live food aquaculture training course algae – its role, species and production requirements

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Algae – its role, species and production requirements


Role of algae in aquaculture

First link in the chain of live food manufacture and nutrition. Culture diet for rotifers Enrichment diet for rotifers

Green water technique Provides a direct source of nutrition for larvae Provides background rotifer feeding Other zootechnical benefits


Role of algae in the green water larval rearing technique

An anti-bacterial agent In situ biological filter and producer of oxygen Light filter Promoter in the location of prey organisms Stimulation of enzymatic synthesis and onset

of feeding in young larvae


Practical usage of algae in the hatchery

Maintenance of master/stock rotifer cultures Feeding or co-feeding of rotifer mass cultures Enrichment diet for rotifers prior to feeding the

larvae Used in the larval rearing tanks as “Green water

techniques”


Species commonly used in aquaculture (a)

Chlorophyceae – green algae Chlorella salina (8 μm) Chlorella sp. Dunaliella sp. Nannochloris atomus (4 μm)

Prasinophyceae – greenish coloured algae Tetraselmis chui (14 μm) Tetraselmis suecica ( 12μm)

Eustigmatophyceae – greenish yellow algae Nannochloropsis oculata ( 3 μm) Nannochloropsis sp. (4 μm) Nannochloropsis gaditana (4 μm)


Species commonly used in aquaculture (b)

Prymnesiophyceae - golden brown flagellates Isochrysis galbana (7 μm) Isochrysis sp. (Tahitian) (9 μm) Monochrysis Pavlova lutheri (7 μm)

Cryptophyceae – naked flagellates Rhodomonas sp. (17 μm) Chroomonas salina (17 μm)

Bacillariophyceae – diatoms Chaetoceros calcitrans (5 μm) Skeletonema costatum (9 μm) Thalassiosira pseudonana (9 μm)


Various algal species (CCAP-M, Oban)

Nannochloropsis salina CCAP 849/2

Rhinomonas reticulata var reticulata (‘Rhodomonas’) CCAP 995/2

Chaetoceros sp.

Dunaliella


Sources of algae

CCAP Culture collection of algae and protozoa, Oban, UK. www.ife.ac.uk/ccap/

Algobank Microalgae Strain Bank, Universite de Caen, France. www.unicaen.fr

SAG Sammlung von Algenkulturen, Gottingen, Germany www.gwdg.de/~botanik/phykolgia

CCMP Provasoli-Guillard National Centre for culture of marine phytoplankton, Westboothbay harbour ME, USA. http://ccmp.bigelow.org

UTEX Culture collection of algae at the univesity of Texas at Austin www.bio.utexas.edu/research/utex


Calculating algal requirements

Hatchery - Algae requirements

Sea bream

General assumptions

1) Av. daily algal consumption/m3 larval volume (L) 20

2) Av daily requirement per 100M rotifer production (L) 100

3) Algal production volume/m3 daily production (m3) 6,7

Annual production target (2g juveniles)

Initial larval rearing vol (m3) 62 123 185 308

Daily larval algae requirement (m3) 1,23 2,46 3,69 6,15

Daily rotifer production (M) 615 1231 1846 3077

Daily rotifer algae requirement (m3) 0,62 1,23 1,85 3,08

Total daily algal production (m3) 1,8 3,7 5,5 9,2

Algal production volume needed (m3) 12 25 37 61

No of 0.5m3 bags needed 28 56 54 50

No of 4m3 tanks required 0 0 4 12

Requirements 2.000.000 4.000.000 6.000.000 10.000.000

Total algal production volume (m3) 14 28 43 73


Calculating the volume of algae required for rotifer production. (6 million juveniles at 20 x 10

6 cells/ml Nannochloropsis)

Stock cultures Approx. 150 - 300 litres per day

Mass cultures Using algae and yeast there is an average daily

requirement of 100 litres of algae for every 100 million rotifers produced.

A 6 million hatchery would use 2 x 109 rotifers per day => 2m3 of algae per day. (3 production runs of 2 mill)

Rotifer enrichment. If all the rotifers were enriched at 2million/ml need 1m3

of tank space and at least 1m3 of algae.


Calculating the volume of algae required for green water larval rearing (6 million juveniles at 20 x 10

6 cells/ml Nannochloropsis)

20 L of algae per m3 of larval rearing per day at 20 x 106 cells/ml

A 6 million production hatchery will have approximately 185 m3 of larval rearing.

Daily larval rearing requirement of 3.7 m3


Daily algal requirement

Rotifer stock cultures 0.3 m3

Rotifer mass cultures 2.0 m3

Rotifer enrichment 1.0 m3

Green water larval rearing

3.7 m3

Total requirement 7.0 m3 /per day


Typical cell densities achieved

Algal species Volumes Volumes High density systemsup to 20 L 200-500L Indoor Outdoor

Chlorella up to 75 20 200 400Dunaliella tertiolecta 1-3 1-2Nannochloropsis up to 75 20 150 280Tetraselmis 1,8 1,5 to 2.7 2,5 6Isochrysis sp Tahitian 17 3-15 20 40Isochrysis galbana 20 5-8Pavlova lutheri 16 5-8 Chaetoceros 18-40 25-30

Cell densities in cells x 106 / ml


Algal culture techniques

Culture Air CO2 Culture time pH Temp. Transfer CommentsVol. Litres C Quan.

Master tubes No No up to 1 month No Control 13-20 10% Diffuse light0.25 No No up to 1 month No Control 13-20 30% Diffuse light0.5 No No up to 2 weeks No Control 18-24 75% Continuous light 1-2 Yes Yes 4-8 days 7-7.5 18-24 75% Continuous light

10-20 Yes Yes 4-8 days 7-7.5 18-24 80-100% Continuous light

200-500 Yes Opt. 5-7 days 7.5-8.5 20-30 60-100% Amb or art lightHigh density Yes Yes 1 month + 7.5-8.5 20-30 30%/day Amb or art light


Fluorescent shelf and overhead metal halide lighting


Transparent walls and lighting


Shelf lighting


Under shelf and side lighting


Fluorescent sack lighting


Natural light greenhouse structures


Indoor bag cultures


High density culture systems


Photo-bioreactor algal culture

live food aquaculture training course algae – its role, species and production requirements

Documents

mlive food training

sweetmanrole of algae

1m3 of algae

litres of algae

volume of algae

2m3 of algae

daymass culturesusing

chain of live food manufacture