litrature reviw

7/28/2019 litrature reviw

1/48

ETHIOPIAN CIVIL SERVICE UNIVRESTY IUDS

DEPARTMENT OF URBAN ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT FOR ARCHITECTHURAL DESIGN ONE

1

Content Page No

1.What is house ------------------------------------ 1

2.Type of House -------------------------------------- 1-6

3.Orientation of house --------------------------------- 6-7

4. Site planning of house----------------------------------------- 8-11

5. Entrance of House---------------------------- 11

6. Circulation of house------------------------------------------ 12

7. what is foyer-------------------------------------- 13

8. Zoning------------------------------------------------------------------- 14-16

9. Drawing or living room---------------------------------------------- 16

10. Function of living Room------------------------------------------- 16-17

11. Orientation /arrangement------------------------------------------- 17

12.Functional relationship of the room with other rooms------------- 17

13. Standards--------------------------------------------------------------- 17-18

14.Furniture of living room---------------------------------------------- 18-19

15. Dining Room & Function------------------------------------------ 19

16.Orientation of dining room---------------------------------------------------- 19

17. Standard of dining rooms and furniture---------------------------- 19-2018. Kitchen ------------------------------------------------------------------- 20

19. Orientation of room------------------------------------------------------------- 20-21

20. Functional relationship with other rooms ------------------------- 21


2/48




2

21. Standards of kitchen -------------------------------------------------- 21

22. Furniture and fixture---------------------------------------------------- 22-23

23. Bed Rooms & functions------------------------------------------------ 23

24. Orientation-------------------------------------------------------------------- 23


26. Standards--------------------------------------------------------------- 24-25

27. Furniture and fixture---------------------------------------------------- 25

28. Bath Room & Function----------------------------------------------------------- 25

29. Orientation-------------------------------------------------------------------- 25

30. Functional relationship ------------------------------------------------- 26

31. Standards--------------------------------------------------------------- 26-27

32. Combined Bath and Water closet------------------------------------- 28

33. Store & Function of store------------------------------------------------- 28

34. Orientation-------------------------------------------------------------------- 28


36. Standards--------------------------------------------------------------- 28-29

37.Office Room------------------------------------------------------------- 29

38. Guest Room------------------------------------------------------------ 30

39. Dressing Room-------------------------------------------------------- 30

40. Porches and entrance Halls---------------------------------------- 30

41. Corridors----------------------------------------------------------------- 30-31

42. Parking------------------------------------------------------------------- 3143. Utility rooms------------------------------------------------------------- 31

44. Requirement & circulation- spaces of the project-------------- 32

45.functional relationship--------------------------------------------------- 33-35

46. Bibliography----------------------------------------------------------- 36


3/48




3


4/48




4

What is house:-

Definition:- Bricks an mortars Palace to live in an address Roof over your head Something

you buy/rent Amu for a permanent address Somewhere to keep your belongings Where you

friends know to visit you For your ID papers driving license etc. Can be adequate/inadequate in

which case you make do/move Neighborhood (Good or bad)Status (You're not homeless).

House is a building used for human habitation .it may called as residential building also.Housing includes any kind of building that provide shelter for people .In broader sense,

it include solving problems of city planning and community services to provide good

living conditions.

Good housing provides enough space of every member of the family to have some

privacy and freedom.

The function of housing is to protect man against the weather and to provide an

environment that maintains his wellbeing. The required inside atmosphere comprises

Gently moving that is no draughty well oxygenated air pleasant warmth and air humidity

and sufficient light.

Housing is for more than it is both dwelling and consist basic community services and

facility so essentially required for a whole of family and community life. The quality of life

in human settlement depends on environment available facilities and resources.

A house is a building for people used for different activities /function that protecting

them from different kinds of damaging elements such as wind, rain, sun and others.2.2.3 Type of House

There are main types of house list below:-

One story with a pitched roof and flat ceiling

One story with pitched roof and sloping ceiling


5/48




5

One story with a flat and flat ceilings

One and one half story with two living level

Two story with two living levels:-pitched roof with flat ceiling

Split levels with three living levels:-pitched roof with flat ceiling

Split levels with three living levels continues sloping roofs& various ceiling

There are many basic structures that a designer must consider and analyze before

deciding on the most suitable typologies. Each of the following has both advantage and

disadvantages but after considering the needs carefully the designer will approve the

most appropriate.

2.2.3.1 One story with a pitched roof and flat ceiling

This popular house is built with conventional rafter and ceiling joist framing Methods. It

lends itself easily to prefabrication, which is gaining in acceptance though out the United

States. It also has the advantage of having its living

area on one level. This type of house can b e

built with or without basement.

2.2.3.2 One story with pitched roof and slopping ceiling

This type has evolved from the plank and beam type framing, and its popularity is due

mainly to the massive exposed beams and sloping ceiling in the interiors, as well as


6/48




6

the intersecting architectural effect produced by the extensions of the beams on the

ceiling exteriors. The type looks like good with large over hang, which produce

expansive unbroken roof line.

2.2.3.3 One story with a flat roof and flat ceilings

With built up roofing material comparing favorable with conventional roofing, this type

has become definitely contemporary in nature and is a very economical type of

construction. (The same structural member used for both the ceiling and the roof.) It

requires skillful design of its elevation views to overcome boxy appearance, and its

strong horizontal roof lines often appear monotonous unless broken with offset or

various roof levels.


7/48




7

2.2.3.4 One and one half story with two living levels

This structure type has less living space on the top level. It is associated with the New

England cape code house. The basic simplicity of the true cape code designing shouldbe retained in proportion and in detail when an approach to historical authenticity is

desired. Although the shape is traditional, money contemporary- type houses resulted

from the use of the steep roof and various adoptions of the story- and one-half

principles


8/48




8

2.2.3.5 Two story with two living levels: pitched roof with flat ceilings

Numerous two- story houses are rich in traditional charm .Their heritage can be

captured only by the correct proportion and detail usually associated with many of the

New England houses. Either gable or hip roofs of various slopes can be used with the

two- story design; often lower roofed additions to the main box seem to enhance the

overall silhouette. Upper story projections not only increase the 2nd

story living space

but also tend to reduce the strong vertical appearance.

2.2.3.6. split- levels with three living

levels: pitched roof with flat

ceilings

The majority of comparatively new split-

level houses have three living levels and

an optional basement level. All levels

are connected with stair

segment that combine in pairs to make one full story height. Multi levels provide

excellent zoning for different activities, and their exteriors can be given interesting

variety.


9/48




9

2.2.3.7. Split level with the living levels continuous sloping roofs and various

ceilings

This second type of split level is identified by low pitched roofs (usually 2:12 or 3:12

slopes) that continue over several levels to create sloping ceilings in various upper

and middle rooms. The continuous ceiling produces several ceiling heights, there byadding interest to the interior living spaces.

2.2.1.1.1 Orientation of house

Orientation Planning of rooms with respect to north is called orientation .orientation

room are kept in proper direction and also proper disposition of a doors and windows


10/48




10

in the exterior walls of different rooms so that the inmate it the house enjoy the gifts of

nature such as fresh air, warmth , giving morning sun rays and landscape.

Proper orientation means setting or placing of the rooms of the residential

building/house/ which allow the inmates of the house to enjoy the utmost

whatever is good and to avoid whatever is bad in respect of comforts in the

elements of nature such as the sun, windand rain.

Good orientation means placements of rooms in relation to sun, wind, rain,

topography and outlook and at the same time providing a convenient access both

to the courtyard compound or street.

Fig ;- orientation of house


11/48




11

Site planning of house

Site plans are drawn to show the location of a home on the property in its context. It is anoverhead view of the construction site and the home as it sits in reference to the boundaries

of the lot. Site plans should outline location of utility services, setback

requirements, easements, location of driveways and

walkways, and sometimes even topographical data that specifies the slope of the terrain

Building a house is a complicated process. Youre constantly juggling designideas, needs,

essential functions, construction details, esthetics, and affordability. And remember one of my

mantras, or what some might call my daily rants house and lot/site should complete each

other like any strong partnership. So the juggling process continues outdoors as well. Why am I

always surprisedTake todays meeting at our ranch house construction site, for example.

Architect Nicholas Lees plan carefully situates the house on a north-south axis to preserve as

much of the lot for outdoor living as possibl


12/48




12

The driveway is at the left or north end. The site plan, unlike the house layout itself, forces us to

consider the functions of the sections of the site. The late great landscape architect Thomas

Church always attempted to make his outdoor spaces compatible functionally with the rooms

adjacent to them. And thats what we want to do here i.e. have a more public sitting and

entertaining area off the Great Room beside the pool, and a more private area off the bedrooms.

To refresh your memory, heres the Long House plan again (508-1) showing the Great Room and

the entrance off the porch beside the kitchen.

You can see in the plan below how we havent quite fixed the placement of the pool moving

it a few

yards south would give more room for the outdoor entertaining area.


13/48




13

The big diagonal line at the left of the plan marks the required area for the septic systemin

fact the septic system essentially determines where the house itself can go on this lot. A water

storage tank is also required, along with a small pump house for the pool. These latter elements

present new challenges and possibilities. Should the tank be at the front of the house as a kind of

agricultural exclamation point to the front facade?

should it be close to the pump house, or somewhere else.

It turns out that for practicality sake, the tank needs to be near the well (we decided that today so

the tank is not yet in the drawing) which is at the southwest corner of the lot. This is where it

also seems most logical for the pump house to go and provides the opportunity for a handsome


14/48




14

architectural grouping marking the southern boundary of the garden. So in the end the lot is a

kind of chessboard, or more precisely since budget is always involveda game of Chutes &

Ladders. Every move has a consequence affecting nearly every other deci

Entrance of House

Entrance Hall (also called the Grand Foyer) is the primary and formal entrance to theWhiteHouse, the official residenceof thePresident of the United States. The room is rectilinear in

shape and measures approximately 31 by 44 feet. Located on the State Floor, the room is

entered from outdoors through the North Portico, which faces the North Lawn and

Pennsylvania Avenue. The south side of the room opens to theCross Hallthrough a screen of

pairedRoman Doriccolumns. The east wall opens to theGrand Staircase.

Example of entrance

2.2.1.1.4 Circulation of house
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_residencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_residencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Lawn_(White_House)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Lawn_(White_House)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Staircase_(White_House)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Staircase_(White_House)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Staircase_(White_House)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Staircase_(White_House)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Lawn_(White_House)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_residencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House


15/48




15

Circulation is free movement it inmates house is called circulation. The design form

follows the topography and shape of the land, a slender footprint allow for cross ventilation and

solar access to all rooms of the house whilst maintaining views of Pittwater from every room.

The house built in a single low scale building to the street, with the remaining floors below.

Distributed into 3 floors with the main circulation space working along the south of the house as

the main circulation spine. The different levels are connected by 2 of flights of stairs and voids

that overlap to enhance the sense of space.

Circulation of two types: -

1. Horizontal circulation and

2. Vertical circulation

2.2.1.1.4.1 Horizontal circulation is archived by passages, lobbies, corridors and

lounges.

Circulation on same floor is called horizontal circulation

It can be accomplished by providing direct well lighted passage.

Independent passage should be provided to living common room, lobby and

staircase.

2.2.1.1.4.2 Vertical circulation

Circulation between different floors is called vertical circulation.

For vertical circulation between two different floor, stair case is only a though

fare.

It should be well lighted ventilated easy to climb and broad.

For public buildings ramp and lift are also provided


16/48




16

Example of circulation in house

what is foyer

The transition from outdoors to indoors can be very jarring if a visitor walks straight through a

door and directly into a living room or front parlor. An architectural design element called a

foyeroften helps visitors orient themselves before moving into a specific room of the home. A

typical foyer is a small hallway or open space just behind the main entrance which acts as a

reception area for guests. Other ground floor rooms may connect with the foyer, as well as a

staircase leading to an upper floor. A foyer also serves as an initial introduction to the home's

overall design scheme. An open foyer's walls may feature framed paintings or other fine art

objects. It may also be sparsely furnished with decorative tables, coat racks, an oversized room

clock or framed mirrors. The foyer may be lit with several floor lamps or a dramatic overhead

light fixture.

The foyer of a home may also be considered a transitional space, much like a mud room or

anteroom. Coats, boots and umbrellas are often kept in the foyer for convenient access during

inclement weather. Guests may remove their shoes and leave them in the foyer during visits.

Some foyer designs include a small but functional half-bathroom which allow guests to freshen

up before entering the rest of the home. The word foyer itself comes from the Latin focarium,

meaning "of the hearth". This same Latin root can be found in the word focus, which suggests a

foyer should be considered the focal point of the modern home, much like centralized fireplaces

or hearths became the focus of ancient homes. A home's foyer provides visitors the opportunity

to orient themselves before moving on to other rooms of interest.
http://www.wisegeek.com/how-do-i-install-a-light-fixture.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/how-do-i-install-a-light-fixture.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-mud-room.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-mud-room.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-anteroom.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-anteroom.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-anteroom.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-mud-room.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/how-do-i-install-a-light-fixture.htm


17/48




17

Zoning

Residential occupancies containing sleeping units where the occupants are primarilytransient in nature, including: boarding houses, hotels, motels

Residential occupancies containing sleeping units or more than two dwelling units wherethe occupants are primarily permanent in nature, including: apartment houses, boarding

houses, convents, dormitories.

Residential occupancies where the occupants are primarily permanent in nature and notclassified as Group R-1, R-2, R-4 or I, including: buildings that do not contain more than

two dwelling units, adult care facilities for five or fewer persons for less than 24 hours.Residential occupancies where the buildings are arranged for occupancy as residential

care/assisted living facilities including more than five but not more than 16 occupants.

Conditional zoning allows for increased flexibility and permits municipalities to respond to theunique features of a particular land use application. Uses which might be disallowed under

current zoning, such as a school or a community center can be permitted via conditional use

zoning.

Spaces which have similar and related function form zone

Zone1 (living zone) lobby, living room, garage, verandah etc.

Zone2 (meal zone) kitchen, dining room, breakfast room, etc.

Zone 3 (sleeping zone) master bed, children bed room, bath room etc.

Zone 4 (utility zone) store, laundry, traditional kitchen etc.

Zoning helps to decide location ,level, orientation circulation and privacy


18/48




18

house has the following places of activities:-

1. Living area

2. Sleeping area

3. Service area

4. Other areas or circulation area

2.2.4.1 Living area: living or drawing rooms or lounges are the main places in a

residential building where family members and friends meet sit relax and entertain.

Such a room is well ventilated, lighted and located near the entrance. Its area varies

from 12 to 32m2.

The following points are kept in mind while planning it.

A/ this area is provided near the main entrance with

verandah or porch

B. it is directly connected to the bed, bathrooms and water closet by passages

C. it is near the dining room or dining area may be a part of this area

D. it is spacious so that furniture can be properly placed leaving some area for

circulation.

E. it has sufficient windows so that surrounding landscape can be fully viewed and

enjoyed.

Drawing room or living room and lounge are the main place of a residential

building /house/ where the family member, guest and friends meet, sit, relax and

entertain.

The following area the living areas of residential building /house/

.drawing room or living room

Lounge and lobby


19/48




19

Dining room

2.2.4.1.1 Drawing or living room

Drawing or living room is a room used for the purpose of meeting the visitors and

friends. Drawing room should be preferably located at another corner of the house from

front verandah or porch. It should be in NE direction to ensure suitable light and

ventilation. Diminution can be fixed according to requirement.

Function of living Room

Open both to the members of the family and visitors or

(It is palace of reception and vest for gust.)

Located near the main entrance of the house

Location of living room door should allow direct access to living room as soon as

we enter into the house

Originated the living room to capture the best view from the site

Have big windows/French window/ facing the main street

The location of the room should not allow view to private spaces like kitchen,

bedrooms, bathrooms etc.

The location of doors in living room should not allow cross circulation

South exposure is preferable

Light interior color is preferable

It is place of recreation

It is a place of working drawing rest house. And


20/48




20

It is used for a studding purpose for children etc.

2.2.4.1.2 Orientation /arrangement

As living room is palace of reception of gusts, it should be located near the entrance of

the building. Since it is a place of reception it is usually located in the front of the house

with windows facing to the street, to the garden, on the sunny side of the house

specially the south sun is required to the room.

This allows the room that occupied for the most time to take advantage of natural solar

heating and attraction view.

The arrangement of doors should be in such away that they do not create passage across the

room. They should be located on one side continuously. In case if they are located on the

opposite corner one has to move across the room. This is highly objectionable when some gusts

are being engaged in the room.

2.2.4.1.3 Functional relationship of the room with other rooms.

As living room is used for meeting of visitors it should be located at near the entrance of

the building. As far as possible if should be planned in such away that direct access

is not given to bed room, kitchen etc, from living room keeping in view the privacy

which is a prime factor in planning of residential building . For this provision, suitable

passages or adjoining dining rooms should be considered. Since all occupants of the

home and visitors will use common spaces, these spaces should be accessible from

the foyer. It is desirable to be able to move directly from the for in to a living room.

Generally according to the functional relationship its degree of adjacency should be

form or toward foyer/ entrance, dining or/and family room.

2.2.4.1.4 Standards

The size of a living room should be decided keeping in view the possible utility number

of inmate, financial status of the owner, furniture that can be provided etc


21/48




21

Living room should have a minimum area of 12.0m2 with a width of not less than

3m.

The door way of living room should have a minimum with of 0.9 meter

The window of living room should have a minimum window area =1/10 thfloor area

of the room.

The maximum window sill height=0.9m

Require view and south side exposure

Should be at the front of a house and accessible from the front door.

French windows are preferable as they give move light and at the sometime

enhance appearance

It may have a plain orcheckered flooring light-colored marble or combination of

light and dark colored tiles of PVC terrazzo ,ceramic may be used for flooring of

the room

Skirting of 15cm height should be provided for elegance as well as a measure to

maintain sanitary condition.

2.2.4.1.5 Furniture of living room

The type and amount of furniture in living room varies depending up on the economy of the family.

A riche family may have costly furniture of free standing i.e away from walls which require spaciousaccommodation. Moderate family may have wall abutting furniture which requires less area. In

general the furniture that is usually required in living room of moderate living standards is:-

Book shelf


22/48




22

Sofa

Long chairs

Television set with movable trolley or table

Tea table or coffee table

The entertainment centers and game table

Note

Living area:-living rooms should allow adequate free movement for wheel chair

users and have sufficient space for two or three more visitors wheelchairs.

2.2.4.3. Dining Room

2.2.4.3.1 Function

Dining room is primary intended to serve as a space of dining may also be used as

family lounge i.e. a place of discussion and recreation of family members and child

study. It is often desirable to have space in the kitchen for eating snacks break fast etc.

Use the dining room for main meals only.

2.2.43.2 Orientation of dining room

Dining room is usually provided adjacent to living room and kitchen. Sufficient areas of

windows should provide for natural ventilation and light. Private rooms like bed rooms

toilets etc can have direct access form this room. The door way between the living and

dining may be kept open i.e. without shutter. Further the wall between those two rooms

may be replaced by a two way wooden cabinet. It is useful to be able to extend the

dining room through wide doors or a folding wall for special occasions.

2.2.4.3.3 Standard of dining rooms and furniture

The floor area of dining room should not be less than 12 sq. m


23/48




23

In case of combined dining and living room the floor area should not be less

than 16 sq. m

Sufficient areas of windows should be provided for natural ventilation and light

.It would have a minimum width of 3.00m

The floor of dining room should be smooth, non absorbent and light in color.

To eat comfortably, an individual needs a table are of 60*40cm

A strip of 20cm is needed in the center of the table for dishes pots and bowls.

2.2.4.4. Kitchen

Kitchen is one of the important rooms of residential building. It is primarily a workspace

within the house. It is a room in which the house holder may spend long periods so

carful design is important. It also a meting point for the family if it contains dining room

or snack area.

2.2.4.4.1 Orientation of room

Kitchen should have North or East aspect so that the morning sun would refresh and

purify the air and the kitchen would remain cool during the afternoon period.

It should be adjacent to any vegetable or herb garden and cellar

At least one ventilator should be provided on the external wall for escape of hot

air.

It may have an external door for service purpose. A double door with wire mesh on the external

side and planned door on the internal side is more advantageous as enough air light can be

drawn through the door during day time by keeping inside door open and the outside door

closed. An appropriate arrangement to ease work in the kitchen would be form right to left:

Storage surface, cooker preparation areas, sink draining surface.


24/48




24

Depending on their arrangement there are different types or shapes of effective kitchen

workplace arrangement. From these the most common are one side kitchen ,Two side

kitchens ,U- shaped kitchen and L-shaped with dining areas.

2.2.4.4.2 Functional relationship with other rooms

Ideally the kitchen should look out the garden get; house door children play area and

patio. They should well located internally with respect to the pantry, dining, utility room

and sometimes living room

Picture

2.2.4.4.3

Standards of kitchen

The minimum area for a cooking recess is 5-6 m2 For normal kitchen it is 8-10

m2and for normal kitchen with dining area 12-14 m

2

The floor areaof kitchen should not be less than 5.5m2 with minimum width of

1.8m.

When separate store is to be provided the floor areas may be reduced to 4.5m2


25/48




25

If the kitchen is to be used for dining purpose the floor area should not be less

than 9.5m2 with a minimum width of 2.5m

Skirting up to a height of 90 cm may be provided with glazed wall tiles if finance permits.

2.2.4.4.4 Furniture and fixture

The dimensions of built-in units and equipment must be taken in to consideration when

designing the layout and storage area of a space- efficient kitchen.

Provide sufficient shock-proof sockets : minimum of one double socket for each

working and preparation area, a double sink unit is usually required

Dishwasher should be fitted to the right or left sink

The material used in kitchen units include wood, play wood chipboard and plastic

.exposed wood surface are varnished or laminated with plastic.

Floor units are for storing large heavy or seldom-used kitchen equipment well

mounted carbonates have a small depth so that the work tops beneath them can

be used with out hindrance

Full height cupboards can be used for storing cleaning materials broom etc

Sinks and draining boards should be fitted in to floor units

An extractor above the cooker is recommend

For planning purpose the following width requirement for fitting and

equipments may be used

- Cooker 60 cm

- Twin sinks and draining surface 150 cm


26/48




26

-Refrigerator 60 cm

- Freezer 60 cm

- Cupboard 170 cm

- With a work top surface width of 200 cm

- Total requirement of fitting and equipment are 700 cm

2.2.4.5. Bed Rooms

2.2.4.5.1 functions

Bed rooms are private areas generally occupied by one or two people. It is the most

important room in the house. It should be planned carefully as a major part of a day is

spent in it by the occupants

Depending on its function bed room can be classified as master bed room, children bed

room /for male and female /,maid bed room and gust bed room

2.2.4.5.2 OrientationsThe orientation of bed room should be North-East or South , or East exposure is

desirable. At least one wall of the room should be exposed to the out of the building for

proeper ventilation and light / sun light at the morning is essential in this room./The bed

room should not be located on the west side as the wall heated up to evening which

emits heat during night that creating un comfortable condition. If such planning is un

avoidable the walls on that side should be protected from being heated by the afternoon

sun rays by providing verandah or sit out on that side

Bed rooms on the north are usually cooler. The morning sun will brighten abed room

with window toward the East

A south exposure will allow the sun to warm the room during winter months. Due to

high temperature and direct solar radiation from the afternoon sun in the summer it is


27/48




27

not desirable to place bed rooms on the sunny direction .Natural light and ventilation

are required in all bed rooms

2.2.4.5.3Functional relationship

The bed room would have access through dining or passages as for possible should

not be accessible directly from living room. Closet and bath rooms should be easily

accessible to bed rooms provide suitable space near the closet that will serve as

convenient dressing area.

2.2.4.5.4 standards

Before sizing the bed room is sure that you are familiar with the actual sizes of twin

beds, bunk beds, fun size beds, queen size beds and king size beds.

The width of the bed room should not be less than 2.7m for free circulation.

its floor area should not be less than 12m2

The area of windows should not be less than 1/10 th of its floor area.

The sill height of windows should not be more than 0.6m.

The bed should be provided with an attached toilet.

Suitable storage space should be provided in the form of word tables for keeping

clothes, valuables etc.

Rectangular room is more advtagious than square room ,no space is wasted for

circulation.

To ensure comfort while sleeping the bed length should be 25cm longer than the

individual height.-

Beds are produced in a range of standard size:


28/48




28

900x1900mm

1000x1900mm

1000x2000mm

1600x2000mm

2000x2000mm

The bed room lay out should give at least 600mm preferably 750mm around the bed.

2.2.4.5.5 Furniture and fixture

Furnishing can vary from bed room to bed room ache, dresser, night table; chair and

desk are common bed room furnishings. There should always be abed side cabinet to

the left and right of double beds, and a head board on to which one can fix clip lights for

reading is also use full bed sides lamp should be provided in addition to general lighting

about 1 m cupboard length should be planned per person. If space is not enough in

the room, then space can be found in the corridor.

At least one mirror in which one can see him/her self from head to his /her toe should

be fitted in a bed room mirrored cupboard front are even better.

2.2.4.6. Bath Room

2.2.4.6.1 Function

Bath rooms are essentially for the health care of the occupants of a home. These

spaces are private areas where the individual can practice personal hygiene by isolating

the water closet or rub in to compartment .you can make the room useful to more than

one person simultaneously with children in a home twin lavatories will reduce peak

demand on the bath room.

2.2.4.6.2 Orientation

Locate the doors in bath rooms to give maximum privacy and isolation. Often the bath

room door is open and direct view from living areas are undesirable


29/48




29

Minor rearrangements of bath room position in relation to halls usually eliminate this situation.

Doors should swing in to the bath room (never in to the halls ) without hitting bath room fixture.

2.2.4.6.3 Functional relationship

The most convenient location for the bath rooms is adjacent to bed room and the water closet (if water

closet is not corporate in the bath room it self).Although showers are compacted in the bath room and

often preferred b younger people , baths are generally more suitable for the elders.

2.2.4.6.4Standards The no of the bathrooms should be demined by the size of the residence and the

number of its occupant. All homes should have one full size bath room with essential plumbing fixtures.

Many residences have more than one bath room and some have half bath room.

Space requirements for bath room and water closet units are as shown in the following table

Bath room unit Floor area

Width (cm Depth (cm)

1.Single built in wash basin >60 >55

2.Double built wash basins >120 >55

3.Built in single wash- basin with cupboard below >70 >60

4. Built in double wash basin with cupboard below. >140 >60


30/48




30

5.Bidet (floor standing or wall mounted) 40 40

6.Hand wash basin >50 >40

7.Bath tub >170 >75

8.Shower tray >80 >80

9.Water closet and urinates Water closet with wall unit

or pressure system

40 75

10.Water closet with built in wall cistern

11. urinal

40

40

60

40

12. Bath room equipment /furniture ,

Low cup board, high cupboard wall hung

cupboard

According

to make

40

If the bath room is to be equipped with gauges its size should be increased to 120 *

1.80 with a minimum height of 270m. The walls of bathe room should be covered with

glazed wall tiles up to a height of 1.50m form floor level. The flooring should be non

slippery and should have sufficient slope towards out let for quick disposal of used

water. Good lighting and ventilation should be ensured in the bath room by providing in

the open court yard its plinth high should not be less than 30cm

If it is provided in within the building its floor level may be kept 10-15 cm lower than the

flooring of adjoining rooms. The doors should be fixed at one corner. Its width should

not be les than 0.70m.

2.2.4.6.5Combined Bath and Water closet

- Wash basin with counter top 730*500mm with mirror

Storage geyser one in number

- Shower facilities with mixing valves


31/48




31

Orissa pan with high level flushing cistern

Semi polished stone slab flooring

Room size of 1600*2000mm

storage rack: 90*45cm

2.2.4.7. Store

2.2.4.7.1 Function of store

The star rooms are intended to store house hold provision like wheat race , teffes ,

cereals etc and other occasionally used articles like rain coats umbrellas , hats,

children playing equipment , house maintenance equipment like brooms, brushes

mops vacuum cleaners maintenance tools gardening equipment etc. While making

proposal for separate store the number of family members their habits and financial

status should be taken in to account.

2.2.4.7.2 Orientation /Location of the room

This room needed for storing different equipment and food material due to this

reason it should have enough ventilation and lighting. So that at least one wall of

the rooms should be in a direction of prevailing wind in order to access good

ventilation in to the room.

Doors should open out ward to give more space and comforts.

2.2.4.7.3Functional relationship with other room

This room should be adjacent to a direct access to ward /kitchen corridor or foyer

2.2.4.7.4 Standards


32/48




32

This store should have a minimum width of 1.80 m

The walls and floor should be damp proof

The possibility of entry of rates and other insect must be checked by

a adopting appropriate measures like stone slab flooring, air tight doors meshed

windows and ventilators etc.

It should be well light and ventilated

Sufficient no of rocks should be provided all around for storage

To facilitate easy cleaning and washing the first raw of shelf should kept 25cm

clear above the floor level.

A part from the cellar and attic rooms there should be at least one store room

/1 m2

or more, with minimum internal width of 75 cm and good ventilation in the

house.

For larger dwelling at least 2% of the living area should be planned as a storage

room.

2.2.4.8. Office Room

It is not a common type of room for all building and should be provided only on demand. For easy access

this room is generally provided on the side of the front verandah. It should be disconnected from other

room of the building

Depending up on the profession of the occupant, possible number of clients,

requirement of office furniture and staff the size of room should be decided. It should

accommodate at least one office table with sufficient number of chairs, two or three


33/48




33

cupboards for keeping files. The floors and walls should be pleasing and sufficient

number of windows should be provided for the adequate lighting and ventilation.

2.2.4.9. Guest Room

This room is primary intended for stay of occasional gust. But can also be used for a

number of other purposes as well. It should be independent and should be provided

with attached toilet.

To avoid in mates distribute it may have access form verandah and living room

It floor areas should be sufficient to accommodate two single beds, two charis and a

small table and built in cup board.

2.2.4.10. Dressing Room

This room should be adjacent to toilet and should be connected to bed rooms.

Addressing table with a small chair, ward robe and small cupboard to keep cosmetics

should be provided in the dressing room.

This is a luxury and provided in high class buildings only.

2.2.4.11. Porches and entrance HallsPorches play a crucial part in sheltering the entrance hall form inclement weather

conditions. They should be designed as far as possible with the prevailing local wind

direction taken in to account. In addition they should be visible form the street or garden

gate.

The key rooms with the highest level of circulation, and in particular , stair ways should

be immediately accessible form the hall. For instance an effective design could have

the hall providing a direct connection between the kitchen, stair and water closet.

2.2.4.12. Corridors

What along corridor is necessary, the width is established according to its position,

whether the doors are on one or both sides, the arrangement of the doors, and the

anticipated volume of circulation,


34/48




34

Appropriate corridor widths are shows below. If possible all doors should open in to the

rooms.

For doors on one side and low level of traffic minimum width of 0.9m is required.

or doors on one side and wide enough for two people to pass one another, width

of 1.3-1.4 m is required.

For doors on both sides and large volume traffic ,1.6m to allow two people and

2.0m or more to pass three or more people.

The best position for utility room is facing north.

They should ideally be near the side or rear door and be adjacent to or

accessible from the kitchen.

2.2.4.13. Parking

Covered parking spaces (preferably with a solid wall on the water side) provide on

economic and space saving way of providing adequate water protection for vehicles.2.2.4.14. Utility rooms

Utility rooms are used for variety of purposes including storage, laundry and ironing,

swings and also for hobby activities. To be of real value the length available for standing

space or work surface should be a minimum of 3.80m (preferably 4.60m).

Standard space required for equipment is shown in the following table.

Fittings equipment Width min (cm) Better

Automatic washing machines and dryer

(upright unit)

60 60

Wash basin with water heater 60 60

laundry container 50 60

Work top for folded linen 50 60


35/48




35

Storage cupboard 50 60

ironing surface 100 100

Total 380 460

Requirement & circulation- spaces of the project

Requirements of a project can be grouped into two

1. Actual minimum requirements

Example: A house may contain living, dining, kitchen, bedrooms, garage, study

room and bathSome of these functions are essential for all and some are important only for specific

people of the house.

Garage = not if the owner did not have a car

Office = not if there is no professional

2. Minimum space requirement for circulation

- spaces necessary to join the functional spaces/rooms

- circulation should not be less than the minimum standard and should not

be more than 20% of the total functional space

- success of a building from functionality point of view depends on how well

the circulation is arranged

functional relation ship

USE MA Trix to Analysis Space relation Ships


36/48




36


37/48




37


38/48




38


39/48




39

Bibliography

1. Ernst and peter Neufert

Architects data

Third edition

2. Planning and designing of residential building

Y. N Rajarao

Y. Subramanian

3. Building drawing with an integrated approach to

Built environment

Fourth edition

3. Architectural Drawing and Light construction


40/48




40


41/48




41


42/48




42


43/48




43


44/48




44


45/48




45


46/48




46


47/48




47


48/48




litrature reviw

Documents