154, 278,

282 Ignition delay 124, 150, 208,

267 Ignition lag 253 Ignition mechanism 111 Ignition probability 113 Ignition theory 97 Impingement 96, 104 Impinging fuel spray 104,

223 Impulsively started jet 59 Infrared emission 29, 146 Instantaneous surface

temperature 234 Intact core 100 Intensity distribution of the

scattering light 26 Intermediate flames 116 Intermittency factor 109

Internal group combustion mode 126

Ion 164, 176

Jet 247 Jet impingement 59

K - & model 18, 38, 63, 66, 70, 121

Kidney shape 20 KL factor 218

Lagrangian stochastic model 48,49

Laminar flamelet approach 40

Laminar flamelet concept 23 Laminarization due to

combustion 38, 61 Laser ablation 176 Laser diagnostics 3 Laser extinction method 213 Laser induced breakdown

177 Laser induced incandescence

(LII) 81,93 Laser sheet 92 Laser sheet method 248 Laser tomography 24 LDV 6 LIF 297 LIFS 291 Lifted flame 43, 47 Light emission 29 Light source colors 31 Liquid fuel 252 Local flamelet extinction 47 Local reaction rate 54 Local turbulence Reynolds

number 63 Lorenz-Mie theory 80, 85 Low heat rejection engine

236 Low NOx burners 8 Low pollutants formations 7 Low Reynolds number flow

64

Macroscopic mixing 1 Magnetic field 294

319

320

Magnussen's turbulent rate of mixing approach 20

Marine diesel oil 264 Mean particle diameter 190 Metal content 256 Methane 154 Method of moments 171 Microscale eddies 1 Microscopic temperature

distribution 14 Mie scattering 6, 127 Mie scattering theory 85 Mixture formation 108 Mixture fraction 39, 41 Modeling 137, 143 Modeling of sooting 171 Mole number 259 Morphology of soot 164 Multi-point measurement 6 Multistage combustion 8

Nagle and Strickland-Constable formula 174, 193

Naphthalene 179 NO formation 70 Non-equilibrium effects 40 NOx 140, 151, 205, 251,

254,305 NOx emission 120 Nucleation 162, 171 Number density of particle

190 Numerical algorithm 153 Numerical simulation 115,

121

o atom 146, 149 OH 196, 292, 296 OH-band 127 OH-band emission 130 Ohnesorge number 100 Opposed spray injection 206 Opposing flows 25 Optical methods 3 Oxidation 144, 146 Oxidation process 143 Oxidizer of soot particle 195 Oxygen addition to fuel 197

Oxygen atom 144

PAH 163, 168, 171, 176, 189 PAH growth 170 P AH model 179 Paraffinic hydrocarbon 140 Particle Lewis number 28 Particulate 205, 254 Penetration 102, 117 Phase-Doppler anemometry

79,81 Phenanthrene 192 Phenyl radical 145, 149 Pilot injection 115

. Plasma jet 275, 277, 283 Plasma jet ignition 275 Plasma potential 228 Polarization 4 Polarization ratio 80, 89, 91 Pollutant species 140 Polyacetylene 182 Practical system 140 Pressure gradient 68 Primary particle 165 Probability density function

39,49 Pyrolysis 171, 175

Quench distance 232 Quench layer 151

Radiation 239 Radiative heat transfer 205 Radical emission 29 Raman scattering 4 Rapid compression machine

206 Rate constant 138, 141 Ratio of light intensities 6 Rayleigh scattering 4, 90 Reaction efficiency 195 Reaction kinetics 137 Reaction mechanism 137 Reactive flow 153 Reduced model 153 Reference stimulus 30 Reflected shock waves 111 Refraction 87

Index

Index

Refractive index 85 Reynolds stress model 38, 66 RGB chromaticity coordinates

33 Rotational levels 4 Rotational movement 12

Sauter mean diameter 102, 117

Scalar dissipation rate 44 Scattering angle 88 Scattering coefficients 88 Schlieren photographs 122 Segregation parameter 48, 53 Self-similar fractal 24 Sheet-cut imaging 6 Shock tube 111, 141, 145 Similarity 247, 249 Simulation 137, 139, 147,

149 Simultaneous measurements

of velocity, temperature and concentration prof'lles 17

Single compression machine 265

Single droplet combustion mode 126

Single point measurements 2 Slurry combustion 71 S02 297 SOF 213,254 Soot 208, 251, 254, 284, 287 Soot aggregate 165 Soot concentration 123 Soot formation 81, 94, 114,

118, 161, 280, 293 Soot formation rate 197, 257 Soot growth 186 Soot kinetic model 175 Soot number density 162,

199 Soot oxidation 95, 193 Soot oxidation with oxygen

195 Soot particle size 162 Soot particles 118 Soot precursor 175, 215 Soot volume fraction 197

Sooting in flame 186 Sooting limit 257 Spark ignition 261 Spark timing 262 Spatial macroscale 14 Spatially-dependent model

151 151 Spontaneous ignition 111 Spray characteristics 117 Spray combustion 69, 115 Spray formation 98 Spray impingement 264 Spray measurements 83 Spray tip penetration 105 Spray volume 106 Stagnation plane 25 Steady diffusion flame 277,

284 Steady spray flame 116, 125 Stiffness problem 152, 153 Stochastic ignition theory

111 Stokes Raman scattering 5 Stress/flux equation model

66 Structure of intermediate

spray flames 127 Sulfur 255 Supersonic air stream 282 Surface growth 186, 188 Surface ignition 261 Surface reaction 171 Susceptibility 4 Swirl number 73 Swirling air 205 Swirling flame 65 Swirling flow 65, 70

Taylor's dissipation length 14 Thermal boundary layer 207 Thermal decomposition 162,

209 Thermal diffusion factor 28 Thermal NOx 45 Thermophoresis 24 Thin-film thermocouple 234 Third-order upwind

differencing scheme 57

321

322

Three-dimensional elliptic equation 18

Time scales of turbulence 2 TOF mass-spectra 176 Total sampling system 209 Transient spray combustion

121 Transition state theory 138 Transport effect 150 Transport properties 153 Tristimulus values 30 Turbulent diffusion flame 1,

247 Turbulent flame structures 9 Turbulent heat flux 16 Turbulent heat transfer 1 Turbulent mixing 97 Turbulent premixed flame

surface 24 Turbulent Reynolds stress 16 Turbulent time scale 10 Two color method 218 2-D elastic scattering 81 Two dimensional free jet 57 Two dimensional information

3 2-D soot imaging 91 Two point cross correlation

14 Two steep temperature

gradients 29 Two-equation model 70 Two-staged combustion 73

Unsteady diffusion flame 283, 287

Unsteady free jet 108

Vapor phase concentration 107

Vertical cut 13 Vibrational levels 4 Viscosity 255 Volatility 255 Vortex flame 33 Vortex generation 57 Vortex ring 249

Weber number 99 Well-mixed region 22

Wrinkles 10

Zero-dimensional model 137, 150

Index